وڪيپيڊيا sdwiki https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter ذريعات خاص بحث واپرائيندڙ واپرائيندڙ بحث وڪيپيڊيا وڪيپيڊيا بحث فائل فائل بحث ذريعات وڪي ذريعات وڪي بحث سانچو سانچو بحث مدد مدد بحث زمرو زمرو بحث باب باب بحث TimedText TimedText talk ماڊيول ماڊيول بحث Event Event talk 0 4547 377639 377635 2026-05-15T12:11:11Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 377639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو<br> National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان ساڄي طرف: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956 ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام "آئين 1956 ۾ 7th ترميم"ذريعي<ref name="ReorgAct56"/> | established_date3 = 1956 | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو<ref name=NCTact/> | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2016"/> | population_blank2_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2016) | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر <ref name="Brookings"/><ref name="pricewater"/><ref name="times Delhi-not-Mumbai"/> | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (Delhi) يا نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري (National Capital Territory) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف 1956ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر 1992ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ھريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م 11 ضلعا 33 سب ڊويزن ۽ 59 مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ 300 کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. ھن رياست جي پکيڙ 1,483 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي بولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي خطي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏي وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} {{ڪچو}} [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] gy5eeqte5xfm6noy697qf7i6fb71wc2 377640 377639 2026-05-15T12:23:32Z Ibne maryam 17680 377640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام<br>(آئين 1956 ۾ 7هين ترميم ذريعي)<ref name="ReorgAct56"/> | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو<ref name=NCTact/> | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2016"/> | population_blank2_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2016) | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر <ref name="Brookings"/><ref name="pricewater"/><ref name="times Delhi-not-Mumbai"/> | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} {{ڪچو}} [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] fpcy1bdkq3krrpunwlwgbb7kgpx3z12 377641 377640 2026-05-15T12:27:12Z Ibne maryam 17680 377641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام<br>(آئين 1956 ۾ 7هين ترميم ذريعي)<ref name="ReorgAct56"/> | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو<ref name=NCTact/> | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} {{ڪچو}} [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] 9zi7vu6qliopkwv2c0vfz88ork6pdif 377642 377641 2026-05-15T12:29:13Z Ibne maryam 17680 377642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} {{ڪچو}} [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] 2mocvbkitrknunrbkh9u4x0fjh815kf 377643 377642 2026-05-15T12:31:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 377643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Redirect|National Capital Territory|the generic term|Capital districts and territories}} {{Distinguish||text=[[New Delhi]], the capital of India, entirely within the limits of Delhi and [[New Delhi district]], or [[Dilli]]}} {{Other uses}} {{Pp-semi-indef}} {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Delhi | official_name = National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''Dillī'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[List of cities in India by population|Megacity]] and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Humayun's Tomb]]; [[Qutub Complex|Qutub Minar]]; [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]; [[Red Fort, Delhi|Red Fort]]'s Lahori gate; [[India Gate]]; [[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir|Digambar Jain Mandir]] with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]]; [[Hyderabad House]]; [[Lotus Temple]], a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] | image_size = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-marker = city | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = Capital, [[Delhi Sultanate]] | established_date = 1214 | established_title1 = Capital, [[Mughal Empire]] | established_date1 = 1526, intermittently with [[Agra]] | established_title2 = [[New Delhi]], capital, [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] | established_date2 = 12 December 1911 | established_title3 = New Delhi, capital, [[Republic of India]] | established_date3 = 26 January 1950 | established_title4 = Union Territory<ref name="7thAmend56" /><ref name="ReorgAct56" /> | established_date4 = 1 November 1956 | established_title5 = National Capital Territory<ref name=NCTact /> | established_date5 = 1 February 1992 | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[North India]] <!--| seat_type = Capital | seat = [[New Delhi]] | parts_type = Districts | parts_style = para | p1 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|11]]-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor]] | leader_name = [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]] | leader_title1 = {{nowrap|[[List of Chief Ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister]]}} | leader_name1 = [[Rekha Gupta]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) | leader_title3 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Legislature]] | leader_name3 = [[Unicameral]] ([[Delhi Legislative Assembly|70 seats]]) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by area|32nd]]-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 16,787,941 | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|2nd]] in India<br/>[[List of Asian cities by population within city limits|7th]] in Asia | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_est = 21588000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 16,349,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Megacity]] | population_blank1 = 11,034,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2018) | population_blank2 = 28514000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = Regional | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|[[Haryanvi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |[[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = [[List of cities in India by population|Megacity]] and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per Capita NSDP]] | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info3 = $273&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = $521.5&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = 868 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[Male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] | blank3_name_sec1 = [[International Airport]] | blank4_info_sec1 = [[Delhi Metro]] | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]] | native_name_lang = hi }} '''Delhi''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|i}}; {{IPA|hi|ˈdɪlːiː}} ''dillī'', occasionally {{IPA|hi|ˈdeːɦliː|}} ''dehlī''; {{IPA|pa|ˈdɪlːiː}} ''dillī''; {{IPA|ur|ˈdeɦliː}} ''dêhlī'', informally {{IPA|ur|ˈdɪlːiː|}} ''dillī''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Platts|first=John Thompson|title=A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1960|isbn=0-19-864309-8|location=London|pages=546|oclc=3201841|author-link=John Thompson Platts|orig-year=First published 1884}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution (Sixty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991|url=https://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020032/https://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm|archive-date=21 August 2016|access-date=23 November 2014|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref name="habib, Royal, karamchandani, National">{{Cite book |title=The agrarian system of Mughal India, 1556–1707 |last=Habib |first=Irfan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-562329-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ymFAAAAIAAJ |quote=The current Survey of India spellings are followed for place names except where they vary rather noticeably from the spellings in our sources: thus I read 'Dehli' not 'Delhi&nbsp;... |year=1999 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101225812/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ymFAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }} *{{Cite book|title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland|author=Royal Asiatic Society|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtosAAAAIAAJ|quote=also Dehli or Dilli, not Delhi&nbsp;...|year=1834|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225121640/https://books.google.com/books?id=mtosAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}} *{{Cite book|title=India, the beautiful|first=L.T|last=Karamchandani|publisher=Sita Publication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_sHWfveQGksC|quote=According to available evidence the present Delhi, spelt in Hindustani as Dehli or Dilli, derived its name from King&nbsp;...|year=1968|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225121703/https://books.google.com/books?id=_sHWfveQGksC|url-status=live}} *{{Cite book|title=The National geographical journal of India, Volume 40|publisher=National Geographical Society of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqAAAAAMAAJ|quote=The name which remained the most popular is 'Dilli' with variation in its pronunciation as Dilli, Dehli, or Delhi|year=1994|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225121639/https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqAAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>}} officially the '''National Capital Territory''' ('''NCT''') '''of Delhi''', is a megacity and a [[union territory]] of India containing [[New Delhi]], the capital of India. Straddling the [[Yamuna]] river, but spread chiefly to the west, or beyond its [[Bank (geography)|right bank]], Delhi shares borders with the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the east and with the state of [[Haryana]] in the remaining directions. Delhi became a [[union territory]] on 1 November 1956 and the NCT in 1995.<ref name=statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop>{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> The NCT covers an area of {{convert|1484|km2}}.<ref name="Delhi Info" /> According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11&nbsp;million,<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while the NCT's population was about 16.8&nbsp;million.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The topography of the medieval fort [[Purana Qila]] on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel [[Indraprastha]] in the Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment.<ref name=sunil-kumar2>{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], which covered large parts of [[South Asia]]. All three [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s in the city, the [[Qutub Minar]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], and the [[Red Fort]], belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of [[Sufism]] and [[Qawwali]] music. The names of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Amir Khusrau]] are prominently associated with it. The [[Khariboli dialect]] of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of [[Urdu]] and later [[Modern Standard Hindi]]. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include [[Mir Taqi Mir]] and [[Mirza Ghalib]]. Delhi was a notable centre of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. In 1911, [[New Delhi]], a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the [[British Indian Empire]]. During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one,<ref> * {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref> *{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]]. Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities [[Ghaziabad]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[YEIDA City|YEIDA city]] located in an area known as the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28&nbsp;million, making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|largest metropolitan area in India]] and the [[List of urban areas by population|second-largest in the world]] (after [[Tokyo]]).<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Delhi ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|fifth among the Indian states and union territories]] in [[human development index]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|second-highest]] [[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]] in India (after [[Goa]]).<ref name="NSDP"/> Delhi hosted the inaugural [[1951 Asian Games]], the [[1982 Asian Games]], the 1983 [[Non-Aligned Movement]] summit, the [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup]], the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the [[4th BRICS summit|2012 BRICS summit]], and the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023 G20 summit]], and was one of the major host cities of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]s. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] 22q6wa0jovs25ny4svcmpi8rzymj0uo 377644 377643 2026-05-15T13:19:39Z Ibne maryam 17680 377644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Redirect|National Capital Territory|the generic term|Capital districts and territories}} {{Distinguish||text=[[New Delhi]], the capital of India, entirely within the limits of Delhi and [[New Delhi district]], or [[Dilli]]}} {{Other uses}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Delhi | official_name = National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''Dillī'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[List of cities in India by population|Megacity]] and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Humayun's Tomb]]; [[Qutub Complex|Qutub Minar]]; [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]; [[Red Fort, Delhi|Red Fort]]'s Lahori gate; [[India Gate]]; [[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir|Digambar Jain Mandir]] with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]]; [[Hyderabad House]]; [[Lotus Temple]], a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] | image_size = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-marker = city | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = Capital, [[Delhi Sultanate]] | established_date = 1214 | established_title1 = Capital, [[Mughal Empire]] | established_date1 = 1526, intermittently with [[Agra]] | established_title2 = [[New Delhi]], capital, [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] | established_date2 = 12 December 1911 | established_title3 = New Delhi, capital, [[Republic of India]] | established_date3 = 26 January 1950 | established_title4 = Union Territory<ref name="7thAmend56" /><ref name="ReorgAct56" /> | established_date4 = 1 November 1956 | established_title5 = National Capital Territory<ref name=NCTact /> | established_date5 = 1 February 1992 | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[North India]] <!--| seat_type = Capital | seat = [[New Delhi]] | parts_type = Districts | parts_style = para | p1 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|11]]-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor]] | leader_name = [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]] | leader_title1 = {{nowrap|[[List of Chief Ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister]]}} | leader_name1 = [[Rekha Gupta]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) | leader_title3 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Legislature]] | leader_name3 = [[Unicameral]] ([[Delhi Legislative Assembly|70 seats]]) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by area|32nd]]-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 16,787,941 | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|2nd]] in India<br/>[[List of Asian cities by population within city limits|7th]] in Asia | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_est = 21588000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 16,349,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Megacity]] | population_blank1 = 11,034,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2018) | population_blank2 = 28514000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = Regional | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|[[Haryanvi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |[[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = [[List of cities in India by population|Megacity]] and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per Capita NSDP]] | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info3 = $273&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = $521.5&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = 868 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[Male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] | blank3_name_sec1 = [[International Airport]] | blank4_info_sec1 = [[Delhi Metro]] | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]] | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو آهي جن ۾ ڀارت جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، نئين دهلي به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ اتر پرديش رياست سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ هريانا رياست سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي. جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي. the '''National Capital Territory''' ('''NCT''') '''of Delhi''', is a megacity and a [[union territory]] of India containing [[New Delhi]], the capital of India. Straddling the [[Yamuna]] river, but spread chiefly to the west, or beyond its [[Bank (geography)|right bank]], Delhi shares borders with the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the east and with the state of [[Haryana]] in the remaining directions. Delhi became a [[union territory]] on 1 November 1956 and the NCT in 1995.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> The NCT covers an area of {{convert|1484|km2}}.<ref name="Delhi Info" /> According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11&nbsp;million,<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while the NCT's population was about 16.8&nbsp;million.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The topography of the medieval fort [[Purana Qila]] on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel [[Indraprastha]] in the Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment.<ref name=sunil-kumar2>{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], which covered large parts of [[South Asia]]. All three [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s in the city, the [[Qutub Minar]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], and the [[Red Fort]], belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of [[Sufism]] and [[Qawwali]] music. The names of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Amir Khusrau]] are prominently associated with it. The [[Khariboli dialect]] of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of [[Urdu]] and later [[Modern Standard Hindi]]. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include [[Mir Taqi Mir]] and [[Mirza Ghalib]]. Delhi was a notable centre of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. In 1911, [[New Delhi]], a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the [[British Indian Empire]]. During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one,<ref> * {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref> *{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]]. Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities [[Ghaziabad]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[YEIDA City|YEIDA city]] located in an area known as the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28&nbsp;million, making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|largest metropolitan area in India]] and the [[List of urban areas by population|second-largest in the world]] (after [[Tokyo]]).<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Delhi ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|fifth among the Indian states and union territories]] in [[human development index]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|second-highest]] [[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]] in India (after [[Goa]]).<ref name="NSDP"/> Delhi hosted the inaugural [[1951 Asian Games]], the [[1982 Asian Games]], the 1983 [[Non-Aligned Movement]] summit, the [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup]], the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the [[4th BRICS summit|2012 BRICS summit]], and the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023 G20 summit]], and was one of the major host cities of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]s. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] fncwhgo2d79gvn5q1x1yc9nr1etxure 377645 377644 2026-05-15T13:27:46Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 377645 wikitext text/x-wiki ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Redirect|National Capital Territory|the generic term|Capital districts and territories}} {{Distinguish||text=[[New Delhi]], the capital of India, entirely within the limits of Delhi and [[New Delhi district]], or [[Dilli]]}} {{Other uses}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Delhi | official_name = National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''Dillī'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[List of cities in India by population|Megacity]] and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Humayun's Tomb]]; [[Qutub Complex|Qutub Minar]]; [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]; [[Red Fort, Delhi|Red Fort]]'s Lahori gate; [[India Gate]]; [[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir|Digambar Jain Mandir]] with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]]; [[Hyderabad House]]; [[Lotus Temple]], a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] | image_size = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-marker = city | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = Capital, [[Delhi Sultanate]] | established_date = 1214 | established_title1 = Capital, [[Mughal Empire]] | established_date1 = 1526, intermittently with [[Agra]] | established_title2 = [[New Delhi]], capital, [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] | established_date2 = 12 December 1911 | established_title3 = New Delhi, capital, [[Republic of India]] | established_date3 = 26 January 1950 | established_title4 = Union Territory<ref name="7thAmend56" /><ref name="ReorgAct56" /> | established_date4 = 1 November 1956 | established_title5 = National Capital Territory<ref name=NCTact /> | established_date5 = 1 February 1992 | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[North India]] <!--| seat_type = Capital | seat = [[New Delhi]] | parts_type = Districts | parts_style = para | p1 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|11]]-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor]] | leader_name = [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]] | leader_title1 = {{nowrap|[[List of Chief Ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister]]}} | leader_name1 = [[Rekha Gupta]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) | leader_title3 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Legislature]] | leader_name3 = [[Unicameral]] ([[Delhi Legislative Assembly|70 seats]]) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by area|32nd]]-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 16,787,941 | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|2nd]] in India<br/>[[List of Asian cities by population within city limits|7th]] in Asia | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_est = 21588000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 16,349,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Megacity]] | population_blank1 = 11,034,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2018) | population_blank2 = 28514000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = Regional | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|[[Haryanvi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |[[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = [[List of cities in India by population|Megacity]] and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per Capita NSDP]] | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info3 = $273&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = $521.5&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = 868 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[Male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] | blank3_name_sec1 = [[International Airport]] | blank4_info_sec1 = [[Delhi Metro]] | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]] | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو آهي جن ۾ ڀارت جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، نئين دهلي به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ اتر پرديش رياست سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ هريانا رياست سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي. جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي. the '''National Capital Territory''' ('''NCT''') '''of Delhi''', is a megacity and a [[union territory]] of India containing [[New Delhi]], the capital of India. Straddling the [[Yamuna]] river, but spread chiefly to the west, or beyond its [[Bank (geography)|right bank]], Delhi shares borders with the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the east and with the state of [[Haryana]] in the remaining directions. Delhi became a [[union territory]] on 1 November 1956 and the NCT in 1995.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> The NCT covers an area of {{convert|1484|km2}}.<ref name="Delhi Info" /> According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11&nbsp;million,<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while the NCT's population was about 16.8&nbsp;million.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The topography of the medieval fort [[Purana Qila]] on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel [[Indraprastha]] in the Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment.<ref name=sunil-kumar2>{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], which covered large parts of [[South Asia]]. All three [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s in the city, the [[Qutub Minar]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], and the [[Red Fort]], belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of [[Sufism]] and [[Qawwali]] music. The names of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Amir Khusrau]] are prominently associated with it. The [[Khariboli dialect]] of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of [[Urdu]] and later [[Modern Standard Hindi]]. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include [[Mir Taqi Mir]] and [[Mirza Ghalib]]. Delhi was a notable centre of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. In 1911, [[New Delhi]], a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the [[British Indian Empire]]. During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one,<ref> * {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref> *{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]]. Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities [[Ghaziabad]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[YEIDA City|YEIDA city]] located in an area known as the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28&nbsp;million, making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|largest metropolitan area in India]] and the [[List of urban areas by population|second-largest in the world]] (after [[Tokyo]]).<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Delhi ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|fifth among the Indian states and union territories]] in [[human development index]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|second-highest]] [[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]] in India (after [[Goa]]).<ref name="NSDP"/> Delhi hosted the inaugural [[1951 Asian Games]], the [[1982 Asian Games]], the 1983 [[Non-Aligned Movement]] summit, the [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup]], the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the [[4th BRICS summit|2012 BRICS summit]], and the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023 G20 summit]], and was one of the major host cities of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]s. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] sw5wkm4svu7zti9cbew5urx5zhlcpz5 377646 377645 2026-05-15T13:28:39Z Ibne maryam 17680 377646 wikitext text/x-wiki ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Redirect|National Capital Territory|the generic term|Capital districts and territories}} {{Distinguish||text=[[New Delhi]], the capital of India, entirely within the limits of Delhi and [[New Delhi district]], or [[Dilli]]}} {{Other uses}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Delhi | official_name = National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''Dillī'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[List of cities in India by population|Megacity]] and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Humayun's Tomb]]; [[Qutub Complex|Qutub Minar]]; [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]; [[Red Fort, Delhi|Red Fort]]'s Lahori gate; [[India Gate]]; [[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir|Digambar Jain Mandir]] with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]]; [[Hyderabad House]]; [[Lotus Temple]], a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] | image_size = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-marker = city | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = Capital, [[Delhi Sultanate]] | established_date = 1214 | established_title1 = Capital, [[Mughal Empire]] | established_date1 = 1526, intermittently with [[Agra]] | established_title2 = [[New Delhi]], capital, [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] | established_date2 = 12 December 1911 | established_title3 = New Delhi, capital, [[Republic of India]] | established_date3 = 26 January 1950 | established_title4 = Union Territory<ref name="7thAmend56" /><ref name="ReorgAct56" /> | established_date4 = 1 November 1956 | established_title5 = National Capital Territory<ref name=NCTact /> | established_date5 = 1 February 1992 | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[North India]] <!--| seat_type = Capital | seat = [[New Delhi]] | parts_type = Districts | parts_style = para | p1 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|11]]-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor]] | leader_name = [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]] | leader_title1 = {{nowrap|[[List of Chief Ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister]]}} | leader_name1 = [[Rekha Gupta]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) | leader_title3 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Legislature]] | leader_name3 = [[Unicameral]] ([[Delhi Legislative Assembly|70 seats]]) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by area|32nd]]-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 16,787,941 | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|2nd]] in India<br/>[[List of Asian cities by population within city limits|7th]] in Asia | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_est = 21588000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 16,349,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Megacity]] | population_blank1 = 11,034,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2018) | population_blank2 = 28514000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = Regional | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|[[Haryanvi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |[[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = [[List of cities in India by population|Megacity]] and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per Capita NSDP]] | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info3 = $273&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = $521.5&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = 868 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[Male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] | blank3_name_sec1 = [[International Airport]] | blank4_info_sec1 = [[Delhi Metro]] | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]] | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو آهي جن ۾ ڀارت جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، نئين دهلي به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ اتر پرديش رياست سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ هريانا رياست سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي. جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي. the '''National Capital Territory''' ('''NCT''') '''of Delhi''', is a megacity and a [[union territory]] of India containing [[New Delhi]], the capital of India. Straddling the [[Yamuna]] river, but spread chiefly to the west, or beyond its [[Bank (geography)|right bank]], Delhi shares borders with the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the east and with the state of [[Haryana]] in the remaining directions. Delhi became a [[union territory]] on 1 November 1956 and the NCT in 1995.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> The NCT covers an area of {{convert|1484|km2}}.<ref name="Delhi Info" /> According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11&nbsp;million,<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while the NCT's population was about 16.8&nbsp;million.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The topography of the medieval fort [[Purana Qila]] on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel [[Indraprastha]] in the Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment.<ref name=sunil-kumar2>{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], which covered large parts of [[South Asia]]. All three [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s in the city, the [[Qutub Minar]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], and the [[Red Fort]], belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of [[Sufism]] and [[Qawwali]] music. The names of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Amir Khusrau]] are prominently associated with it. The [[Khariboli dialect]] of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of [[Urdu]] and later [[Modern Standard Hindi]]. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include [[Mir Taqi Mir]] and [[Mirza Ghalib]]. Delhi was a notable centre of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. In 1911, [[New Delhi]], a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the [[British Indian Empire]]. During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one,<ref> * {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref> *{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]]. Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities [[Ghaziabad]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[YEIDA City|YEIDA city]] located in an area known as the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28&nbsp;million, making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|largest metropolitan area in India]] and the [[List of urban areas by population|second-largest in the world]] (after [[Tokyo]]).<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Delhi ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|fifth among the Indian states and union territories]] in [[human development index]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|second-highest]] [[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]] in India (after [[Goa]]).<ref name="NSDP"/> Delhi hosted the inaugural [[1951 Asian Games]], the [[1982 Asian Games]], the 1983 [[Non-Aligned Movement]] summit, the [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup]], the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the [[4th BRICS summit|2012 BRICS summit]], and the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023 G20 summit]], and was one of the major host cities of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]s. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] k42bvi2hx62bkat14mns04wpguhtuhy 377647 377646 2026-05-15T13:29:05Z Ibne maryam 17680 377647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Redirect|National Capital Territory|the generic term|Capital districts and territories}} {{Distinguish||text=[[New Delhi]], the capital of India, entirely within the limits of Delhi and [[New Delhi district]], or [[Dilli]]}} {{Other uses}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Delhi | official_name = National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''Dillī'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[List of cities in India by population|Megacity]] and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Humayun's Tomb]]; [[Qutub Complex|Qutub Minar]]; [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]; [[Red Fort, Delhi|Red Fort]]'s Lahori gate; [[India Gate]]; [[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir|Digambar Jain Mandir]] with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]]; [[Hyderabad House]]; [[Lotus Temple]], a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] | image_size = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-marker = city | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = Capital, [[Delhi Sultanate]] | established_date = 1214 | established_title1 = Capital, [[Mughal Empire]] | established_date1 = 1526, intermittently with [[Agra]] | established_title2 = [[New Delhi]], capital, [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] | established_date2 = 12 December 1911 | established_title3 = New Delhi, capital, [[Republic of India]] | established_date3 = 26 January 1950 | established_title4 = Union Territory<ref name="7thAmend56" /><ref name="ReorgAct56" /> | established_date4 = 1 November 1956 | established_title5 = National Capital Territory<ref name=NCTact /> | established_date5 = 1 February 1992 | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[North India]] <!--| seat_type = Capital | seat = [[New Delhi]] | parts_type = Districts | parts_style = para | p1 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|11]]-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor]] | leader_name = [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]] | leader_title1 = {{nowrap|[[List of Chief Ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister]]}} | leader_name1 = [[Rekha Gupta]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) | leader_title3 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Legislature]] | leader_name3 = [[Unicameral]] ([[Delhi Legislative Assembly|70 seats]]) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by area|32nd]]-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 16,787,941 | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|2nd]] in India<br/>[[List of Asian cities by population within city limits|7th]] in Asia | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_est = 21588000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 16,349,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Megacity]] | population_blank1 = 11,034,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2018) | population_blank2 = 28514000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = Regional | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|[[Haryanvi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |[[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = [[List of cities in India by population|Megacity]] and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per Capita NSDP]] | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info3 = $273&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = $521.5&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = 868 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[Male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] | blank3_name_sec1 = [[International Airport]] | blank4_info_sec1 = [[Delhi Metro]] | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]] | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو آهي جن ۾ ڀارت جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، نئين دهلي به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ اتر پرديش رياست سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ هريانا رياست سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو. قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي. جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي. the '''National Capital Territory''' ('''NCT''') '''of Delhi''', is a megacity and a [[union territory]] of India containing [[New Delhi]], the capital of India. Straddling the [[Yamuna]] river, but spread chiefly to the west, or beyond its [[Bank (geography)|right bank]], Delhi shares borders with the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the east and with the state of [[Haryana]] in the remaining directions. Delhi became a [[union territory]] on 1 November 1956 and the NCT in 1995.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> The NCT covers an area of {{convert|1484|km2}}.<ref name="Delhi Info" /> According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11&nbsp;million,<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while the NCT's population was about 16.8&nbsp;million.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The topography of the medieval fort [[Purana Qila]] on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel [[Indraprastha]] in the Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment.<ref name=sunil-kumar2>{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], which covered large parts of [[South Asia]]. All three [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s in the city, the [[Qutub Minar]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], and the [[Red Fort]], belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of [[Sufism]] and [[Qawwali]] music. The names of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Amir Khusrau]] are prominently associated with it. The [[Khariboli dialect]] of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of [[Urdu]] and later [[Modern Standard Hindi]]. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include [[Mir Taqi Mir]] and [[Mirza Ghalib]]. Delhi was a notable centre of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. In 1911, [[New Delhi]], a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the [[British Indian Empire]]. During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one,<ref> * {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref> *{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]]. Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities [[Ghaziabad]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[YEIDA City|YEIDA city]] located in an area known as the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28&nbsp;million, making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|largest metropolitan area in India]] and the [[List of urban areas by population|second-largest in the world]] (after [[Tokyo]]).<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Delhi ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|fifth among the Indian states and union territories]] in [[human development index]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|second-highest]] [[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]] in India (after [[Goa]]).<ref name="NSDP"/> Delhi hosted the inaugural [[1951 Asian Games]], the [[1982 Asian Games]], the 1983 [[Non-Aligned Movement]] summit, the [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup]], the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the [[4th BRICS summit|2012 BRICS summit]], and the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023 G20 summit]], and was one of the major host cities of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]s. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] s0rv9a42zqp06a93fu60vk9z98apmm9 377649 377647 2026-05-15T14:03:49Z Ibne maryam 17680 377649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Redirect|National Capital Territory|the generic term|Capital districts and territories}} {{Distinguish|نئين دھلي|text=[[ڀارت]] جي گادي جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي]]، دهلي وفاقي علائقي ۽ نئين دهلي ضلعي جي حدن جي اندر آهي. [[ڊيلي]]، [[اوڀر تيمور]] جي گادي جي هنڌ}} {{Other uses|دھلي شھر}} {{Infobox settlement | name = دهلي<br> Delhi | official_name = دلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو<br> National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''دلي'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[ڀارت جي شهرن جي فهرست|شهر]] ۽ [[ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن جي فهرست|يونين علائقو]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Humayun's Tomb]]; [[Qutub Complex|Qutub Minar]]; [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]; [[Red Fort, Delhi|Red Fort]]'s Lahori gate; [[India Gate]]; [[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir|Digambar Jain Mandir]] with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]]; [[Hyderabad House]]; [[Lotus Temple]], a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] | image_size = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-marker = city | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = [[دھلي سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date = 1214ع | established_title1 = [[مغليه سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date1 = 1526ع، [[آگرا]] جي گڏوگڏ | established_title2 = [[نئين دھلي]]، راجڌاني، [[برطانوي راڄ]] | established_date2 = 12 ڊسمبر، 1911ع | established_title3 = نئين دهلي، راجڌاني، [[ڀارت|ريپبلڪ آف انڊيا]] | established_date3 = 26 جنوري، 1950ع | established_title4 = يونين علائقو<ref name="7thAmend56" /><ref name="ReorgAct56" /> | established_date4 = 1 نومبر، 1956ع | established_title5 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو<ref name=NCTact /> | established_date5 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | subdivision_type2 = علائقو | subdivision_name2 = [[اترين ڀارت]] <!--| seat_type = راجڌاني | seat = [[نئين دھلي]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = ليفٽيننٽ گورنر | leader_name = ترنجيت سنگهه سانڌو | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = ريکا گپتا (BJP) | leader_title3 = قانون ساز | leader_name3 = هڪ ايوان واري (70 سيٽون) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = 32هون-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_rank = بيون ([[ڀارت]] ۾)<br/>7هون ([[ايشيا]] ۾) | population_as_of = 2011ع | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29298 | population_est = 2,15,88,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024ع | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Megacity]] | population_blank1 = 1,10,34,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2018) | population_blank2 = 2,85,14,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = Regional | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|[[Haryanvi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |[[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = [[List of cities in India by population|Megacity]] and [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per Capita NSDP]] | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro]] (Nominal) | demographics2_info3 = $273&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = $521.5&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = 868 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[Male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] | blank3_name_sec1 = [[International Airport]] | blank4_info_sec1 = [[Delhi Metro]] | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]] | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو آهي جن ۾ ڀارت جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، نئين دهلي به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ اتر پرديش رياست سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ هريانا رياست سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي.<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The topography of the medieval fort [[Purana Qila]] on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel [[Indraprastha]] in the Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment.<ref name=sunil-kumar2>{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], which covered large parts of [[South Asia]]. All three [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s in the city, the [[Qutub Minar]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], and the [[Red Fort]], belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of [[Sufism]] and [[Qawwali]] music. The names of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Amir Khusrau]] are prominently associated with it. The [[Khariboli dialect]] of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of [[Urdu]] and later [[Modern Standard Hindi]]. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include [[Mir Taqi Mir]] and [[Mirza Ghalib]]. Delhi was a notable centre of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. In 1911, [[New Delhi]], a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the [[British Indian Empire]]. During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one,<ref> * {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref> *{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]]. Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities [[Ghaziabad]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[YEIDA City|YEIDA city]] located in an area known as the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28&nbsp;million, making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|largest metropolitan area in India]] and the [[List of urban areas by population|second-largest in the world]] (after [[Tokyo]]).<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Delhi ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|fifth among the Indian states and union territories]] in [[human development index]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|second-highest]] [[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]] in India (after [[Goa]]).<ref name="NSDP"/> Delhi hosted the inaugural [[1951 Asian Games]], the [[1982 Asian Games]], the 1983 [[Non-Aligned Movement]] summit, the [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup]], the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the [[4th BRICS summit|2012 BRICS summit]], and the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023 G20 summit]], and was one of the major host cities of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]s. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] 0tt6hlsqjaarqxt74z5i5w84eds3led 377683 377649 2026-05-15T19:26:40Z Ibne maryam 17680 377683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Distinguish|نئين دھلي|text=[[ڀارت]] جي گادي جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي]]، دهلي وفاقي علائقي ۽ نئين دهلي ضلعي جي حدن جي اندر آهي. [[ڊيلي]]، [[اوڀر تيمور]] جي گادي جي هنڌ}} {{Other uses|دھلي شھر}} {{Infobox settlement | name = دهلي<br> Delhi | official_name = دلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو<br> National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''دلي'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[ڀارت جي شهرن جي فهرست|شهر]] ۽ [[ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن جي فهرست|يونين علائقو]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Humayun's Tomb]]; [[Qutub Complex|Qutub Minar]]; [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]; [[Red Fort, Delhi|Red Fort]]'s Lahori gate; [[India Gate]]; [[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir|Digambar Jain Mandir]] with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]]; [[Hyderabad House]]; [[Lotus Temple]], a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] | image_size = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-marker = شهر | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = [[دھلي سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date = 1214ع | established_title1 = [[مغليه سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date1 = 1526ع، [[آگرا]] جي گڏوگڏ | established_title2 = [[نئين دھلي]]، راجڌاني، [[برطانوي راڄ]] | established_date2 = 12 ڊسمبر، 1911ع | established_title3 = نئين دهلي، راجڌاني، [[ڀارت|ريپبلڪ آف انڊيا]] | established_date3 = 26 جنوري، 1950ع | established_title4 = يونين علائقو<ref name="7thAmend56" /><ref name="ReorgAct56" /> | established_date4 = 1 نومبر، 1956ع | established_title5 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو<ref name=NCTact /> | established_date5 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | subdivision_type2 = علائقو | subdivision_name2 = [[اترين ڀارت]] <!--| seat_type = راجڌاني | seat = [[نئين دھلي]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = ليفٽيننٽ گورنر | leader_name = ترنجيت سنگهه سانڌو | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = ريکا گپتا (BJP) | leader_title3 = قانون ساز | leader_name3 = هڪ ايوان واري (70 سيٽون) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = 32هون-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_rank = بيون ([[ڀارت]] ۾)<br/>7هون ([[ايشيا]] ۾) | population_as_of = 2011ع | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29298 | population_est = 2,15,88,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024ع | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = ميگا سٽي | population_blank1 = 1,10,34,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو (2018ع) | population_blank2 = 2,85,14,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[ھندي]]|[[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = اضافي ۽ سرڪاري | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]]|[[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = علاقائي | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|هريانوي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |کڙي ٻولي<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = ميگا سٽي ۽ يونين علائقا (نامياري) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = في ڪس جي ڊي پي | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = جي ڊي پي (نامياري) | demographics2_info3 = 273 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = 521.5 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = 868 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[Male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = اندرا گانڌي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[هوائي اڏو|بين الاقوامي ايئرپورٽ]] | blank4_info_sec1 = دهلي ميٽرو | blank4_name_sec1 = ريپڊ ٽرانزٽ | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو آهي جن ۾ ڀارت جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، نئين دهلي به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ اتر پرديش رياست سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ هريانا رياست سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي.<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The topography of the medieval fort [[Purana Qila]] on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel [[Indraprastha]] in the Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment.<ref name=sunil-kumar2>{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], which covered large parts of [[South Asia]]. All three [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s in the city, the [[Qutub Minar]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], and the [[Red Fort]], belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of [[Sufism]] and [[Qawwali]] music. The names of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Amir Khusrau]] are prominently associated with it. The [[Khariboli dialect]] of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of [[Urdu]] and later [[Modern Standard Hindi]]. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include [[Mir Taqi Mir]] and [[Mirza Ghalib]]. Delhi was a notable centre of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. In 1911, [[New Delhi]], a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the [[British Indian Empire]]. During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one,<ref> * {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref> *{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]]. Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities [[Ghaziabad]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[YEIDA City|YEIDA city]] located in an area known as the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28&nbsp;million, making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|largest metropolitan area in India]] and the [[List of urban areas by population|second-largest in the world]] (after [[Tokyo]]).<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Delhi ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|fifth among the Indian states and union territories]] in [[human development index]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|second-highest]] [[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]] in India (after [[Goa]]).<ref name="NSDP"/> Delhi hosted the inaugural [[1951 Asian Games]], the [[1982 Asian Games]], the 1983 [[Non-Aligned Movement]] summit, the [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup]], the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the [[4th BRICS summit|2012 BRICS summit]], and the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023 G20 summit]], and was one of the major host cities of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]s. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] aiurz0vy412y3ln6qvwtfrhn7i0coks 377684 377683 2026-05-15T19:40:29Z Ibne maryam 17680 377684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Distinguish|نئين دھلي|text=[[ڀارت]] جي گادي جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي]]، دهلي وفاقي علائقي ۽ نئين دهلي ضلعي جي حدن جي اندر آهي. [[ڊيلي]]، [[اوڀر تيمور]] جي گادي جي هنڌ}} {{Other uses|دھلي شھر}} {{Infobox settlement | name = دهلي<br> Delhi | official_name = دلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو<br> National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''دلي'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[ڀارت جي شهرن جي فهرست|شهر]] ۽ [[ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن جي فهرست|يونين علائقو]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Humayun's Tomb]]; [[Qutub Complex|Qutub Minar]]; [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]; [[Red Fort, Delhi|Red Fort]]'s Lahori gate; [[India Gate]]; [[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir|Digambar Jain Mandir]] with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]]; [[Hyderabad House]]; [[Lotus Temple]], a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] | image_size = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-marker = شهر | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = [[دھلي سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date = 1214ع | established_title1 = [[مغليه سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date1 = 1526ع، [[آگرا]] جي گڏوگڏ | established_title2 = [[نئين دھلي]]، راجڌاني، [[برطانوي راڄ]] | established_date2 = 12 ڊسمبر، 1911ع | established_title3 = نئين دهلي، راجڌاني، [[ڀارت|ريپبلڪ آف انڊيا]] | established_date3 = 26 جنوري، 1950ع | established_title4 = يونين علائقو<ref name="7thAmend56" /><ref name="ReorgAct56" /> | established_date4 = 1 نومبر، 1956ع | established_title5 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو<ref name=NCTact /> | established_date5 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | subdivision_type2 = علائقو | subdivision_name2 = [[اترين ڀارت]] <!--| seat_type = راجڌاني | seat = [[نئين دھلي]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = ليفٽيننٽ گورنر | leader_name = ترنجيت سنگهه سانڌو | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = ريکا گپتا (BJP) | leader_title3 = قانون ساز | leader_name3 = هڪ ايوان واري (70 سيٽون) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = 32هون-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_rank = بيون ([[ڀارت]] ۾)<br/>7هون ([[ايشيا]] ۾) | population_as_of = 2011ع | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29298 | population_est = 2,15,88,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024ع | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = ميگا سٽي | population_blank1 = 1,10,34,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو (2018ع) | population_blank2 = 2,85,14,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[ھندي]]|[[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = اضافي ۽ سرڪاري | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]]|[[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = علاقائي | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|هريانوي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |کڙي ٻولي<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = ميگا سٽي ۽ يونين علائقا (نامياري) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = في ڪس جي ڊي پي | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = جي ڊي پي (نامياري) | demographics2_info3 = 273 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = 521.5 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = 868 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[Male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = اندرا گانڌي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[هوائي اڏو|بين الاقوامي ايئرپورٽ]] | blank4_info_sec1 = دهلي ميٽرو | blank4_name_sec1 = ريپڊ ٽرانزٽ | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو آهي جن ۾ ڀارت جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، نئين دهلي به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ اتر پرديش رياست سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ هريانا رياست سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي.<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع وچئين دور جي ڪوٽ "پرانا قلعا جي ٽوپوگرافي، سنسڪرت جي رزميه مهاڀارت ۾ قلعي "اندرا پرسٿا" جي ادبي وضاحت سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي. تنهن هوندي به، علائقي ۾ کوٽائي مان قديم تعمير ٿيل ماحول جا ڪا به نشان ظاهر نه ٿيا آهن. 13هين صدي جي شروعات کان وٺي 19هين صدي جي وچ تائين، دهلي ٻن وڏين سلطنتن، [[دھلي سلطنت|دهلي سلطنت]] ۽ [[مغل سلطنت]]، جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. جيڪا [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جي وڏي حصي کي ڍڪيندي هئي. شهر ۾ ٽيئي [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا هنڌ]]، قطب مينار، همايون جو مقبرو ۽ لال قلعو هن دور سان تعلق رکن ٿا. دهلي تصوف ۽ قوالي موسيقي جو شروعاتي مرڪز هو. نظام الدين اولياء ۽ امير خسرو جا نالا ان سان نمايان طور تي جڙيل آهن. دهلي جي کڙي ٻولي لهجو هڪ لساني ترقي جو حصو هيو، جنهن اردو ۽ بعد ۾ جديد معياري هندي جي ادب کي جنم ڏنو. دهلي جي وڏن اردو شاعرن ۾ مير تقي مير ۽ مرزا غالب شامل آهن. دهلي 1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت جو هڪ قابل ذڪر مرڪز هو. 1911ع ۾، نئين دهلي، دهلي اندر هڪ ڏاکڻي علائقو، برطانوي هندستاني سلطنت جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي وئي. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي ورهاڱي دوران. دهلي هڪ مغل شهر کان پنجابي شهر ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جي ٻه ٽيون حصو مسلمان رهاڪن کي وڃائي ڇڏيو. جزوي طور تي اولهه پنجاب مان ايندڙ هندو ۽ سک پناهگيرن جي دٻاءُ جي ڪري. 1947ع ۾ آزادي کان پوءِ. نئين دهلي هندستان جي تسلط جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان ۽ 1950ع کان پوءِ هندستان جي جمهوريه جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان جاري رهي. دهلي جو شهري مجموعو. جنهن ۾ غازي آباد، فريد آباد، گرگائون، نوئيڊا، گريٽر نوئيڊا ۽ ييڊا شهر جا سيٽلائيٽ شهر شامل آهن. هڪ علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ريجن (اين سي آر) جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. ان جي آبادي اندازاً 28 ملين کان وڌيڪ آهي. ان کي هندستان جو سڀ کان وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو بڻائي ٿو. ۽ دنيا ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو (ٽوڪيو کان پوءِ). دهلي انساني ترقي جي انڊيڪس ۾ هندستاني رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ پنجين نمبر تي آهي. ۽ هندستان ۾ في کس ٻئي نمبر تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ GDP آهي (گوا کان پوءِ). دهلي 1951 جي افتتاحي ايشيائي رانديون. 1982 جي ايشيائي رانديون. 1983 جي غير وابسته تحريڪ جي سربراهي اجلاس. 2010 جي مردن جي هاڪي ورلڊ ڪپ. 2010 جي دولت مشترڪه رانديون. 2012 جي BRICS سربراهي اجلاس. ۽ 2023 جي G20 سربراهي اجلاس. ۽ اهو 2011 ۽ 2023 جي ڪرڪيٽ ورلڊ ڪپ جي مکيه ميزبان شهرن مان هڪ هو. The topography of the medieval fort [[Purana Qila]] on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel [[Indraprastha]] in the Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment.<ref name=sunil-kumar2>{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], which covered large parts of [[South Asia]]. All three [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s in the city, the [[Qutub Minar]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], and the [[Red Fort]], belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of [[Sufism]] and [[Qawwali]] music. The names of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Amir Khusrau]] are prominently associated with it. The [[Khariboli dialect]] of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of [[Urdu]] and later [[Modern Standard Hindi]]. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include [[Mir Taqi Mir]] and [[Mirza Ghalib]]. Delhi was a notable centre of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. In 1911, [[New Delhi]], a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the [[British Indian Empire]]. During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one,<ref> * {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref> *{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]]. Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities [[Ghaziabad]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[YEIDA City|YEIDA city]] located in an area known as the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28&nbsp;million, making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|largest metropolitan area in India]] and the [[List of urban areas by population|second-largest in the world]] (after [[Tokyo]]).<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Delhi ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|fifth among the Indian states and union territories]] in [[human development index]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|second-highest]] [[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]] in India (after [[Goa]]).<ref name="NSDP"/> Delhi hosted the inaugural [[1951 Asian Games]], the [[1982 Asian Games]], the 1983 [[Non-Aligned Movement]] summit, the [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup]], the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], the [[4th BRICS summit|2012 BRICS summit]], and the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|2023 G20 summit]], and was one of the major host cities of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]s. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] c965hmjnbojvyjm74uf6at856o81mg4 377686 377684 2026-05-15T20:04:45Z Ibne maryam 17680 377686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Distinguish|نئين دھلي|text=[[ڀارت]] جي گادي جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي]]، دهلي وفاقي علائقي ۽ نئين دهلي ضلعي جي حدن جي اندر آهي. [[ڊيلي]]، [[اوڀر تيمور]] جي گادي جي هنڌ}} {{Other uses|دھلي شھر}} {{Infobox settlement | name = دهلي<br> Delhi | official_name = دلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو<br> National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''دلي'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[ڀارت جي شهرن جي فهرست|شهر]] ۽ [[ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن جي فهرست|يونين علائقو]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Humayun's Tomb]]; [[Qutub Complex|Qutub Minar]]; [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]; [[Red Fort, Delhi|Red Fort]]'s Lahori gate; [[India Gate]]; [[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir|Digambar Jain Mandir]] with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]]; [[Hyderabad House]]; [[Lotus Temple]], a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] | image_size = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-marker = شهر | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = [[دھلي سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date = 1214ع | established_title1 = [[مغليه سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date1 = 1526ع، [[آگرا]] جي گڏوگڏ | established_title2 = [[نئين دھلي]]، راجڌاني، [[برطانوي راڄ]] | established_date2 = 12 ڊسمبر، 1911ع | established_title3 = نئين دهلي، راجڌاني، [[ڀارت|ريپبلڪ آف انڊيا]] | established_date3 = 26 جنوري، 1950ع | established_title4 = يونين علائقو<ref name="7thAmend56" /><ref name="ReorgAct56" /> | established_date4 = 1 نومبر، 1956ع | established_title5 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو<ref name=NCTact /> | established_date5 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | subdivision_type2 = علائقو | subdivision_name2 = [[اترين ڀارت]] <!--| seat_type = راجڌاني | seat = [[نئين دھلي]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = ليفٽيننٽ گورنر | leader_name = ترنجيت سنگهه سانڌو | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = ريکا گپتا (BJP) | leader_title3 = قانون ساز | leader_name3 = هڪ ايوان واري (70 سيٽون) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = 32هون-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_rank = بيون ([[ڀارت]] ۾)<br/>7هون ([[ايشيا]] ۾) | population_as_of = 2011ع | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29298 | population_est = 2,15,88,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024ع | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = ميگا سٽي | population_blank1 = 1,10,34,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو (2018ع) | population_blank2 = 2,85,14,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[ھندي]]|[[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = اضافي ۽ سرڪاري | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]]|[[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = علاقائي | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|هريانوي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |کڙي ٻولي<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = ميگا سٽي ۽ يونين علائقا (نامياري) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = في ڪس جي ڊي پي | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = جي ڊي پي (نامياري) | demographics2_info3 = 273 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = 521.5 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = 868 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[Male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = اندرا گانڌي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[هوائي اڏو|بين الاقوامي ايئرپورٽ]] | blank4_info_sec1 = دهلي ميٽرو | blank4_name_sec1 = ريپڊ ٽرانزٽ | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا|ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو]] آهي جن ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي|نئين دهلي]] به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي.<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع وچئين دور جي ڪوٽ "پرانا قلعا" جي ٽوپوگرافي، [[سنسڪرت]] جي رزميه [[مھاڀارت|مهاڀارت]] ۾ قلعي "اندرا پرسٿا" جي ادبي وضاحت سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي. تنهن هوندي به، علائقي ۾ کوٽائي مان قديم تعمير ٿيل ماحول جا ڪا به نشان ظاهر نه ٿيا آهن.<ref name="sunil-kumar2">{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> 13هين صدي جي شروعات کان وٺي 19هين صدي جي وچ تائين، دهلي ٻن وڏين سلطنتن، [[دھلي سلطنت|دهلي سلطنت]] ۽ [[مغل سلطنت]]، جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. جيڪا [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جي وڏي حصي کي ڍڪيندي هئي. شهر ۾ ٽيئي [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا هنڌ]]، قطب مينار، همايون جو مقبرو ۽ لال قلعو هن دور سان تعلق رکن ٿا. دهلي [[تصوف]] ۽ [[قوالي]] موسيقي جو شروعاتي مرڪز هو. نظام الدين اولياء ۽ [[امير خسرو]] جا نالا ان سان نمايان طور تي جڙيل آهن. دهلي جي کڙي ٻولي لهجو هڪ لساني ترقي جو حصو هيو، جنهن [[اردو]] ۽ بعد ۾ جديد معياري [[ھندي|هندي]] جي ادب کي جنم ڏنو. دهلي جي وڏن اردو شاعرن ۾ [[مير تقي مير]] ۽ [[مرزا غالب]] شامل آهن. دهلي 1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت جو هڪ قابل ذڪر مرڪز هو. 1911ع ۾، نئين دهلي، دهلي اندر هڪ ڏاکڻي علائقو، [[برطانوي راڄ|برطانوي هندستاني سلطنت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي وئي. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي ورهاڱي دوران، دهلي هڪ مغل شهر کان پنجابي شهر ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو، <ref>*{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref> ان جي ٻه ٽيون حصو [[مسلمان]] رهاڪن کي وڃائي ڇڏيو. <ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> جزوي طور تي [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|اولهه پنجاب]] مان ايندڙ [[ھندو|هندو]] ۽ [[سک]] پناهگيرن جي دٻاءُ جي ڪري.<ref>*{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> 1947ع ۾ آزادي کان پوءِ، نئين دهلي هندستان جي دومينيئن جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان ۽ 1950ع کان پوءِ هندستان جي جمهوريه جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان جاري رهي. دهلي جو شهري مجموعو، جنهن ۾ غازي آباد، فريد آباد، گرگائون، نوئيڊا، گريٽر نوئيڊا ۽ ييڊا شهر جا سيٽلائيٽ شهر شامل آهن، هڪ علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ريجن (اين سي آر) جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. ان جي آبادي اندازاً 28 ملين کان وڌيڪ آهي. ان کي هندستان جو سڀ کان وڏو ۽ [[ٽوڪيو]]، [[جاپان]] کانپوءِ، دنيا ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو بڻائي ٿو.<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> دهلي [[هيومن ڊويلپمنٽ انڊيڪس|انساني ترقي اشاريو (<small>HDI</small>)]] ۾ هندستاني رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ پنجين نمبر تي آهي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ [[گووا|گوا رياست]] کان پوءِ، هندستان ۾ في ڪس ٻئي نمبر تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[ڪل ديسي پيداوار|جي ڊي پي]] واري رياست آهي. دهلي 1951ع جي افتتاحي ايشيائي راندين، 1982ع جي ايشيائي راندين، 1983ع جي غير وابسته تحريڪ جي سربراهي اجلاس، 2010ع جي مردن جي هاڪي ورلڊ ڪپ، 2010ع جي دولت مشترڪه راندين، 2012ع جي برڪس (BRICS) سربراهي اجلاس، 2023ع جي G20 سربراهي اجلاس ۽ 2011ع ۽ 2023ع جي ڪرڪيٽ ورلڊ ڪپ جي مکيه ميزبان شهرن مان هڪ هو. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] 4wze0ivcqvw035cikmgvelec7zb8i3n 377687 377686 2026-05-15T20:45:25Z Ibne maryam 17680 377687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Distinguish|نئين دھلي|text=[[ڀارت]] جي گادي جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي]]، دهلي وفاقي علائقي ۽ نئين دهلي ضلعي جي حدن جي اندر آهي. [[ڊيلي]]، [[اوڀر تيمور]] جي گادي جي هنڌ}} {{Other uses|دھلي شھر}} {{Infobox settlement | name = دهلي<br> Delhi | official_name = دلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو<br> National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''دلي'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[ڀارت جي شهرن جي فهرست|شهر]] ۽ [[ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن جي فهرست|يونين علائقو]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = مٿي کان، ساڄي کان کاٻي: همايون جو مقبرو؛ قطب مينار؛ جامع مسجد؛ لال قلعي جو لاهوري دروازو؛ انڊيا گيٽ؛ گوري شنڪر مندر سان گڏ ڊگمبر جين مندر؛ سينٽ جيمس چرچ؛ حيدرآباد هائوس؛ لوٽس مندر، هڪ بهائي عبادتگاهه | image_size = | mapframe = | mapframe-zoom = | mapframe-marker = | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = [[دھلي سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date = 1214ع | established_title1 = [[مغليه سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date1 = 1526ع، [[آگرا]] جي گڏوگڏ | established_title2 = [[نئين دھلي]]، راجڌاني، [[برطانوي راڄ]] | established_date2 = 12 ڊسمبر، 1911ع | established_title3 = نئين دهلي، راجڌاني، [[ڀارت|ريپبلڪ آف انڊيا]] | established_date3 = 26 جنوري، 1950ع | established_title4 = يونين علائقو | established_date4 = 1 نومبر، 1956ع | established_title5 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date5 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | subdivision_type2 = علائقو | subdivision_name2 = [[اترين ڀارت]] <!--| seat_type = راجڌاني | seat = [[نئين دھلي]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = ليفٽيننٽ گورنر | leader_name = ترنجيت سنگهه سانڌو | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = ريکا گپتا (BJP) | leader_title3 = قانون ساز | leader_name3 = هڪ ايوان واري (70 سيٽون) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = 32هون-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_rank = بيون ([[ڀارت]] ۾)<br/>7هون ([[ايشيا]] ۾) | population_as_of = 2011ع | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29298 | population_est = 2,15,88,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024ع | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = ميگا سٽي | population_blank1 = 1,10,34,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو (2018ع) | population_blank2 = 2,85,14,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[ھندي]]|[[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = اضافي ۽ سرڪاري | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]]|[[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = علاقائي | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|هريانوي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |کڙي ٻولي<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = ميگا سٽي ۽ يونين علائقا (نامياري) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = في ڪس جي ڊي پي | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = جي ڊي پي (نامياري) | demographics2_info3 = 273 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = 521.5 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[هيومن ڊولپمينٽ انڊيڪس]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = خواندگي جي شرح {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = جنس جو تناسب {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = <nowiki>868 [[female/1000 ♂</nowiki><ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = اندرا گانڌي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[هوائي اڏو|بين الاقوامي ايئرپورٽ]] | blank4_info_sec1 = دهلي ميٽرو | blank4_name_sec1 = ريپڊ ٽرانزٽ | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا|ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو]] آهي جن ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي|نئين دهلي]] به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي.<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع وچئين دور جي ڪوٽ "پرانا قلعا" جي ٽوپوگرافي، [[سنسڪرت]] جي رزميه [[مھاڀارت|مهاڀارت]] ۾ قلعي "اندرا پرسٿا" جي ادبي وضاحت سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي. تنهن هوندي به، علائقي ۾ کوٽائي مان قديم تعمير ٿيل ماحول جا ڪا به نشان ظاهر نه ٿيا آهن.<ref name="sunil-kumar2">{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> 13هين صدي جي شروعات کان وٺي 19هين صدي جي وچ تائين، دهلي ٻن وڏين سلطنتن، [[دھلي سلطنت|دهلي سلطنت]] ۽ [[مغل سلطنت]]، جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. جيڪا [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جي وڏي حصي کي ڍڪيندي هئي. شهر ۾ ٽيئي [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا هنڌ]]، قطب مينار، همايون جو مقبرو ۽ لال قلعو هن دور سان تعلق رکن ٿا. دهلي [[تصوف]] ۽ [[قوالي]] موسيقي جو شروعاتي مرڪز هو. نظام الدين اولياء ۽ [[امير خسرو]] جا نالا ان سان نمايان طور تي جڙيل آهن. دهلي جي کڙي ٻولي لهجو هڪ لساني ترقي جو حصو هيو، جنهن [[اردو]] ۽ بعد ۾ جديد معياري [[ھندي|هندي]] جي ادب کي جنم ڏنو. دهلي جي وڏن اردو شاعرن ۾ [[مير تقي مير]] ۽ [[مرزا غالب]] شامل آهن. دهلي 1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت جو هڪ قابل ذڪر مرڪز هو. 1911ع ۾، نئين دهلي، دهلي اندر هڪ ڏاکڻي علائقو، [[برطانوي راڄ|برطانوي هندستاني سلطنت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي وئي. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي ورهاڱي دوران، دهلي هڪ مغل شهر کان پنجابي شهر ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو، <ref>*{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref> ان جي ٻه ٽيون حصو [[مسلمان]] رهاڪن کي وڃائي ڇڏيو. <ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> جزوي طور تي [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|اولهه پنجاب]] مان ايندڙ [[ھندو|هندو]] ۽ [[سک]] پناهگيرن جي دٻاءُ جي ڪري.<ref>*{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> 1947ع ۾ آزادي کان پوءِ، نئين دهلي هندستان جي دومينيئن جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان ۽ 1950ع کان پوءِ هندستان جي جمهوريه جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان جاري رهي. دهلي جو شهري مجموعو، جنهن ۾ غازي آباد، فريد آباد، گرگائون، نوئيڊا، گريٽر نوئيڊا ۽ ييڊا شهر جا سيٽلائيٽ شهر شامل آهن، هڪ علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ريجن (اين سي آر) جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. ان جي آبادي اندازاً 28 ملين کان وڌيڪ آهي. ان کي هندستان جو سڀ کان وڏو ۽ [[ٽوڪيو]]، [[جاپان]] کانپوءِ، دنيا ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو بڻائي ٿو.<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> دهلي [[هيومن ڊويلپمنٽ انڊيڪس|انساني ترقي اشاريو (<small>HDI</small>)]] ۾ هندستاني رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ پنجين نمبر تي آهي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ [[گووا|گوا رياست]] کان پوءِ، هندستان ۾ في ڪس ٻئي نمبر تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[ڪل ديسي پيداوار|جي ڊي پي]] واري رياست آهي. دهلي 1951ع جي افتتاحي ايشيائي راندين، 1982ع جي ايشيائي راندين، 1983ع جي غير وابسته تحريڪ جي سربراهي اجلاس، 2010ع جي مردن جي هاڪي ورلڊ ڪپ، 2010ع جي دولت مشترڪه راندين، 2012ع جي برڪس (BRICS) سربراهي اجلاس، 2023ع جي G20 سربراهي اجلاس ۽ 2011ع ۽ 2023ع جي ڪرڪيٽ ورلڊ ڪپ جي مکيه ميزبان شهرن مان هڪ هو. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] 43oezrprlqnph0xc40blhcvg6km97xu 377689 377687 2026-05-15T20:53:27Z Ibne maryam 17680 377689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Distinguish|نئين دھلي|text=[[ڀارت]] جي گادي جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي]]، دهلي وفاقي علائقي ۽ نئين دهلي ضلعي جي حدن جي اندر آهي. [[ڊيلي]]، [[اوڀر تيمور]] جي گادي جي هنڌ}} {{Other uses|دھلي شھر}} {{Infobox settlement | name = دهلي<br> Delhi | official_name = دلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو<br> National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''دلي'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[ڀارت جي شهرن جي فهرست|شهر]] ۽ [[ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن جي فهرست|يونين علائقو]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = مٿي کان، ساڄي کان کاٻي: همايون جو مقبرو؛ قطب مينار؛ جامع مسجد؛ لال قلعي جو لاهوري دروازو؛ انڊيا گيٽ؛ گوري شنڪر مندر سان گڏ ڊگمبر جين مندر؛ سينٽ جيمس چرچ؛ حيدرآباد هائوس؛ لوٽس مندر، هڪ بهائي عبادتگاهه | image_size = | mapframe = | mapframe-zoom = | mapframe-marker = | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = [[دھلي سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date = 1214ع | established_title1 = [[مغليه سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date1 = 1526ع، [[آگرا]] جي گڏوگڏ | established_title2 = [[نئين دھلي]]، راجڌاني، [[برطانوي راڄ]] | established_date2 = 12 ڊسمبر، 1911ع | established_title3 = نئين دهلي، راجڌاني، [[ڀارت|ريپبلڪ آف انڊيا]] | established_date3 = 26 جنوري، 1950ع | established_title4 = يونين علائقو | established_date4 = 1 نومبر، 1956ع | established_title5 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date5 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | subdivision_type2 = علائقو | subdivision_name2 = [[اترين ڀارت]] <!--| seat_type = راجڌاني | seat = [[نئين دھلي]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = ليفٽيننٽ گورنر | leader_name = ترنجيت سنگهه سانڌو | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = ريکا گپتا (BJP) | leader_title3 = قانون ساز | leader_name3 = هڪ ايوان واري (70 سيٽون) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = 32هون-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_rank = بيون ([[ڀارت]] ۾)<br/>7هون ([[ايشيا]] ۾) | population_as_of = 2011ع | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29298 | population_est = 2,15,88,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024ع | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = ميگا سٽي | population_blank1 = 1,10,34,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو (2018ع) | population_blank2 = 2,85,14,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[ھندي]]|[[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = اضافي ۽ سرڪاري | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]]|[[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = علاقائي | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|هريانوي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |کڙي ٻولي<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = ميگا سٽي ۽ يونين علائقا (نامياري) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = في ڪس جي ڊي پي | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = جي ڊي پي (نامياري) | demographics2_info3 = 273 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = 521.5 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[هيومن ڊولپمينٽ انڊيڪس]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = خواندگي جي شرح {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = جنس جو تناسب {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = <nowiki>868 [[female/1000 ♂</nowiki><ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = اندرا گانڌي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[هوائي اڏو|بين الاقوامي ايئرپورٽ]] | blank4_info_sec1 = دهلي ميٽرو | blank4_name_sec1 = ريپڊ ٽرانزٽ | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا|ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو]] آهي جن ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي|نئين دهلي]] به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي.<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع وچئين دور جي ڪوٽ "پرانا قلعا" جي ٽوپوگرافي، [[سنسڪرت]] جي رزميه [[مھاڀارت|مهاڀارت]] ۾ قلعي "اندرا پرسٿا" جي ادبي وضاحت سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي. تنهن هوندي به، علائقي ۾ کوٽائي مان قديم تعمير ٿيل ماحول جا ڪا به نشان ظاهر نه ٿيا آهن.<ref name="sunil-kumar2">{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> 13هين صدي جي شروعات کان وٺي 19هين صدي جي وچ تائين، دهلي ٻن وڏين سلطنتن، [[دھلي سلطنت|دهلي سلطنت]] ۽ [[مغل سلطنت]]، جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. جيڪا [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جي وڏي حصي کي ڍڪيندي هئي. شهر ۾ ٽيئي [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا هنڌ]]، قطب مينار، همايون جو مقبرو ۽ لال قلعو هن دور سان تعلق رکن ٿا. دهلي [[تصوف]] ۽ [[قوالي]] موسيقي جو شروعاتي مرڪز هو. نظام الدين اولياء ۽ [[امير خسرو]] جا نالا ان سان نمايان طور تي جڙيل آهن. دهلي جي کڙي ٻولي لهجو هڪ لساني ترقي جو حصو هيو، جنهن [[اردو]] ۽ بعد ۾ جديد معياري [[ھندي|هندي]] جي ادب کي جنم ڏنو. دهلي جي وڏن اردو شاعرن ۾ [[مير تقي مير]] ۽ [[مرزا غالب]] شامل آهن. دهلي 1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت جو هڪ قابل ذڪر مرڪز هو. 1911ع ۾، نئين دهلي، دهلي اندر هڪ ڏاکڻي علائقو، [[برطانوي راڄ|برطانوي هندستاني سلطنت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي وئي. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي ورهاڱي دوران، دهلي هڪ مغل شهر کان پنجابي شهر ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو، <ref>*{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref> ان جي ٻه ٽيون حصو [[مسلمان]] رهاڪن کي وڃائي ڇڏيو. <ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> جزوي طور تي [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|اولهه پنجاب]] مان ايندڙ [[ھندو|هندو]] ۽ [[سک]] پناهگيرن جي دٻاءُ جي ڪري.<ref>*{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> 1947ع ۾ آزادي کان پوءِ، نئين دهلي هندستان جي دومينيئن جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان ۽ 1950ع کان پوءِ هندستان جي جمهوريه جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان جاري رهي. دهلي جو شهري مجموعو، جنهن ۾ غازي آباد، فريد آباد، گرگائون، نوئيڊا، گريٽر نوئيڊا ۽ ييڊا شهر جا سيٽلائيٽ شهر شامل آهن، هڪ علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ريجن (اين سي آر) جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. ان جي آبادي اندازاً 28 ملين کان وڌيڪ آهي. ان کي هندستان جو سڀ کان وڏو ۽ [[ٽوڪيو]]، [[جاپان]] کانپوءِ، دنيا ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو بڻائي ٿو.<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> دهلي [[هيومن ڊويلپمنٽ انڊيڪس|انساني ترقي اشاريو (<small>HDI</small>)]] ۾ هندستاني رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ پنجين نمبر تي آهي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ [[گووا|گوا رياست]] کان پوءِ، هندستان ۾ في ڪس ٻئي نمبر تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[ڪل ديسي پيداوار|جي ڊي پي]] واري رياست آهي. دهلي 1951ع جي افتتاحي ايشيائي راندين، 1982ع جي ايشيائي راندين، 1983ع جي غير وابسته تحريڪ جي سربراهي اجلاس، 2010ع جي مردن جي هاڪي ورلڊ ڪپ، 2010ع جي دولت مشترڪه راندين، 2012ع جي برڪس (BRICS) سربراهي اجلاس، 2023ع جي G20 سربراهي اجلاس ۽ 2011ع ۽ 2023ع جي ڪرڪيٽ ورلڊ ڪپ جي مکيه ميزبان شهرن مان هڪ هو. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Delhi}} * {{Official website|delhi.gov.in}} * {{GovPubs|Delhi}} * {{Britannica|156501}} * {{Wikiatlas|Delhi}} * {{osmrelation-inline|1942586}} {{Geographic location | Centre = Delhi | North = [[Haryana]] | East = [[Uttar Pradesh]] | South = [[Haryana]] | West = [[Haryana]] }} {{Navboxes | title = Articles Related to Delhi | list = {{Delhi}} {{Neighborhoods of Delhi}} {{Delhi landmarks}} {{States and union territories of India}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} {{Million-plus cities in India}} {{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} {{Proposed states and territories of India}} {{Capital districts and territories}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] map8xw0akoslct2vlajqp49f8p2q1dc 377690 377689 2026-05-15T21:06:06Z Ibne maryam 17680 377690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Distinguish|نئين دھلي|text=[[ڀارت]] جي گادي جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي]]، دهلي وفاقي علائقي ۽ نئين دهلي ضلعي جي حدن جي اندر آهي. [[ڊيلي]]، [[اوڀر تيمور]] جي گادي جي هنڌ}} {{Other uses|دھلي شھر}} {{Infobox settlement | name = دهلي<br> Delhi | official_name = دلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو<br> National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''دلي'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[ڀارت جي شهرن جي فهرست|شهر]] ۽ [[ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن جي فهرست|يونين علائقو]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = مٿي کان، ساڄي کان کاٻي: همايون جو مقبرو؛ قطب مينار؛ جامع مسجد؛ لال قلعي جو لاهوري دروازو؛ انڊيا گيٽ؛ گوري شنڪر مندر سان گڏ ڊگمبر جين مندر؛ سينٽ جيمس چرچ؛ حيدرآباد هائوس؛ لوٽس مندر، هڪ بهائي عبادتگاهه | image_size = | mapframe = | mapframe-zoom = | mapframe-marker = | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = [[دھلي سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date = 1214ع | established_title1 = [[مغليه سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date1 = 1526ع، [[آگرا]] جي گڏوگڏ | established_title2 = [[نئين دھلي]]، راجڌاني، [[برطانوي راڄ]] | established_date2 = 12 ڊسمبر، 1911ع | established_title3 = نئين دهلي، راجڌاني، [[ڀارت|ريپبلڪ آف انڊيا]] | established_date3 = 26 جنوري، 1950ع | established_title4 = يونين علائقو | established_date4 = 1 نومبر، 1956ع | established_title5 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date5 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | subdivision_type2 = علائقو | subdivision_name2 = [[اترين ڀارت]] <!--| seat_type = راجڌاني | seat = [[نئين دھلي]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = ليفٽيننٽ گورنر | leader_name = ترنجيت سنگهه سانڌو | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = ريکا گپتا (BJP) | leader_title3 = قانون ساز | leader_name3 = هڪ ايوان واري (70 سيٽون) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = 32هون-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_rank = بيون ([[ڀارت]] ۾)<br/>7هون ([[ايشيا]] ۾) | population_as_of = 2011ع | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29298 | population_est = 2,15,88,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024ع | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = ميگا سٽي | population_blank1 = 1,10,34,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو (2018ع) | population_blank2 = 2,85,14,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[ھندي]]|[[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = اضافي ۽ سرڪاري | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]]|[[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = علاقائي | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|هريانوي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |کڙي ٻولي<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = ميگا سٽي ۽ يونين علائقا (نامياري) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = في ڪس جي ڊي پي | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = جي ڊي پي (نامياري) | demographics2_info3 = 273 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = 521.5 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[هيومن ڊولپمينٽ انڊيڪس]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = خواندگي جي شرح {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = جنس جو تناسب {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = <nowiki>868 [[female/1000 ♂</nowiki><ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = اندرا گانڌي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[هوائي اڏو|بين الاقوامي ايئرپورٽ]] | blank4_info_sec1 = دهلي ميٽرو | blank4_name_sec1 = ريپڊ ٽرانزٽ | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا|ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو]] آهي جن ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي|نئين دهلي]] به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي.<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع وچئين دور جي ڪوٽ "پرانا قلعا" جي ٽوپوگرافي، [[سنسڪرت]] جي رزميه [[مھاڀارت|مهاڀارت]] ۾ قلعي "اندرا پرسٿا" جي ادبي وضاحت سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي. تنهن هوندي به، علائقي ۾ کوٽائي مان قديم تعمير ٿيل ماحول جا ڪا به نشان ظاهر نه ٿيا آهن.<ref name="sunil-kumar2">{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> 13هين صدي جي شروعات کان وٺي 19هين صدي جي وچ تائين، دهلي ٻن وڏين سلطنتن، [[دھلي سلطنت|دهلي سلطنت]] ۽ [[مغل سلطنت]]، جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. جيڪا [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جي وڏي حصي کي ڍڪيندي هئي. شهر ۾ ٽيئي [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا هنڌ]]، قطب مينار، همايون جو مقبرو ۽ لال قلعو هن دور سان تعلق رکن ٿا. دهلي [[تصوف]] ۽ [[قوالي]] موسيقي جو شروعاتي مرڪز هو. نظام الدين اولياء ۽ [[امير خسرو]] جا نالا ان سان نمايان طور تي جڙيل آهن. دهلي جي کڙي ٻولي لهجو هڪ لساني ترقي جو حصو هيو، جنهن [[اردو]] ۽ بعد ۾ جديد معياري [[ھندي|هندي]] جي ادب کي جنم ڏنو. دهلي جي وڏن اردو شاعرن ۾ [[مير تقي مير]] ۽ [[مرزا غالب]] شامل آهن. دهلي 1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت جو هڪ قابل ذڪر مرڪز هو. 1911ع ۾، نئين دهلي، دهلي اندر هڪ ڏاکڻي علائقو، [[برطانوي راڄ|برطانوي هندستاني سلطنت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي وئي. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي ورهاڱي دوران، دهلي هڪ مغل شهر کان پنجابي شهر ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو، <ref>*{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref> ان جي ٻه ٽيون حصو [[مسلمان]] رهاڪن کي وڃائي ڇڏيو. <ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> جزوي طور تي [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|اولهه پنجاب]] مان ايندڙ [[ھندو|هندو]] ۽ [[سک]] پناهگيرن جي دٻاءُ جي ڪري.<ref>*{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> 1947ع ۾ آزادي کان پوءِ، نئين دهلي هندستان جي دومينيئن جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان ۽ 1950ع کان پوءِ هندستان جي جمهوريه جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان جاري رهي. دهلي جو شهري مجموعو، جنهن ۾ غازي آباد، فريد آباد، گرگائون، نوئيڊا، گريٽر نوئيڊا ۽ ييڊا شهر جا سيٽلائيٽ شهر شامل آهن، هڪ علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ريجن (اين سي آر) جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. ان جي آبادي اندازاً 28 ملين کان وڌيڪ آهي. ان کي هندستان جو سڀ کان وڏو ۽ [[ٽوڪيو]]، [[جاپان]] کانپوءِ، دنيا ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو بڻائي ٿو.<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> دهلي [[هيومن ڊويلپمنٽ انڊيڪس|انساني ترقي اشاريو (<small>HDI</small>)]] ۾ هندستاني رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ پنجين نمبر تي آهي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ [[گووا|گوا رياست]] کان پوءِ، هندستان ۾ في ڪس ٻئي نمبر تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[ڪل ديسي پيداوار|جي ڊي پي]] واري رياست آهي. دهلي 1951ع جي افتتاحي ايشيائي راندين، 1982ع جي ايشيائي راندين، 1983ع جي غير وابسته تحريڪ جي سربراهي اجلاس، 2010ع جي مردن جي هاڪي ورلڊ ڪپ، 2010ع جي دولت مشترڪه راندين، 2012ع جي برڪس (BRICS) سربراهي اجلاس، 2023ع جي G20 سربراهي اجلاس ۽ 2011ع ۽ 2023ع جي ڪرڪيٽ ورلڊ ڪپ جي مکيه ميزبان شهرن مان هڪ هو. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Delhi}} * {{Official website|delhi.gov.in}} * {{GovPubs|Delhi}} * {{Britannica|156501}} * {{Wikiatlas|Delhi}} * {{osmrelation-inline|1942586}} {{Geographic location | Centre = Delhi | North = [[Haryana]] | East = [[Uttar Pradesh]] | South = [[Haryana]] | West = [[Haryana]] }} {{Navboxes | title = Articles Related to Delhi | list = {{Delhi}} {{Neighborhoods of Delhi}} {{Delhi landmarks}} {{States and union territories of India}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} {{Million-plus cities in India}} {{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} {{Proposed states and territories of India}} {{Capital districts and territories}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:دهلي|دهلي]] [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:نئين دهلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا يونين علائقا]] [[زمرو:هندستان لاءِ عالمي ورثو عارضي فهرست]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ]] [[زمرو:گاديءَ جا ضلعا ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ گاديءَ جا شهر]] [[زمرو:رياست يا يونين علائقي جي لحاظ کان ڀارت ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڇهين صدي قبل مسيح ۾ قائم ڪيل آبادي واريون جڳهيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون تجويز ڪيل رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] am6ilfh9k4r1x53hwasj1p6g80nk8yk 377697 377690 2026-05-15T21:20:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 377697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Distinguish|نئين دھلي|text=[[ڀارت]] جي گادي جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي]]، دهلي وفاقي علائقي ۽ نئين دهلي ضلعي جي حدن جي اندر آهي. [[ڊيلي]]، [[اوڀر تيمور]] جي گادي جي هنڌ}} {{Other uses|دھلي شھر}} {{Infobox settlement | name = دهلي<br> Delhi | official_name = دلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو<br> National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''دلي'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[ڀارت جي شهرن جي فهرست|شهر]] ۽ [[ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن جي فهرست|يونين علائقو]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = مٿي کان، ساڄي کان کاٻي: همايون جو مقبرو؛ قطب مينار؛ جامع مسجد؛ لال قلعي جو لاهوري دروازو؛ انڊيا گيٽ؛ گوري شنڪر مندر سان گڏ ڊگمبر جين مندر؛ سينٽ جيمس چرچ؛ حيدرآباد هائوس؛ لوٽس مندر، هڪ بهائي عبادتگاهه | image_size = | mapframe = | mapframe-zoom = | mapframe-marker = | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = [[دھلي سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date = 1214ع | established_title1 = [[مغليه سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date1 = 1526ع، [[آگرا]] جي گڏوگڏ | established_title2 = [[نئين دھلي]]، راجڌاني، [[برطانوي راڄ]] | established_date2 = 12 ڊسمبر، 1911ع | established_title3 = نئين دهلي، راجڌاني، [[ڀارت|ريپبلڪ آف انڊيا]] | established_date3 = 26 جنوري، 1950ع | established_title4 = يونين علائقو | established_date4 = 1 نومبر، 1956ع | established_title5 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date5 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | subdivision_type2 = علائقو | subdivision_name2 = [[اترين ڀارت]] <!--| seat_type = راجڌاني | seat = [[نئين دھلي]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = ليفٽيننٽ گورنر | leader_name = ترنجيت سنگهه سانڌو | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = ريکا گپتا (BJP) | leader_title3 = قانون ساز | leader_name3 = هڪ ايوان واري (70 سيٽون) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = 32هون-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_rank = بيون ([[ڀارت]] ۾)<br/>7هون ([[ايشيا]] ۾) | population_as_of = 2011ع | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29298 | population_est = 2,15,88,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024ع | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = ميگا سٽي | population_blank1 = 1,10,34,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو (2018ع) | population_blank2 = 2,85,14,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[ھندي]]|[[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = اضافي ۽ سرڪاري | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]]|[[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = علاقائي | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|هريانوي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |کڙي ٻولي<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = ميگا سٽي ۽ يونين علائقا (نامياري) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = في ڪس جي ڊي پي | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = جي ڊي پي (نامياري) | demographics2_info3 = 273 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = 521.5 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[هيومن ڊولپمينٽ انڊيڪس]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = خواندگي جي شرح {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = جنس جو تناسب {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = <nowiki>868 [[female/1000 ♂</nowiki><ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = اندرا گانڌي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[هوائي اڏو|بين الاقوامي ايئرپورٽ]] | blank4_info_sec1 = دهلي ميٽرو | blank4_name_sec1 = ريپڊ ٽرانزٽ | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا|ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو]] آهي جن ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي|نئين دهلي]] به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي.<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع وچئين دور جي ڪوٽ "پرانا قلعا" جي ٽوپوگرافي، [[سنسڪرت]] جي رزميه [[مھاڀارت|مهاڀارت]] ۾ قلعي "اندرا پرسٿا" جي ادبي وضاحت سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي. تنهن هوندي به، علائقي ۾ کوٽائي مان قديم تعمير ٿيل ماحول جا ڪا به نشان ظاهر نه ٿيا آهن.<ref name="sunil-kumar2">{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> 13هين صدي جي شروعات کان وٺي 19هين صدي جي وچ تائين، دهلي ٻن وڏين سلطنتن، [[دھلي سلطنت|دهلي سلطنت]] ۽ [[مغل سلطنت]]، جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. جيڪا [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جي وڏي حصي کي ڍڪيندي هئي. شهر ۾ ٽيئي [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا هنڌ]]، قطب مينار، همايون جو مقبرو ۽ لال قلعو هن دور سان تعلق رکن ٿا. دهلي [[تصوف]] ۽ [[قوالي]] موسيقي جو شروعاتي مرڪز هو. نظام الدين اولياء ۽ [[امير خسرو]] جا نالا ان سان نمايان طور تي جڙيل آهن. دهلي جي کڙي ٻولي لهجو هڪ لساني ترقي جو حصو هيو، جنهن [[اردو]] ۽ بعد ۾ جديد معياري [[ھندي|هندي]] جي ادب کي جنم ڏنو. دهلي جي وڏن اردو شاعرن ۾ [[مير تقي مير]] ۽ [[مرزا غالب]] شامل آهن. دهلي 1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت جو هڪ قابل ذڪر مرڪز هو. 1911ع ۾، نئين دهلي، دهلي اندر هڪ ڏاکڻي علائقو، [[برطانوي راڄ|برطانوي هندستاني سلطنت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي وئي. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي ورهاڱي دوران، دهلي هڪ مغل شهر کان پنجابي شهر ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو، <ref>*{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref> ان جي ٻه ٽيون حصو [[مسلمان]] رهاڪن کي وڃائي ڇڏيو. <ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> جزوي طور تي [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|اولهه پنجاب]] مان ايندڙ [[ھندو|هندو]] ۽ [[سک]] پناهگيرن جي دٻاءُ جي ڪري.<ref>*{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> 1947ع ۾ آزادي کان پوءِ، نئين دهلي هندستان جي دومينيئن جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان ۽ 1950ع کان پوءِ هندستان جي جمهوريه جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان جاري رهي. دهلي جو شهري مجموعو، جنهن ۾ غازي آباد، فريد آباد، گرگائون، نوئيڊا، گريٽر نوئيڊا ۽ ييڊا شهر جا سيٽلائيٽ شهر شامل آهن، هڪ علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ريجن (اين سي آر) جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. ان جي آبادي اندازاً 28 ملين کان وڌيڪ آهي. ان کي هندستان جو سڀ کان وڏو ۽ [[ٽوڪيو]]، [[جاپان]] کانپوءِ، دنيا ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو بڻائي ٿو.<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> دهلي [[هيومن ڊويلپمنٽ انڊيڪس|انساني ترقي اشاريو (<small>HDI</small>)]] ۾ هندستاني رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ پنجين نمبر تي آهي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ [[گووا|گوا رياست]] کان پوءِ، هندستان ۾ في ڪس ٻئي نمبر تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[ڪل ديسي پيداوار|جي ڊي پي]] واري رياست آهي. دهلي 1951ع جي افتتاحي ايشيائي راندين، 1982ع جي ايشيائي راندين، 1983ع جي غير وابسته تحريڪ جي سربراهي اجلاس، 2010ع جي مردن جي هاڪي ورلڊ ڪپ، 2010ع جي دولت مشترڪه راندين، 2012ع جي برڪس (BRICS) سربراهي اجلاس، 2023ع جي G20 سربراهي اجلاس ۽ 2011ع ۽ 2023ع جي ڪرڪيٽ ورلڊ ڪپ جي مکيه ميزبان شهرن مان هڪ هو. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Delhi}} * {{Official website|delhi.gov.in}} * {{GovPubs|Delhi}} * {{Britannica|156501}} * {{Wikiatlas|Delhi}} * {{osmrelation-inline|1942586}} {{Geographic location | Centre = Delhi | North = [[Haryana]] | East = [[Uttar Pradesh]] | South = [[Haryana]] | West = [[Haryana]] }} {{Navboxes | title = Articles Related to Delhi | list = {{Delhi}} {{Neighborhoods of Delhi}} {{Delhi landmarks}} {{States and union territories of India}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} {{Million-plus cities in India}} {{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} {{Proposed states and territories of India}} {{Capital districts and territories}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:دهلي|دهلي رياست]] [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:نئين دھلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا يونين علائقا]] [[زمرو:هندستان لاءِ عالمي ورثو عارضي فهرست]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ]] [[زمرو:گاديءَ جا ضلعا ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ گاديءَ جا شهر]] [[زمرو:رياست يا يونين علائقي جي لحاظ کان ڀارت ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڇهين صدي قبل مسيح ۾ قائم ڪيل آبادي واريون جڳهيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون تجويز ڪيل رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] h7968fxrvwn2brkm7fma1k01ohp0ufy 377698 377697 2026-05-15T21:21:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]]; added [[Category:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا ڳاديءَ جا ھنڌ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Distinguish|نئين دھلي|text=[[ڀارت]] جي گادي جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي]]، دهلي وفاقي علائقي ۽ نئين دهلي ضلعي جي حدن جي اندر آهي. [[ڊيلي]]، [[اوڀر تيمور]] جي گادي جي هنڌ}} {{Other uses|دھلي شھر}} {{Infobox settlement | name = دهلي<br> Delhi | official_name = دلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو<br> National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''دلي'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[ڀارت جي شهرن جي فهرست|شهر]] ۽ [[ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن جي فهرست|يونين علائقو]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = مٿي کان، ساڄي کان کاٻي: همايون جو مقبرو؛ قطب مينار؛ جامع مسجد؛ لال قلعي جو لاهوري دروازو؛ انڊيا گيٽ؛ گوري شنڪر مندر سان گڏ ڊگمبر جين مندر؛ سينٽ جيمس چرچ؛ حيدرآباد هائوس؛ لوٽس مندر، هڪ بهائي عبادتگاهه | image_size = | mapframe = | mapframe-zoom = | mapframe-marker = | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = [[دھلي سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date = 1214ع | established_title1 = [[مغليه سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date1 = 1526ع، [[آگرا]] جي گڏوگڏ | established_title2 = [[نئين دھلي]]، راجڌاني، [[برطانوي راڄ]] | established_date2 = 12 ڊسمبر، 1911ع | established_title3 = نئين دهلي، راجڌاني، [[ڀارت|ريپبلڪ آف انڊيا]] | established_date3 = 26 جنوري، 1950ع | established_title4 = يونين علائقو | established_date4 = 1 نومبر، 1956ع | established_title5 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date5 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | subdivision_type2 = علائقو | subdivision_name2 = [[اترين ڀارت]] <!--| seat_type = راجڌاني | seat = [[نئين دھلي]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = ليفٽيننٽ گورنر | leader_name = ترنجيت سنگهه سانڌو | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = ريکا گپتا (BJP) | leader_title3 = قانون ساز | leader_name3 = هڪ ايوان واري (70 سيٽون) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = 32هون-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_rank = بيون ([[ڀارت]] ۾)<br/>7هون ([[ايشيا]] ۾) | population_as_of = 2011ع | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29298 | population_est = 2,15,88,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024ع | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = ميگا سٽي | population_blank1 = 1,10,34,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو (2018ع) | population_blank2 = 2,85,14,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[ھندي]]|[[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = اضافي ۽ سرڪاري | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]]|[[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = علاقائي | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|هريانوي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |کڙي ٻولي<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = ميگا سٽي ۽ يونين علائقا (نامياري) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = في ڪس جي ڊي پي | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = جي ڊي پي (نامياري) | demographics2_info3 = 273 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = 521.5 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[هيومن ڊولپمينٽ انڊيڪس]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = خواندگي جي شرح {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = جنس جو تناسب {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = <nowiki>868 [[female/1000 ♂</nowiki><ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = اندرا گانڌي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[هوائي اڏو|بين الاقوامي ايئرپورٽ]] | blank4_info_sec1 = دهلي ميٽرو | blank4_name_sec1 = ريپڊ ٽرانزٽ | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا|ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو]] آهي جن ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي|نئين دهلي]] به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي.<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع وچئين دور جي ڪوٽ "پرانا قلعا" جي ٽوپوگرافي، [[سنسڪرت]] جي رزميه [[مھاڀارت|مهاڀارت]] ۾ قلعي "اندرا پرسٿا" جي ادبي وضاحت سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي. تنهن هوندي به، علائقي ۾ کوٽائي مان قديم تعمير ٿيل ماحول جا ڪا به نشان ظاهر نه ٿيا آهن.<ref name="sunil-kumar2">{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> 13هين صدي جي شروعات کان وٺي 19هين صدي جي وچ تائين، دهلي ٻن وڏين سلطنتن، [[دھلي سلطنت|دهلي سلطنت]] ۽ [[مغل سلطنت]]، جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. جيڪا [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جي وڏي حصي کي ڍڪيندي هئي. شهر ۾ ٽيئي [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا هنڌ]]، قطب مينار، همايون جو مقبرو ۽ لال قلعو هن دور سان تعلق رکن ٿا. دهلي [[تصوف]] ۽ [[قوالي]] موسيقي جو شروعاتي مرڪز هو. نظام الدين اولياء ۽ [[امير خسرو]] جا نالا ان سان نمايان طور تي جڙيل آهن. دهلي جي کڙي ٻولي لهجو هڪ لساني ترقي جو حصو هيو، جنهن [[اردو]] ۽ بعد ۾ جديد معياري [[ھندي|هندي]] جي ادب کي جنم ڏنو. دهلي جي وڏن اردو شاعرن ۾ [[مير تقي مير]] ۽ [[مرزا غالب]] شامل آهن. دهلي 1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت جو هڪ قابل ذڪر مرڪز هو. 1911ع ۾، نئين دهلي، دهلي اندر هڪ ڏاکڻي علائقو، [[برطانوي راڄ|برطانوي هندستاني سلطنت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي وئي. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي ورهاڱي دوران، دهلي هڪ مغل شهر کان پنجابي شهر ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو، <ref>*{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref> ان جي ٻه ٽيون حصو [[مسلمان]] رهاڪن کي وڃائي ڇڏيو. <ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> جزوي طور تي [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|اولهه پنجاب]] مان ايندڙ [[ھندو|هندو]] ۽ [[سک]] پناهگيرن جي دٻاءُ جي ڪري.<ref>*{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> 1947ع ۾ آزادي کان پوءِ، نئين دهلي هندستان جي دومينيئن جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان ۽ 1950ع کان پوءِ هندستان جي جمهوريه جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان جاري رهي. دهلي جو شهري مجموعو، جنهن ۾ غازي آباد، فريد آباد، گرگائون، نوئيڊا، گريٽر نوئيڊا ۽ ييڊا شهر جا سيٽلائيٽ شهر شامل آهن، هڪ علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ريجن (اين سي آر) جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. ان جي آبادي اندازاً 28 ملين کان وڌيڪ آهي. ان کي هندستان جو سڀ کان وڏو ۽ [[ٽوڪيو]]، [[جاپان]] کانپوءِ، دنيا ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو بڻائي ٿو.<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> دهلي [[هيومن ڊويلپمنٽ انڊيڪس|انساني ترقي اشاريو (<small>HDI</small>)]] ۾ هندستاني رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ پنجين نمبر تي آهي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ [[گووا|گوا رياست]] کان پوءِ، هندستان ۾ في ڪس ٻئي نمبر تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[ڪل ديسي پيداوار|جي ڊي پي]] واري رياست آهي. دهلي 1951ع جي افتتاحي ايشيائي راندين، 1982ع جي ايشيائي راندين، 1983ع جي غير وابسته تحريڪ جي سربراهي اجلاس، 2010ع جي مردن جي هاڪي ورلڊ ڪپ، 2010ع جي دولت مشترڪه راندين، 2012ع جي برڪس (BRICS) سربراهي اجلاس، 2023ع جي G20 سربراهي اجلاس ۽ 2011ع ۽ 2023ع جي ڪرڪيٽ ورلڊ ڪپ جي مکيه ميزبان شهرن مان هڪ هو. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Delhi}} * {{Official website|delhi.gov.in}} * {{GovPubs|Delhi}} * {{Britannica|156501}} * {{Wikiatlas|Delhi}} * {{osmrelation-inline|1942586}} {{Geographic location | Centre = Delhi | North = [[Haryana]] | East = [[Uttar Pradesh]] | South = [[Haryana]] | West = [[Haryana]] }} {{Navboxes | title = Articles Related to Delhi | list = {{Delhi}} {{Neighborhoods of Delhi}} {{Delhi landmarks}} {{States and union territories of India}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} {{Million-plus cities in India}} {{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} {{Proposed states and territories of India}} {{Capital districts and territories}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:دهلي|دهلي رياست]] [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:نئين دھلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا ڳاديءَ جا ھنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا يونين علائقا]] [[زمرو:هندستان لاءِ عالمي ورثو عارضي فهرست]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ]] [[زمرو:گاديءَ جا ضلعا ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ گاديءَ جا شهر]] [[زمرو:رياست يا يونين علائقي جي لحاظ کان ڀارت ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڇهين صدي قبل مسيح ۾ قائم ڪيل آبادي واريون جڳهيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون تجويز ڪيل رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] 9iyvcxyrdjh9ddcz0sy3uvebslkxrhr 377702 377698 2026-05-15T21:30:22Z Ibne maryam 17680 377702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Megacity and union territory of India}} {{Distinguish|نئين دھلي|text=[[ڀارت]] جي گادي جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي]]، دهلي وفاقي علائقي ۽ نئين دهلي ضلعي جي حدن جي اندر آهي. [[ڊيلي]]، [[اوڀر تيمور]] جي گادي جي هنڌ}} {{Other uses|دھلي شھر}} {{Infobox settlement | name = دهلي<br> Delhi | official_name = دلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو<br> National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = ''دلي'' | other_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | settlement_type = [[ڀارت جي شهرن جي فهرست|شهر]] ۽ [[ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن جي فهرست|يونين علائقو]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | align = center | total_width = 250 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | image1 = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Qutb minar ruins.jpg | alt2 = | image3 = Jama Masjid 2011.jpg | alt3 = | image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg | alt4 = | image5 = India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg | alt5 = | image6 = Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg | alt6 = | image7 = St. James Church 9.jpg | alt7 = | image8 = Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg | alt8 = | image9 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg | alt9 = }} | image_caption = مٿي کان، ساڄي کان کاٻي: همايون جو مقبرو؛ قطب مينار؛ جامع مسجد؛ لال قلعي جو لاهوري دروازو؛ انڊيا گيٽ؛ گوري شنڪر مندر سان گڏ ڊگمبر جين مندر؛ سينٽ جيمس چرچ؛ حيدرآباد هائوس؛ لوٽس مندر، هڪ بهائي عبادتگاهه | image_size = | mapframe = | mapframe-zoom = | mapframe-marker = | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|type:adm1st_region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = [[دھلي سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date = 1214ع | established_title1 = [[مغليه سلطنت]] جي راجڌاني طور | established_date1 = 1526ع، [[آگرا]] جي گڏوگڏ | established_title2 = [[نئين دھلي]]، راجڌاني، [[برطانوي راڄ]] | established_date2 = 12 ڊسمبر، 1911ع | established_title3 = نئين دهلي، راجڌاني، [[ڀارت|ريپبلڪ آف انڊيا]] | established_date3 = 26 جنوري، 1950ع | established_title4 = يونين علائقو | established_date4 = 1 نومبر، 1956ع | established_title5 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date5 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | subdivision_type2 = علائقو | subdivision_name2 = [[اترين ڀارت]] <!--| seat_type = راجڌاني | seat = [[نئين دھلي]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11-->| governing_body = {{Wdib|P797|fwd=ALL|osd=no|noicon=1}} | leader_title = ليفٽيننٽ گورنر | leader_name = ترنجيت سنگهه سانڌو | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = ريکا گپتا (BJP) | leader_title3 = قانون ساز | leader_name3 = هڪ ايوان واري (70 سيٽون) | area_total_km2 = 1484 | area_total_sq_mi = 573 | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=Delhi Info|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 <!--| area_rank = 32هون-->| area_metro_km2 = 3483 | area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=National Capital Region Planning Board|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}} | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_rank = بيون ([[ڀارت]] ۾)<br/>7هون ([[ايشيا]] ۾) | population_as_of = 2011ع | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29298 | population_est = 2,15,88,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011" /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024ع | pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2023-24 - Tables |publisher= Planning Department Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=6 December 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092557/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/tables.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for core UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within the boundaries of Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census Delhi" /> | population_blank1_title = ميگا سٽي | population_blank1 = 1,10,34,555<!--These figures are for the city proper of Delhi lying within the administrative limits of Delhi Municipal Cofporation as of 2011--> ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018"/> | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو (2018ع) | population_blank2 = 2,85,14,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.--> ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|1st]]) <!--| population_demonym = Delhiite-->| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري | demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[ھندي]]|[[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }} | demographics1_title2 = اضافي ۽ سرڪاري | demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]]|[[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }} | demographics1_title3 = علاقائي | demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|هريانوي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Haryanvi |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/39/32/25/39322561837182664281680018892812535354/JLSR2024_011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryanvi Language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/haryanvi.htm}}</ref> |کڙي ٻولي<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi language variation |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Hindi/Hindi_vari.html}}</ref>}} | demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2023–24)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="NSDP">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = ميگا سٽي ۽ يونين علائقا (نامياري) | demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|1107746|c|=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title2 = في ڪس جي ڊي پي | demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|461910|lk=r}}<ref name="NSDP"/> | demographics2_title3 = جي ڊي پي (نامياري) | demographics2_info3 = 273 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> | demographics2_title4 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] | demographics2_info4 = 521.5 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|title=Delhi NCT, India|website=C40 Cities|access-date=25 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314094341/https://www.c40.org/cities/delhi-nct/|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = [[هيومن ڊولپمينٽ انڊيڪس]] {{nobold|(2018)}} | blank_info_sec2 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.839<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Gendering Human Development |url=https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022758/https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20%281%291617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|darkgreen|Very High}})}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|1st]] <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec2 = خواندگي جي شرح {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank1_info_sec2 = 86.21%<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/https://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | blank2_name_sec2 = جنس جو تناسب {{nobold|(2011)}} | blank2_info_sec2 = <nowiki>868 [[female/1000 ♂</nowiki><ref name="pc-census2011" /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]<ref name=pin>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx | title = Find Pin Code | work = [[India Post|Department of Posts]] | access-date = 5 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190603225933/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx | archive-date = 3 June 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> | postal_code = 110000{{ndash}}110099 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | registration_plate = DL | website = {{URL|https://delhi.gov.in/}} | blank3_info_sec1 = اندرا گانڌي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ | blank3_name_sec1 = [[هوائي اڏو|بين الاقوامي ايئرپورٽ]] | blank4_info_sec1 = دهلي ميٽرو | blank4_name_sec1 = ريپڊ ٽرانزٽ | native_name_lang = hi }} '''دهلي''' (Delhi)، سرڪاري طور تي دهلي جو قومي گادي وارو علائقو (NCT) هڪ وڏو شهر ۽ [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا|ڀارت جو هڪ يونين علائقو]] آهي جن ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[نئين دھلي|نئين دهلي]] به شامل آهي. جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي، خاص طور تي اولهه ڪناري يا ان جي ساڄي ڪناري کان ٻاهر پکڙيل، دهلي جون حدون اوڀر ۾ [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] سان ۽ باقي طرفن ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] سان ملن ٿيون. دهلي پهرين نومبر 1956ع تي هڪ يونين علائقو ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ قومي گادي وارو علائقو بڻجي ويو.<ref name="statesmans-yb-2023-delhi-area-pop">{{citation|page=589|editor-last=Springer Nature Limited|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2023: The Politics, Cultures, and Economies of the World|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2022|isbn=978-1-349-96055-2|quote=Delhi became a Union Territory on 1 Nov. 1956 and was designated the National Capital Territory in 1995. Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. Its population (2011 census) is 16,787,941.}}</ref> قومي گادي وارو علائقو 1,484 چورس ڪلوميٽر (573 چورس ميل) جي ايراضي تي پکڙيل آهي. سال 2011ع جي آدمشماري موجب، دهلي شهر جي صحيح آبادي هڪ ڪروڙ ڏهه لک (11 ملين) کان وڌيڪ هئي.<ref name="2011 census Delhi">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042828/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_delhi.html |archive-date=19 January 2022|access-date=12 February 2022|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|title=This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead|date=2 October 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134658/https://scroll.in/article/896594/this-study-settles-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-debate-the-capitals-economy-is-streets-ahead|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته قومي گادي وارو علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ 68 لک (16.8 ملين) هئي.<ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|access-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> جمنا نديءَ جي ڪناري تي واقع وچئين دور جي ڪوٽ "پرانا قلعا" جي ٽوپوگرافي، [[سنسڪرت]] جي رزميه [[مھاڀارت|مهاڀارت]] ۾ قلعي "اندرا پرسٿا" جي ادبي وضاحت سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي. تنهن هوندي به، علائقي ۾ کوٽائي مان قديم تعمير ٿيل ماحول جا ڪا به نشان ظاهر نه ٿيا آهن.<ref name="sunil-kumar2">{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote= (page 126) Although the ancient history of Delhi is always linked with Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandawas in the Mahabharata epic, (ca. 1500&ndash;1000 BCE), no archaeological trace of the city has been discovered. Instead a variety of smaller settlements attest to the occupation of the area from the fifth century BCE without leading to full scale urbanization until at the earliest, the 11th and 12th centuries CE, when the Tomara and Chawhan chieftains established their relatively humble headquarters in the southern reaches of the Delhi plain.}}</ref> 13هين صدي جي شروعات کان وٺي 19هين صدي جي وچ تائين، دهلي ٻن وڏين سلطنتن، [[دھلي سلطنت|دهلي سلطنت]] ۽ [[مغل سلطنت]]، جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. جيڪا [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جي وڏي حصي کي ڍڪيندي هئي. شهر ۾ ٽيئي [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا هنڌ]]، قطب مينار، همايون جو مقبرو ۽ لال قلعو هن دور سان تعلق رکن ٿا. دهلي [[تصوف]] ۽ [[قوالي]] موسيقي جو شروعاتي مرڪز هو. نظام الدين اولياء ۽ [[امير خسرو]] جا نالا ان سان نمايان طور تي جڙيل آهن. دهلي جي کڙي ٻولي لهجو هڪ لساني ترقي جو حصو هيو، جنهن [[اردو]] ۽ بعد ۾ جديد معياري [[ھندي|هندي]] جي ادب کي جنم ڏنو. دهلي جي وڏن اردو شاعرن ۾ [[مير تقي مير]] ۽ [[مرزا غالب]] شامل آهن. دهلي 1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت جو هڪ قابل ذڪر مرڪز هو. 1911ع ۾، نئين دهلي، دهلي اندر هڪ ڏاکڻي علائقو، [[برطانوي راڄ|برطانوي هندستاني سلطنت]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي وئي. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي ورهاڱي دوران، دهلي هڪ مغل شهر کان پنجابي شهر ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو، <ref>*{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |year=2009 |pages=118&ndash;119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Uditi|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay|editor1-first=Sekhar|editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |year=2017|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta|page=407|isbn=9781351581721|publisher=Routledge|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}} *{{citation|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|publisher=Routledge|year=2023|isbn=9781000984231|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}} *{{citation|last=Guha|first=Ramchandra|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|publisher= Pan Macmillan|year=2011 |isbn=9780330540209| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref> ان جي ٻه ٽيون حصو [[مسلمان]] رهاڪن کي وڃائي ڇڏيو. <ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra: *{{cite journal |last1 = Gautam | first1 = Khushboo | last2 = Devnani | first2 = Chanchal | last3 = Dasgupta | first3 = Shruti | last4 = Reddy | first4 = Madhusudan | title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis| journal = BMC Genomics | year = 2025 | volume = 26 | issue = 889 | article-number = 889 | doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 | pmid = 41057809 | pmc = 12505593 | doi-access = free | quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = Priya | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Rita | title = Sindh, 1947 and Beyond | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | year = 2016 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 773&ndash;789 | publisher = Routledge | doi = 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752 | quote = Meanwhile, the modalities of travel from Sindh also ensured relative safety. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled by sea, arriving directly at the ports of Bombay (now Mumbai), Porbandar, Veraval and Okha in Gujarat, enabling them to avoid the dangers of border crossing. Those who travelled by train from the interior of Sindh arrived in Rajasthan, also evading the violence in parts of North India. A smaller number crossed the Thar Desert border area by camel. This occludes from the Sindhi experience the metaphor of the death trains, a central trope of much Partition literature and film.}} *{{cite journal|last1=Kumar | first1 = Lomous | last2=Nongmaithem | first2 = Suraj| last3 = Kumar | first3 = Sachin | last4 = Thangaraj | first4= Kumarasamy |title=Investigating the demographic history of Sindhi population inhabited in West Coast India |journal = Human Genomics | year = 2025|volume = 19 | issue = 111| article-number = 111 |doi = 10.1186/s40246-025-00822-w | pmid = 41029758 | pmc = 12487577 | doi-access = free | quote= (Introduction, page 2) During Partition, a large number (about a million) of non-Muslim Sindhi migrated to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab.}} *{{cite book|last1=Ansari|first1=Sarah | last2= Gould |first2 = William | title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan | page = 71| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2019|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 | quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> جزوي طور تي [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|اولهه پنجاب]] مان ايندڙ [[ھندو|هندو]] ۽ [[سک]] پناهگيرن جي دٻاءُ جي ڪري.<ref>*{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000326703 |quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000&ndash;5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}} *{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|chapter=Delhi|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor1-last = Bowering|editor1-first =Gerhard| editor2-last =Crone|editor2-first= Patricia|editor3-last=Mirza|editor3-first=Mahan|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9780691134840 |year=2013 | page = 127| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}} *{{cite journal | last = Geva | first = Rotem | title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi | journal = Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Routledge | year = 2024 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 137&ndash;150 | doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 | quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}} </ref> 1947ع ۾ آزادي کان پوءِ، نئين دهلي هندستان جي دومينيئن جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان ۽ 1950ع کان پوءِ هندستان جي جمهوريه جي گاديءَ جي حيثيت سان جاري رهي. دهلي جو شهري مجموعو، جنهن ۾ غازي آباد، فريد آباد، گرگائون، نوئيڊا، گريٽر نوئيڊا ۽ ييڊا شهر جا سيٽلائيٽ شهر شامل آهن، هڪ علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ريجن (اين سي آر) جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. ان جي آبادي اندازاً 28 ملين کان وڌيڪ آهي. ان کي هندستان جو سڀ کان وڏو ۽ [[ٽوڪيو]]، [[جاپان]] کانپوءِ، دنيا ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو بڻائي ٿو.<ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183632/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> دهلي [[هيومن ڊويلپمنٽ انڊيڪس|انساني ترقي اشاريو (<small>HDI</small>)]] ۾ هندستاني رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ پنجين نمبر تي آهي<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ [[گووا|گوا رياست]] کان پوءِ، هندستان ۾ في ڪس ٻئي نمبر تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[ڪل ديسي پيداوار|جي ڊي پي]] واري رياست آهي. دهلي 1951ع جي افتتاحي ايشيائي راندين، 1982ع جي ايشيائي راندين، 1983ع جي غير وابسته تحريڪ جي سربراهي اجلاس، 2010ع جي مردن جي هاڪي ورلڊ ڪپ، 2010ع جي دولت مشترڪه راندين، 2012ع جي برڪس (BRICS) سربراهي اجلاس، 2023ع جي G20 سربراهي اجلاس ۽ 2011ع ۽ 2023ع جي ڪرڪيٽ ورلڊ ڪپ جي مکيه ميزبان شهرن مان هڪ هو. ==تفصيل== {{Infobox settlement | نالو = دھلي<br>Delhi | official_name = دهلي رياست | native_name =دھلي جو قومي راجڌاني علائقو | native_name_lang = | other_name =National Capital Territory of Delhi | settlement_type = [[رياست]] | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = مٿيان کان گهڙي وار: ڪنول مندر، ھمايون جو مقبرو، ڪناٽ پئليس، اڪشر ڌام مندر ۽ انڊيا جو دروازو | image_map = IN-DL.svg | map_caption = [[ڀارت]] ۾ دھلي يونين ٽيريٽري جو مقام | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|36|N|77|13|48|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | established_title = قيام | established_date= 1956ع ۾ ستين آئيني ترميم ذريعي | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = يونين ٽيريٽري جو قيام | established_date3 = 1956ع | established_title4 = قومي راجڌاني علائقو | established_date4 = 1 فيبروري، 1992ع | seat_type = [[راجڌاني شهر]] | seat = [[دهلي شھر]] | parts_type = ضلعا | parts_style = para | p1 = 11 ضلعا | governing_body = دھلي جي رياست جي حڪومت | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = انيل بائجال<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Baijal takes over as new Lt Governor of Delhi|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Delhi|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103035905/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/anil-baijal-takes-over-as-new-lt-governor-of-delhi/articleshow/56268275.cms|archivedate=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] | leader_name1 = اروند ڪيجريوال | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | total_type = نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_rank = 31ھين | elevation_m = 200–250 | elevation_ft = 650–820 <!-- Population, demographics -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in Delhi"/> | population_total = 1,67,87,941 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = 29,298 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="delhi2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|title=Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=City Population|accessdate=28 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925|archivedate=2 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_urban = 1,63,49,831<!--These figures are for main UA of Delhi city as defined by Census of India which is located within Delhi NCT only--> ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = 11,034,555 ([[List of cities in India by population|2nd]]) | population_blank2_footnotes = | population_blank2_title = ميٽرو | population_blank2 = 26,454,000<!--These figures are for Extended UA of Delhi including Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Noida.--> | population_demonym = دلي وارا | demographics_type1 = ٻوليون | demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info1 = [[ھندي]] ۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]<ref name = "OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | demographics1_title2 = اضافي سرڪاري ٻوليون | demographics1_info2 = [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] ۽ [[اردو]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> | timezone = ڀارت جو معياري وقت | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/FindPinCode.aspx 1100XX] | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-DL]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | blank_name_sec2 = جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) | blank_info_sec2 = 167 کان 370 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر | website = {{url|http://delhi.gov.in/}} }} '''دھلي''' (<small>Delhi</small>) يا <small>'''قومي راجڌاني علائقو'''</small> (<small>Delhi National</small> <small>Capital</small> <small>Territory</small>) [[ڀارت]] جو راجڌاني علائقو، جيڪو رياست جو درجو رکي ٿو، جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[دھلي شھر]] آھي. ھن علائقي جو پراڻو نالو "چيف ڪمشنر وارو دھلي صوبو" ھيو پوء ان جي جاء تي اسٽيٽس ري آرگنائيزيشن ايڪٽ آف <small>1956</small>ع جو قانون منظور ڪندي ساڳي سال "يونين ٽيريٽري آف دھلي" ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي پر <small>1992</small>ع م ان کي "نئشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري" جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھن علائقي جي ٽن طرفن اتر، اولھه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هريانا|هريانا رياست]] ۽ اوڀر پاسي [[اتر پرديش|اتر پرديش رياست]] واقع آھي. ھن علائقي م <small>11</small> ضلعا 33 تحصيلون ۽ <small>59</small> مردم شماري وارا شھر ۽ <small>300</small> کن ڳوٺ واقع آھن. ھن رياستي علائقي جو وڏي ۾ وڏو شھر [[دھلي شھر]] آھي ساڳي شھر جي لڳو لڳ [[نئين دھلي]] شھر واقع آھي جيڪو [[ڀارت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. رياست جي پکيڙ <small>1,483</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا پکيڙ ۾ ڀارت جي رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن ۾ 31ھين نمبر تي آهي. ھن رياست جون مکيه ٻوليون [[ھندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[اردو]] ۽ [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] آھن.<ref>{{cite book |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |title= Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |origyear=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UJc2u33fCKQC&pg=PA16&dq=delhi+sultanate+political+center+city+delhi&sig=ACfU3U3zNMesuCjnsH7iAlLe5mKHpddn8w#PPA12,M1|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125930 |pages= 12–43|chapter=Epigraphs, Scripture, and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi|chapterurl= |year=2002}}</ref> ھن رياستي علائقي جي پنھنجي قانون ساز اسيمبلي آھي جيڪا 1956ع ۾ منسوخ ٿيڻ کانپوء 1993ع ۾ ٻيھر بحال ڪئي وئ، ي جيڪا ھن جي حڪومت جي سربراهه، [[وڏو وزير|مکيه منتري]] کي چونڊيندي آھي. مرڪز طرفان رياست ۾ ليفٽيننٽ گورنر مقرر ٿيندو آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Delhi}} * {{Official website|delhi.gov.in}} * {{GovPubs|Delhi}} * {{Britannica|156501}} * {{Wikiatlas|Delhi}} * {{osmrelation-inline|1942586}} {{Geographic location | Centre = Delhi | North = [[Haryana]] | East = [[Uttar Pradesh]] | South = [[Haryana]] | West = [[Haryana]] }} {{Navboxes | title = Articles Related to Delhi | list = {{Delhi}} {{Neighborhoods of Delhi}} {{Delhi landmarks}} {{States and union territories of India}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} {{Million-plus cities in India}} {{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} {{Proposed states and territories of India}} {{Capital districts and territories}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:دهلي|دهلي رياست]] [[زمرو:دهلي]] [[زمرو:نئين دھلي]] [[زمرو:اترين ڀارت]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا ڳاديءَ جا ھنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا يونين علائقا]] [[زمرو:هندستان لاءِ عالمي ورثو عارضي فهرست]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:رياست يا يونين علائقي جي لحاظ کان ڀارت ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڇهين صدي قبل مسيح ۾ قائم ڪيل آبادي واريون جڳهيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون تجويز ڪيل رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] hhdri3wl7h5twscekrufpdzbw97thb3 828 14765 377638 377637 2026-05-15T12:09:35Z Intisar Ali 8681 377638 Scribunto text/plain -- [[Module:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ وارو ڊيٽا، جيڪو mw.loadData() استعمال ڪري ٿو -- ھن ماڊيول تائين فقط پڙھڻ واري رسائي لاءِ، جيئن ھر صفحي تي ھي صرف ھڪ ڀيرو لوڊ ٿئي. -- ٻي وڪي تي نقل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] ڏسو. -- -- ھيٺيان ڊيٽا ٽيبلون شامل آھن: -- all_units ڪنھن به يونٽ جون سڀئي خاصيتون، ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ سميت -- default_exceptions ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جا ڊفالٽ مختلف آھن) -- link_exceptions ڳنڍڻين جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جون ڳنڍڻيون مختلف آھن) -- -- ھي ٽيبلون ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿين ٿيون، جيڪو ھڪ صفحي جي وڪي متن کي پڙھي ٿو -- جيڪو ھر يونٽ جي گھربل خاصيتن جي دستاويزڪاري ڪري ٿو؛ [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]] ڏسو. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ھن ٽيبل جي ڊيٽا ۾ تبديلي نه ڪريو ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اھا ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿئي ٿي -- -- جيڪو وڪي صفحي مان وڪي متن پڙھي ٿو (مٿيون نوٽ ڏسو). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local all_units = { ["Gy"] = { _name1 = "گِرَي", _symbol = "Gy", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "رَيڊ", link = "گِرَي (ايڪو)", }, ["رَيڊ"] = { _name1 = "رَيڊ", _symbol = "رَيڊ", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Gy", link = "رَيڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["cm/s2"] = { name1 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "cm/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.01, default = "ft/s2", link = "گيل (ايڪو)", }, ["فٽ/s2"] = { name1 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ft/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s2", }, ["g0"] = { name1 = "معياري ڪشش ثقل", name2 = "معياري ڪشش ثقلون", symbol = "''g''₀", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", }, ["g-فورس"] = { name2 = "''g''", symbol = "''g''", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", link = "g-فورس", }, ["ڪ م/hs"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "km/(h⋅s)", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/s2"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "km/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1000, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ميٽر/s2"] = { name1 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "m/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1, default = "ft/s2", }, ["mph/سيڪنڊ"] = { name1 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "mph/s", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.44704, default = "km/hs", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/h/s"] = { target = "km/hs", }, ["معياري ڪشش ثقل"] = { target = "g0", }, ["1000چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", name2 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", symbol = "1000 چ.فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 92.90304, default = "m2", link = "چورس فٽ", }, ["a"] = { _name1 = "ايراضي", _symbol = "a", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 100, prefixes = 1, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "ھيڪٽر#ايڪڙ", }, ["ايڪڙ"] = { symbol = "ايڪڙ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 4046.8564224, default = "ha", subdivs = { ["رُوڊ"] = { 4, default = "ha" }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { 160, default = "ha" } }, }, ["اَيڪَڙُ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آرپينٽ"] = { symbol = "آرپينٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3418.89, default = "ha", }, ["cda"] = { name1 = "ڪويردا", symbol = "cda", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3930.395625, default = "ha acre", }, ["daa"] = { name1 = "ڊَيڪَر", symbol = "daa", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "km2 sqmi", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "km2 sqmi", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "km2 sqmi", link = "دُونَم", }, ["ha"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["هَيڪٽَر"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آئرش ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "آئرش ايڪڙ", symbol = "آئرش&nbsp;اَيڪَڙَ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 6555.2385024, default = "ha", link = "ايڪڙ (آئرش)", }, ["m2"] = { _name1 = "چورس ميٽر", _name1_us= "چورس ميٽر", _symbol = "m²", prefix_position= 8, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1, prefixes = 2, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "چورس ميٽر", }, ["پَونڊِيمَاٽُ"] = { name1 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", name2 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽَ", symbol = "پونڊ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3674.363358816, default = "m2", link = ":nl:پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["پِيَونگ"] = { name2 = "پِيَونگ", symbol = "پِيَونگ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "m2", }, ["رائي"] = { name2 = "رائي", symbol = "رائي", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1600, default = "m2", link = "رائي (ايڪو)", }, ["رُوڊ"] = { symbol = "رُوڊ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1011.7141056, default = "چ.فٽ چ.ميٽر", subdivs = { ["چ.پرچ"] = { 40, default = "m2" } }, link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ", name2 = "چورس فٽ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "m2", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فُٽُ", name2 = "چورس فُٽَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "m2", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { name1 = "چورس اِنچُ", name2 = "چورس اِنچَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.00064516, default = "cm2", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;ميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 2589988.110336, default = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["sqnميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;nميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3429904, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { name2 = "پَرچَ", symbol = "پَرچُ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 25.29285264, default = "m2", link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)#ايراضي ۽ حجم", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { symbol = "چورس ويرسٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1138062.24, default = "چ.ڪ م sqmi", link = "ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { name1 = "چورس گز", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;گز", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.83612736, default = "چ.ميل", }, ["ٽُسُوبَو"] = { name2 = "ٽُسُوبَو", symbol = "ٽُسُوبَو", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "چ.ميل", link = "جپاني ماپ جو ايڪو#ايراصي", }, ["اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["are"] = { target = "a", }, ["ڊيڪر"] = { target = "daa", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", symbol = "فٽ²", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { target = "چ.انچ", symbol = "انچ²", }, ["ڪ م²"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", symbol = "ميل²", }, ["ملين ايڪڙ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين ھيڪٽر"] = { target = "e6ھيڪٽر", }, ["ميل²"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["nميل2"] = { target = "چورسnميل", }, ["پونڊ"] = { target = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["چ. آرپ"] = { target = "آرپينٽ", }, ["چ.ڪ م"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["چورس ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { target = "چ.گز", symbol = "گز²", }, ["چ.ميٽر/ھيڪٽر"] = { name1 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name1_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", symbol = "ميٽر²/ھيڪٽر", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 0.0001, default = "چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", name2 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ/ايڪڙ", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 2.295684113865932e-5, default = "m2/ھيڪٽر", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["سينٽ"] = { name1 = "سينٽ", symbol = "¢", utype = "سينٽ", scale = 1, default = "سينٽ", link = "سينٽ (ڪرنسي)", }, ["¢"] = { target = "سينٽ", }, ["A.h"] = { name1 = "ايمپيئر ڪلاڪ", symbol = "A⋅h", utype = "چارج", scale = 3600, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["ڪولمب"] = { _name1 = "ڪولمب", _symbol = "C", utype = "چارج", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "e", link = "ڪولمب", }, ["e"] = { name1 = "ايليميٽري چارج", symbol = "''e''", utype = "چارج", scale = 1.602176634e-19, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["g-مول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "g&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gمول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "gمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kمول"] = { name1 = "ڪلومول", symbol = "kمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1000, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["lb-مول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lb&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["lbمول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lbمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["مول"] = { name1 = "مول", symbol = "مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", name2 ="ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام(CO₂)/L", utype = "co2 يونٽ حجم", scale = 1000, default = "lbCO2/آمريڪي گيلن", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/آمريڪي گيلن"] = { name1 = "پَائُونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائُونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lbCO2/آمريڪي&nbsp;گيل", utype = "co2 حجم ايڪو", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["اونس/پائونڊ"] = { per = { "اونس", "پائونڊ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = ".م.گ/ڪ گ", }, ["م.گ/ڪ.گ"] = { per = { "م.گ", "ڪ.گ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "اونس/پائونڊ", }, ["g/dm3"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "گرام/ڊيسي ميٽر³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "ڪ گ/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "گرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/mL"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/mL", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/ml"] = { name1 = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/ml", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/dm3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/dm³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/ميٽر3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/m³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 16.018463373960142, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ گز"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ گز", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ گز", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;گز", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.5932764212577829, default = "ڪلوگرام/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/امپيريل گيلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في امپيريل گيلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في امپيريل گيلن", symbol = "lb/امپيريل&nbsp;گيلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 99.776372663101697, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/انچ3"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "density", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي بشيل"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي بشيل", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي بشيل", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;بشيل", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 12.871859780974471, default = "ڪلوگرام/m3", link = "بشيل", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گيلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گيلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گيلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گيلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ملي گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "مِلِي گِرامُ في litre", name1_us = "مِلِي گِرامُ في liter", name2 = "مِلِي گِرامَ في litre", name2_us = "مِلِي گِرامَ في liter", symbol = "mg/L", utype = "density", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/cuin", link = "Density", }, ["oz/cuin"] = { name1 = "ounce في cubic inch", name2 = "ounces في cubic inch", symbol = "oz/cu&nbsp;in", utype = "density", scale = 1729.9940443876951, default = "g/cm3", link = "Density", }, ["g/cm3"] = { per = { "g", "cm3" }, utype = "density", default = "lb/cuin", }, ["g/m3"] = { per = { "g", "m3" }, utype = "density", default = "lb/cuyd", link = "Density", }, ["Mg/m3"] = { per = { "Mg", "m3" }, utype = "density", default = "lb/cuft", }, ["mg/l"] = { per = { "mg", "ll" }, utype = "density", default = "oz/cuin", }, ["μg/dL"] = { per = { "μg", "dL" }, utype = "density", default = "lb/cuin", }, ["μg/l"] = { per = { "μg", "ll" }, utype = "density", default = "oz/cuin", }, ["lb/ft3"] = { target = "lb/cuft", }, ["lb/yd3"] = { target = "lb/cuyd", }, ["lbm/in3"] = { target = "lbm/cuin", }, ["mcg/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["oz/in3"] = { target = "oz/cuin", }, ["ug/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["ug/l"] = { target = "μg/l", }, ["B.O.T.U."] = { name1 = "Board of Trade Unit", symbol = "B.O.T.U.", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000, default = "MJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["bboe"] = { name1 = "barrel of oil equivalent", name2 = "barrels of oil equivalent", symbol = "bboe", utype = "energy", scale = 6117863200, default = "GJ", }, ["BOE"] = { name1 = "barrel of oil equivalent", name2 = "barrels of oil equivalent", symbol = "BOE", utype = "energy", scale = 6117863200, default = "GJ", }, ["BTU"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit", symbol = "BTU", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "kJ", }, ["Btu"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit", symbol = "Btu", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "kJ", }, ["BTU-39F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (39°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (39°F)", symbol = "BTU_39°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1059.67, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-39F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (39°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (39°F)", symbol = "Btu_39°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1059.67, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["BTU-59F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (59°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (59°F)", symbol = "BTU_59°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.804, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-59F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (59°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (59°F)", symbol = "Btu_59°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.804, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["BTU-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "BTU_60°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.68, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "Btu_60°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.68, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["BTU-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "BTU_63°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.6, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "Btu_63°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.6, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["BTU-ISO"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (ISO)", name2 = "British thermal units (ISO)", symbol = "BTU_ISO", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.056, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-ISO"] = { target = "BTU-ISO", }, ["BTU-IT"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (IT)", name2 = "British thermal units (IT)", symbol = "BTU_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-IT"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (IT)", name2 = "British thermal units (IT)", symbol = "Btu_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["BTU-mean"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (mean)", name2 = "British thermal units (mean)", symbol = "BTU_mean", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.87, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-mean"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (mean)", name2 = "British thermal units (mean)", symbol = "Btu_mean", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.87, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["BTU-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal units (thermochemical)", symbol = "BTU_th", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal units (thermochemical)", symbol = "Btu_th", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Cal"] = { name1 = "calorie", symbol = "Cal", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "kJ", }, ["cal"] = { name1 = "calorie", symbol = "cal", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184, default = "J", }, ["Cal-15"] = { name1 = "Calorie (15°C)", name2 = "Calories (15°C)", symbol = "Cal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4185.8, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal-15"] = { name1 = "calorie (15°C)", name2 = "calories (15°C)", symbol = "cal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1858, default = "J", link = "Calorie", }, ["Cal-IT"] = { name1 = "Calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "Calories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Cal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4186.8, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal-IT"] = { name1 = "calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "calories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "cal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868, default = "J", link = "Calorie", }, ["Cal-th"] = { name1 = "Calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "Calories (thermochemical)", symbol = "Cal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal-th"] = { name1 = "calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "calories (thermochemical)", symbol = "cal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184, default = "J", link = "Calorie", }, ["CHU-IT"] = { name1 = "Celsius heat unit (International Table)", name2 = "Celsius heat units (International Table)", symbol = "CHU_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 1899.100534716, default = "kJ", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cufootnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic foot of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "MJ", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cuftnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic feet of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "MJ", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["Eh"] = { name1 = "Hartree", symbol = "''E''_h", utype = "energy", scale = 4.35974417e-18, default = "eV", }, ["erg"] = { symbol = "erg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0000001, default = "μJ", }, ["eV"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy", scale = 1.602176634e-19, prefixes = 1, default = "aJ", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["foe"] = { symbol = "foe", utype = "energy", scale = 1e44, default = "YJ", link = "Foe (unit)", }, ["ftlb"] = { name1 = "foot-pound", symbol = "ft⋅lb", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlb-f"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlbf"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lbf", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftpdl"] = { name1 = "foot-poundal", symbol = "ft⋅pdl", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0421401100938048, default = "J", }, ["gTNT"] = { name2 = "grams of TNT", symbol = "gram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "kJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Gtoe"] = { name1 = "gigatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "gigatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Gtoe", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868e19, default = "EJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["GtonTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatons of TNT", symbol = "gigaton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GtTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatonnes of TNT", symbol = "gigatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GW.h"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["GWh"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["hph"] = { name1 = "horsepower-hour", symbol = "hp⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 2684519.537696172792, default = "kWh", link = "Horsepower", }, ["inlb"] = { name1 = "inch-pound", symbol = "in⋅lb", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mJ", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlb-f"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lb_f", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mJ", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlbf"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lbf", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mJ", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inoz-f"] = { name1 = "inch-ounce force", name2 = "inch-ounces force", symbol = "in⋅oz_f", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "mJ", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inozf"] = { name1 = "inch-ounce force", name2 = "inch-ounces force", symbol = "in⋅ozf", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "mJ", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["J"] = { _name1 = "joule", _symbol = "J", utype = "energy", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "cal", link = "Joule", }, ["kBOE"] = { name1 = "kilo barrel of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilo barrels of oil equivalent", symbol = "kBOE", utype = "energy", scale = 6.1178632e12, default = "TJ", link = "Barrel of oil equivalent", }, ["kcal"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie", symbol = "kcal", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["kcal-15"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (15°C)", name2 = "kilocalories (15°C)", symbol = "kcal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4185.8, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["kcal-IT"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "kilocalories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "kcal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4186.8, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["kcal-th"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "kilocalories (thermochemical)", symbol = "kcal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["kerg"] = { name1 = "kiloerg", symbol = "kerg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0001, default = "mJ", link = "Erg", }, ["kgTNT"] = { name2 = "kilograms of TNT", symbol = "kilogram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", name1_us = "kiloton", symbol = "kt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktoe"] = { name1 = "kilotonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilotonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "ktoe", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868e13, default = "TJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["ktonTNT"] = { name1 = "kiloton of TNT", name2 = "kilotons of TNT", symbol = "kt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kW.h"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000, default = "MJ", }, ["kWh"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000, default = "MJ", }, ["Mcal"] = { name1 = "megacalorie", symbol = "Mcal", utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal"] = { name1 = "millicalorie", symbol = "mcal", utype = "energy", scale = 0.004184, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Mcal-15"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (15°C)", name2 = "megacalories (15°C)", symbol = "Mcal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4185800, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal-15"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (15°C)", name2 = "millicalories (15°C)", symbol = "mcal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0041858, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "megacalories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Mcal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4186800, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "millicalories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "mcal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0041868, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Mcal-th"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "megacalories (thermochemical)", symbol = "Mcal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal-th"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "millicalories (thermochemical)", symbol = "mcal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 0.004184, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Merg"] = { name1 = "megaerg", symbol = "Merg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.1, default = "J", link = "Erg", }, ["merg"] = { name1 = "millierg", symbol = "merg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "μJ", link = "Erg", }, ["MMBtu"] = { name1 = "million British thermal units", name2 = "million British thermal units", symbol = "MMBtu", utype = "energy", scale = 1055055852.62, default = "GJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Mt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "megatonne", name1_us = "megaton", symbol = "Mt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e15, default = "PJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Mtoe"] = { name1 = "megatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "megatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Mtoe", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868e16, default = "PJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT"] = { name1 = "megaton of TNT", name2 = "megatons of TNT", symbol = "Mt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e15, default = "PJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtonTNT"] = { name2 = "millitons of TNT", symbol = "milliton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT", symbol = "megatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e15, default = "PJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtTNT"] = { name2 = "millitonnes of TNT", symbol = "millitonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MW.h"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mW.h"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["MWh"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mWh"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["PSh"] = { name1 = "Pferdestärkenstunde", symbol = "PSh", utype = "energy", scale = 2647795.5, default = "kWh", }, ["quad"] = { name1 = "quadrillion British thermal units", name2 = "quadrillion British thermal units", symbol = "quad", utype = "energy", scale = 1.054804e18, default = "EJ", link = "Quad (unit)", }, ["Ry"] = { name1 = "rydberg", symbol = "Ry", utype = "energy", scale = 2.1798741e-18, default = "eV", link = "Rydberg constant", }, ["scf"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic feet", symbol = "scf", utype = "energy", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["scfoot"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic foot", symbol = "scf", utype = "energy", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["t(TNT)"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "ton", symbol = "t", utype = "energy", scale = 4184000000, default = "GJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["th"] = { name1 = "thermie", symbol = "th", utype = "energy", scale = 4186800, default = "MJ", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["thm-EC"] = { name1 = "therm (EC)", name2 = "therms (EC)", symbol = "thm (EC)", utype = "energy", scale = 105506000, default = "MJ", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-UK"] = { name1 = "therm (UK)", name2 = "therms (UK)", symbol = "thm (UK)", utype = "energy", scale = 105505585.257348, default = "MJ", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-US"] = { name1 = "therm (US)", name1_us = "therm (U.S.)", name2 = "therms (US)", name2_us = "therms (U.S.)", symbol = "thm (US)", sym_us = "thm (U.S.)", utype = "energy", scale = 105480400, default = "MJ", link = "Therm", }, ["toe"] = { name1 = "tonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "tonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "toe", utype = "energy", scale = 41868000000, default = "GJ", }, ["tonTNT"] = { name2 = "tons of TNT", symbol = "ton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000000, default = "GJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["tTNT"] = { name2 = "tonnes of TNT", symbol = "tonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000000, default = "GJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtonTNT"] = { name2 = "teratons of TNT", symbol = "teraton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e21, default = "ZJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtTNT"] = { name2 = "teratonnes of TNT", symbol = "teratonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e21, default = "ZJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TW.h"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e15, default = "PJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["TWh"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e15, default = "PJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["W.h"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "W⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3600, default = "kJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["Wh"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "Wh", utype = "energy", scale = 3600, default = "kJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μerg"] = { name1 = "microerg", symbol = "μerg", utype = "energy", scale = 1e-13, default = "nJ", link = "Erg", }, ["μW.h"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0036, default = "mJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μWh"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μWh", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0036, default = "mJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["-kW.h"] = { target = "kW.h", link = "Kilowatt hour", }, ["btu"] = { target = "BTU", }, ["Calorie"] = { target = "Cal", }, ["ft.lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["ft·lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["g-cal-15"] = { target = "cal-15", }, ["g-cal-IT"] = { target = "cal-IT", }, ["g-cal-th"] = { target = "cal-th", }, ["g-kcal-15"] = { target = "kcal-15", }, ["g-kcal-IT"] = { target = "kcal-IT", }, ["g-kcal-th"] = { target = "kcal-th", }, ["g-Mcal-15"] = { target = "Mcal-15", }, ["g-mcal-15"] = { target = "mcal-15", }, ["g-Mcal-IT"] = { target = "Mcal-IT", }, ["g-mcal-IT"] = { target = "mcal-IT", }, ["g-Mcal-th"] = { target = "Mcal-th", }, ["g-mcal-th"] = { target = "mcal-th", }, ["GW-h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["GW·h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["Hartree"] = { target = "Eh", }, ["hp.h"] = { target = "hph", }, ["in.lb-f"] = { target = "inlb-f", }, ["in.lbf"] = { target = "inlbf", }, ["in.oz-f"] = { target = "inoz-f", }, ["in.ozf"] = { target = "inozf", }, ["kbboe"] = { target = "kBOE", symbol = "kbboe", }, ["kg-cal-15"] = { target = "Cal-15", }, ["kg-cal-IT"] = { target = "Cal-IT", }, ["kg-cal-th"] = { target = "Cal-th", }, ["kW-h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["kW·h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["MW-h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["mW-h"] = { target = "mW.h", }, ["MW·h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["TW-h"] = { target = "TW.h", }, ["uerg"] = { target = "μerg", }, ["uW-h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uW.h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uWh"] = { target = "μWh", }, ["W-h"] = { target = "W.h", }, ["eVpar"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy per chemical amount", scale = 96485.332123310014, prefixes = 1, default = "kcal/mol", defkey = "eVpar", linkey = "eVpar", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["kcal/mol"] = { per = { "kcal", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "kJ/mol", link = "Kilocalorie per mole", }, ["kJ/mol"] = { per = { "kJ", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "kcal/mol", link = "Joule per mole", }, ["kWh/100 km"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 36, default = "MJ/km kWh/mi", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["kWh/100 mi"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 miles", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 miles", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;mi", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 22.3694, default = "mpge", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["MJ/100 km"] = { name1 = "megajoule per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "megajoule per 100 kilometers", name2 = "megajoules per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "megajoules per 100 kilometers", symbol = "MJ/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 10, default = "BTU/mi", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["mpge"] = { name1 = "mile per gallon gasoline equivalent", name2 = "miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", symbol = "mpg&#8209;e", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 1.3263314048360777e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "kWh/100 mi", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["BTU/mi"] = { per = { "BTU", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "v > 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km", }, ["kJ/km"] = { per = { "kJ", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["kWh/km"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "MJ/km kWh/mi", }, ["kWh/mi"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "kWh/km MJ/km", }, ["MJ/km"] = { per = { "MJ", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["mpg-e"] = { target = "mpge", }, ["BTU/lb"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit per pound", name2 = "British thermal units per pound", symbol = "BTU/lb", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 2326, default = "kJ/kg", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["cal/g"] = { name1 = "calorie per gram", name2 = "calories per gram", symbol = "cal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184, default = "J/g", }, ["GJ/kg"] = { name1 = "gigajoule per kilogram", name2 = "gigajoules per kilogram", symbol = "GJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e9, default = "ktTNT/t", link = "Specific energy", }, ["J/g"] = { name1 = "joule per gram", name2 = "joules per gram", symbol = "J/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["kcal/g"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per gram", name2 = "kilocalories per gram", symbol = "kcal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000, default = "kJ/g", }, ["kJ/g"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per gram", name2 = "kilojoules per gram", symbol = "kJ/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["kJ/kg"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per kilogram", name2 = "kilojoules per kilogram", symbol = "kJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "BTU/lb", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ktonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "kilotons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "kiloton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "GJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT/t"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "GJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "megaton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "megatonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TJ/kg"] = { name1 = "terajoule per kilogram", name2 = "terajoules per kilogram", symbol = "TJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e12, default = "MtTNT/MT", link = "Specific energy", }, ["Cal/g"] = { per = { "Cal", "g" }, utype = "energy per unit mass", default = "kJ/g", }, ["BTU/cuft"] = { per = { "BTU", "cuft" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "kJ/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(mL)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(mL)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "kJ/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(ml)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(ml)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "kJ/l", }, ["Cal/12USozserve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USozserve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "kJ/L", }, ["Cal/USoz"] = { per = { "Cal", "USoz" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "kJ/ml", }, ["kJ/L"] = { per = { "kJ", "L" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["kJ/l"] = { per = { "kJ", "ll" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["kJ/ml"] = { per = { "kJ", "ml" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "Cal/USoz", }, ["MJ/m3"] = { per = { "MJ", "m3" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["Sv"] = { _name1 = "sievert", _symbol = "Sv", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "rem", link = "Sievert", }, ["rem"] = { _name1 = "rem", _symbol = "rem", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Sv", link = "Roentgen equivalent man", }, ["g/km"] = { name1 = "gram per kilometre", name1_us = "gram per kilometer", name2 = "grams per kilometre", name2_us = "grams per kilometer", symbol = "g/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "oz/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["g/mi"] = { name1 = "gram per mile", name2 = "grams per mile", symbol = "g/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "g/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["gCO2/km"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "gram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "grams of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "g(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "ozCO2/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["gCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "g(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "gCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["kg/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms per kilometer", symbol = "kg/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["kgCO2/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "kg(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lbCO2/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["lb/mi"] = { name1 = "pound per mile", name2 = "pounds per mile", symbol = "lb/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kg/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["lbCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "pound of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "pounds of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "lb(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kgCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["oz/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce per mile", name2 = "ounces per mile", symbol = "oz/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "g/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["ozCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "ounces of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "oz(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "gCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["cuft/a"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per annum", name2 = "cubic feet per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/a", utype = "flow", scale = 8.9730672142368242e-10, default = "m3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/d"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per day", name2 = "cubic feet per day", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/d", utype = "flow", scale = 3.2774128000000003e-7, default = "m3/d", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/h"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per hour", name2 = "cubic feet per hour", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/h", utype = "flow", scale = 7.8657907200000004e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/min"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per minute", name2 = "cubic feet per minute", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/min", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00047194744319999999, default = "m3/min", }, ["cuft/s"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per second", name2 = "cubic feet per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/s", utype = "flow", scale = 28316846592e-12, default = "m3/s", }, ["cumi/a"] = { name1 = "cubic mile per annum", name2 = "cubic miles per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi/a", utype = "flow", scale = 132.08171170940057, default = "km3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/h"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per hour", name2 = "cubic yards per hour", symbol = "cuyd/h", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00021237634944000001, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/s"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per second", name2 = "cubic yards per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.76455485798400002, default = "m3/s", }, ["Goilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "billion barrels per year", name2 = "billion barrels per year", symbol = "Gbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933836, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["impgal/h"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per hour", name2 = "imperial gallons per hour", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.2628027777777779e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", }, ["impgal/min"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per minute", name2 = "imperial gallons per minute", symbol = "imp gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 7.5768166666666671e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["impgal/s"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per second", name2 = "imperial gallons per second", symbol = "impgal/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00454609, default = "m3/s", link = "Imperial gallons per second", }, ["km3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per annum", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per annum", name2 = "cubic kilometres per annum", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per annum", symbol = "km³/a", utype = "flow", scale = 31.68808781402895, default = "cumi/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["km3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per day", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per day", name2 = "cubic kilometres per day", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per day", symbol = "km³/d", utype = "flow", scale = 11574.074074074075, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["koilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per year", name2 = "thousand barrels per year", symbol = "kbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-6, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["koilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per day", name2 = "thousand barrels per day", symbol = "kbbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 0.0018401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["L/h"] = { name1 = "litre per hour", name1_us = "liter per hour", name2 = "litres per hour", name2_us = "liters per hour", symbol = "L/h", utype = "flow", scale = 2.7777777777777776e-7, default = "impgal/h USgal/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/min"] = { name1 = "litre per minute", name1_us = "liter per minute", name2 = "litres per minute", name2_us = "liters per minute", symbol = "L/min", utype = "flow", scale = 1.6666666666666667e-5, default = "impgal/min USgal/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/s"] = { name1 = "litre per second", name1_us = "liter per second", name2 = "litres per second", name2_us = "liters per second", symbol = "L/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.001, default = "cuft/s", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per annum", name1_us = "cubic meter per annum", name2 = "cubic metres per annum", name2_us = "cubic meters per annum", symbol = "m³/a", utype = "flow", scale = 3.1688087814028947e-8, default = "cuft/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per day", name1_us = "cubic meter per day", name2 = "cubic metres per day", name2_us = "cubic meters per day", symbol = "m³/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/h"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hour", name1_us = "cubic meter per hour", name2 = "cubic metres per hour", name2_us = "cubic meters per hour", symbol = "m³/h", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "cuft/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/min"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per minute", name1_us = "cubic meter per minute", name2 = "cubic metres per minute", name2_us = "cubic meters per minute", symbol = "m³/min", utype = "flow", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "cuft/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/s"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per second", name1_us = "cubic meter per second", name2 = "cubic metres per second", name2_us = "cubic meters per second", symbol = "m³/s", utype = "flow", scale = 1, default = "cuft/s", }, ["Moilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "million barrels per year", name2 = "million barrels per year", symbol = "Mbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 0.0050380033629933837, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["Moilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "million barrels per day", name2 = "million barrels per day", symbol = "Mbbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.8401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "barrel per year", name2 = "barrels per year", symbol = "bbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-9, default = "m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "barrel per day", name2 = "barrels per day", symbol = "bbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.8401307283333336e-6, default = "m3/d", }, ["Toilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels per year", name2 = "trillion barrels per year", symbol = "Tbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5038.0033629933832, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["U.S.gal/d"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per day", name2 = "U.S. gallons per day", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "flow", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", customary= 1, }, ["U.S.gal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", customary= 2, }, ["U.S.gal/min"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per minute", name2 = "U.S. gallons per minute", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal/a"] = { name1 = "US gallon per year", name2 = "US gallons per year", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/a", utype = "flow", scale = 1.1995246102365199e-10, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/d"] = { name1 = "US gallon per day", name2 = "US gallons per day", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "flow", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", customary= 1, }, ["USgal/min"] = { name1 = "US gallon per minute", name2 = "US gallons per minute", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal/s"] = { name1 = "US gallon per second", name1_us = "U.S. gallon per second", name2 = "US gallons per second", name2_us = "U.S. gallons per second", symbol = "USgal/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "m3/s", link = "US gallons per second", }, ["ft3/a"] = { target = "cuft/a", }, ["ft3/d"] = { target = "cuft/d", }, ["ft3/h"] = { target = "cuft/h", }, ["ft3/s"] = { target = "cuft/s", }, ["Gcuft/a"] = { target = "e9cuft/a", }, ["Gcuft/d"] = { target = "e9cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/a"] = { target = "e3cuft/a", }, ["kcuft/d"] = { target = "e3cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/s"] = { target = "e3cuft/s", }, ["Mcuft/a"] = { target = "e6cuft/a", }, ["Mcuft/d"] = { target = "e6cuft/d", }, ["Mcuft/s"] = { target = "e6cuft/s", }, ["m³/s"] = { target = "m3/s", }, ["Tcuft/a"] = { target = "e12cuft/a", }, ["Tcuft/d"] = { target = "e12cuft/d", }, ["u.s.gal/min"] = { target = "U.S.gal/min", }, ["usgal/min"] = { target = "USgal/min", }, ["-LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["-STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["dyn"] = { name1 = "dyne", symbol = "dyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00001, default = "gr-f", }, ["g-f"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "g_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gf"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "gf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN ozf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gr-f"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "gr_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["grf"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "grf", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["kdyn"] = { name1 = "kilodyne", symbol = "kdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.01, default = "oz-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["kg-f"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kg_f", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", }, ["kgf"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kgf", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lbf", }, ["kp"] = { name1 = "kilopond", symbol = "kp", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["L/T-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["L/Tf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["lb-f"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lb_f", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lbf"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lbf", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lb(f)"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["LT-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LT_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["Mdyn"] = { name1 = "megadyne", symbol = "Mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 10, default = "lb-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mdyn"] = { name1 = "millidyne", symbol = "mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000001, default = "gr-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mg-f"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mg_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mgf"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mgf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN grf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["Mp"] = { name1 = "megapond", symbol = "Mp", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mp"] = { name1 = "millipond", symbol = "mp", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["N"] = { _name1 = "newton", _symbol = "N", utype = "force", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lb-f", link = "Newton (unit)", }, ["oz-f"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "oz_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["ozf"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "ozf", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["p"] = { name1 = "pond", symbol = "p", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["pdl"] = { name1 = "poundal", symbol = "pdl", utype = "force", scale = 0.138254954376, default = "N", }, ["S/T-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["S/Tf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["ST-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "ST_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["t-f"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "t_f", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["tf"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "tf", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LTf STf", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["dyne"] = { target = "dyn", }, ["newtons"] = { target = "N", }, ["poundal"] = { target = "pdl", }, ["tonne-force"] = { target = "tf", }, ["impgal/mi"] = { per = { "@impgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km USgal/mi", }, ["km/L"] = { per = { "km", "L" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["km/l"] = { per = { "km", "ll" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["L/100 km"] = { per = { "L", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["l/100 km"] = { per = { "ll", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["L/km"] = { per = { "L", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["l/km"] = { per = { "ll", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["mi/impqt"] = { per = { "mi", "impqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/U.S.qt"] = { per = { "mi", "U.S.qt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/USqt"] = { per = { "mi", "USqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/usqt"] = { per = { "mi", "usqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mpgimp"] = { per = { "mi", "@impgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;imp", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]}", }, ["mpgus"] = { per = { "mi", "+USgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;US", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgimp", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]}", }, ["U.S.gal/mi"] = { per = { "*U.S.gal", "mi" }, sp_us = true, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["usgal/mi"] = { per = { "+USgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["L/100km"] = { target = "L/100 km", }, ["l/100km"] = { target = "l/100 km", }, ["mpg"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})", }, ["mpgU.S."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgu.s."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgUS"] = { target = "mpgus", }, ["USgal/mi"] = { target = "usgal/mi", }, ["kPa/m"] = { per = { "kPa", "-m-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "psi/ft", }, ["psi/ft"] = { per = { "psi", "-ft-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "kPa/m", }, ["cm/km"] = { name1 = "centimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "centimeter per kilometer", name2 = "centimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "centimeters per kilometer", symbol = "cm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/mi"] = { name1 = "foot per mile", name2 = "feet per mile", symbol = "ft/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00018939393939393939, default = "v < 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/nmi"] = { name1 = "foot per nautical mile", name2 = "feet per nautical mile", symbol = "ft/nmi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00016457883369330455, default = "v < 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/ft"] = { name1 = "inch per foot", name2 = "inches per foot", symbol = "in/ft", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.083333333333333329, default = "mm/m", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/mi"] = { name1 = "inch per mile", name2 = "inches per mile", symbol = "in/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 1.5782828282828283e-5, default = "v < 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["m/km"] = { name1 = "metre per kilometre", name1_us = "meter per kilometer", name2 = "metres per kilometre", name2_us = "meters per kilometer", symbol = "m/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/km"] = { name1 = "millimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "millimeter per kilometer", name2 = "millimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "millimeters per kilometer", symbol = "mm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.000001, default = "in/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/m"] = { name1 = "millimetre per metre", name1_us = "millimeter per meter", name2 = "millimetres per metre", name2_us = "millimeters per meter", symbol = "mm/m", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "in/ft", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["admi"] = { name1 = "admiralty mile", symbol = "nmi&nbsp;(admiralty)", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["AU"] = { name1 = "astronomical unit", symbol = "AU", utype = "length", scale = 149597870700, default = "km mi", }, ["Brnmi"] = { name1 = "British nautical mile", symbol = "(Brit)&nbsp;nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["bu"] = { name2 = "bu", symbol = "bu", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0030303030303030303, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["ch"] = { name1 = "chain", symbol = "ch", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chlk"] = { name1 = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|ch]]", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["chain"] = { symbol = "chain", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chainlk"] = { symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["dpcm"] = { name2 = "dot/cm", symbol = "dot/cm", utype = "length", scale = 100, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "dpi", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["dpi"] = { name2 = "DPI", symbol = "DPI", utype = "length", scale = 39.370078740157481, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["fathom"] = { symbol = "fathom", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1.8288, default = "ft m", }, ["foot"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "foot", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["ft"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "feet", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["furlong"] = { symbol = "furlong", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 201.168, default = "ft m", }, ["Gly"] = { name1 = "gigalight-year", symbol = "Gly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e24, default = "Mpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Gpc"] = { name1 = "gigaparsec", symbol = "Gpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e25, default = "Gly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["hand"] = { name1 = "hand", symbol = "h", utype = "length", builtin = "hand", scale = 0.1016, iscomplex= true, default = "in cm", link = "Hand (unit)", }, ["in"] = { name1 = "inch", name2 = "inches", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, exception= "subunit_more_precision", default = "mm", }, ["inabbreviated"] = { name2 = "in", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, default = "mm", link = "Inch", }, ["kly"] = { name1 = "kilolight-year", symbol = "kly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e18, default = "pc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["kpc"] = { name1 = "kiloparsec", symbol = "kpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e19, default = "kly", link = "Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs", }, ["LD"] = { name1 = "lunar distance", symbol = "LD", utype = "length", scale = 384403000, default = "km mi", link = "Lunar distance (astronomy)", }, ["league"] = { symbol = "league", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 4828.032, default = "km", link = "League (unit)", }, ["ly"] = { name1 = "light-year", symbol = "ly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e15, default = "AU", }, ["m"] = { _name1 = "metre", _name1_us= "meter", _symbol = "m", utype = "length", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v > 0 and v < 3 ! ftin ! ft", link = "Metre", }, ["mi"] = { name1 = "mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["ch"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chainlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["ft"] = { 5280, default = "km" }, ["furlong"] = { 8, default = "km" }, ["yd"] = { 1760, default = "km" } }, }, ["mil"] = { symbol = "mil", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["Mly"] = { name1 = "megalight-year", symbol = "Mly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e21, default = "kpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Mpc"] = { name1 = "megaparsec", symbol = "Mpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e22, default = "Mly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["NM"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "NM", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["nmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUKnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUSnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", }, ["pc"] = { name1 = "parsec", symbol = "pc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e16, default = "ly", }, ["perch"] = { name2 = "perches", symbol = "perch", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pitch"] = { name2 = "μm", symbol = "μm", utype = "length", scale = 1e-6, default = "dpi", defkey = "pitch", linkey = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["pole"] = { symbol = "pole", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pre1954U.S.nmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["pre1954USnmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;US) nautical mile", name1_us = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;US) nmi", sym_us = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["rd"] = { name1 = "rod", symbol = "rd", utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["royal cubit"] = { name1 = "royal cubit", symbol = "cu", utype = "length", scale = 0.524, default = "mm", }, ["rtkm"] = { name1 = "route kilometre", name1_us = "route kilometer", symbol = "km", utype = "length", scale = 1000, default = "mi", link = "Kilometre", }, ["rtmi"] = { name1 = "route mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", link = "Mile", }, ["shaku"] = { name2 = "shaku", symbol = "shaku", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.30303030303030304, default = "m", link = "Shaku (unit)", }, ["sm"] = { name1 = "smoot", symbol = "sm", utype = "length", scale = 1.70180, default = "m", link = "Smoot (unit)", }, ["smi"] = { name1 = "statute mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" } }, }, ["solar radius"] = { name1 = "solar radius", name2 = "solar radii", symbol = "''R''_☉", utype = "length", scale = 695700e3, default = "km", }, ["sun"] = { name2 = "sun", symbol = "sun", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.030303030303030304, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["thou"] = { name2 = "thou", symbol = "thou", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["verst"] = { symbol = "verst", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1066.8, default = "km mi", }, ["yd"] = { name1 = "yard", symbol = "yd", utype = "length", scale = 0.9144, default = "m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 3, default = "m" } }, }, ["μin"] = { name1 = "microinch", name2 = "microinches", symbol = "μin", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000254, default = "nm", link = "SI prefix#Non-metric units", }, ["Å"] = { name1 = "ångström", symbol = "Å", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "in", }, ["Hz"] = { _name1 = "hertz", _name2 = "hertz", _symbol = "Hz", utype = "length", scale = 3.3356409519815204e-9, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, prefixes = 1, default = "m", link = "Hertz", }, ["rpm"] = { name1 = "revolution per minute", name2 = "revolutions per minute", symbol = "rpm", utype = "length", scale = 5.5594015866358675e-11, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "Hz", link = "Revolutions per minute", }, ["-ft-frac"] = { target = "ft", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-in-stiff"] = { target = "in", link = "Stiffness", }, ["-m-frac"] = { target = "m", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-m-stiff"] = { target = "m", link = "Stiffness", }, ["100km"] = { target = "km", multiplier= 100, }, ["100mi"] = { target = "mi", multiplier= 100, }, ["100miles"] = { target = "mi", symbol = "miles", multiplier= 100, }, ["admiralty nmi"] = { target = "oldUKnmi", }, ["angstrom"] = { target = "Å", }, ["au"] = { target = "AU", symbol = "au", }, ["feet"] = { target = "ft", }, ["hands"] = { target = "hand", }, ["inch"] = { target = "in", }, ["inches"] = { target = "in", }, ["light-year"] = { target = "ly", }, ["meter"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["meters"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["metre"] = { target = "m", }, ["metres"] = { target = "m", }, ["micrometre"] = { target = "μm", }, ["micron"] = { target = "μm", default = "μin", }, ["mile"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["miles"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["parsec"] = { target = "pc", }, ["rod"] = { target = "rd", }, ["smoot"] = { target = "sm", }, ["uin"] = { target = "μin", }, ["yard"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yards"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yds"] = { target = "yd", }, ["dtex"] = { name1 = "decitex", name2 = "decitex", symbol = "dtex", utype = "linear density", scale = 1e-7, default = "lb/yd", link = "Units of textile measurement#Units", }, ["kg/cm"] = { name1 = "kilogram per centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm", utype = "linear density", scale = 100, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["kg/m"] = { name1 = "kilogram per metre", name1_us = "kilogram per meter", name2 = "kilograms per metre", name2_us = "kilograms per meter", symbol = "kg/m", utype = "linear density", scale = 1, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/ft"] = { name1 = "pound per foot", name2 = "pounds per foot", symbol = "lb/ft", utype = "linear density", scale = 1.4881639435695539, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/yd"] = { name1 = "pound per yard", name2 = "pounds per yard", symbol = "lb/yd", utype = "linear density", scale = 0.49605464785651798, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["G"] = { _name1 = "gauss", _name2 = "gauss", _symbol = "G", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 0.0001, prefixes = 1, default = "T", link = "Gauss (unit)", }, ["T"] = { _name1 = "tesla", _symbol = "T", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "G", link = "Tesla (unit)", }, ["A/m"] = { name1 = "ampere per metre", name1_us = "ampere per meter", name2 = "amperes per metre", name2_us = "amperes per meter", symbol = "A/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1, default = "Oe", }, ["kA/m"] = { name1 = "kiloampere per metre", name1_us = "kiloampere per meter", name2 = "kiloamperes per metre", name2_us = "kiloamperes per meter", symbol = "kA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1000, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["MA/m"] = { name1 = "megaampere per metre", name1_us = "megaampere per meter", name2 = "megaamperes per metre", name2_us = "megaamperes per meter", symbol = "MA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1e6, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["Oe"] = { _name1 = "oersted", _symbol = "Oe", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 79.5774715, prefixes = 1, default = "kA/m", link = "Oersted", }, ["-Lcwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", }, ["-Scwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", }, ["-ST"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "ST", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["carat"] = { symbol = "carat", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.0002, default = "g", link = "Carat (mass)", }, ["Da"] = { _name1 = "dalton", _symbol = "Da", utype = "mass", scale = 1.66053906892e-27, prefixes = 1, default = "kg", link = "Dalton (unit)", }, ["drachm"] = { name1_us = "dram", symbol = "drachm", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.001771845195, default = "g", link = "Dram (unit)", }, ["dram"] = { target = "drachm", }, ["dwt"] = { name1 = "pennyweight", symbol = "dwt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00155517384, default = "oz g", }, ["DWton"] = { symbol = "deadweight ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "DWtonne", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["DWtonne"] = { name1_us = "deadweight metric ton", symbol = "deadweight tonne", sym_us = "~deadweight metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "DWton", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["g"] = { _name1 = "gram", _symbol = "g", utype = "mass", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "oz", link = "Gram", }, ["gr"] = { name1 = "grain", symbol = "gr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00006479891, default = "g", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["Gt"] = { name1 = "gigatonne", symbol = "Gt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["impgalh2o"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon of water", name2 = "imperial gallons of water", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 4.5359236999999499, default = "lb kg", link = "Imperial gallon", }, ["kt"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", symbol = "kt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["lb"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "kg", subdivs = { ["oz"] = { 16, default = "kg" } }, link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["Lcwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "Lcwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" }, ["st"] = { 8, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long cwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "long&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long qtr"] = { name1 = "long quarter", symbol = "long&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", }, ["LT"] = { symbol = "long ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["lt"] = { name1 = "long ton", symbol = "LT", utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["metric ton"] = { symbol = "metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "long ton", link = "Tonne", }, ["MT"] = { name1 = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["Mt"] = { name1 = "megatonne", symbol = "Mt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["oz"] = { name1 = "ounce", symbol = "oz", utype = "mass", scale = 0.028349523125, default = "g", }, ["ozt"] = { name1 = "troy ounce", symbol = "ozt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.0311034768, default = "oz g", }, ["pdr"] = { name1 = "pounder", symbol = "pdr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, default = "kg", link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["qtr"] = { name1 = "quarter", symbol = "qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 28, default = "kg" } }, link = "Long quarter", }, ["Scwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "Scwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short cwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "short&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb kg", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short qtr"] = { name1 = "short quarter", symbol = "short&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 11.33980925, default = "lb kg", }, ["ST"] = { symbol = "short ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Scwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Scwt" } }, }, ["shtn"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "sh&nbsp;tn", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["shton"] = { symbol = "ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["solar mass"] = { name1 = "solar mass", name2 = "solar masses", symbol = "''M''_☉", utype = "mass", scale = 1.98855e30, default = "kg", }, ["st"] = { name1 = "stone", name2 = "stone", symbol = "st", utype = "mass", scale = 6.35029318, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 14, default = "kg lb" } }, link = "Stone (unit)", }, ["t"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", }, ["tonne"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "shton", }, ["troy pound"] = { symbol = "troy pound", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.3732417216, default = "lb kg", link = "Troy weight", }, ["usgalh2o"] = { name1 = "US gallon of water", name1_us = "U.S. gallon of water", name2 = "US gallons of water", name2_us = "U.S. gallons of water", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 3.7776215836051126, default = "lb kg", link = "United States customary units#Fluid volume", }, ["viss"] = { name2 = "viss", symbol = "viss", utype = "mass", scale = 1.632932532, default = "kg", link = "Myanmar units of measurement#Mass", }, ["billion tonne"] = { target = "e9t", }, ["grain"] = { target = "gr", }, ["kilogram"] = { target = "kg", }, ["kilotonne"] = { target = "kt", }, ["lbs"] = { target = "lb", }, ["lbt"] = { target = "troy pound", }, ["lcwt"] = { target = "Lcwt", }, ["long ton"] = { target = "LT", }, ["mcg"] = { target = "μg", }, ["million tonne"] = { target = "e6t", }, ["scwt"] = { target = "Scwt", }, ["short ton"] = { target = "ST", }, ["stone"] = { target = "st", }, ["thousand tonne"] = { target = "e3t", }, ["tonnes"] = { target = "t", }, ["kg/kW"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilowatt", name2 = "kilograms per kilowatt", symbol = "kg/kW", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/hp", link = "Kilowatt", }, ["lb/hp"] = { name1 = "pound per horsepower", name2 = "pounds per horsepower", symbol = "lb/hp", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.00060827738784176115, default = "kg/kW", link = "Horsepower", }, ["kg/h"] = { per = { "kg", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "lb/h", }, ["lb/h"] = { per = { "lb", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "kg/h", }, ["g-mol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "g-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "gmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "gmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "gmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "gmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "gmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lbmol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/d"] = { name1 = "kilomole per day", name2 = "kilomoles per day", symbol = "kmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/h"] = { name1 = "kilomole per hour", name2 = "kilomoles per hour", symbol = "kmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/min"] = { name1 = "kilomole per minute", name2 = "kilomoles per minute", symbol = "kmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 16.666666666666668, default = "mol/s", link = "Kilomole (unit)", }, ["kmol/s"] = { name1 = "kilomole per second", name2 = "kilomoles per second", symbol = "kmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1000, default = "lb-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["lb-mol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lbmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lbmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lbmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lbmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["mmol/s"] = { name1 = "millimole per second", name2 = "millimoles per second", symbol = "mmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/d"] = { name1 = "mole per day", name2 = "moles per day", symbol = "mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/h"] = { name1 = "mole per hour", name2 = "moles per hour", symbol = "mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/min"] = { name1 = "mole per minute", name2 = "moles per minute", symbol = "mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/s"] = { name1 = "mole per second", name2 = "moles per second", symbol = "mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["μmol/s"] = { name1 = "micromole per second", name2 = "micromoles per second", symbol = "μmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.000001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["umol/s"] = { target = "μmol/s", }, ["/acre"] = { name1 = "per acre", name2 = "per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["/ha"] = { name1 = "per hectare", name2 = "per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["/sqcm"] = { name1 = "per square centimetre", name1_us = "per square centimeter", name2 = "per square centimetre", name2_us = "per square centimeter", symbol = "/cm²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e4, default = "/sqin", link = "Square centimetre", }, ["/sqin"] = { name1 = "per square inch", name2 = "per square inch", symbol = "/in²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1550.0031000062002, default = "/sqcm", link = "Square inch", }, ["/sqkm"] = { name1 = "per square kilometre", name1_us = "per square kilometer", name2 = "per square kilometre", name2_us = "per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["/sqmi"] = { name1 = "per square mile", name2 = "per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["PD/acre"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per acre", name2 = "inhabitants per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "PD/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["PD/ha"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per hectare", name2 = "inhabitants per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "PD/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["PD/sqkm"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square kilometre", name1_us = "inhabitant per square kilometer", name2 = "inhabitants per square kilometre", name2_us = "inhabitants per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "PD/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["PD/sqmi"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square mile", name2 = "inhabitants per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "PD/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["/cm2"] = { target = "/sqcm", }, ["/in2"] = { target = "/sqin", }, ["/km2"] = { target = "/sqkm", }, ["pd/acre"] = { target = "PD/acre", }, ["pd/ha"] = { target = "PD/ha", }, ["PD/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["PD/km²"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqkm"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqmi"] = { target = "PD/sqmi", }, ["/l"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/l", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/L"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/L", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/USgal"] = { name1 = "per gallon", name2 = "per gallon", symbol = "/gal", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 264.172052, default = "/L", link = "US gallon", customary= 2, }, ["/usgal"] = { target = "/USgal", }, ["bhp"] = { name1 = "brake horsepower", name2 = "brake horsepower", symbol = "bhp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Brake horsepower", }, ["Cal/d"] = { name1 = "large calorie per day", name2 = "large calories per day", symbol = "Cal/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.048425925925925928, default = "kJ/d", link = "Calorie", }, ["Cal/h"] = { name1 = "large calorie per hour", name2 = "large calories per hour", symbol = "Cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kJ/h", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal/h"] = { name1 = "calorie per hour", name2 = "calories per hour", symbol = "cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.0011622222222222223, default = "W", link = "Calorie", }, ["CV"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "CV", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hk"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hk", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hp"] = { name1 = "horsepower", name2 = "horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", }, ["hp-electric"] = { name1 = "electric horsepower", name2 = "electric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-electrical"] = { name1 = "electrical horsepower", name2 = "electrical horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-metric"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["ihp"] = { name1 = "indicated horsepower", name2 = "indicated horsepower", symbol = "ihp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Indicated horsepower", }, ["kcal/h"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per hour", name2 = "kilocalories per hour", symbol = "kcal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kW", link = "Calorie", }, ["kJ/d"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per day", name2 = "kilojoules per day", symbol = "kJ/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "Cal/d", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["kJ/h"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per hour", name2 = "kilojoules per hour", symbol = "kJ/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "W", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["PS"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "PS", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["shp"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower", name2 = "shaft horsepower", symbol = "shp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Shaft horsepower", }, ["W"] = { _name1 = "watt", _symbol = "W", utype = "power", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "hp", link = "Watt", }, ["BTU/h"] = { per = { "BTU", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["Btu/h"] = { per = { "Btu", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["BHP"] = { target = "bhp", }, ["btu/h"] = { target = "BTU/h", }, ["HP"] = { target = "hp", }, ["Hp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp-mechanical"] = { target = "hp", }, ["IHP"] = { target = "ihp", }, ["SHP"] = { target = "shp", }, ["whp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp/lb"] = { name1 = "horsepower per pound", name2 = "horsepower per pound", symbol = "hp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/LT"] = { name1 = "horsepower per long ton", name2 = "horsepower per long ton", symbol = "hp/LT", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73392268125000004, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/ST"] = { name1 = "horsepower per short ton", name2 = "horsepower per short ton", symbol = "hp/ST", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.821993403, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/t"] = { name1 = "horsepower per tonne", name2 = "horsepower per tonne", symbol = "hp/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.74569987158227022, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/kg"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per kilogram", name2 = "kilowatts per kilogram", symbol = "kW/kg", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "hp/lb", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/t"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per tonne", name2 = "kilowatts per tonne", symbol = "kW/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1, default = "PS/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["PS/t"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower per tonne", name2 = "metric horsepower per tonne", symbol = "PS/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73549875, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["shp/lb"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower per pound", name2 = "shaft horsepower per pound", symbol = "shp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/tonne"] = { target = "hp/t", symbol = "hp/tonne", default = "kW/tonne", }, ["kW/tonne"] = { target = "kW/t", symbol = "kW/tonne", }, ["-lb/in2"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "lb/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["atm"] = { name1 = "standard atmosphere", symbol = "atm", utype = "pressure", scale = 101325, default = "kPa", link = "Atmosphere (unit)", }, ["Ba"] = { name1 = "barye", symbol = "Ba", utype = "pressure", scale = 0.1, default = "Pa", }, ["bar"] = { symbol = "bar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["dbar"] = { name1 = "decibar", symbol = "dbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 10000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["inHg"] = { name1 = "inch of mercury", name2 = "inches of mercury", symbol = "inHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 3386.388640341, default = "kPa", }, ["kBa"] = { name1 = "kilobarye", symbol = "kBa", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Barye", }, ["kg-f/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kg_f/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kg/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per square centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kgf/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kgf/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["ksi"] = { name1 = "kilopound per square inch", name2 = "kilopounds per square inch", symbol = "ksi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894757.2931683613, default = "MPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["lbf/in2"] = { name1 = "pound-force per square inch", name2 = "pounds-force per square inch", symbol = "lbf/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["mb"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mb", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mbar"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mmHg"] = { name1 = "millimetre of mercury", name1_us = "millimeter of mercury", name2 = "millimetres of mercury", name2_us = "millimeters of mercury", symbol = "mmHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.322387415, default = "kPa", }, ["Pa"] = { _name1 = "pascal", _symbol = "Pa", utype = "pressure", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "psi", link = "Pascal (unit)", }, ["psf"] = { name1 = "pound per square foot", name2 = "pounds per square foot", symbol = "psf", utype = "pressure", scale = 47.880258980335839, default = "kPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["psi"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "psi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa", }, ["Torr"] = { name1 = "torr", symbol = "Torr", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.32236842105263, default = "kPa", }, ["N/cm2"] = { per = { "N", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["N/m2"] = { per = { "N", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["g/cm2"] = { per = { "g", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["g/m2"] = { per = { "g", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/ha"] = { per = { "kg", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/m2"] = { per = { "kg", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/1000sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "1000sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/acre"] = { per = { "lb", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqyd"] = { per = { "lb", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["LT/acre"] = { per = { "LT", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["MT/ha"] = { per = { "MT", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqft"] = { per = { "oz", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqyd"] = { per = { "oz", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["ST/acre"] = { per = { "ST", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["t/ha"] = { per = { "t", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/acre"] = { per = { "tonne", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/ha"] = { per = { "tonne", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kgfpsqcm"] = { target = "kgf/cm2", }, ["kgpsqcm"] = { target = "kg/cm2", }, ["kN/m2"] = { target = "kPa", }, ["lb/in2"] = { target = "lbf/in2", }, ["torr"] = { target = "Torr", }, ["Bq"] = { _name1 = "becquerel", _symbol = "Bq", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "pCi", link = "Becquerel", }, ["Ci"] = { _name1 = "curie", _symbol = "Ci", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 3.7e10, prefixes = 1, default = "GBq", link = "Curie (unit)", }, ["Rd"] = { _name1 = "rutherford", _symbol = "Rd", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1e6, prefixes = 1, default = "MBq", link = "Rutherford (unit)", }, ["cm/h"] = { name1 = "centimetre per hour", name1_us = "centimeter per hour", name2 = "centimetres per hour", name2_us = "centimeters per hour", symbol = "cm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777775e-6, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/s"] = { name1 = "centimetre per second", name1_us = "centimeter per second", name2 = "centimetres per second", name2_us = "centimeters per second", symbol = "cm/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.01, default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/year"] = { name1 = "centimetre per year", name1_us = "centimeter per year", name2 = "centimetres per year", name2_us = "centimeters per year", symbol = "cm/year", utype = "speed", scale = 3.168873850681143e-10, default = "in/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["foot/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "foot per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", }, ["ft/min"] = { name1 = "foot per minute", name2 = "feet per minute", symbol = "ft/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.00508, default = "m/min", link = "Feet per second", }, ["ft/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "feet per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", link = "Feet per second", }, ["furlong per fortnight"] = { name2 = "furlongs per fortnight", symbol = "furlong per fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "speed", scale = 0.00016630952380952381, default = "km/h mph", link = "FFF system", }, ["in/h"] = { name1 = "inch per hour", name2 = "inches per hour", symbol = "in/h", utype = "speed", scale = 7.0555555555555559e-6, default = "cm/h", link = "Inch", }, ["in/s"] = { name1 = "inch per second", name2 = "inches per second", symbol = "in/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.0254, default = "cm/s", link = "Inch", }, ["in/year"] = { name1 = "inch per year", name2 = "inches per year", symbol = "in/year", utype = "speed", scale = 8.0489395807301024e-10, default = "cm/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["isp"] = { name1 = "second", symbol = "s", utype = "speed", scale = 9.80665, default = "km/s", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["km/d"] = { name1 = "kilometre per day", name1_us = "kilometer per day", name2 = "kilometres per day", name2_us = "kilometers per day", symbol = "km/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.1574074074074074e-2, default = "mi/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["km/h"] = { name1 = "kilometre per hour", name1_us = "kilometer per hour", name2 = "kilometres per hour", name2_us = "kilometers per hour", symbol = "km/h", utype = "speed", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph", link = "Kilometres per hour", }, ["km/s"] = { name1 = "kilometre per second", name1_us = "kilometer per second", name2 = "kilometres per second", name2_us = "kilometers per second", symbol = "km/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "mi/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["kn"] = { name1 = "knot", symbol = "kn", utype = "speed", scale = 0.51444444444444448, default = "km/h mph", link = "Knot (unit)", }, ["kNs/kg"] = { name2 = "kN&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "kN&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["m/min"] = { name1 = "metre per minute", name1_us = "meter per minute", name2 = "metres per minute", name2_us = "meters per minute", symbol = "m/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "ft/min", link = "Metre per second", }, ["m/s"] = { name1 = "metre per second", name1_us = "meter per second", name2 = "metres per second", name2_us = "meters per second", symbol = "m/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "ft/s", }, ["Mach"] = { name2 = "Mach", symbol = "Mach", utype = "speed", builtin = "mach", scale = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "km/h mph", link = "Mach number", }, ["mi/d"] = { name1 = "mile per day", name2 = "miles per day", symbol = "mi/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.8626666666666667e-2, default = "km/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["mi/s"] = { name1 = "mile per second", name2 = "miles per second", symbol = "mi/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1609.344, default = "km/s", link = "Mile", }, ["mm/h"] = { name1 = "millimetre per hour", name1_us = "millimeter per hour", name2 = "millimetres per hour", name2_us = "millimeters per hour", symbol = "mm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777781e-7, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["mph"] = { name1 = "mile per hour", name2 = "miles per hour", symbol = "mph", utype = "speed", scale = 0.44704, default = "km/h", link = "Miles per hour", }, ["Ns/kg"] = { name2 = "N&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "N&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["si tsfc"] = { name2 = "g/(kN⋅s)", symbol = "g/(kN⋅s)", utype = "speed", scale = 9.9999628621379242e-7, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["tsfc"] = { name2 = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", symbol = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", utype = "speed", scale = 2.832545036049801e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "si tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["cm/y"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["cm/yr"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["in/y"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["in/yr"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["knot"] = { target = "kn", }, ["knots"] = { target = "kn", }, ["kph"] = { target = "km/h", }, ["mi/h"] = { target = "mph", }, ["mm/s"] = { per = { "mm", "s" }, utype = "speed", default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["C"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius", name2 = "degrees Celsius", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = -273.15, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "F", link = "Celsius", }, ["F"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 32-273.15*(9/5), iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "C", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K"] = { _name1 = "kelvin", _symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, prefixes = 1, default = "C F", link = "Kelvin", }, ["keVT"] = { name1 = "kiloelectronvolt", symbol = "keV", utype = "temperature", scale = 11604518.121550081, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "MK", defkey = "keVT", linkey = "keVT", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["R"] = { name1 = "degree Rankine", name2 = "degrees Rankine", symbol = "°R", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "K F C", link = "Rankine scale", }, ["Celsius"] = { target = "C", }, ["°C"] = { target = "C", }, ["°F"] = { target = "F", }, ["°R"] = { target = "R", }, ["C-change"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius change", name2 = "degrees Celsius change", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Celsius", }, ["F-change"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit change", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit change", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 0.55555555555555558, default = "C-change", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K-change"] = { name1 = "kelvin change", name2 = "kelvins change", symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Kelvin", }, ["°C-change"] = { target = "C-change", }, ["°F-change"] = { target = "F-change", }, ["century"] = { name1 = "century", name2 = "centuries", symbol = "ha", utype = "time", scale = 3155760000, default = "Gs", }, ["d"] = { name1 = "day", symbol = "d", utype = "time", scale = 86400, default = "ks", }, ["decade"] = { name1 = "decade", symbol = "daa", utype = "time", scale = 315576000, default = "Ms", }, ["dog year"] = { name1 = "dog year", symbol = "dog yr", utype = "time", scale = 220903200, default = "years", link = "List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year", }, ["fortnight"] = { symbol = "fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 1209600, default = "week", }, ["h"] = { name1 = "hour", symbol = "h", utype = "time", scale = 3600, default = "ks", }, ["long billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["millennium"] = { name1 = "millennium", name2 = "millennia", symbol = "ka", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000, default = "Gs", }, ["milliard year"] = { name1 = "milliard years", name2 = "milliard years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["million year"] = { name1 = "million years", name2 = "million years", symbol = "Ma", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000, default = "Ts", link = "Annum", }, ["min"] = { name1 = "minute", symbol = "min", utype = "time", scale = 60, default = "s", }, ["month"] = { symbol = "month", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "Ms", }, ["months"] = { name1 = "month", symbol = "mo", utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "year", }, ["s"] = { _name1 = "second", _symbol = "s", utype = "time", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v < 7200 ! min ! h", link = "Second", }, ["short billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["short trillion year"] = { name1 = "trillion years", name2 = "trillion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["thousand million year"] = { name1 = "thousand million years", name2 = "thousand million years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["wk"] = { symbol = "week", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 604800, default = "Ms", }, ["year"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "a", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["years"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "yr", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["byr"] = { target = "short billion year", }, ["day"] = { target = "d", }, ["days"] = { target = "d", }, ["dog yr"] = { target = "dog year", }, ["Gyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["hour"] = { target = "h", }, ["hours"] = { target = "h", }, ["kMyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["long byr"] = { target = "long billion year", }, ["minute"] = { target = "min", }, ["minutes"] = { target = "min", }, ["mth"] = { target = "month", }, ["Myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["sec"] = { target = "s", }, ["second"] = { target = "s", }, ["seconds"] = { target = "s", }, ["tmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["tryr"] = { target = "short trillion year", }, ["tyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["week"] = { target = "wk", }, ["weeks"] = { target = "wk", }, ["yr"] = { target = "year", }, ["kg.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgf.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram force-metre", name1_us = "kilogram force-meter", symbol = "kgf⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgm"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kpm"] = { name1 = "kilopond metre", name1_us = "kilopond meter", symbol = "kp⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["lb-fft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.ft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.in"] = { name1 = "pound force-inch", symbol = "lb⋅in", utype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mN.m", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbfft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lbf⋅ft", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbft"] = { name1 = "pound-foot", name2 = "pound-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["m.kg-f"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kg_f", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["m.kgf"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kgf", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["mN.m"] = { name1 = "millinewton-metre", name1_us = "millinewton-meter", symbol = "mN⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 0.001, default = "lb.in", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["Nm"] = { _name1 = "newton-metre", _name1_us= "newton-meter", _symbol = "N⋅m", utype = "torque", alttype = "energy", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lbfft", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["kN/m"] = { per = { "kN", "-m-stiff" }, utype = "torque", default = "lbf/in", }, ["lbf/in"] = { per = { "lbf", "-in-stiff" }, utype = "torque", default = "kN/m", }, ["lb-f.ft"] = { target = "lb-fft", }, ["lbf.ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lbf·ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lb·ft"] = { target = "lb.ft", }, ["mkg-f"] = { target = "m.kg-f", }, ["mkgf"] = { target = "m.kgf", }, ["N.m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["N·m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["ton-mile"] = { symbol = "ton-mile", usename = 1, utype = "transportation", scale = 1.4599723182105602, default = "tkm", }, ["tkm"] = { name1 = "tonne-kilometre", name1_us = "tonne-kilometer", symbol = "tkm", utype = "transportation", scale = 1, default = "ton-mile", }, ["-12USoz(mL)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USoz(ml)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "ml", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USozserve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["acre-foot"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-foot", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["acre-ft"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-feet", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["AUtbsp"] = { name1 = "Australian tablespoon", symbol = "AU&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000020, default = "ml", }, ["Bcuft"] = { name1 = "billion cubic foot", name2 = "billion cubic feet", symbol = "billion cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "Gl", link = "Cubic foot", }, ["bdft"] = { name1 = "board foot", name2 = "board feet", symbol = "bd&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board feet"] = { name2 = "board feet", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board foot"] = { name2 = "board foot", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["cc"] = { name1 = "cubic centimetre", name1_us = "cubic centimeter", symbol = "cc", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000001, default = "cuin", }, ["CID"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cc", link = "Cubic inch#Engine displacement", }, ["cord"] = { symbol = "cord", utype = "volume", scale = 3.624556363776, default = "m3", link = "Cord (unit)", }, ["cufoot"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic foot", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuft"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic feet", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuin"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cm3", }, ["cumi"] = { name1 = "cubic mile", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi", utype = "volume", scale = 4168181825.440579584, default = "km3", }, ["cuyd"] = { name1 = "cubic yard", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd", utype = "volume", scale = 0.764554857984, default = "m3", }, ["firkin"] = { symbol = "firkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.04091481, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Firkin (unit)", }, ["foot3"] = { target = "cufoot", }, ["Goilbbl"] = { name1 = "billion barrels", name2 = "billion barrels", symbol = "Gbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294.928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["gr water"] = { name1 = "grains water", name2 = "grains water", symbol = "gr H₂O", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00000006479891, default = "cm3", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["grt"] = { name1 = "gross register ton", symbol = "grt", utype = "volume", scale = 2.8316846592, default = "m3", link = "Gross register tonnage", }, ["impbbl"] = { name1 = "imperial barrel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.16365924, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["impbsh"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "L impgal USdrygal", }, ["impbu"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "m3", }, ["impgal"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00454609, default = "L USgal", }, ["impgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001420653125, default = "ml USoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["impkenning"] = { name1 = "imperial kenning", symbol = "kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01818436, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["impoz"] = { name1 = "imperial fluid ounce", symbol = "imp&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000284130625, default = "ml USoz", }, ["imppk"] = { name1 = "imperial peck", symbol = "pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00909218, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Peck", }, ["imppt"] = { name1 = "imperial pint", symbol = "imp&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00056826125, default = "L", }, ["impqt"] = { name1 = "imperial quart", symbol = "imp&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0011365225, default = "ml USoz", customary= 3, }, ["kilderkin"] = { symbol = "kilderkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.08182962, default = "L impgal USgal", }, ["koilbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "kbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["L"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "L", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["l"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["ll"] = { name1 = "litre", name1_us = "liter", symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, default = "impgal USgal", }, ["m3"] = { _name1 = "cubic metre", _name1_us= "cubic meter", _symbol = "m³", prefix_position= 7, utype = "volume", scale = 1, prefixes = 3, default = "cuft", link = "Cubic metre", }, ["Mbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MMoilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "MMbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["Moilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MTON"] = { name1 = "measurement ton", symbol = "MTON", utype = "volume", scale = 1.13267386368, default = "m3", }, ["MUSgal"] = { name1 = "million US gallons", name1_us = "million U.S. gallons", name2 = "million US gallons", name2_us = "million U.S. gallons", symbol = "million US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "million U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 3785.411784, default = "Ml", link = "US gallon", }, ["oilbbl"] = { name1 = "barrel", symbol = "bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.158987294928, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["stere"] = { symbol = "stere", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 1, default = "cuft", }, ["tmcft"] = { name2 = "tmcft", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", }, ["Tmcft"] = { name1 = "thousand million cubic feet", name2 = "thousand million cubic feet", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", link = "Tmcft", }, ["Toilbbl"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels", name2 = "trillion barrels", symbol = "Tbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["USbbl"] = { name1 = "US barrel", name1_us = "U.S. barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.119240471196, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbeerbbl"] = { name1 = "US beer barrel", name1_us = "U.S. beer barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.117347765304, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbsh"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bsh", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USbu"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bu", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USdrybbl"] = { name1 = "US dry barrel", name1_us = "U.S. dry barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.11562819898508, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USdrygal"] = { name1 = "US dry gallon", name1_us = "U.S. dry gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00440488377086, default = "L", link = "Gallon", }, ["USdrypt"] = { name1 = "US dry pint", name1_us = "U.S. dry pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0005506104713575, default = "ml", link = "Pint", }, ["USdryqt"] = { name1 = "US dry quart", name1_us = "U.S. dry quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001101220942715, default = "ml", link = "Quart", }, ["USflgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US fl gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", }, ["USgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001182941183, default = "ml impoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["USkenning"] = { name1 = "US kenning", name1_us = "U.S. kenning", symbol = "US&nbsp;kenning", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01761953508344, default = "L impgal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["USmin"] = { name1 = "US minim", name1_us = "U.S. minim", symbol = "US&nbsp;min", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;min", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000000061611519921875, default = "ml", link = "Minim (unit)", }, ["USoz"] = { name1 = "US fluid ounce", name1_us = "U.S. fluid ounce", symbol = "US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000295735295625, default = "ml", }, ["USpk"] = { name1 = "US peck", name1_us = "U.S. peck", symbol = "US&nbsp;pk", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00880976754172, default = "L impgal", link = "Peck", }, ["USpt"] = { name1 = "US pint", name1_us = "U.S. pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000473176473, default = "L imppt", link = "Pint", }, ["USqt"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml", link = "Quart", customary= 1, }, ["USquart"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml impoz", link = "Quart", }, ["UStbsp"] = { name1 = "US tablespoon", name1_us = "U.S. tablespoon", symbol = "US&nbsp;tbsp", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 1.4786764781250001e-5, default = "ml", }, ["winecase"] = { symbol = "case", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.009, default = "L", link = "Case (goods)", }, ["*U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["*U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["+USdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", customary= 1, }, ["+usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", link = "Fluid ounce", customary= 1, }, ["+USgal"] = { target = "USgal", customary= 1, }, ["+USoz"] = { target = "USoz", customary= 1, }, ["@impgal"] = { target = "impgal", link = "Gallon", customary= 3, }, ["acre feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre-feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre.foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre.ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre·ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["bushels"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["cid"] = { target = "CID", }, ["ft3"] = { target = "cuft", symbol = "ft³", }, ["gal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["gallon"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})", }, ["gallons"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})", }, ["Gcuft"] = { target = "e9cuft", }, ["impfloz"] = { target = "impoz", }, ["Impgal"] = { target = "impgal", }, ["in3"] = { target = "cuin", symbol = "in³", }, ["hm³"] = { target = "hm3", }, ["kcuft"] = { target = "e3cuft", }, ["kcum"] = { target = "e3m3", }, ["km³"] = { target = "km3", }, ["liter"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["liters"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["litre"] = { target = "L", }, ["litres"] = { target = "L", }, ["Mcuft"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["Mcum"] = { target = "e6m3", }, ["Mft3"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["mi3"] = { target = "cumi", symbol = "mi³", }, ["m³"] = { target = "m3", }, ["Pcuft"] = { target = "e15cuft", }, ["pt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})", }, ["qt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})", }, ["Tcuft"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["Tft3"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["U.S.bbl"] = { target = "USbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.beerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.bsh"] = { target = "USbsh", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.bu"] = { target = "USbu", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.drybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.dryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.flgal"] = { target = "USflgal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.floz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["u.s.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["U.S.gi"] = { target = "USgi", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.kenning"] = { target = "USkenning", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.oz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pk"] = { target = "USpk", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pt"] = { target = "USpt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.qt"] = { target = "USqt", sp_us = true, default = "L impqt", customary= 2, }, ["usbbl"] = { target = "USbbl", }, ["usbeerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", }, ["usbsh"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["usbu"] = { target = "USbu", }, ["usdrybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", }, ["usdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", }, ["usdrypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", }, ["usdryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", }, ["USfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["USGAL"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgi"] = { target = "USgi", }, ["uskenning"] = { target = "USkenning", }, ["usoz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["uspk"] = { target = "USpk", }, ["uspt"] = { target = "USpt", }, ["usqt"] = { target = "USqt", }, ["yd3"] = { target = "cuyd", symbol = "yd³", }, ["cuft/sqmi"] = { per = { "cuft", "sqmi" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["m3/ha"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hectare", name1_us = "cubic meter per hectare", name2 = "cubic metres per hectare", name2_us = "cubic meters per hectare", symbol = "m³/ha", utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 0.0001, default = "USbu/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["m3/km2"] = { per = { "m3", "km2" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "cuft/sqmi", }, ["U.S.gal/acre"] = { per = { "U.S.gal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["USbu/acre"] = { name2 = "US bushels per acre", symbol = "US bushel per acre", usename = 1, utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 8.7077638761350888e-6, default = "m3/ha", link = "Bushel", }, ["USgal/acre"] = { per = { "USgal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["cuyd/mi"] = { per = { "cuyd", "mi" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "m3/km", }, ["m3/km"] = { per = { "m3", "km" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "cuyd/mi", }, ["mich"] = { combination= { "ch", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michlk"] = { combination= { "chlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michainlk"] = { combination= { "chainlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["miyd"] = { combination= { "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["miydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["mift"] = { combination= { "ft", "mi" }, multiple = { 5280 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 12, 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydft"] = { combination= { "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["footin"] = { combination= { "in", "foot" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["handin"] = { combination= { "in", "hand" }, multiple = { 4 }, utype = "length", }, ["lboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb" }, multiple = { 16 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 16, 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["st and lb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["GN LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["LTf STf"] = { combination= { "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["STf LTf"] = { combination= { "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["L/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgUS"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["mpgimp L/100 km"] = { combination= { "mpgimp", "L/100 km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["LT ST t"] = { combination= { "lt", "-ST", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["LT t ST"] = { combination= { "lt", "t", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST LT t"] = { combination= { "-ST", "lt", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST t LT"] = { combination= { "-ST", "t", "lt" }, utype = "mass", }, ["t LT ST"] = { combination= { "t", "lt", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ton"] = { combination= { "LT", "ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["kPa kg/cm2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "kgf/cm2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["kPa lb/in2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "-lb/in2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["floz"] = { combination= { "impoz", "USoz" }, utype = "volume", }, } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local default_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation). ["cm²"] = "sqin", ["dm²"] = "sqin", ["e3acre"] = "km2", ["e3m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6acre"] = "km2", ["e6ha"] = "e6acre", ["e6km2"] = "e6sqmi", ["e6m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6sqft"] = "v * 9.290304 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2", ["e6sqmi"] = "e6km2", ["hm²"] = "acre", ["km²"] = "sqmi", ["mm²"] = "sqin", ["aJ"] = "eV", ["e3BTU"] = "MJ", ["e6BTU"] = "GJ", ["EJ"] = "kWh", ["eV"] = "aJ", ["feV"] = "yJ", ["fJ"] = "keV", ["GeV"] = "nJ", ["GJ"] = "kWh", ["keV"] = "fJ", ["MeV"] = "pJ", ["meV"] = "zJ", ["MJ"] = "kWh", ["neV"] = "yJ", ["PeV"] = "mJ", ["peV"] = "yJ", ["PJ"] = "kWh", ["pJ"] = "MeV", ["TeV"] = "μJ", ["TJ"] = "kWh", ["YJ"] = "kWh", ["yJ"] = "μeV", ["ZJ"] = "kWh", ["zJ"] = "meV", ["μeV"] = "yJ", ["e12cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", ["e12cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d", ["e12m3/a"] = "Tcuft/a", ["e12m3/d"] = "Tcuft/d", ["e3cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e3cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", ["e3cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s", ["e3m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a", ["e3m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d", ["e3m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s", ["e3USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", ["e6cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s", ["e6m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a", ["e6m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d", ["e6m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s", ["e6USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e9cuft/a"] = "m3/a", ["e9cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d", ["e9m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a", ["e9m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d", ["e9m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s", ["e9USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", ["e9USgal/s"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s", ["nN"] = "gr-f", ["μN"] = "gr-f", ["mN"] = "oz-f", ["am"] = "in", ["cm"] = "in", ["dam"] = "ft", ["dm"] = "in", ["e12km"] = "e12mi", ["e12mi"] = "e12km", ["e3AU"] = "ly", ["e3km"] = "e3mi", ["e3mi"] = "e3km", ["e6km"] = "e6mi", ["e6mi"] = "e6km", ["e9km"] = "AU", ["e9mi"] = "e9km", ["Em"] = "mi", ["fm"] = "in", ["Gm"] = "mi", ["hm"] = "ft", ["km"] = "mi", ["mm"] = "in", ["Mm"] = "mi", ["nm"] = "in", ["Pm"] = "mi", ["pm"] = "in", ["Tm"] = "mi", ["Ym"] = "mi", ["ym"] = "in", ["Zm"] = "mi", ["zm"] = "in", ["μm"] = "in", ["e12lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! Mt ! Gt", ["e3lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3ozt"] = "v * 0.311034768 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3t"] = "LT ST", ["e6carat"] = "t", ["e6lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! t ! kilotonne", ["e6ozt"] = "lb kg", ["e6ST"] = "Mt", ["e6t"] = "LT ST", ["e9lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt", ["e9t"] = "LT ST", ["Gg"] = "lb", ["kg"] = "lb", ["mg"] = "gr", ["Mg"] = "LT ST", ["ng"] = "gr", ["μg"] = "gr", ["mBq"] = "fCi", ["kBq"] = "nCi", ["MBq"] = "μCi", ["GBq"] = "mCi", ["TBq"] = "Ci", ["PBq"] = "kCi", ["EBq"] = "kCi", ["fCi"] = "mBq", ["pCi"] = "Bq", ["nCi"] = "Bq", ["μCi"] = "kBq", ["mCi"] = "MBq", ["kCi"] = "TBq", ["MCi"] = "PBq", ["ns"] = "μs", ["μs"] = "ms", ["ms"] = "s", ["ks"] = "h", ["Ms"] = "week", ["Gs"] = "decade", ["Ts"] = "millennium", ["Ps"] = "million year", ["Es"] = "thousand million year", ["MK"] = "keVT", ["cL"] = "impoz usoz", ["cl"] = "impoz usoz", ["cm³"] = "cuin", ["dL"] = "impoz usoz", ["dl"] = "impoz usoz", ["mm³"] = "cuin", ["dm³"] = "cuin", ["e12cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", ["e12impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft", ["e12U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e15cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3", ["e15m3"] = "Pcuft", ["e3bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e3cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3", ["e3impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft", ["e3U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e6bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuyd"] = "v * 7.64554857984 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6L"] = "USgal", ["e6m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft", ["e6U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e9bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft", ["e9U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["GL"] = "cuft", ["Gl"] = "cuft", ["kL"] = "cuft", ["kl"] = "cuft", ["km³"] = "cumi", ["mL"] = "impoz usoz", ["ml"] = "impoz usoz", ["Ml"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["ML"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["TL"] = "cumi", ["Tl"] = "cumi", ["μL"] = "cuin", ["μl"] = "cuin", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local link_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode). ["mm²"] = "Square millimetre", ["cm²"] = "Square centimetre", ["dm²"] = "Square decimetre", ["km²"] = "Square kilometre", ["kJ"] = "Kilojoule", ["MJ"] = "Megajoule", ["GJ"] = "Gigajoule", ["TJ"] = "Terajoule", ["fm"] = "Femtometre", ["pm"] = "Picometre", ["nm"] = "Nanometre", ["μm"] = "Micrometre", ["mm"] = "Millimetre", ["cm"] = "Centimetre", ["dm"] = "Decimetre", ["dam"] = "Decametre", ["hm"] = "Hectometre", ["km"] = "Kilometre", ["Mm"] = "Megametre", ["Gm"] = "Gigametre", ["Tm"] = "Terametre", ["Pm"] = "Petametre", ["Em"] = "Exametre", ["Zm"] = "Zettametre", ["Ym"] = "Yottametre", ["μg"] = "Microgram", ["mg"] = "Milligram", ["kg"] = "Kilogram", ["Mg"] = "Tonne", ["yW"] = "Yoctowatt", ["zW"] = "Zeptowatt", ["aW"] = "Attowatt", ["fW"] = "Femtowatt", ["pW"] = "Picowatt", ["nW"] = "Nanowatt", ["μW"] = "Microwatt", ["mW"] = "Milliwatt", ["kW"] = "Kilowatt", ["MW"] = "Megawatt", ["GW"] = "Gigawatt", ["TW"] = "Terawatt", ["PW"] = "Petawatt", ["EW"] = "Exawatt", ["ZW"] = "Zettawatt", ["YW"] = "Yottawatt", ["as"] = "Attosecond", ["fs"] = "Femtosecond", ["ps"] = "Picosecond", ["ns"] = "Nanosecond", ["μs"] = "Microsecond", ["ms"] = "Millisecond", ["ks"] = "Kilosecond", ["Ms"] = "Megasecond", ["Gs"] = "Gigasecond", ["Ts"] = "Terasecond", ["Ps"] = "Petasecond", ["Es"] = "Exasecond", ["Zs"] = "Zettasecond", ["Ys"] = "Yottasecond", ["mm³"] = "Cubic millimetre", ["cm³"] = "Cubic centimetre", ["dm³"] = "Cubic decimetre", ["dam³"] = "Cubic decametre", ["km³"] = "Cubic kilometre", ["μL"] = "Microlitre", ["μl"] = "Microlitre", ["mL"] = "Millilitre", ["ml"] = "Millilitre", ["cL"] = "Centilitre", ["cl"] = "Centilitre", ["dL"] = "Decilitre", ["dl"] = "Decilitre", ["daL"] = "Decalitre", ["dal"] = "Decalitre", ["hL"] = "Hectolitre", ["hl"] = "Hectolitre", ["kL"] = "Kilolitre", ["kl"] = "Kilolitre", ["ML"] = "Megalitre", ["Ml"] = "Megalitre", ["GL"] = "Gigalitre", ["Gl"] = "Gigalitre", ["TL"] = "Teralitre", ["Tl"] = "Teralitre", ["PL"] = "Petalitre", ["Pl"] = "Petalitre", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local per_unit_fixups = { -- Automatically created per units of form "x/y" may have their unit type -- changed, for example, "length/time" is changed to "speed". -- Other adjustments can also be specified. ["/area"] = "per unit area", ["/volume"] = "per unit volume", ["area/area"] = "area per unit area", ["energy/length"] = "energy per unit length", ["energy/mass"] = "energy per unit mass", ["energy/time"] = { utype = "power", link = "Power (physics)" }, ["energy/volume"] = "energy per unit volume", ["force/area"] = { utype = "pressure", link = "Pressure" }, ["length/length"] = { utype = "gradient", link = "Grade (slope)" }, ["length/time"] = { utype = "speed", link = "Speed" }, ["length/time/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["mass/area"] = { utype = "pressure", multiplier = 9.80665 }, ["mass/length"] = "linear density", ["mass/mass"] = "concentration", ["mass/power"] = "mass per unit power", ["mass/time"] = "mass per unit time", ["mass/volume"] = { utype = "density", link = "Density" }, ["power/mass"] = "power per unit mass", ["power/volume"] = { link = "Power density" }, ["pressure/length"] = "fracture gradient", ["speed/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["volume/area"] = "volume per unit area", ["volume/length"] = "volume per unit length", ["volume/time"] = "flow", } return { all_units = all_units, default_exceptions = default_exceptions, link_exceptions = link_exceptions, per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups, } qp0g4je0vd2kt6iuge4pt2fqrqerd9e 377648 377638 2026-05-15T13:33:01Z Intisar Ali 8681 377648 Scribunto text/plain -- [[Module:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ وارو ڊيٽا، جيڪو mw.loadData() استعمال ڪري ٿو -- ھن ماڊيول تائين فقط پڙھڻ واري رسائي لاءِ، جيئن ھر صفحي تي ھي صرف ھڪ ڀيرو لوڊ ٿئي. -- ٻي وڪي تي نقل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] ڏسو. -- -- ھيٺيان ڊيٽا ٽيبلون شامل آھن: -- all_units ڪنھن به يونٽ جون سڀئي خاصيتون، ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ سميت -- default_exceptions ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جا ڊفالٽ مختلف آھن) -- link_exceptions ڳنڍڻين جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جون ڳنڍڻيون مختلف آھن) -- -- ھي ٽيبلون ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿين ٿيون، جيڪو ھڪ صفحي جي وڪي متن کي پڙھي ٿو -- جيڪو ھر يونٽ جي گھربل خاصيتن جي دستاويزڪاري ڪري ٿو؛ [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]] ڏسو. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ھن ٽيبل جي ڊيٽا ۾ تبديلي نه ڪريو ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اھا ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿئي ٿي -- -- جيڪو وڪي صفحي مان وڪي متن پڙھي ٿو (مٿيون نوٽ ڏسو). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local all_units = { ["Gy"] = { _name1 = "گِرَي", _symbol = "Gy", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "رَيڊ", link = "گِرَي (ايڪو)", }, ["رَيڊ"] = { _name1 = "رَيڊ", _symbol = "رَيڊ", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Gy", link = "رَيڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["cm/سيڪنڊ 2"] = { name1 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "cm/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.01, default = "ft/s2", link = "گئل (ايڪو)", }, ["فٽ/s2"] = { name1 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ft/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s2", }, ["g0"] = { name1 = "معياري ڪشش ثقل", name2 = "معياري ڪشش ثقلون", symbol = "''g''₀", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", }, ["g-فورس"] = { name2 = "''g''", symbol = "''g''", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", link = "g-فورس", }, ["ڪ م/hs"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ڪ م/(h⋅s)", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/s2"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "km/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1000, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ميٽر/s2"] = { name1 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "m/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1, default = "ft/s2", }, ["mph/سيڪنڊ"] = { name1 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "mph/سيڪنڊ", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.44704, default = "ڪ م/hs", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/h/s"] = { target = "ڪ م/hs", }, ["معياري ڪشش ثقل"] = { target = "g0", }, ["1000چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", name2 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", symbol = "1000 چ.فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 92.90304, default = "m2", link = "چورس فٽ", }, ["a"] = { _name1 = "ايراضي", _symbol = "a", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 100, prefixes = 1, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "ھيڪٽر#ايڪڙ", }, ["ايڪڙ"] = { symbol = "ايڪڙ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 4046.8564224, default = "ha", subdivs = { ["رُوڊ"] = { 4, default = "ha" }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { 160, default = "ha" } }, }, ["اَيڪَڙُ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آرپينٽ"] = { symbol = "آرپينٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3418.89, default = "ha", }, ["cda"] = { name1 = "ڪويردا", symbol = "cda", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3930.395625, default = "ha ايڪڙ", }, ["daa"] = { name1 = "ڊَيڪَر", symbol = "daa", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", link = "دُونَم", }, ["ha"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["هَيڪٽَر"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آئرش ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "آئرش ايڪڙ", symbol = "آئرش&nbsp;اَيڪَڙَ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 6555.2385024, default = "ha", link = "ايڪڙ (آئرش)", }, ["m2"] = { _name1 = "چورس ميٽر", _name1_us= "چورس ميٽر", _symbol = "m²", prefix_position= 8, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1, prefixes = 2, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "چورس ميٽر", }, ["پَونڊِيمَاٽُ"] = { name1 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", name2 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽَ", symbol = "پونڊ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3674.363358816, default = "ميٽر2", link = ":nl:پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["پِيَونگ"] = { name2 = "پِيَونگ", symbol = "پِيَونگ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["رائي"] = { name2 = "رائي", symbol = "رائي", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1600, default = "ميٽر2", link = "رائي (ايڪو)", }, ["رُوڊ"] = { symbol = "رُوڊ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1011.7141056, default = "چ.فٽ چ.ميٽر", subdivs = { ["چ.پرچ"] = { 40, default = "m2" } }, link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ", name2 = "چورس فٽ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فُٽُ", name2 = "چورس فُٽَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { name1 = "چورس اِنچُ", name2 = "چورس اِنچَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.00064516, default = "2سينٽي ميٽر", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;ميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 2589988.110336, default = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["sqnميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;nميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3429904, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { name2 = "پَرچَ", symbol = "پَرچُ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 25.29285264, default = "m2", link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)#ايراضي ۽ حجم", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { symbol = "چورس ويرسٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1138062.24, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { name1 = "چورس گز", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;گز", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.83612736, default = "چ.ميل", }, ["ٽُسُوبَو"] = { name2 = "ٽُسُوبَو", symbol = "ٽُسُوبَو", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "چ.ميل", link = "جپاني ماپ جو ايڪو#ايراصي", }, ["اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["are"] = { target = "a", }, ["ڊيڪر"] = { target = "daa", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", symbol = "فٽ²", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { target = "چ.انچ", symbol = "انچ²", }, ["ڪ م²"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", symbol = "ميل²", }, ["ملين ايڪڙ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين ھيڪٽر"] = { target = "e6ھيڪٽر", }, ["ميل²"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["nميل2"] = { target = "چورسnميل", }, ["پونڊ"] = { target = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["چ. آرپ"] = { target = "آرپينٽ", }, ["چ.ڪ م"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["چورس ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { target = "چ.گز", symbol = "گز²", }, ["چ.ميٽر/ھيڪٽر"] = { name1 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name1_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", symbol = "ميٽر²/ھيڪٽر", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 0.0001, default = "چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", name2 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ/ايڪڙ", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 2.295684113865932e-5, default = "m2/ھيڪٽر", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["سينٽ"] = { name1 = "سينٽ", symbol = "¢", utype = "سينٽ", scale = 1, default = "سينٽ", link = "سينٽ (ڪرنسي)", }, ["¢"] = { target = "سينٽ", }, ["A.h"] = { name1 = "ايمپيئر ڪلاڪ", symbol = "A⋅h", utype = "چارج", scale = 3600, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["ڪولمب"] = { _name1 = "ڪولمب", _symbol = "C", utype = "چارج", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "e", link = "ڪولمب", }, ["e"] = { name1 = "ايليميٽري چارج", symbol = "''e''", utype = "چارج", scale = 1.602176634e-19, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["g-مول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "g&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gمول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "gمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kمول"] = { name1 = "ڪلومول", symbol = "kمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1000, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["lb-مول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lb&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["lbمول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lbمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["مول"] = { name1 = "مول", symbol = "مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", name2 ="ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام(CO₂)/L", utype = "co2 يونٽ حجم", scale = 1000, default = "lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائُونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائُونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lbCO2/آمريڪي&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "co2 حجم ايڪو", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["اونس/پائونڊ"] = { per = { "اونس", "پائونڊ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "م.گ/ڪ.گ", }, ["م.گ/ڪ.گ"] = { per = { "م.گ", "ڪ.گ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "اونس/پائونڊ", }, ["g/dm3"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "گرام/ڊيسي ميٽر³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "ڪ گ/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "گرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/mL"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/mL", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/ml"] = { name1 = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/ml", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/dm3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/dm³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/ميٽر3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/m³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 16.018463373960142, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ گز"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ گز", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ گز", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;گز", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.5932764212577829, default = "ڪلوگرام/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/امپيريل گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في امپيريل گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في امپيريل گئلن", symbol = "lb/امپيريل&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 99.776372663101697, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/انچ3"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي بشيل"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي بشيل", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي بشيل", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;بشيل", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 12.871859780974471, default = "ڪلوگرام/m3", link = "بشيل", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ملي گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "mg/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "اونسُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "اونسَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1729.9940443876951, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/cm3"] = { per = { "گرام", "cm3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["Mملي گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["ملي گرام/لٽر"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/dL"] = { per = { "μg", "dL" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/لٽر"] = { per = { "μg", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["پائونڊ/فٽ3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["پائونڊ/گز3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ گز", }, ["lbm/انچ3"] = { target = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["mcg/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["اونس/انچ3"] = { target = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["ug/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["ug/لٽر"] = { target = "μg/لٽر", }, ["بي.او.ٽِي.يُو."] = { name1 = "بورڊ آف ٽريڊ يونٽ", symbol = "بي.او.ٽي.يُو.", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["ببوئي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "ببوئي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "GJ", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بي ٽي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽي يو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بي ٽي يو_39°F", utype = "انرجي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بي ٽي يُو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ترمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بي ٽي يُو_39°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1059.67, default = "kJ", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["BTU-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (59°F)", symbol = "BTU_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "kJ", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["Btu-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", symbol = "Btu_59°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.804, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["BTU-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "BTU_60°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.68, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "Btu_60°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.68, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["BTU-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "BTU_63°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.6, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "Btu_63°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.6, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["BTU-ISO"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (ISO)", name2 = "British thermal units (ISO)", symbol = "BTU_ISO", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.056, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-ISO"] = { target = "BTU-ISO", }, ["BTU-IT"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (IT)", name2 = "British thermal units (IT)", symbol = "BTU_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-IT"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (IT)", name2 = "British thermal units (IT)", symbol = "Btu_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["BTU-mean"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (mean)", name2 = "British thermal units (mean)", symbol = "BTU_mean", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.87, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-mean"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (mean)", name2 = "British thermal units (mean)", symbol = "Btu_mean", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.87, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["BTU-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal units (thermochemical)", symbol = "BTU_th", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Btu-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal units (thermochemical)", symbol = "Btu_th", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "kJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Cal"] = { name1 = "calorie", symbol = "Cal", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "kJ", }, ["cal"] = { name1 = "calorie", symbol = "cal", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184, default = "J", }, ["Cal-15"] = { name1 = "Calorie (15°C)", name2 = "Calories (15°C)", symbol = "Cal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4185.8, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal-15"] = { name1 = "calorie (15°C)", name2 = "calories (15°C)", symbol = "cal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1858, default = "J", link = "Calorie", }, ["Cal-IT"] = { name1 = "Calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "Calories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Cal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4186.8, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal-IT"] = { name1 = "calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "calories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "cal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868, default = "J", link = "Calorie", }, ["Cal-th"] = { name1 = "Calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "Calories (thermochemical)", symbol = "Cal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal-th"] = { name1 = "calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "calories (thermochemical)", symbol = "cal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184, default = "J", link = "Calorie", }, ["CHU-IT"] = { name1 = "Celsius heat unit (International Table)", name2 = "Celsius heat units (International Table)", symbol = "CHU_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 1899.100534716, default = "kJ", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cufootnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic foot of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "MJ", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cuftnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic feet of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "MJ", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["Eh"] = { name1 = "Hartree", symbol = "''E''_h", utype = "energy", scale = 4.35974417e-18, default = "eV", }, ["erg"] = { symbol = "erg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0000001, default = "μJ", }, ["eV"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy", scale = 1.602176634e-19, prefixes = 1, default = "aJ", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["foe"] = { symbol = "foe", utype = "energy", scale = 1e44, default = "YJ", link = "Foe (unit)", }, ["ftlb"] = { name1 = "foot-pound", symbol = "ft⋅lb", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlb-f"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlbf"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lbf", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftpdl"] = { name1 = "foot-poundal", symbol = "ft⋅pdl", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0421401100938048, default = "J", }, ["gTNT"] = { name2 = "grams of TNT", symbol = "gram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "kJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Gtoe"] = { name1 = "gigatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "gigatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Gtoe", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868e19, default = "EJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["GtonTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatons of TNT", symbol = "gigaton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GtTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatonnes of TNT", symbol = "gigatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GW.h"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["GWh"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["hph"] = { name1 = "horsepower-hour", symbol = "hp⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 2684519.537696172792, default = "kWh", link = "Horsepower", }, ["inlb"] = { name1 = "inch-pound", symbol = "in⋅lb", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mJ", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlb-f"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lb_f", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mJ", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlbf"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lbf", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mJ", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inoz-f"] = { name1 = "inch-ounce force", name2 = "inch-ounces force", symbol = "in⋅oz_f", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "mJ", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inozf"] = { name1 = "inch-ounce force", name2 = "inch-ounces force", symbol = "in⋅ozf", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "mJ", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["J"] = { _name1 = "joule", _symbol = "J", utype = "energy", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "cal", link = "Joule", }, ["kBOE"] = { name1 = "kilo barrel of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilo barrels of oil equivalent", symbol = "kBOE", utype = "energy", scale = 6.1178632e12, default = "TJ", link = "Barrel of oil equivalent", }, ["kcal"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie", symbol = "kcal", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["kcal-15"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (15°C)", name2 = "kilocalories (15°C)", symbol = "kcal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4185.8, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["kcal-IT"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "kilocalories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "kcal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4186.8, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["kcal-th"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "kilocalories (thermochemical)", symbol = "kcal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "kJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["kerg"] = { name1 = "kiloerg", symbol = "kerg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0001, default = "mJ", link = "Erg", }, ["kgTNT"] = { name2 = "kilograms of TNT", symbol = "kilogram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", name1_us = "kiloton", symbol = "kt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktoe"] = { name1 = "kilotonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilotonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "ktoe", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868e13, default = "TJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["ktonTNT"] = { name1 = "kiloton of TNT", name2 = "kilotons of TNT", symbol = "kt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kW.h"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000, default = "MJ", }, ["kWh"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000, default = "MJ", }, ["Mcal"] = { name1 = "megacalorie", symbol = "Mcal", utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal"] = { name1 = "millicalorie", symbol = "mcal", utype = "energy", scale = 0.004184, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Mcal-15"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (15°C)", name2 = "megacalories (15°C)", symbol = "Mcal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4185800, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal-15"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (15°C)", name2 = "millicalories (15°C)", symbol = "mcal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0041858, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "megacalories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Mcal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4186800, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "millicalories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "mcal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0041868, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Mcal-th"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "megacalories (thermochemical)", symbol = "Mcal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal-th"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "millicalories (thermochemical)", symbol = "mcal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 0.004184, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Merg"] = { name1 = "megaerg", symbol = "Merg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.1, default = "J", link = "Erg", }, ["merg"] = { name1 = "millierg", symbol = "merg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "μJ", link = "Erg", }, ["MMBtu"] = { name1 = "million British thermal units", name2 = "million British thermal units", symbol = "MMBtu", utype = "energy", scale = 1055055852.62, default = "GJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Mt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "megatonne", name1_us = "megaton", symbol = "Mt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e15, default = "PJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Mtoe"] = { name1 = "megatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "megatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Mtoe", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868e16, default = "PJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT"] = { name1 = "megaton of TNT", name2 = "megatons of TNT", symbol = "Mt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e15, default = "PJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtonTNT"] = { name2 = "millitons of TNT", symbol = "milliton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT", symbol = "megatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e15, default = "PJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtTNT"] = { name2 = "millitonnes of TNT", symbol = "millitonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MW.h"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mW.h"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["MWh"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mWh"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["PSh"] = { name1 = "Pferdestärkenstunde", symbol = "PSh", utype = "energy", scale = 2647795.5, default = "kWh", }, ["quad"] = { name1 = "quadrillion British thermal units", name2 = "quadrillion British thermal units", symbol = "quad", utype = "energy", scale = 1.054804e18, default = "EJ", link = "Quad (unit)", }, ["Ry"] = { name1 = "rydberg", symbol = "Ry", utype = "energy", scale = 2.1798741e-18, default = "eV", link = "Rydberg constant", }, ["scf"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic feet", symbol = "scf", utype = "energy", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["scfoot"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic foot", symbol = "scf", utype = "energy", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["t(TNT)"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "ton", symbol = "t", utype = "energy", scale = 4184000000, default = "GJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["th"] = { name1 = "thermie", symbol = "th", utype = "energy", scale = 4186800, default = "MJ", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["thm-EC"] = { name1 = "therm (EC)", name2 = "therms (EC)", symbol = "thm (EC)", utype = "energy", scale = 105506000, default = "MJ", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-UK"] = { name1 = "therm (UK)", name2 = "therms (UK)", symbol = "thm (UK)", utype = "energy", scale = 105505585.257348, default = "MJ", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-US"] = { name1 = "therm (US)", name1_us = "therm (U.S.)", name2 = "therms (US)", name2_us = "therms (U.S.)", symbol = "thm (US)", sym_us = "thm (U.S.)", utype = "energy", scale = 105480400, default = "MJ", link = "Therm", }, ["toe"] = { name1 = "tonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "tonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "toe", utype = "energy", scale = 41868000000, default = "GJ", }, ["tonTNT"] = { name2 = "tons of TNT", symbol = "ton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000000, default = "GJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["tTNT"] = { name2 = "tonnes of TNT", symbol = "tonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000000, default = "GJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtonTNT"] = { name2 = "teratons of TNT", symbol = "teraton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e21, default = "ZJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtTNT"] = { name2 = "teratonnes of TNT", symbol = "teratonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e21, default = "ZJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TW.h"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e15, default = "PJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["TWh"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e15, default = "PJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["W.h"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "W⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3600, default = "kJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["Wh"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "Wh", utype = "energy", scale = 3600, default = "kJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μerg"] = { name1 = "microerg", symbol = "μerg", utype = "energy", scale = 1e-13, default = "nJ", link = "Erg", }, ["μW.h"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0036, default = "mJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μWh"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μWh", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0036, default = "mJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["-kW.h"] = { target = "kW.h", link = "Kilowatt hour", }, ["btu"] = { target = "BTU", }, ["Calorie"] = { target = "Cal", }, ["ft.lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["ft·lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["g-cal-15"] = { target = "cal-15", }, ["g-cal-IT"] = { target = "cal-IT", }, ["g-cal-th"] = { target = "cal-th", }, ["g-kcal-15"] = { target = "kcal-15", }, ["g-kcal-IT"] = { target = "kcal-IT", }, ["g-kcal-th"] = { target = "kcal-th", }, ["g-Mcal-15"] = { target = "Mcal-15", }, ["g-mcal-15"] = { target = "mcal-15", }, ["g-Mcal-IT"] = { target = "Mcal-IT", }, ["g-mcal-IT"] = { target = "mcal-IT", }, ["g-Mcal-th"] = { target = "Mcal-th", }, ["g-mcal-th"] = { target = "mcal-th", }, ["GW-h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["GW·h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["Hartree"] = { target = "Eh", }, ["hp.h"] = { target = "hph", }, ["in.lb-f"] = { target = "inlb-f", }, ["in.lbf"] = { target = "inlbf", }, ["in.oz-f"] = { target = "inoz-f", }, ["in.ozf"] = { target = "inozf", }, ["kbboe"] = { target = "kBOE", symbol = "kbboe", }, ["kg-cal-15"] = { target = "Cal-15", }, ["kg-cal-IT"] = { target = "Cal-IT", }, ["kg-cal-th"] = { target = "Cal-th", }, ["kW-h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["kW·h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["MW-h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["mW-h"] = { target = "mW.h", }, ["MW·h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["TW-h"] = { target = "TW.h", }, ["uerg"] = { target = "μerg", }, ["uW-h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uW.h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uWh"] = { target = "μWh", }, ["W-h"] = { target = "W.h", }, ["eVpar"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy per chemical amount", scale = 96485.332123310014, prefixes = 1, default = "kcal/mol", defkey = "eVpar", linkey = "eVpar", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["kcal/mol"] = { per = { "kcal", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "kJ/mol", link = "Kilocalorie per mole", }, ["kJ/mol"] = { per = { "kJ", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "kcal/mol", link = "Joule per mole", }, ["kWh/100 km"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 36, default = "MJ/km kWh/mi", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["kWh/100 mi"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 miles", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 miles", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;mi", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 22.3694, default = "mpge", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["MJ/100 km"] = { name1 = "megajoule per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "megajoule per 100 kilometers", name2 = "megajoules per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "megajoules per 100 kilometers", symbol = "MJ/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 10, default = "BTU/mi", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["mpge"] = { name1 = "mile per gallon gasoline equivalent", name2 = "miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", symbol = "mpg&#8209;e", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 1.3263314048360777e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "kWh/100 mi", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["BTU/mi"] = { per = { "BTU", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "v > 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km", }, ["kJ/km"] = { per = { "kJ", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["kWh/km"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "MJ/km kWh/mi", }, ["kWh/mi"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "kWh/km MJ/km", }, ["MJ/km"] = { per = { "MJ", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["mpg-e"] = { target = "mpge", }, ["BTU/lb"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit per pound", name2 = "British thermal units per pound", symbol = "BTU/lb", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 2326, default = "kJ/kg", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["cal/g"] = { name1 = "calorie per gram", name2 = "calories per gram", symbol = "cal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184, default = "J/g", }, ["GJ/kg"] = { name1 = "gigajoule per kilogram", name2 = "gigajoules per kilogram", symbol = "GJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e9, default = "ktTNT/t", link = "Specific energy", }, ["J/g"] = { name1 = "joule per gram", name2 = "joules per gram", symbol = "J/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["kcal/g"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per gram", name2 = "kilocalories per gram", symbol = "kcal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000, default = "kJ/g", }, ["kJ/g"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per gram", name2 = "kilojoules per gram", symbol = "kJ/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["kJ/kg"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per kilogram", name2 = "kilojoules per kilogram", symbol = "kJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "BTU/lb", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ktonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "kilotons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "kiloton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "GJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT/t"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "GJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "megaton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "megatonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TJ/kg"] = { name1 = "terajoule per kilogram", name2 = "terajoules per kilogram", symbol = "TJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e12, default = "MtTNT/MT", link = "Specific energy", }, ["Cal/g"] = { per = { "Cal", "g" }, utype = "energy per unit mass", default = "kJ/g", }, ["BTU/cuft"] = { per = { "BTU", "cuft" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "kJ/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(mL)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(mL)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "kJ/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(ml)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(ml)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "kJ/l", }, ["Cal/12USozserve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USozserve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "kJ/L", }, ["Cal/USoz"] = { per = { "Cal", "USoz" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "kJ/ml", }, ["kJ/L"] = { per = { "kJ", "L" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["kJ/l"] = { per = { "kJ", "ll" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["kJ/ml"] = { per = { "kJ", "ml" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "Cal/USoz", }, ["MJ/m3"] = { per = { "MJ", "m3" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["Sv"] = { _name1 = "sievert", _symbol = "Sv", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "rem", link = "Sievert", }, ["rem"] = { _name1 = "rem", _symbol = "rem", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Sv", link = "Roentgen equivalent man", }, ["g/km"] = { name1 = "gram per kilometre", name1_us = "gram per kilometer", name2 = "grams per kilometre", name2_us = "grams per kilometer", symbol = "g/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "oz/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["g/mi"] = { name1 = "gram per mile", name2 = "grams per mile", symbol = "g/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "g/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["gCO2/km"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "gram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "grams of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "g(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "ozCO2/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["gCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "g(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "gCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["kg/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms per kilometer", symbol = "kg/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["kgCO2/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "kg(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lbCO2/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["lb/mi"] = { name1 = "pound per mile", name2 = "pounds per mile", symbol = "lb/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kg/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["lbCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "pound of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "pounds of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "lb(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kgCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["oz/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce per mile", name2 = "ounces per mile", symbol = "oz/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "g/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["ozCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "ounces of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "oz(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "gCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["cuft/a"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per annum", name2 = "cubic feet per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/a", utype = "flow", scale = 8.9730672142368242e-10, default = "m3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/d"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per day", name2 = "cubic feet per day", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/d", utype = "flow", scale = 3.2774128000000003e-7, default = "m3/d", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/h"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per hour", name2 = "cubic feet per hour", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/h", utype = "flow", scale = 7.8657907200000004e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/min"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per minute", name2 = "cubic feet per minute", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/min", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00047194744319999999, default = "m3/min", }, ["cuft/s"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per second", name2 = "cubic feet per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/s", utype = "flow", scale = 28316846592e-12, default = "m3/s", }, ["cumi/a"] = { name1 = "cubic mile per annum", name2 = "cubic miles per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi/a", utype = "flow", scale = 132.08171170940057, default = "km3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/h"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per hour", name2 = "cubic yards per hour", symbol = "cuyd/h", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00021237634944000001, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/s"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per second", name2 = "cubic yards per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.76455485798400002, default = "m3/s", }, ["Goilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "billion barrels per year", name2 = "billion barrels per year", symbol = "Gbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933836, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["impgal/h"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per hour", name2 = "imperial gallons per hour", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.2628027777777779e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", }, ["impgal/min"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per minute", name2 = "imperial gallons per minute", symbol = "imp gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 7.5768166666666671e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["impgal/s"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per second", name2 = "imperial gallons per second", symbol = "impgal/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00454609, default = "m3/s", link = "Imperial gallons per second", }, ["km3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per annum", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per annum", name2 = "cubic kilometres per annum", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per annum", symbol = "km³/a", utype = "flow", scale = 31.68808781402895, default = "cumi/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["km3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per day", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per day", name2 = "cubic kilometres per day", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per day", symbol = "km³/d", utype = "flow", scale = 11574.074074074075, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["koilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per year", name2 = "thousand barrels per year", symbol = "kbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-6, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["koilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per day", name2 = "thousand barrels per day", symbol = "kbbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 0.0018401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["L/h"] = { name1 = "litre per hour", name1_us = "liter per hour", name2 = "litres per hour", name2_us = "liters per hour", symbol = "L/h", utype = "flow", scale = 2.7777777777777776e-7, default = "impgal/h USgal/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/min"] = { name1 = "litre per minute", name1_us = "liter per minute", name2 = "litres per minute", name2_us = "liters per minute", symbol = "L/min", utype = "flow", scale = 1.6666666666666667e-5, default = "impgal/min USgal/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/s"] = { name1 = "litre per second", name1_us = "liter per second", name2 = "litres per second", name2_us = "liters per second", symbol = "L/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.001, default = "cuft/s", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per annum", name1_us = "cubic meter per annum", name2 = "cubic metres per annum", name2_us = "cubic meters per annum", symbol = "m³/a", utype = "flow", scale = 3.1688087814028947e-8, default = "cuft/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per day", name1_us = "cubic meter per day", name2 = "cubic metres per day", name2_us = "cubic meters per day", symbol = "m³/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/h"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hour", name1_us = "cubic meter per hour", name2 = "cubic metres per hour", name2_us = "cubic meters per hour", symbol = "m³/h", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "cuft/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/min"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per minute", name1_us = "cubic meter per minute", name2 = "cubic metres per minute", name2_us = "cubic meters per minute", symbol = "m³/min", utype = "flow", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "cuft/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/s"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per second", name1_us = "cubic meter per second", name2 = "cubic metres per second", name2_us = "cubic meters per second", symbol = "m³/s", utype = "flow", scale = 1, default = "cuft/s", }, ["Moilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "million barrels per year", name2 = "million barrels per year", symbol = "Mbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 0.0050380033629933837, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["Moilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "million barrels per day", name2 = "million barrels per day", symbol = "Mbbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.8401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "barrel per year", name2 = "barrels per year", symbol = "bbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-9, default = "m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "barrel per day", name2 = "barrels per day", symbol = "bbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.8401307283333336e-6, default = "m3/d", }, ["Toilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels per year", name2 = "trillion barrels per year", symbol = "Tbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5038.0033629933832, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["U.S.gal/d"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per day", name2 = "U.S. gallons per day", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "flow", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", customary= 1, }, ["U.S.gal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", customary= 2, }, ["U.S.gal/min"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per minute", name2 = "U.S. gallons per minute", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal/a"] = { name1 = "US gallon per year", name2 = "US gallons per year", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/a", utype = "flow", scale = 1.1995246102365199e-10, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/d"] = { name1 = "US gallon per day", name2 = "US gallons per day", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "flow", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", customary= 1, }, ["USgal/min"] = { name1 = "US gallon per minute", name2 = "US gallons per minute", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal/s"] = { name1 = "US gallon per second", name1_us = "U.S. gallon per second", name2 = "US gallons per second", name2_us = "U.S. gallons per second", symbol = "USgal/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "m3/s", link = "US gallons per second", }, ["ft3/a"] = { target = "cuft/a", }, ["ft3/d"] = { target = "cuft/d", }, ["ft3/h"] = { target = "cuft/h", }, ["ft3/s"] = { target = "cuft/s", }, ["Gcuft/a"] = { target = "e9cuft/a", }, ["Gcuft/d"] = { target = "e9cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/a"] = { target = "e3cuft/a", }, ["kcuft/d"] = { target = "e3cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/s"] = { target = "e3cuft/s", }, ["Mcuft/a"] = { target = "e6cuft/a", }, ["Mcuft/d"] = { target = "e6cuft/d", }, ["Mcuft/s"] = { target = "e6cuft/s", }, ["m³/s"] = { target = "m3/s", }, ["Tcuft/a"] = { target = "e12cuft/a", }, ["Tcuft/d"] = { target = "e12cuft/d", }, ["u.s.gal/min"] = { target = "U.S.gal/min", }, ["usgal/min"] = { target = "USgal/min", }, ["-LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["-STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["dyn"] = { name1 = "dyne", symbol = "dyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00001, default = "gr-f", }, ["g-f"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "g_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gf"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "gf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN ozf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gr-f"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "gr_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["grf"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "grf", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["kdyn"] = { name1 = "kilodyne", symbol = "kdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.01, default = "oz-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["kg-f"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kg_f", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", }, ["kgf"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kgf", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lbf", }, ["kp"] = { name1 = "kilopond", symbol = "kp", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["L/T-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["L/Tf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["lb-f"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lb_f", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lbf"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lbf", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lb(f)"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["LT-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LT_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["Mdyn"] = { name1 = "megadyne", symbol = "Mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 10, default = "lb-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mdyn"] = { name1 = "millidyne", symbol = "mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000001, default = "gr-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mg-f"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mg_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mgf"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mgf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN grf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["Mp"] = { name1 = "megapond", symbol = "Mp", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mp"] = { name1 = "millipond", symbol = "mp", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["N"] = { _name1 = "newton", _symbol = "N", utype = "force", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lb-f", link = "Newton (unit)", }, ["oz-f"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "oz_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["ozf"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "ozf", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["p"] = { name1 = "pond", symbol = "p", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["pdl"] = { name1 = "poundal", symbol = "pdl", utype = "force", scale = 0.138254954376, default = "N", }, ["S/T-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["S/Tf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["ST-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "ST_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["t-f"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "t_f", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["tf"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "tf", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LTf STf", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["dyne"] = { target = "dyn", }, ["newtons"] = { target = "N", }, ["poundal"] = { target = "pdl", }, ["tonne-force"] = { target = "tf", }, ["impgal/mi"] = { per = { "@impgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km USgal/mi", }, ["km/L"] = { per = { "km", "L" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["km/l"] = { per = { "km", "ll" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["L/100 km"] = { per = { "L", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["l/100 km"] = { per = { "ll", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["L/km"] = { per = { "L", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["l/km"] = { per = { "ll", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["mi/impqt"] = { per = { "mi", "impqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/U.S.qt"] = { per = { "mi", "U.S.qt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/USqt"] = { per = { "mi", "USqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/usqt"] = { per = { "mi", "usqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mpgimp"] = { per = { "mi", "@impgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;imp", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]}", }, ["mpgus"] = { per = { "mi", "+USgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;US", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgimp", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]}", }, ["U.S.gal/mi"] = { per = { "*U.S.gal", "mi" }, sp_us = true, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["usgal/mi"] = { per = { "+USgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["L/100km"] = { target = "L/100 km", }, ["l/100km"] = { target = "l/100 km", }, ["mpg"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})", }, ["mpgU.S."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgu.s."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgUS"] = { target = "mpgus", }, ["USgal/mi"] = { target = "usgal/mi", }, ["kPa/m"] = { per = { "kPa", "-m-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "psi/ft", }, ["psi/ft"] = { per = { "psi", "-ft-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "kPa/m", }, ["cm/km"] = { name1 = "centimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "centimeter per kilometer", name2 = "centimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "centimeters per kilometer", symbol = "cm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/mi"] = { name1 = "foot per mile", name2 = "feet per mile", symbol = "ft/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00018939393939393939, default = "v < 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/nmi"] = { name1 = "foot per nautical mile", name2 = "feet per nautical mile", symbol = "ft/nmi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00016457883369330455, default = "v < 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/ft"] = { name1 = "inch per foot", name2 = "inches per foot", symbol = "in/ft", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.083333333333333329, default = "mm/m", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/mi"] = { name1 = "inch per mile", name2 = "inches per mile", symbol = "in/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 1.5782828282828283e-5, default = "v < 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["m/km"] = { name1 = "metre per kilometre", name1_us = "meter per kilometer", name2 = "metres per kilometre", name2_us = "meters per kilometer", symbol = "m/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/km"] = { name1 = "millimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "millimeter per kilometer", name2 = "millimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "millimeters per kilometer", symbol = "mm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.000001, default = "in/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/m"] = { name1 = "millimetre per metre", name1_us = "millimeter per meter", name2 = "millimetres per metre", name2_us = "millimeters per meter", symbol = "mm/m", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "in/ft", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["admi"] = { name1 = "admiralty mile", symbol = "nmi&nbsp;(admiralty)", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["AU"] = { name1 = "astronomical unit", symbol = "AU", utype = "length", scale = 149597870700, default = "km mi", }, ["Brnmi"] = { name1 = "British nautical mile", symbol = "(Brit)&nbsp;nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["bu"] = { name2 = "bu", symbol = "bu", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0030303030303030303, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["ch"] = { name1 = "chain", symbol = "ch", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chlk"] = { name1 = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|ch]]", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["chain"] = { symbol = "chain", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chainlk"] = { symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["dpcm"] = { name2 = "dot/cm", symbol = "dot/cm", utype = "length", scale = 100, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "dpi", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["dpi"] = { name2 = "DPI", symbol = "DPI", utype = "length", scale = 39.370078740157481, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["fathom"] = { symbol = "fathom", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1.8288, default = "ft m", }, ["foot"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "foot", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["ft"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "feet", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["furlong"] = { symbol = "furlong", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 201.168, default = "ft m", }, ["Gly"] = { name1 = "gigalight-year", symbol = "Gly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e24, default = "Mpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Gpc"] = { name1 = "gigaparsec", symbol = "Gpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e25, default = "Gly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["hand"] = { name1 = "hand", symbol = "h", utype = "length", builtin = "hand", scale = 0.1016, iscomplex= true, default = "in cm", link = "Hand (unit)", }, ["in"] = { name1 = "inch", name2 = "inches", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, exception= "subunit_more_precision", default = "mm", }, ["inabbreviated"] = { name2 = "in", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, default = "mm", link = "Inch", }, ["kly"] = { name1 = "kilolight-year", symbol = "kly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e18, default = "pc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["kpc"] = { name1 = "kiloparsec", symbol = "kpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e19, default = "kly", link = "Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs", }, ["LD"] = { name1 = "lunar distance", symbol = "LD", utype = "length", scale = 384403000, default = "km mi", link = "Lunar distance (astronomy)", }, ["league"] = { symbol = "league", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 4828.032, default = "km", link = "League (unit)", }, ["ly"] = { name1 = "light-year", symbol = "ly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e15, default = "AU", }, ["m"] = { _name1 = "metre", _name1_us= "meter", _symbol = "m", utype = "length", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v > 0 and v < 3 ! ftin ! ft", link = "Metre", }, ["mi"] = { name1 = "mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["ch"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chainlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["ft"] = { 5280, default = "km" }, ["furlong"] = { 8, default = "km" }, ["yd"] = { 1760, default = "km" } }, }, ["mil"] = { symbol = "mil", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["Mly"] = { name1 = "megalight-year", symbol = "Mly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e21, default = "kpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Mpc"] = { name1 = "megaparsec", symbol = "Mpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e22, default = "Mly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["NM"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "NM", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["nmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUKnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUSnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", }, ["pc"] = { name1 = "parsec", symbol = "pc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e16, default = "ly", }, ["perch"] = { name2 = "perches", symbol = "perch", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pitch"] = { name2 = "μm", symbol = "μm", utype = "length", scale = 1e-6, default = "dpi", defkey = "pitch", linkey = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["pole"] = { symbol = "pole", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pre1954U.S.nmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["pre1954USnmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;US) nautical mile", name1_us = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;US) nmi", sym_us = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["rd"] = { name1 = "rod", symbol = "rd", utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["royal cubit"] = { name1 = "royal cubit", symbol = "cu", utype = "length", scale = 0.524, default = "mm", }, ["rtkm"] = { name1 = "route kilometre", name1_us = "route kilometer", symbol = "km", utype = "length", scale = 1000, default = "mi", link = "Kilometre", }, ["rtmi"] = { name1 = "route mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", link = "Mile", }, ["shaku"] = { name2 = "shaku", symbol = "shaku", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.30303030303030304, default = "m", link = "Shaku (unit)", }, ["sm"] = { name1 = "smoot", symbol = "sm", utype = "length", scale = 1.70180, default = "m", link = "Smoot (unit)", }, ["smi"] = { name1 = "statute mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" } }, }, ["solar radius"] = { name1 = "solar radius", name2 = "solar radii", symbol = "''R''_☉", utype = "length", scale = 695700e3, default = "km", }, ["sun"] = { name2 = "sun", symbol = "sun", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.030303030303030304, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["thou"] = { name2 = "thou", symbol = "thou", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["verst"] = { symbol = "verst", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1066.8, default = "km mi", }, ["yd"] = { name1 = "yard", symbol = "yd", utype = "length", scale = 0.9144, default = "m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 3, default = "m" } }, }, ["μin"] = { name1 = "microinch", name2 = "microinches", symbol = "μin", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000254, default = "nm", link = "SI prefix#Non-metric units", }, ["Å"] = { name1 = "ångström", symbol = "Å", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "in", }, ["Hz"] = { _name1 = "hertz", _name2 = "hertz", _symbol = "Hz", utype = "length", scale = 3.3356409519815204e-9, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, prefixes = 1, default = "m", link = "Hertz", }, ["rpm"] = { name1 = "revolution per minute", name2 = "revolutions per minute", symbol = "rpm", utype = "length", scale = 5.5594015866358675e-11, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "Hz", link = "Revolutions per minute", }, ["-ft-frac"] = { target = "ft", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-in-stiff"] = { target = "in", link = "Stiffness", }, ["-m-frac"] = { target = "m", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-m-stiff"] = { target = "m", link = "Stiffness", }, ["100km"] = { target = "km", multiplier= 100, }, ["100mi"] = { target = "mi", multiplier= 100, }, ["100miles"] = { target = "mi", symbol = "miles", multiplier= 100, }, ["admiralty nmi"] = { target = "oldUKnmi", }, ["angstrom"] = { target = "Å", }, ["au"] = { target = "AU", symbol = "au", }, ["feet"] = { target = "ft", }, ["hands"] = { target = "hand", }, ["inch"] = { target = "in", }, ["inches"] = { target = "in", }, ["light-year"] = { target = "ly", }, ["meter"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["meters"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["metre"] = { target = "m", }, ["metres"] = { target = "m", }, ["micrometre"] = { target = "μm", }, ["micron"] = { target = "μm", default = "μin", }, ["mile"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["miles"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["parsec"] = { target = "pc", }, ["rod"] = { target = "rd", }, ["smoot"] = { target = "sm", }, ["uin"] = { target = "μin", }, ["yard"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yards"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yds"] = { target = "yd", }, ["dtex"] = { name1 = "decitex", name2 = "decitex", symbol = "dtex", utype = "linear density", scale = 1e-7, default = "lb/yd", link = "Units of textile measurement#Units", }, ["kg/cm"] = { name1 = "kilogram per centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm", utype = "linear density", scale = 100, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["kg/m"] = { name1 = "kilogram per metre", name1_us = "kilogram per meter", name2 = "kilograms per metre", name2_us = "kilograms per meter", symbol = "kg/m", utype = "linear density", scale = 1, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/ft"] = { name1 = "pound per foot", name2 = "pounds per foot", symbol = "lb/ft", utype = "linear density", scale = 1.4881639435695539, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/yd"] = { name1 = "pound per yard", name2 = "pounds per yard", symbol = "lb/yd", utype = "linear density", scale = 0.49605464785651798, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["G"] = { _name1 = "gauss", _name2 = "gauss", _symbol = "G", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 0.0001, prefixes = 1, default = "T", link = "Gauss (unit)", }, ["T"] = { _name1 = "tesla", _symbol = "T", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "G", link = "Tesla (unit)", }, ["A/m"] = { name1 = "ampere per metre", name1_us = "ampere per meter", name2 = "amperes per metre", name2_us = "amperes per meter", symbol = "A/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1, default = "Oe", }, ["kA/m"] = { name1 = "kiloampere per metre", name1_us = "kiloampere per meter", name2 = "kiloamperes per metre", name2_us = "kiloamperes per meter", symbol = "kA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1000, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["MA/m"] = { name1 = "megaampere per metre", name1_us = "megaampere per meter", name2 = "megaamperes per metre", name2_us = "megaamperes per meter", symbol = "MA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1e6, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["Oe"] = { _name1 = "oersted", _symbol = "Oe", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 79.5774715, prefixes = 1, default = "kA/m", link = "Oersted", }, ["-Lcwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", }, ["-Scwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", }, ["-ST"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "ST", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["carat"] = { symbol = "carat", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.0002, default = "g", link = "Carat (mass)", }, ["Da"] = { _name1 = "dalton", _symbol = "Da", utype = "mass", scale = 1.66053906892e-27, prefixes = 1, default = "kg", link = "Dalton (unit)", }, ["drachm"] = { name1_us = "dram", symbol = "drachm", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.001771845195, default = "g", link = "Dram (unit)", }, ["dram"] = { target = "drachm", }, ["dwt"] = { name1 = "pennyweight", symbol = "dwt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00155517384, default = "oz g", }, ["DWton"] = { symbol = "deadweight ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "DWtonne", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["DWtonne"] = { name1_us = "deadweight metric ton", symbol = "deadweight tonne", sym_us = "~deadweight metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "DWton", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["g"] = { _name1 = "gram", _symbol = "g", utype = "mass", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "oz", link = "Gram", }, ["gr"] = { name1 = "grain", symbol = "gr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00006479891, default = "g", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["Gt"] = { name1 = "gigatonne", symbol = "Gt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["impgalh2o"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon of water", name2 = "imperial gallons of water", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 4.5359236999999499, default = "lb kg", link = "Imperial gallon", }, ["kt"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", symbol = "kt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["lb"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "kg", subdivs = { ["oz"] = { 16, default = "kg" } }, link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["Lcwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "Lcwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" }, ["st"] = { 8, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long cwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "long&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long qtr"] = { name1 = "long quarter", symbol = "long&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", }, ["LT"] = { symbol = "long ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["lt"] = { name1 = "long ton", symbol = "LT", utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["metric ton"] = { symbol = "metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "long ton", link = "Tonne", }, ["MT"] = { name1 = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["Mt"] = { name1 = "megatonne", symbol = "Mt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["oz"] = { name1 = "ounce", symbol = "oz", utype = "mass", scale = 0.028349523125, default = "g", }, ["ozt"] = { name1 = "troy ounce", symbol = "ozt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.0311034768, default = "oz g", }, ["pdr"] = { name1 = "pounder", symbol = "pdr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, default = "kg", link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["qtr"] = { name1 = "quarter", symbol = "qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 28, default = "kg" } }, link = "Long quarter", }, ["Scwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "Scwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short cwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "short&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb kg", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short qtr"] = { name1 = "short quarter", symbol = "short&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 11.33980925, default = "lb kg", }, ["ST"] = { symbol = "short ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Scwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Scwt" } }, }, ["shtn"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "sh&nbsp;tn", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["shton"] = { symbol = "ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["solar mass"] = { name1 = "solar mass", name2 = "solar masses", symbol = "''M''_☉", utype = "mass", scale = 1.98855e30, default = "kg", }, ["st"] = { name1 = "stone", name2 = "stone", symbol = "st", utype = "mass", scale = 6.35029318, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 14, default = "kg lb" } }, link = "Stone (unit)", }, ["t"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", }, ["tonne"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "shton", }, ["troy pound"] = { symbol = "troy pound", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.3732417216, default = "lb kg", link = "Troy weight", }, ["usgalh2o"] = { name1 = "US gallon of water", name1_us = "U.S. gallon of water", name2 = "US gallons of water", name2_us = "U.S. gallons of water", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 3.7776215836051126, default = "lb kg", link = "United States customary units#Fluid volume", }, ["viss"] = { name2 = "viss", symbol = "viss", utype = "mass", scale = 1.632932532, default = "kg", link = "Myanmar units of measurement#Mass", }, ["billion tonne"] = { target = "e9t", }, ["grain"] = { target = "gr", }, ["kilogram"] = { target = "kg", }, ["kilotonne"] = { target = "kt", }, ["lbs"] = { target = "lb", }, ["lbt"] = { target = "troy pound", }, ["lcwt"] = { target = "Lcwt", }, ["long ton"] = { target = "LT", }, ["mcg"] = { target = "μg", }, ["million tonne"] = { target = "e6t", }, ["scwt"] = { target = "Scwt", }, ["short ton"] = { target = "ST", }, ["stone"] = { target = "st", }, ["thousand tonne"] = { target = "e3t", }, ["tonnes"] = { target = "t", }, ["kg/kW"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilowatt", name2 = "kilograms per kilowatt", symbol = "kg/kW", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/hp", link = "Kilowatt", }, ["lb/hp"] = { name1 = "pound per horsepower", name2 = "pounds per horsepower", symbol = "lb/hp", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.00060827738784176115, default = "kg/kW", link = "Horsepower", }, ["kg/h"] = { per = { "kg", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "lb/h", }, ["lb/h"] = { per = { "lb", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "kg/h", }, ["g-mol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "g-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "gmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "gmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "gmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "gmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "gmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lbmol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/d"] = { name1 = "kilomole per day", name2 = "kilomoles per day", symbol = "kmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/h"] = { name1 = "kilomole per hour", name2 = "kilomoles per hour", symbol = "kmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/min"] = { name1 = "kilomole per minute", name2 = "kilomoles per minute", symbol = "kmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 16.666666666666668, default = "mol/s", link = "Kilomole (unit)", }, ["kmol/s"] = { name1 = "kilomole per second", name2 = "kilomoles per second", symbol = "kmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1000, default = "lb-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["lb-mol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lbmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lbmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lbmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lbmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["mmol/s"] = { name1 = "millimole per second", name2 = "millimoles per second", symbol = "mmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/d"] = { name1 = "mole per day", name2 = "moles per day", symbol = "mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/h"] = { name1 = "mole per hour", name2 = "moles per hour", symbol = "mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/min"] = { name1 = "mole per minute", name2 = "moles per minute", symbol = "mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/s"] = { name1 = "mole per second", name2 = "moles per second", symbol = "mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["μmol/s"] = { name1 = "micromole per second", name2 = "micromoles per second", symbol = "μmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.000001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["umol/s"] = { target = "μmol/s", }, ["/acre"] = { name1 = "per acre", name2 = "per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["/ha"] = { name1 = "per hectare", name2 = "per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["/sqcm"] = { name1 = "per square centimetre", name1_us = "per square centimeter", name2 = "per square centimetre", name2_us = "per square centimeter", symbol = "/cm²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e4, default = "/sqin", link = "Square centimetre", }, ["/sqin"] = { name1 = "per square inch", name2 = "per square inch", symbol = "/in²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1550.0031000062002, default = "/sqcm", link = "Square inch", }, ["/sqkm"] = { name1 = "per square kilometre", name1_us = "per square kilometer", name2 = "per square kilometre", name2_us = "per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["/sqmi"] = { name1 = "per square mile", name2 = "per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["PD/acre"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per acre", name2 = "inhabitants per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "PD/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["PD/ha"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per hectare", name2 = "inhabitants per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "PD/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["PD/sqkm"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square kilometre", name1_us = "inhabitant per square kilometer", name2 = "inhabitants per square kilometre", name2_us = "inhabitants per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "PD/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["PD/sqmi"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square mile", name2 = "inhabitants per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "PD/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["/cm2"] = { target = "/sqcm", }, ["/in2"] = { target = "/sqin", }, ["/km2"] = { target = "/sqkm", }, ["pd/acre"] = { target = "PD/acre", }, ["pd/ha"] = { target = "PD/ha", }, ["PD/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["PD/km²"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqkm"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqmi"] = { target = "PD/sqmi", }, ["/l"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/l", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/L"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/L", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/USgal"] = { name1 = "per gallon", name2 = "per gallon", symbol = "/gal", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 264.172052, default = "/L", link = "US gallon", customary= 2, }, ["/usgal"] = { target = "/USgal", }, ["bhp"] = { name1 = "brake horsepower", name2 = "brake horsepower", symbol = "bhp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Brake horsepower", }, ["Cal/d"] = { name1 = "large calorie per day", name2 = "large calories per day", symbol = "Cal/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.048425925925925928, default = "kJ/d", link = "Calorie", }, ["Cal/h"] = { name1 = "large calorie per hour", name2 = "large calories per hour", symbol = "Cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kJ/h", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal/h"] = { name1 = "calorie per hour", name2 = "calories per hour", symbol = "cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.0011622222222222223, default = "W", link = "Calorie", }, ["CV"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "CV", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hk"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hk", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hp"] = { name1 = "horsepower", name2 = "horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", }, ["hp-electric"] = { name1 = "electric horsepower", name2 = "electric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-electrical"] = { name1 = "electrical horsepower", name2 = "electrical horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-metric"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["ihp"] = { name1 = "indicated horsepower", name2 = "indicated horsepower", symbol = "ihp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Indicated horsepower", }, ["kcal/h"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per hour", name2 = "kilocalories per hour", symbol = "kcal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kW", link = "Calorie", }, ["kJ/d"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per day", name2 = "kilojoules per day", symbol = "kJ/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "Cal/d", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["kJ/h"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per hour", name2 = "kilojoules per hour", symbol = "kJ/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "W", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["PS"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "PS", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["shp"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower", name2 = "shaft horsepower", symbol = "shp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Shaft horsepower", }, ["W"] = { _name1 = "watt", _symbol = "W", utype = "power", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "hp", link = "Watt", }, ["BTU/h"] = { per = { "BTU", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["Btu/h"] = { per = { "Btu", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["BHP"] = { target = "bhp", }, ["btu/h"] = { target = "BTU/h", }, ["HP"] = { target = "hp", }, ["Hp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp-mechanical"] = { target = "hp", }, ["IHP"] = { target = "ihp", }, ["SHP"] = { target = "shp", }, ["whp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp/lb"] = { name1 = "horsepower per pound", name2 = "horsepower per pound", symbol = "hp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/LT"] = { name1 = "horsepower per long ton", name2 = "horsepower per long ton", symbol = "hp/LT", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73392268125000004, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/ST"] = { name1 = "horsepower per short ton", name2 = "horsepower per short ton", symbol = "hp/ST", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.821993403, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/t"] = { name1 = "horsepower per tonne", name2 = "horsepower per tonne", symbol = "hp/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.74569987158227022, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/kg"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per kilogram", name2 = "kilowatts per kilogram", symbol = "kW/kg", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "hp/lb", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/t"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per tonne", name2 = "kilowatts per tonne", symbol = "kW/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1, default = "PS/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["PS/t"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower per tonne", name2 = "metric horsepower per tonne", symbol = "PS/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73549875, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["shp/lb"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower per pound", name2 = "shaft horsepower per pound", symbol = "shp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/tonne"] = { target = "hp/t", symbol = "hp/tonne", default = "kW/tonne", }, ["kW/tonne"] = { target = "kW/t", symbol = "kW/tonne", }, ["-lb/in2"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "lb/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["atm"] = { name1 = "standard atmosphere", symbol = "atm", utype = "pressure", scale = 101325, default = "kPa", link = "Atmosphere (unit)", }, ["Ba"] = { name1 = "barye", symbol = "Ba", utype = "pressure", scale = 0.1, default = "Pa", }, ["bar"] = { symbol = "bar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["dbar"] = { name1 = "decibar", symbol = "dbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 10000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["inHg"] = { name1 = "inch of mercury", name2 = "inches of mercury", symbol = "inHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 3386.388640341, default = "kPa", }, ["kBa"] = { name1 = "kilobarye", symbol = "kBa", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Barye", }, ["kg-f/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kg_f/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kg/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per square centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kgf/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kgf/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["ksi"] = { name1 = "kilopound per square inch", name2 = "kilopounds per square inch", symbol = "ksi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894757.2931683613, default = "MPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["lbf/in2"] = { name1 = "pound-force per square inch", name2 = "pounds-force per square inch", symbol = "lbf/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["mb"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mb", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mbar"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mmHg"] = { name1 = "millimetre of mercury", name1_us = "millimeter of mercury", name2 = "millimetres of mercury", name2_us = "millimeters of mercury", symbol = "mmHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.322387415, default = "kPa", }, ["Pa"] = { _name1 = "pascal", _symbol = "Pa", utype = "pressure", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "psi", link = "Pascal (unit)", }, ["psf"] = { name1 = "pound per square foot", name2 = "pounds per square foot", symbol = "psf", utype = "pressure", scale = 47.880258980335839, default = "kPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["psi"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "psi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa", }, ["Torr"] = { name1 = "torr", symbol = "Torr", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.32236842105263, default = "kPa", }, ["N/cm2"] = { per = { "N", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["N/m2"] = { per = { "N", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["g/cm2"] = { per = { "g", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["g/m2"] = { per = { "g", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/ha"] = { per = { "kg", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/m2"] = { per = { "kg", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/1000sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "1000sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/acre"] = { per = { "lb", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqyd"] = { per = { "lb", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["LT/acre"] = { per = { "LT", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["MT/ha"] = { per = { "MT", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqft"] = { per = { "oz", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqyd"] = { per = { "oz", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["ST/acre"] = { per = { "ST", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["t/ha"] = { per = { "t", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/acre"] = { per = { "tonne", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/ha"] = { per = { "tonne", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kgfpsqcm"] = { target = "kgf/cm2", }, ["kgpsqcm"] = { target = "kg/cm2", }, ["kN/m2"] = { target = "kPa", }, ["lb/in2"] = { target = "lbf/in2", }, ["torr"] = { target = "Torr", }, ["Bq"] = { _name1 = "becquerel", _symbol = "Bq", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "pCi", link = "Becquerel", }, ["Ci"] = { _name1 = "curie", _symbol = "Ci", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 3.7e10, prefixes = 1, default = "GBq", link = "Curie (unit)", }, ["Rd"] = { _name1 = "rutherford", _symbol = "Rd", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1e6, prefixes = 1, default = "MBq", link = "Rutherford (unit)", }, ["cm/h"] = { name1 = "centimetre per hour", name1_us = "centimeter per hour", name2 = "centimetres per hour", name2_us = "centimeters per hour", symbol = "cm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777775e-6, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/s"] = { name1 = "centimetre per second", name1_us = "centimeter per second", name2 = "centimetres per second", name2_us = "centimeters per second", symbol = "cm/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.01, default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/year"] = { name1 = "centimetre per year", name1_us = "centimeter per year", name2 = "centimetres per year", name2_us = "centimeters per year", symbol = "cm/year", utype = "speed", scale = 3.168873850681143e-10, default = "in/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["foot/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "foot per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", }, ["ft/min"] = { name1 = "foot per minute", name2 = "feet per minute", symbol = "ft/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.00508, default = "m/min", link = "Feet per second", }, ["ft/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "feet per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", link = "Feet per second", }, ["furlong per fortnight"] = { name2 = "furlongs per fortnight", symbol = "furlong per fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "speed", scale = 0.00016630952380952381, default = "km/h mph", link = "FFF system", }, ["in/h"] = { name1 = "inch per hour", name2 = "inches per hour", symbol = "in/h", utype = "speed", scale = 7.0555555555555559e-6, default = "cm/h", link = "Inch", }, ["in/s"] = { name1 = "inch per second", name2 = "inches per second", symbol = "in/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.0254, default = "cm/s", link = "Inch", }, ["in/year"] = { name1 = "inch per year", name2 = "inches per year", symbol = "in/year", utype = "speed", scale = 8.0489395807301024e-10, default = "cm/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["isp"] = { name1 = "second", symbol = "s", utype = "speed", scale = 9.80665, default = "km/s", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["km/d"] = { name1 = "kilometre per day", name1_us = "kilometer per day", name2 = "kilometres per day", name2_us = "kilometers per day", symbol = "km/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.1574074074074074e-2, default = "mi/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["km/h"] = { name1 = "kilometre per hour", name1_us = "kilometer per hour", name2 = "kilometres per hour", name2_us = "kilometers per hour", symbol = "km/h", utype = "speed", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph", link = "Kilometres per hour", }, ["km/s"] = { name1 = "kilometre per second", name1_us = "kilometer per second", name2 = "kilometres per second", name2_us = "kilometers per second", symbol = "km/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "mi/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["kn"] = { name1 = "knot", symbol = "kn", utype = "speed", scale = 0.51444444444444448, default = "km/h mph", link = "Knot (unit)", }, ["kNs/kg"] = { name2 = "kN&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "kN&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["m/min"] = { name1 = "metre per minute", name1_us = "meter per minute", name2 = "metres per minute", name2_us = "meters per minute", symbol = "m/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "ft/min", link = "Metre per second", }, ["m/s"] = { name1 = "metre per second", name1_us = "meter per second", name2 = "metres per second", name2_us = "meters per second", symbol = "m/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "ft/s", }, ["Mach"] = { name2 = "Mach", symbol = "Mach", utype = "speed", builtin = "mach", scale = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "km/h mph", link = "Mach number", }, ["mi/d"] = { name1 = "mile per day", name2 = "miles per day", symbol = "mi/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.8626666666666667e-2, default = "km/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["mi/s"] = { name1 = "mile per second", name2 = "miles per second", symbol = "mi/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1609.344, default = "km/s", link = "Mile", }, ["mm/h"] = { name1 = "millimetre per hour", name1_us = "millimeter per hour", name2 = "millimetres per hour", name2_us = "millimeters per hour", symbol = "mm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777781e-7, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["mph"] = { name1 = "mile per hour", name2 = "miles per hour", symbol = "mph", utype = "speed", scale = 0.44704, default = "km/h", link = "Miles per hour", }, ["Ns/kg"] = { name2 = "N&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "N&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["si tsfc"] = { name2 = "g/(kN⋅s)", symbol = "g/(kN⋅s)", utype = "speed", scale = 9.9999628621379242e-7, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["tsfc"] = { name2 = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", symbol = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", utype = "speed", scale = 2.832545036049801e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "si tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["cm/y"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["cm/yr"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["in/y"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["in/yr"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["knot"] = { target = "kn", }, ["knots"] = { target = "kn", }, ["kph"] = { target = "km/h", }, ["mi/h"] = { target = "mph", }, ["mm/s"] = { per = { "mm", "s" }, utype = "speed", default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["C"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius", name2 = "degrees Celsius", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = -273.15, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "F", link = "Celsius", }, ["F"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 32-273.15*(9/5), iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "C", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K"] = { _name1 = "kelvin", _symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, prefixes = 1, default = "C F", link = "Kelvin", }, ["keVT"] = { name1 = "kiloelectronvolt", symbol = "keV", utype = "temperature", scale = 11604518.121550081, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "MK", defkey = "keVT", linkey = "keVT", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["R"] = { name1 = "degree Rankine", name2 = "degrees Rankine", symbol = "°R", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "K F C", link = "Rankine scale", }, ["Celsius"] = { target = "C", }, ["°C"] = { target = "C", }, ["°F"] = { target = "F", }, ["°R"] = { target = "R", }, ["C-change"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius change", name2 = "degrees Celsius change", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Celsius", }, ["F-change"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit change", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit change", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 0.55555555555555558, default = "C-change", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K-change"] = { name1 = "kelvin change", name2 = "kelvins change", symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Kelvin", }, ["°C-change"] = { target = "C-change", }, ["°F-change"] = { target = "F-change", }, ["century"] = { name1 = "century", name2 = "centuries", symbol = "ha", utype = "time", scale = 3155760000, default = "Gs", }, ["d"] = { name1 = "day", symbol = "d", utype = "time", scale = 86400, default = "ks", }, ["decade"] = { name1 = "decade", symbol = "daa", utype = "time", scale = 315576000, default = "Ms", }, ["dog year"] = { name1 = "dog year", symbol = "dog yr", utype = "time", scale = 220903200, default = "years", link = "List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year", }, ["fortnight"] = { symbol = "fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 1209600, default = "week", }, ["h"] = { name1 = "hour", symbol = "h", utype = "time", scale = 3600, default = "ks", }, ["long billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["millennium"] = { name1 = "millennium", name2 = "millennia", symbol = "ka", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000, default = "Gs", }, ["milliard year"] = { name1 = "milliard years", name2 = "milliard years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["million year"] = { name1 = "million years", name2 = "million years", symbol = "Ma", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000, default = "Ts", link = "Annum", }, ["min"] = { name1 = "minute", symbol = "min", utype = "time", scale = 60, default = "s", }, ["month"] = { symbol = "month", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "Ms", }, ["months"] = { name1 = "month", symbol = "mo", utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "year", }, ["s"] = { _name1 = "second", _symbol = "s", utype = "time", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v < 7200 ! min ! h", link = "Second", }, ["short billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["short trillion year"] = { name1 = "trillion years", name2 = "trillion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["thousand million year"] = { name1 = "thousand million years", name2 = "thousand million years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["wk"] = { symbol = "week", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 604800, default = "Ms", }, ["year"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "a", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["years"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "yr", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["byr"] = { target = "short billion year", }, ["day"] = { target = "d", }, ["days"] = { target = "d", }, ["dog yr"] = { target = "dog year", }, ["Gyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["hour"] = { target = "h", }, ["hours"] = { target = "h", }, ["kMyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["long byr"] = { target = "long billion year", }, ["minute"] = { target = "min", }, ["minutes"] = { target = "min", }, ["mth"] = { target = "month", }, ["Myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["sec"] = { target = "s", }, ["second"] = { target = "s", }, ["seconds"] = { target = "s", }, ["tmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["tryr"] = { target = "short trillion year", }, ["tyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["week"] = { target = "wk", }, ["weeks"] = { target = "wk", }, ["yr"] = { target = "year", }, ["kg.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgf.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram force-metre", name1_us = "kilogram force-meter", symbol = "kgf⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgm"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kpm"] = { name1 = "kilopond metre", name1_us = "kilopond meter", symbol = "kp⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["lb-fft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.ft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.in"] = { name1 = "pound force-inch", symbol = "lb⋅in", utype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mN.m", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbfft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lbf⋅ft", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbft"] = { name1 = "pound-foot", name2 = "pound-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["m.kg-f"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kg_f", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["m.kgf"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kgf", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["mN.m"] = { name1 = "millinewton-metre", name1_us = "millinewton-meter", symbol = "mN⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 0.001, default = "lb.in", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["Nm"] = { _name1 = "newton-metre", _name1_us= "newton-meter", _symbol = "N⋅m", utype = "torque", alttype = "energy", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lbfft", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["kN/m"] = { per = { "kN", "-m-stiff" }, utype = "torque", default = "lbf/in", }, ["lbf/in"] = { per = { "lbf", "-in-stiff" }, utype = "torque", default = "kN/m", }, ["lb-f.ft"] = { target = "lb-fft", }, ["lbf.ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lbf·ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lb·ft"] = { target = "lb.ft", }, ["mkg-f"] = { target = "m.kg-f", }, ["mkgf"] = { target = "m.kgf", }, ["N.m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["N·m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["ton-mile"] = { symbol = "ton-mile", usename = 1, utype = "transportation", scale = 1.4599723182105602, default = "tkm", }, ["tkm"] = { name1 = "tonne-kilometre", name1_us = "tonne-kilometer", symbol = "tkm", utype = "transportation", scale = 1, default = "ton-mile", }, ["-12USoz(mL)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USoz(ml)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "ml", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USozserve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["acre-foot"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-foot", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["acre-ft"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-feet", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["AUtbsp"] = { name1 = "Australian tablespoon", symbol = "AU&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000020, default = "ml", }, ["Bcuft"] = { name1 = "billion cubic foot", name2 = "billion cubic feet", symbol = "billion cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "Gl", link = "Cubic foot", }, ["bdft"] = { name1 = "board foot", name2 = "board feet", symbol = "bd&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board feet"] = { name2 = "board feet", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board foot"] = { name2 = "board foot", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["cc"] = { name1 = "cubic centimetre", name1_us = "cubic centimeter", symbol = "cc", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000001, default = "cuin", }, ["CID"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cc", link = "Cubic inch#Engine displacement", }, ["cord"] = { symbol = "cord", utype = "volume", scale = 3.624556363776, default = "m3", link = "Cord (unit)", }, ["cufoot"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic foot", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuft"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic feet", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuin"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cm3", }, ["cumi"] = { name1 = "cubic mile", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi", utype = "volume", scale = 4168181825.440579584, default = "km3", }, ["cuyd"] = { name1 = "cubic yard", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd", utype = "volume", scale = 0.764554857984, default = "m3", }, ["firkin"] = { symbol = "firkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.04091481, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Firkin (unit)", }, ["foot3"] = { target = "cufoot", }, ["Goilbbl"] = { name1 = "billion barrels", name2 = "billion barrels", symbol = "Gbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294.928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["gr water"] = { name1 = "grains water", name2 = "grains water", symbol = "gr H₂O", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00000006479891, default = "cm3", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["grt"] = { name1 = "gross register ton", symbol = "grt", utype = "volume", scale = 2.8316846592, default = "m3", link = "Gross register tonnage", }, ["impbbl"] = { name1 = "imperial barrel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.16365924, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["impbsh"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "L impgal USdrygal", }, ["impbu"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "m3", }, ["impgal"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00454609, default = "L USgal", }, ["impgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001420653125, default = "ml USoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["impkenning"] = { name1 = "imperial kenning", symbol = "kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01818436, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["impoz"] = { name1 = "imperial fluid ounce", symbol = "imp&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000284130625, default = "ml USoz", }, ["imppk"] = { name1 = "imperial peck", symbol = "pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00909218, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Peck", }, ["imppt"] = { name1 = "imperial pint", symbol = "imp&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00056826125, default = "L", }, ["impqt"] = { name1 = "imperial quart", symbol = "imp&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0011365225, default = "ml USoz", customary= 3, }, ["kilderkin"] = { symbol = "kilderkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.08182962, default = "L impgal USgal", }, ["koilbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "kbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["L"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "L", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["l"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["ll"] = { name1 = "litre", name1_us = "liter", symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, default = "impgal USgal", }, ["m3"] = { _name1 = "cubic metre", _name1_us= "cubic meter", _symbol = "m³", prefix_position= 7, utype = "volume", scale = 1, prefixes = 3, default = "cuft", link = "Cubic metre", }, ["Mbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MMoilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "MMbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["Moilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MTON"] = { name1 = "measurement ton", symbol = "MTON", utype = "volume", scale = 1.13267386368, default = "m3", }, ["MUSgal"] = { name1 = "million US gallons", name1_us = "million U.S. gallons", name2 = "million US gallons", name2_us = "million U.S. gallons", symbol = "million US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "million U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 3785.411784, default = "Ml", link = "US gallon", }, ["oilbbl"] = { name1 = "barrel", symbol = "bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.158987294928, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["stere"] = { symbol = "stere", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 1, default = "cuft", }, ["tmcft"] = { name2 = "tmcft", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", }, ["Tmcft"] = { name1 = "thousand million cubic feet", name2 = "thousand million cubic feet", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", link = "Tmcft", }, ["Toilbbl"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels", name2 = "trillion barrels", symbol = "Tbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["USbbl"] = { name1 = "US barrel", name1_us = "U.S. barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.119240471196, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbeerbbl"] = { name1 = "US beer barrel", name1_us = "U.S. beer barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.117347765304, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbsh"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bsh", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USbu"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bu", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USdrybbl"] = { name1 = "US dry barrel", name1_us = "U.S. dry barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.11562819898508, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USdrygal"] = { name1 = "US dry gallon", name1_us = "U.S. dry gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00440488377086, default = "L", link = "Gallon", }, ["USdrypt"] = { name1 = "US dry pint", name1_us = "U.S. dry pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0005506104713575, default = "ml", link = "Pint", }, ["USdryqt"] = { name1 = "US dry quart", name1_us = "U.S. dry quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001101220942715, default = "ml", link = "Quart", }, ["USflgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US fl gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", }, ["USgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001182941183, default = "ml impoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["USkenning"] = { name1 = "US kenning", name1_us = "U.S. kenning", symbol = "US&nbsp;kenning", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01761953508344, default = "L impgal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["USmin"] = { name1 = "US minim", name1_us = "U.S. minim", symbol = "US&nbsp;min", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;min", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000000061611519921875, default = "ml", link = "Minim (unit)", }, ["USoz"] = { name1 = "US fluid ounce", name1_us = "U.S. fluid ounce", symbol = "US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000295735295625, default = "ml", }, ["USpk"] = { name1 = "US peck", name1_us = "U.S. peck", symbol = "US&nbsp;pk", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00880976754172, default = "L impgal", link = "Peck", }, ["USpt"] = { name1 = "US pint", name1_us = "U.S. pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000473176473, default = "L imppt", link = "Pint", }, ["USqt"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml", link = "Quart", customary= 1, }, ["USquart"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml impoz", link = "Quart", }, ["UStbsp"] = { name1 = "US tablespoon", name1_us = "U.S. tablespoon", symbol = "US&nbsp;tbsp", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 1.4786764781250001e-5, default = "ml", }, ["winecase"] = { symbol = "case", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.009, default = "L", link = "Case (goods)", }, ["*U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["*U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["+USdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", customary= 1, }, ["+usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", link = "Fluid ounce", customary= 1, }, ["+USgal"] = { target = "USgal", customary= 1, }, ["+USoz"] = { target = "USoz", customary= 1, }, ["@impgal"] = { target = "impgal", link = "Gallon", customary= 3, }, ["acre feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre-feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre.foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre.ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre·ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["bushels"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["cid"] = { target = "CID", }, ["ft3"] = { target = "cuft", symbol = "ft³", }, ["gal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["gallon"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})", }, ["gallons"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})", }, ["Gcuft"] = { target = "e9cuft", }, ["impfloz"] = { target = "impoz", }, ["Impgal"] = { target = "impgal", }, ["in3"] = { target = "cuin", symbol = "in³", }, ["hm³"] = { target = "hm3", }, ["kcuft"] = { target = "e3cuft", }, ["kcum"] = { target = "e3m3", }, ["km³"] = { target = "km3", }, ["liter"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["liters"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["litre"] = { target = "L", }, ["litres"] = { target = "L", }, ["Mcuft"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["Mcum"] = { target = "e6m3", }, ["Mft3"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["mi3"] = { target = "cumi", symbol = "mi³", }, ["m³"] = { target = "m3", }, ["Pcuft"] = { target = "e15cuft", }, ["pt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})", }, ["qt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})", }, ["Tcuft"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["Tft3"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["U.S.bbl"] = { target = "USbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.beerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.bsh"] = { target = "USbsh", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.bu"] = { target = "USbu", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.drybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.dryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.flgal"] = { target = "USflgal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.floz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["u.s.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["U.S.gi"] = { target = "USgi", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.kenning"] = { target = "USkenning", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.oz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pk"] = { target = "USpk", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pt"] = { target = "USpt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.qt"] = { target = "USqt", sp_us = true, default = "L impqt", customary= 2, }, ["usbbl"] = { target = "USbbl", }, ["usbeerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", }, ["usbsh"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["usbu"] = { target = "USbu", }, ["usdrybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", }, ["usdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", }, ["usdrypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", }, ["usdryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", }, ["USfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["USGAL"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgi"] = { target = "USgi", }, ["uskenning"] = { target = "USkenning", }, ["usoz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["uspk"] = { target = "USpk", }, ["uspt"] = { target = "USpt", }, ["usqt"] = { target = "USqt", }, ["yd3"] = { target = "cuyd", symbol = "yd³", }, ["cuft/sqmi"] = { per = { "cuft", "sqmi" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["m3/ha"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hectare", name1_us = "cubic meter per hectare", name2 = "cubic metres per hectare", name2_us = "cubic meters per hectare", symbol = "m³/ha", utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 0.0001, default = "USbu/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["m3/km2"] = { per = { "m3", "km2" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "cuft/sqmi", }, ["U.S.gal/acre"] = { per = { "U.S.gal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["USbu/acre"] = { name2 = "US bushels per acre", symbol = "US bushel per acre", usename = 1, utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 8.7077638761350888e-6, default = "m3/ha", link = "Bushel", }, ["USgal/acre"] = { per = { "USgal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["cuyd/mi"] = { per = { "cuyd", "mi" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "m3/km", }, ["m3/km"] = { per = { "m3", "km" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "cuyd/mi", }, ["mich"] = { combination= { "ch", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michlk"] = { combination= { "chlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michainlk"] = { combination= { "chainlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["miyd"] = { combination= { "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["miydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["mift"] = { combination= { "ft", "mi" }, multiple = { 5280 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 12, 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydft"] = { combination= { "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["footin"] = { combination= { "in", "foot" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["handin"] = { combination= { "in", "hand" }, multiple = { 4 }, utype = "length", }, ["lboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb" }, multiple = { 16 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 16, 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["st and lb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["GN LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["LTf STf"] = { combination= { "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["STf LTf"] = { combination= { "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["L/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgUS"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["mpgimp L/100 km"] = { combination= { "mpgimp", "L/100 km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["LT ST t"] = { combination= { "lt", "-ST", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["LT t ST"] = { combination= { "lt", "t", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST LT t"] = { combination= { "-ST", "lt", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST t LT"] = { combination= { "-ST", "t", "lt" }, utype = "mass", }, ["t LT ST"] = { combination= { "t", "lt", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ton"] = { combination= { "LT", "ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["kPa kg/cm2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "kgf/cm2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["kPa lb/in2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "-lb/in2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["floz"] = { combination= { "impoz", "USoz" }, utype = "volume", }, } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local default_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation). ["cm²"] = "sqin", ["dm²"] = "sqin", ["e3acre"] = "km2", ["e3m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6acre"] = "km2", ["e6ha"] = "e6acre", ["e6km2"] = "e6sqmi", ["e6m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6sqft"] = "v * 9.290304 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2", ["e6sqmi"] = "e6km2", ["hm²"] = "acre", ["km²"] = "sqmi", ["mm²"] = "sqin", ["aJ"] = "eV", ["e3BTU"] = "MJ", ["e6BTU"] = "GJ", ["EJ"] = "kWh", ["eV"] = "aJ", ["feV"] = "yJ", ["fJ"] = "keV", ["GeV"] = "nJ", ["GJ"] = "kWh", ["keV"] = "fJ", ["MeV"] = "pJ", ["meV"] = "zJ", ["MJ"] = "kWh", ["neV"] = "yJ", ["PeV"] = "mJ", ["peV"] = "yJ", ["PJ"] = "kWh", ["pJ"] = "MeV", ["TeV"] = "μJ", ["TJ"] = "kWh", ["YJ"] = "kWh", ["yJ"] = "μeV", ["ZJ"] = "kWh", ["zJ"] = "meV", ["μeV"] = "yJ", ["e12cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", ["e12cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d", ["e12m3/a"] = "Tcuft/a", ["e12m3/d"] = "Tcuft/d", ["e3cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e3cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", ["e3cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s", ["e3m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a", ["e3m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d", ["e3m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s", ["e3USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", ["e6cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s", ["e6m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a", ["e6m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d", ["e6m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s", ["e6USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e9cuft/a"] = "m3/a", ["e9cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d", ["e9m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a", ["e9m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d", ["e9m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s", ["e9USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", ["e9USgal/s"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s", ["nN"] = "gr-f", ["μN"] = "gr-f", ["mN"] = "oz-f", ["am"] = "in", ["cm"] = "in", ["dam"] = "ft", ["dm"] = "in", ["e12km"] = "e12mi", ["e12mi"] = "e12km", ["e3AU"] = "ly", ["e3km"] = "e3mi", ["e3mi"] = "e3km", ["e6km"] = "e6mi", ["e6mi"] = "e6km", ["e9km"] = "AU", ["e9mi"] = "e9km", ["Em"] = "mi", ["fm"] = "in", ["Gm"] = "mi", ["hm"] = "ft", ["km"] = "mi", ["mm"] = "in", ["Mm"] = "mi", ["nm"] = "in", ["Pm"] = "mi", ["pm"] = "in", ["Tm"] = "mi", ["Ym"] = "mi", ["ym"] = "in", ["Zm"] = "mi", ["zm"] = "in", ["μm"] = "in", ["e12lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! Mt ! Gt", ["e3lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3ozt"] = "v * 0.311034768 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3t"] = "LT ST", ["e6carat"] = "t", ["e6lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! t ! kilotonne", ["e6ozt"] = "lb kg", ["e6ST"] = "Mt", ["e6t"] = "LT ST", ["e9lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt", ["e9t"] = "LT ST", ["Gg"] = "lb", ["kg"] = "lb", ["mg"] = "gr", ["Mg"] = "LT ST", ["ng"] = "gr", ["μg"] = "gr", ["mBq"] = "fCi", ["kBq"] = "nCi", ["MBq"] = "μCi", ["GBq"] = "mCi", ["TBq"] = "Ci", ["PBq"] = "kCi", ["EBq"] = "kCi", ["fCi"] = "mBq", ["pCi"] = "Bq", ["nCi"] = "Bq", ["μCi"] = "kBq", ["mCi"] = "MBq", ["kCi"] = "TBq", ["MCi"] = "PBq", ["ns"] = "μs", ["μs"] = "ms", ["ms"] = "s", ["ks"] = "h", ["Ms"] = "week", ["Gs"] = "decade", ["Ts"] = "millennium", ["Ps"] = "million year", ["Es"] = "thousand million year", ["MK"] = "keVT", ["cL"] = "impoz usoz", ["cl"] = "impoz usoz", ["cm³"] = "cuin", ["dL"] = "impoz usoz", ["dl"] = "impoz usoz", ["mm³"] = "cuin", ["dm³"] = "cuin", ["e12cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", ["e12impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft", ["e12U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e15cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3", ["e15m3"] = "Pcuft", ["e3bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e3cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3", ["e3impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft", ["e3U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e6bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuyd"] = "v * 7.64554857984 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6L"] = "USgal", ["e6m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft", ["e6U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e9bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft", ["e9U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["GL"] = "cuft", ["Gl"] = "cuft", ["kL"] = "cuft", ["kl"] = "cuft", ["km³"] = "cumi", ["mL"] = "impoz usoz", ["ml"] = "impoz usoz", ["Ml"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["ML"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["TL"] = "cumi", ["Tl"] = "cumi", ["μL"] = "cuin", ["μl"] = "cuin", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local link_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode). ["mm²"] = "Square millimetre", ["cm²"] = "Square centimetre", ["dm²"] = "Square decimetre", ["km²"] = "Square kilometre", ["kJ"] = "Kilojoule", ["MJ"] = "Megajoule", ["GJ"] = "Gigajoule", ["TJ"] = "Terajoule", ["fm"] = "Femtometre", ["pm"] = "Picometre", ["nm"] = "Nanometre", ["μm"] = "Micrometre", ["mm"] = "Millimetre", ["cm"] = "Centimetre", ["dm"] = "Decimetre", ["dam"] = "Decametre", ["hm"] = "Hectometre", ["km"] = "Kilometre", ["Mm"] = "Megametre", ["Gm"] = "Gigametre", ["Tm"] = "Terametre", ["Pm"] = "Petametre", ["Em"] = "Exametre", ["Zm"] = "Zettametre", ["Ym"] = "Yottametre", ["μg"] = "Microgram", ["mg"] = "Milligram", ["kg"] = "Kilogram", ["Mg"] = "Tonne", ["yW"] = "Yoctowatt", ["zW"] = "Zeptowatt", ["aW"] = "Attowatt", ["fW"] = "Femtowatt", ["pW"] = "Picowatt", ["nW"] = "Nanowatt", ["μW"] = "Microwatt", ["mW"] = "Milliwatt", ["kW"] = "Kilowatt", ["MW"] = "Megawatt", ["GW"] = "Gigawatt", ["TW"] = "Terawatt", ["PW"] = "Petawatt", ["EW"] = "Exawatt", ["ZW"] = "Zettawatt", ["YW"] = "Yottawatt", ["as"] = "Attosecond", ["fs"] = "Femtosecond", ["ps"] = "Picosecond", ["ns"] = "Nanosecond", ["μs"] = "Microsecond", ["ms"] = "Millisecond", ["ks"] = "Kilosecond", ["Ms"] = "Megasecond", ["Gs"] = "Gigasecond", ["Ts"] = "Terasecond", ["Ps"] = "Petasecond", ["Es"] = "Exasecond", ["Zs"] = "Zettasecond", ["Ys"] = "Yottasecond", ["mm³"] = "Cubic millimetre", ["cm³"] = "Cubic centimetre", ["dm³"] = "Cubic decimetre", ["dam³"] = "Cubic decametre", ["km³"] = "Cubic kilometre", ["μL"] = "Microlitre", ["μl"] = "Microlitre", ["mL"] = "Millilitre", ["ml"] = "Millilitre", ["cL"] = "Centilitre", ["cl"] = "Centilitre", ["dL"] = "Decilitre", ["dl"] = "Decilitre", ["daL"] = "Decalitre", ["dal"] = "Decalitre", ["hL"] = "Hectolitre", ["hl"] = "Hectolitre", ["kL"] = "Kilolitre", ["kl"] = "Kilolitre", ["ML"] = "Megalitre", ["Ml"] = "Megalitre", ["GL"] = "Gigalitre", ["Gl"] = "Gigalitre", ["TL"] = "Teralitre", ["Tl"] = "Teralitre", ["PL"] = "Petalitre", ["Pl"] = "Petalitre", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local per_unit_fixups = { -- Automatically created per units of form "x/y" may have their unit type -- changed, for example, "length/time" is changed to "speed". -- Other adjustments can also be specified. ["/area"] = "per unit area", ["/volume"] = "per unit volume", ["area/area"] = "area per unit area", ["energy/length"] = "energy per unit length", ["energy/mass"] = "energy per unit mass", ["energy/time"] = { utype = "power", link = "Power (physics)" }, ["energy/volume"] = "energy per unit volume", ["force/area"] = { utype = "pressure", link = "Pressure" }, ["length/length"] = { utype = "gradient", link = "Grade (slope)" }, ["length/time"] = { utype = "speed", link = "Speed" }, ["length/time/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["mass/area"] = { utype = "pressure", multiplier = 9.80665 }, ["mass/length"] = "linear density", ["mass/mass"] = "concentration", ["mass/power"] = "mass per unit power", ["mass/time"] = "mass per unit time", ["mass/volume"] = { utype = "density", link = "Density" }, ["power/mass"] = "power per unit mass", ["power/volume"] = { link = "Power density" }, ["pressure/length"] = "fracture gradient", ["speed/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["volume/area"] = "volume per unit area", ["volume/length"] = "volume per unit length", ["volume/time"] = "flow", } return { all_units = all_units, default_exceptions = default_exceptions, link_exceptions = link_exceptions, per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups, } 09g0b39jf320i4h45rcqtrq1r0zykrn 377650 377648 2026-05-15T14:32:41Z Intisar Ali 8681 377650 Scribunto text/plain -- [[Module:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ وارو ڊيٽا، جيڪو mw.loadData() استعمال ڪري ٿو -- ھن ماڊيول تائين فقط پڙھڻ واري رسائي لاءِ، جيئن ھر صفحي تي ھي صرف ھڪ ڀيرو لوڊ ٿئي. -- ٻي وڪي تي نقل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] ڏسو. -- -- ھيٺيان ڊيٽا ٽيبلون شامل آھن: -- all_units ڪنھن به يونٽ جون سڀئي خاصيتون، ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ سميت -- default_exceptions ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جا ڊفالٽ مختلف آھن) -- link_exceptions ڳنڍڻين جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جون ڳنڍڻيون مختلف آھن) -- -- ھي ٽيبلون ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿين ٿيون، جيڪو ھڪ صفحي جي وڪي متن کي پڙھي ٿو -- جيڪو ھر يونٽ جي گھربل خاصيتن جي دستاويزڪاري ڪري ٿو؛ [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]] ڏسو. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ھن ٽيبل جي ڊيٽا ۾ تبديلي نه ڪريو ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اھا ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿئي ٿي -- -- جيڪو وڪي صفحي مان وڪي متن پڙھي ٿو (مٿيون نوٽ ڏسو). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local all_units = { ["Gy"] = { _name1 = "گِرَي", _symbol = "Gy", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "رَيڊ", link = "گِرَي (ايڪو)", }, ["رَيڊ"] = { _name1 = "رَيڊ", _symbol = "رَيڊ", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Gy", link = "رَيڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["cm/سيڪنڊ 2"] = { name1 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "cm/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.01, default = "ft/s2", link = "گئل (ايڪو)", }, ["فٽ/s2"] = { name1 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ft/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s2", }, ["g0"] = { name1 = "معياري ڪشش ثقل", name2 = "معياري ڪشش ثقلون", symbol = "''g''₀", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", }, ["g-فورس"] = { name2 = "''g''", symbol = "''g''", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", link = "g-فورس", }, ["ڪ م/hs"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ڪ م/(h⋅s)", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/s2"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "km/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1000, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ميٽر/s2"] = { name1 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "m/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1, default = "ft/s2", }, ["mph/سيڪنڊ"] = { name1 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "mph/سيڪنڊ", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.44704, default = "ڪ م/hs", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/h/s"] = { target = "ڪ م/hs", }, ["معياري ڪشش ثقل"] = { target = "g0", }, ["1000چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", name2 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", symbol = "1000 چ.فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 92.90304, default = "m2", link = "چورس فٽ", }, ["a"] = { _name1 = "ايراضي", _symbol = "a", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 100, prefixes = 1, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "ھيڪٽر#ايڪڙ", }, ["ايڪڙ"] = { symbol = "ايڪڙ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 4046.8564224, default = "ha", subdivs = { ["رُوڊ"] = { 4, default = "ha" }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { 160, default = "ha" } }, }, ["اَيڪَڙُ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آرپينٽ"] = { symbol = "آرپينٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3418.89, default = "ha", }, ["cda"] = { name1 = "ڪويردا", symbol = "cda", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3930.395625, default = "ha ايڪڙ", }, ["daa"] = { name1 = "ڊَيڪَر", symbol = "daa", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", link = "دُونَم", }, ["ha"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["هَيڪٽَر"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آئرش ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "آئرش ايڪڙ", symbol = "آئرش&nbsp;اَيڪَڙَ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 6555.2385024, default = "ha", link = "ايڪڙ (آئرش)", }, ["m2"] = { _name1 = "چورس ميٽر", _name1_us= "چورس ميٽر", _symbol = "m²", prefix_position= 8, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1, prefixes = 2, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "چورس ميٽر", }, ["پَونڊِيمَاٽُ"] = { name1 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", name2 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽَ", symbol = "پونڊ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3674.363358816, default = "ميٽر2", link = ":nl:پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["پِيَونگ"] = { name2 = "پِيَونگ", symbol = "پِيَونگ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["رائي"] = { name2 = "رائي", symbol = "رائي", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1600, default = "ميٽر2", link = "رائي (ايڪو)", }, ["رُوڊ"] = { symbol = "رُوڊ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1011.7141056, default = "چ.فٽ چ.ميٽر", subdivs = { ["چ.پرچ"] = { 40, default = "m2" } }, link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ", name2 = "چورس فٽ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فُٽُ", name2 = "چورس فُٽَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { name1 = "چورس اِنچُ", name2 = "چورس اِنچَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.00064516, default = "2سينٽي ميٽر", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;ميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 2589988.110336, default = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["sqnميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;nميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3429904, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { name2 = "پَرچَ", symbol = "پَرچُ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 25.29285264, default = "m2", link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)#ايراضي ۽ حجم", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { symbol = "چورس ويرسٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1138062.24, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { name1 = "چورس گز", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;گز", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.83612736, default = "چ.ميل", }, ["ٽُسُوبَو"] = { name2 = "ٽُسُوبَو", symbol = "ٽُسُوبَو", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "چ.ميل", link = "جپاني ماپ جو ايڪو#ايراصي", }, ["اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["are"] = { target = "a", }, ["ڊيڪر"] = { target = "daa", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", symbol = "فٽ²", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { target = "چ.انچ", symbol = "انچ²", }, ["ڪ م²"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", symbol = "ميل²", }, ["ملين ايڪڙ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين ھيڪٽر"] = { target = "e6ھيڪٽر", }, ["ميل²"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["nميل2"] = { target = "چورسnميل", }, ["پونڊ"] = { target = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["چ. آرپ"] = { target = "آرپينٽ", }, ["چ.ڪ م"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["چورس ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { target = "چ.گز", symbol = "گز²", }, ["چ.ميٽر/ھيڪٽر"] = { name1 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name1_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", symbol = "ميٽر²/ھيڪٽر", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 0.0001, default = "چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", name2 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ/ايڪڙ", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 2.295684113865932e-5, default = "m2/ھيڪٽر", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["سينٽ"] = { name1 = "سينٽ", symbol = "¢", utype = "سينٽ", scale = 1, default = "سينٽ", link = "سينٽ (ڪرنسي)", }, ["¢"] = { target = "سينٽ", }, ["A.h"] = { name1 = "ايمپيئر ڪلاڪ", symbol = "A⋅h", utype = "چارج", scale = 3600, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["ڪولمب"] = { _name1 = "ڪولمب", _symbol = "C", utype = "چارج", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "e", link = "ڪولمب", }, ["e"] = { name1 = "ايليميٽري چارج", symbol = "''e''", utype = "چارج", scale = 1.602176634e-19, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["g-مول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "g&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gمول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "gمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kمول"] = { name1 = "ڪلومول", symbol = "kمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1000, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["lb-مول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lb&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["lbمول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lbمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["مول"] = { name1 = "مول", symbol = "مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", name2 ="ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام(CO₂)/L", utype = "co2 يونٽ حجم", scale = 1000, default = "lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائُونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائُونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lbCO2/آمريڪي&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "co2 حجم ايڪو", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["اونس/پائونڊ"] = { per = { "اونس", "پائونڊ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "م.گ/ڪ.گ", }, ["م.گ/ڪ.گ"] = { per = { "م.گ", "ڪ.گ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "اونس/پائونڊ", }, ["g/dm3"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "گرام/ڊيسي ميٽر³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "ڪ گ/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "گرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/mL"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/mL", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/ml"] = { name1 = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/ml", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/dm3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/dm³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/ميٽر3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/m³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 16.018463373960142, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ گز"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ گز", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ گز", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;گز", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.5932764212577829, default = "ڪلوگرام/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/امپيريل گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في امپيريل گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في امپيريل گئلن", symbol = "lb/امپيريل&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 99.776372663101697, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/انچ3"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي بشيل"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي بشيل", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي بشيل", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;بشيل", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 12.871859780974471, default = "ڪلوگرام/m3", link = "بشيل", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ملي گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "mg/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "اونسُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "اونسَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1729.9940443876951, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/cm3"] = { per = { "گرام", "cm3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["Mملي گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["ملي گرام/لٽر"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/dL"] = { per = { "μg", "dL" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/لٽر"] = { per = { "μg", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["پائونڊ/فٽ3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["پائونڊ/گز3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ گز", }, ["lbm/انچ3"] = { target = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["mcg/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["اونس/انچ3"] = { target = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["ug/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["ug/لٽر"] = { target = "μg/لٽر", }, ["بِي.او.ٽِي.يُو."] = { name1 = "بورڊ آف ٽريڊ يونٽ", symbol = "بِي.او.ٽي.يُو.", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["بِي بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بي ٽي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽي يو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "انرجي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بي ٽي يُو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ترمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_59°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (ISO)", name2 = "British thermal units (ISO)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_ISO", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.056, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO"] = { target = "بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-IT"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (IT)", name2 = "British thermal units (IT)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-IT"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (IT)", name2 = "British thermal units (IT)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-mean"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (mean)", name2 = "British thermal units (mean)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_mean", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-mean"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (mean)", name2 = "British thermal units (mean)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_mean", utype = "energy", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal units (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal units (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "energy", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Cal"] = { name1 = "calorie", symbol = "Cal", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["cal"] = { name1 = "calorie", symbol = "cal", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", }, ["Cal-15"] = { name1 = "Calorie (15°C)", name2 = "Calories (15°C)", symbol = "Cal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal-15"] = { name1 = "calorie (15°C)", name2 = "calories (15°C)", symbol = "cal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1858, default = "جَي", link = "Calorie", }, ["Cal-IT"] = { name1 = "Calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "Calories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Cal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal-IT"] = { name1 = "calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "calories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "cal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868, default = "جَي", link = "Calorie", }, ["Cal-th"] = { name1 = "Calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "Calories (thermochemical)", symbol = "Cal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal-th"] = { name1 = "calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "calories (thermochemical)", symbol = "cal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", link = "Calorie", }, ["CHU-IT"] = { name1 = "Celsius heat unit (International Table)", name2 = "Celsius heat units (International Table)", symbol = "CHU_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 1899.100534716, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cufootnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic foot of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cuftnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic feet of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["Eh"] = { name1 = "Hartree", symbol = "''E''_h", utype = "energy", scale = 4.35974417e-18, default = "eV", }, ["erg"] = { symbol = "erg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0000001, default = "μJ", }, ["eV"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy", scale = 1.602176634e-19, prefixes = 1, default = "aJ", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["foe"] = { symbol = "foe", utype = "energy", scale = 1e44, default = "YJ", link = "Foe (unit)", }, ["ftlb"] = { name1 = "foot-pound", symbol = "ft⋅lb", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlb-f"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlbf"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lbf", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftpdl"] = { name1 = "foot-poundal", symbol = "ft⋅pdl", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0421401100938048, default = "جَي", }, ["gTNT"] = { name2 = "grams of TNT", symbol = "gram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Gtoe"] = { name1 = "gigatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "gigatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Gtoe", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868e19, default = "EJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["GtonTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatons of TNT", symbol = "gigaton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GtTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatonnes of TNT", symbol = "gigatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GW.h"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["GWh"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["hph"] = { name1 = "horsepower-hour", symbol = "hp⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 2684519.537696172792, default = "kWh", link = "Horsepower", }, ["inlb"] = { name1 = "inch-pound", symbol = "in⋅lb", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlb-f"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lb_f", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlbf"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lbf", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inoz-f"] = { name1 = "inch-ounce force", name2 = "inch-ounces force", symbol = "in⋅oz_f", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inozf"] = { name1 = "inch-ounce force", name2 = "inch-ounces force", symbol = "in⋅ozf", utype = "energy", alttype = "torque", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "mJ", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["J"] = { _name1 = "joule", _symbol = "جَي", utype = "energy", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "cal", link = "Joule", }, ["kBOE"] = { name1 = "kilo barrel of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilo barrels of oil equivalent", symbol = "kBOE", utype = "energy", scale = 6.1178632e12, default = "TJ", link = "Barrel of oil equivalent", }, ["kcal"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie", symbol = "kcal", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Calorie", }, ["kcal-15"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (15°C)", name2 = "kilocalories (15°C)", symbol = "kcal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Calorie", }, ["kcal-IT"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "kilocalories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "kcal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Calorie", }, ["kcal-th"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "kilocalories (thermochemical)", symbol = "kcal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Calorie", }, ["kerg"] = { name1 = "kiloerg", symbol = "kerg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0001, default = "mJ", link = "Erg", }, ["kgTNT"] = { name2 = "kilograms of TNT", symbol = "kilogram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", name1_us = "kiloton", symbol = "kt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktoe"] = { name1 = "kilotonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilotonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "ktoe", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868e13, default = "TJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["ktonTNT"] = { name1 = "kiloton of TNT", name2 = "kilotons of TNT", symbol = "kt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kW.h"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000, default = "MJ", }, ["kWh"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000, default = "MJ", }, ["Mcal"] = { name1 = "megacalorie", symbol = "Mcal", utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal"] = { name1 = "millicalorie", symbol = "mcal", utype = "energy", scale = 0.004184, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Mcal-15"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (15°C)", name2 = "megacalories (15°C)", symbol = "Mcal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 4185800, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal-15"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (15°C)", name2 = "millicalories (15°C)", symbol = "mcal₁₅", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0041858, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "megacalories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Mcal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 4186800, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "millicalories (International Steam Table)", symbol = "mcal_IT", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0041868, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Mcal-th"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "megacalories (thermochemical)", symbol = "Mcal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["mcal-th"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "millicalories (thermochemical)", symbol = "mcal_th", utype = "energy", scale = 0.004184, default = "mJ", link = "Calorie", }, ["Merg"] = { name1 = "megaerg", symbol = "Merg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.1, default = "جَي", link = "Erg", }, ["merg"] = { name1 = "millierg", symbol = "merg", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "μJ", link = "Erg", }, ["MMBtu"] = { name1 = "million British thermal units", name2 = "million British thermal units", symbol = "MMBtu", utype = "energy", scale = 1055055852.62, default = "GJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Mt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "megatonne", name1_us = "megaton", symbol = "Mt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e15, default = "PJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Mtoe"] = { name1 = "megatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "megatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Mtoe", utype = "energy", scale = 4.1868e16, default = "PJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT"] = { name1 = "megaton of TNT", name2 = "megatons of TNT", symbol = "Mt", utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e15, default = "PJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtonTNT"] = { name2 = "millitons of TNT", symbol = "milliton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT", symbol = "megatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e15, default = "PJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtTNT"] = { name2 = "millitonnes of TNT", symbol = "millitonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000, default = "MJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MW.h"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mW.h"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["MWh"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mWh"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["PSh"] = { name1 = "Pferdestärkenstunde", symbol = "PSh", utype = "energy", scale = 2647795.5, default = "kWh", }, ["quad"] = { name1 = "quadrillion British thermal units", name2 = "quadrillion British thermal units", symbol = "quad", utype = "energy", scale = 1.054804e18, default = "EJ", link = "Quad (unit)", }, ["Ry"] = { name1 = "rydberg", symbol = "Ry", utype = "energy", scale = 2.1798741e-18, default = "eV", link = "Rydberg constant", }, ["scf"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic feet", symbol = "scf", utype = "energy", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["scfoot"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic foot", symbol = "scf", utype = "energy", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["t(TNT)"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "ton", symbol = "t", utype = "energy", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["th"] = { name1 = "thermie", symbol = "th", utype = "energy", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["thm-EC"] = { name1 = "therm (EC)", name2 = "therms (EC)", symbol = "thm (EC)", utype = "energy", scale = 105506000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-UK"] = { name1 = "therm (UK)", name2 = "therms (UK)", symbol = "thm (UK)", utype = "energy", scale = 105505585.257348, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-US"] = { name1 = "therm (US)", name1_us = "therm (U.S.)", name2 = "therms (US)", name2_us = "therms (U.S.)", symbol = "thm (US)", sym_us = "thm (U.S.)", utype = "energy", scale = 105480400, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["toe"] = { name1 = "tonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "tonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "toe", utype = "energy", scale = 41868000000, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["tonTNT"] = { name2 = "tons of TNT", symbol = "ton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["tTNT"] = { name2 = "tonnes of TNT", symbol = "tonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtonTNT"] = { name2 = "teratons of TNT", symbol = "teraton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtTNT"] = { name2 = "teratonnes of TNT", symbol = "teratonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "energy", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TW.h"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e15, default = "PJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["TWh"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TWh", utype = "energy", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["W.h"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "W⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["Wh"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "Wh", utype = "energy", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μerg"] = { name1 = "microerg", symbol = "μerg", utype = "energy", scale = 1e-13, default = "nJ", link = "Erg", }, ["μW.h"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μW⋅h", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μWh"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μWh", utype = "energy", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["-kW.h"] = { target = "kW.h", link = "Kilowatt hour", }, ["btu"] = { target = "BTU", }, ["Calorie"] = { target = "Cal", }, ["ft.lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["ft·lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["g-cal-15"] = { target = "cal-15", }, ["g-cal-IT"] = { target = "cal-IT", }, ["g-cal-th"] = { target = "cal-th", }, ["g-kcal-15"] = { target = "kcal-15", }, ["g-kcal-IT"] = { target = "kcal-IT", }, ["g-kcal-th"] = { target = "kcal-th", }, ["g-Mcal-15"] = { target = "Mcal-15", }, ["g-mcal-15"] = { target = "mcal-15", }, ["g-Mcal-IT"] = { target = "Mcal-IT", }, ["g-mcal-IT"] = { target = "mcal-IT", }, ["g-Mcal-th"] = { target = "Mcal-th", }, ["g-mcal-th"] = { target = "mcal-th", }, ["GW-h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["GW·h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["Hartree"] = { target = "Eh", }, ["hp.h"] = { target = "hph", }, ["in.lb-f"] = { target = "inlb-f", }, ["in.lbf"] = { target = "inlbf", }, ["in.oz-f"] = { target = "inoz-f", }, ["in.ozf"] = { target = "inozf", }, ["kbboe"] = { target = "kBOE", symbol = "kbboe", }, ["kg-cal-15"] = { target = "Cal-15", }, ["kg-cal-IT"] = { target = "Cal-IT", }, ["kg-cal-th"] = { target = "Cal-th", }, ["kW-h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["kW·h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["MW-h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["mW-h"] = { target = "mW.h", }, ["MW·h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["TW-h"] = { target = "TW.h", }, ["uerg"] = { target = "μerg", }, ["uW-h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uW.h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uWh"] = { target = "μWh", }, ["W-h"] = { target = "W.h", }, ["eVpar"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy per chemical amount", scale = 96485.332123310014, prefixes = 1, default = "kcal/mol", defkey = "eVpar", linkey = "eVpar", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["kcal/mol"] = { per = { "kcal", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "ڪي جَي/mol", link = "Kilocalorie per mole", }, ["ڪي جَي/mol"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "kcal/mol", link = "Joule per mole", }, ["kWh/100 km"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 36, default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["kWh/100 mi"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 miles", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 miles", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;mi", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 22.3694, default = "mpge", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["MJ/100 km"] = { name1 = "megajoule per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "megajoule per 100 kilometers", name2 = "megajoules per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "megajoules per 100 kilometers", symbol = "ايم جَي/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 10, default = "BTU/mi", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["mpge"] = { name1 = "mile per gallon gasoline equivalent", name2 = "miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", symbol = "mpg&#8209;e", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 1.3263314048360777e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "kWh/100 mi", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["BTU/mi"] = { per = { "BTU", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "v > 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km", }, ["ڪي جَي/km"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["kWh/km"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", }, ["kWh/mi"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "kWh/km ايم جَي/km", }, ["ايم جَي/km"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["mpg-e"] = { target = "mpge", }, ["BTU/lb"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit per pound", name2 = "British thermal units per pound", symbol = "BTU/lb", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 2326, default = "ڪي جَي/kg", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["cal/g"] = { name1 = "calorie per gram", name2 = "calories per gram", symbol = "cal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184, default = "J/g", }, ["جِي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "gigajoule per kilogram", name2 = "gigajoules per kilogram", symbol = "جِي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e9, default = "ktTNT/t", link = "Specific energy", }, ["J/g"] = { name1 = "joule per gram", name2 = "joules per gram", symbol = "J/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["kcal/g"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per gram", name2 = "kilocalories per gram", symbol = "kcal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000, default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["ڪي جَي/g"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per gram", name2 = "kilojoules per gram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ڪي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per kilogram", name2 = "kilojoules per kilogram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "BTU/lb", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ktonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "kilotons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "kiloton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT/t"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "megaton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "megatonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TJ/kg"] = { name1 = "terajoule per kilogram", name2 = "terajoules per kilogram", symbol = "TJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e12, default = "MtTNT/MT", link = "Specific energy", }, ["Cal/g"] = { per = { "Cal", "g" }, utype = "energy per unit mass", default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["BTU/cuft"] = { per = { "BTU", "cuft" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(mL)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(mL)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(ml)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(ml)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/l", }, ["Cal/12USozserve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USozserve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/USoz"] = { per = { "Cal", "USoz" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/ml", }, ["ڪي جَي/L"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "L" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["ڪي جَي/l"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "ll" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["kJ/ml"] = { per = { "kJ", "ml" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "Cal/USoz", }, ["MJ/m3"] = { per = { "MJ", "m3" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["Sv"] = { _name1 = "sievert", _symbol = "Sv", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "rem", link = "Sievert", }, ["rem"] = { _name1 = "rem", _symbol = "rem", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Sv", link = "Roentgen equivalent man", }, ["g/km"] = { name1 = "gram per kilometre", name1_us = "gram per kilometer", name2 = "grams per kilometre", name2_us = "grams per kilometer", symbol = "g/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "oz/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["g/mi"] = { name1 = "gram per mile", name2 = "grams per mile", symbol = "g/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "g/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["gCO2/km"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "gram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "grams of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "g(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "ozCO2/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["gCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "g(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "gCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["kg/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms per kilometer", symbol = "kg/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["kgCO2/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "kg(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lbCO2/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["lb/mi"] = { name1 = "pound per mile", name2 = "pounds per mile", symbol = "lb/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kg/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["lbCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "pound of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "pounds of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "lb(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kgCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["oz/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce per mile", name2 = "ounces per mile", symbol = "oz/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "g/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["ozCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "ounces of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "oz(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "gCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["cuft/a"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per annum", name2 = "cubic feet per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/a", utype = "flow", scale = 8.9730672142368242e-10, default = "m3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/d"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per day", name2 = "cubic feet per day", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/d", utype = "flow", scale = 3.2774128000000003e-7, default = "m3/d", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/h"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per hour", name2 = "cubic feet per hour", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/h", utype = "flow", scale = 7.8657907200000004e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/min"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per minute", name2 = "cubic feet per minute", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/min", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00047194744319999999, default = "m3/min", }, ["cuft/s"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per second", name2 = "cubic feet per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/s", utype = "flow", scale = 28316846592e-12, default = "m3/s", }, ["cumi/a"] = { name1 = "cubic mile per annum", name2 = "cubic miles per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi/a", utype = "flow", scale = 132.08171170940057, default = "km3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/h"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per hour", name2 = "cubic yards per hour", symbol = "cuyd/h", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00021237634944000001, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/s"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per second", name2 = "cubic yards per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.76455485798400002, default = "m3/s", }, ["Goilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "billion barrels per year", name2 = "billion barrels per year", symbol = "Gbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933836, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["impgal/h"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per hour", name2 = "imperial gallons per hour", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.2628027777777779e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", }, ["impgal/min"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per minute", name2 = "imperial gallons per minute", symbol = "imp gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 7.5768166666666671e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["impgal/s"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per second", name2 = "imperial gallons per second", symbol = "impgal/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00454609, default = "m3/s", link = "Imperial gallons per second", }, ["km3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per annum", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per annum", name2 = "cubic kilometres per annum", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per annum", symbol = "km³/a", utype = "flow", scale = 31.68808781402895, default = "cumi/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["km3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per day", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per day", name2 = "cubic kilometres per day", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per day", symbol = "km³/d", utype = "flow", scale = 11574.074074074075, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["koilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per year", name2 = "thousand barrels per year", symbol = "kbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-6, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["koilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per day", name2 = "thousand barrels per day", symbol = "kbbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 0.0018401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["L/h"] = { name1 = "litre per hour", name1_us = "liter per hour", name2 = "litres per hour", name2_us = "liters per hour", symbol = "L/h", utype = "flow", scale = 2.7777777777777776e-7, default = "impgal/h USgal/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/min"] = { name1 = "litre per minute", name1_us = "liter per minute", name2 = "litres per minute", name2_us = "liters per minute", symbol = "L/min", utype = "flow", scale = 1.6666666666666667e-5, default = "impgal/min USgal/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/s"] = { name1 = "litre per second", name1_us = "liter per second", name2 = "litres per second", name2_us = "liters per second", symbol = "L/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.001, default = "cuft/s", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per annum", name1_us = "cubic meter per annum", name2 = "cubic metres per annum", name2_us = "cubic meters per annum", symbol = "m³/a", utype = "flow", scale = 3.1688087814028947e-8, default = "cuft/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per day", name1_us = "cubic meter per day", name2 = "cubic metres per day", name2_us = "cubic meters per day", symbol = "m³/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/h"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hour", name1_us = "cubic meter per hour", name2 = "cubic metres per hour", name2_us = "cubic meters per hour", symbol = "m³/h", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "cuft/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/min"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per minute", name1_us = "cubic meter per minute", name2 = "cubic metres per minute", name2_us = "cubic meters per minute", symbol = "m³/min", utype = "flow", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "cuft/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/s"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per second", name1_us = "cubic meter per second", name2 = "cubic metres per second", name2_us = "cubic meters per second", symbol = "m³/s", utype = "flow", scale = 1, default = "cuft/s", }, ["Moilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "million barrels per year", name2 = "million barrels per year", symbol = "Mbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 0.0050380033629933837, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["Moilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "million barrels per day", name2 = "million barrels per day", symbol = "Mbbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.8401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "barrel per year", name2 = "barrels per year", symbol = "bbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-9, default = "m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "barrel per day", name2 = "barrels per day", symbol = "bbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.8401307283333336e-6, default = "m3/d", }, ["Toilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels per year", name2 = "trillion barrels per year", symbol = "Tbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5038.0033629933832, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["U.S.gal/d"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per day", name2 = "U.S. gallons per day", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "flow", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", customary= 1, }, ["U.S.gal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", customary= 2, }, ["U.S.gal/min"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per minute", name2 = "U.S. gallons per minute", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal/a"] = { name1 = "US gallon per year", name2 = "US gallons per year", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/a", utype = "flow", scale = 1.1995246102365199e-10, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/d"] = { name1 = "US gallon per day", name2 = "US gallons per day", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "flow", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", customary= 1, }, ["USgal/min"] = { name1 = "US gallon per minute", name2 = "US gallons per minute", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal/s"] = { name1 = "US gallon per second", name1_us = "U.S. gallon per second", name2 = "US gallons per second", name2_us = "U.S. gallons per second", symbol = "USgal/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "m3/s", link = "US gallons per second", }, ["ft3/a"] = { target = "cuft/a", }, ["ft3/d"] = { target = "cuft/d", }, ["ft3/h"] = { target = "cuft/h", }, ["ft3/s"] = { target = "cuft/s", }, ["Gcuft/a"] = { target = "e9cuft/a", }, ["Gcuft/d"] = { target = "e9cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/a"] = { target = "e3cuft/a", }, ["kcuft/d"] = { target = "e3cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/s"] = { target = "e3cuft/s", }, ["Mcuft/a"] = { target = "e6cuft/a", }, ["Mcuft/d"] = { target = "e6cuft/d", }, ["Mcuft/s"] = { target = "e6cuft/s", }, ["m³/s"] = { target = "m3/s", }, ["Tcuft/a"] = { target = "e12cuft/a", }, ["Tcuft/d"] = { target = "e12cuft/d", }, ["u.s.gal/min"] = { target = "U.S.gal/min", }, ["usgal/min"] = { target = "USgal/min", }, ["-LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["-STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["dyn"] = { name1 = "dyne", symbol = "dyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00001, default = "gr-f", }, ["g-f"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "g_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gf"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "gf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN ozf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gr-f"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "gr_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["grf"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "grf", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["kdyn"] = { name1 = "kilodyne", symbol = "kdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.01, default = "oz-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["kg-f"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kg_f", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", }, ["kgf"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kgf", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lbf", }, ["kp"] = { name1 = "kilopond", symbol = "kp", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["L/T-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["L/Tf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["lb-f"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lb_f", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lbf"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lbf", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lb(f)"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["LT-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LT_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["Mdyn"] = { name1 = "megadyne", symbol = "Mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 10, default = "lb-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mdyn"] = { name1 = "millidyne", symbol = "mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000001, default = "gr-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mg-f"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mg_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mgf"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mgf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN grf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["Mp"] = { name1 = "megapond", symbol = "Mp", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mp"] = { name1 = "millipond", symbol = "mp", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["N"] = { _name1 = "newton", _symbol = "N", utype = "force", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lb-f", link = "Newton (unit)", }, ["oz-f"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "oz_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["ozf"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "ozf", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["p"] = { name1 = "pond", symbol = "p", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["pdl"] = { name1 = "poundal", symbol = "pdl", utype = "force", scale = 0.138254954376, default = "N", }, ["S/T-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["S/Tf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["ST-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "ST_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["t-f"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "t_f", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["tf"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "tf", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LTf STf", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["dyne"] = { target = "dyn", }, ["newtons"] = { target = "N", }, ["poundal"] = { target = "pdl", }, ["tonne-force"] = { target = "tf", }, ["impgal/mi"] = { per = { "@impgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km USgal/mi", }, ["km/L"] = { per = { "km", "L" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["km/l"] = { per = { "km", "ll" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["L/100 km"] = { per = { "L", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["l/100 km"] = { per = { "ll", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["L/km"] = { per = { "L", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["l/km"] = { per = { "ll", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["mi/impqt"] = { per = { "mi", "impqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/U.S.qt"] = { per = { "mi", "U.S.qt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/USqt"] = { per = { "mi", "USqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/usqt"] = { per = { "mi", "usqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mpgimp"] = { per = { "mi", "@impgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;imp", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]}", }, ["mpgus"] = { per = { "mi", "+USgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;US", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgimp", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]}", }, ["U.S.gal/mi"] = { per = { "*U.S.gal", "mi" }, sp_us = true, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["usgal/mi"] = { per = { "+USgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["L/100km"] = { target = "L/100 km", }, ["l/100km"] = { target = "l/100 km", }, ["mpg"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})", }, ["mpgU.S."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgu.s."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgUS"] = { target = "mpgus", }, ["USgal/mi"] = { target = "usgal/mi", }, ["kPa/m"] = { per = { "kPa", "-m-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "psi/ft", }, ["psi/ft"] = { per = { "psi", "-ft-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "kPa/m", }, ["cm/km"] = { name1 = "centimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "centimeter per kilometer", name2 = "centimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "centimeters per kilometer", symbol = "cm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/mi"] = { name1 = "foot per mile", name2 = "feet per mile", symbol = "ft/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00018939393939393939, default = "v < 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/nmi"] = { name1 = "foot per nautical mile", name2 = "feet per nautical mile", symbol = "ft/nmi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00016457883369330455, default = "v < 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/ft"] = { name1 = "inch per foot", name2 = "inches per foot", symbol = "in/ft", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.083333333333333329, default = "mm/m", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/mi"] = { name1 = "inch per mile", name2 = "inches per mile", symbol = "in/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 1.5782828282828283e-5, default = "v < 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["m/km"] = { name1 = "metre per kilometre", name1_us = "meter per kilometer", name2 = "metres per kilometre", name2_us = "meters per kilometer", symbol = "m/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/km"] = { name1 = "millimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "millimeter per kilometer", name2 = "millimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "millimeters per kilometer", symbol = "mm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.000001, default = "in/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/m"] = { name1 = "millimetre per metre", name1_us = "millimeter per meter", name2 = "millimetres per metre", name2_us = "millimeters per meter", symbol = "mm/m", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "in/ft", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["admi"] = { name1 = "admiralty mile", symbol = "nmi&nbsp;(admiralty)", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["AU"] = { name1 = "astronomical unit", symbol = "AU", utype = "length", scale = 149597870700, default = "km mi", }, ["Brnmi"] = { name1 = "British nautical mile", symbol = "(Brit)&nbsp;nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["bu"] = { name2 = "bu", symbol = "bu", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0030303030303030303, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["ch"] = { name1 = "chain", symbol = "ch", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chlk"] = { name1 = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|ch]]", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["chain"] = { symbol = "chain", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chainlk"] = { symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["dpcm"] = { name2 = "dot/cm", symbol = "dot/cm", utype = "length", scale = 100, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "dpi", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["dpi"] = { name2 = "DPI", symbol = "DPI", utype = "length", scale = 39.370078740157481, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["fathom"] = { symbol = "fathom", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1.8288, default = "ft m", }, ["foot"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "foot", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["ft"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "feet", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["furlong"] = { symbol = "furlong", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 201.168, default = "ft m", }, ["Gly"] = { name1 = "gigalight-year", symbol = "Gly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e24, default = "Mpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Gpc"] = { name1 = "gigaparsec", symbol = "Gpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e25, default = "Gly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["hand"] = { name1 = "hand", symbol = "h", utype = "length", builtin = "hand", scale = 0.1016, iscomplex= true, default = "in cm", link = "Hand (unit)", }, ["in"] = { name1 = "inch", name2 = "inches", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, exception= "subunit_more_precision", default = "mm", }, ["inabbreviated"] = { name2 = "in", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, default = "mm", link = "Inch", }, ["kly"] = { name1 = "kilolight-year", symbol = "kly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e18, default = "pc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["kpc"] = { name1 = "kiloparsec", symbol = "kpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e19, default = "kly", link = "Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs", }, ["LD"] = { name1 = "lunar distance", symbol = "LD", utype = "length", scale = 384403000, default = "km mi", link = "Lunar distance (astronomy)", }, ["league"] = { symbol = "league", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 4828.032, default = "km", link = "League (unit)", }, ["ly"] = { name1 = "light-year", symbol = "ly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e15, default = "AU", }, ["m"] = { _name1 = "metre", _name1_us= "meter", _symbol = "m", utype = "length", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v > 0 and v < 3 ! ftin ! ft", link = "Metre", }, ["mi"] = { name1 = "mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["ch"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chainlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["ft"] = { 5280, default = "km" }, ["furlong"] = { 8, default = "km" }, ["yd"] = { 1760, default = "km" } }, }, ["mil"] = { symbol = "mil", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["Mly"] = { name1 = "megalight-year", symbol = "Mly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e21, default = "kpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Mpc"] = { name1 = "megaparsec", symbol = "Mpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e22, default = "Mly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["NM"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "NM", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["nmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUKnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUSnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", }, ["pc"] = { name1 = "parsec", symbol = "pc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e16, default = "ly", }, ["perch"] = { name2 = "perches", symbol = "perch", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pitch"] = { name2 = "μm", symbol = "μm", utype = "length", scale = 1e-6, default = "dpi", defkey = "pitch", linkey = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["pole"] = { symbol = "pole", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pre1954U.S.nmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["pre1954USnmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;US) nautical mile", name1_us = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;US) nmi", sym_us = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["rd"] = { name1 = "rod", symbol = "rd", utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["royal cubit"] = { name1 = "royal cubit", symbol = "cu", utype = "length", scale = 0.524, default = "mm", }, ["rtkm"] = { name1 = "route kilometre", name1_us = "route kilometer", symbol = "km", utype = "length", scale = 1000, default = "mi", link = "Kilometre", }, ["rtmi"] = { name1 = "route mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", link = "Mile", }, ["shaku"] = { name2 = "shaku", symbol = "shaku", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.30303030303030304, default = "m", link = "Shaku (unit)", }, ["sm"] = { name1 = "smoot", symbol = "sm", utype = "length", scale = 1.70180, default = "m", link = "Smoot (unit)", }, ["smi"] = { name1 = "statute mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" } }, }, ["solar radius"] = { name1 = "solar radius", name2 = "solar radii", symbol = "''R''_☉", utype = "length", scale = 695700e3, default = "km", }, ["sun"] = { name2 = "sun", symbol = "sun", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.030303030303030304, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["thou"] = { name2 = "thou", symbol = "thou", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["verst"] = { symbol = "verst", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1066.8, default = "km mi", }, ["yd"] = { name1 = "yard", symbol = "yd", utype = "length", scale = 0.9144, default = "m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 3, default = "m" } }, }, ["μin"] = { name1 = "microinch", name2 = "microinches", symbol = "μin", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000254, default = "nm", link = "SI prefix#Non-metric units", }, ["Å"] = { name1 = "ångström", symbol = "Å", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "in", }, ["Hz"] = { _name1 = "hertz", _name2 = "hertz", _symbol = "Hz", utype = "length", scale = 3.3356409519815204e-9, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, prefixes = 1, default = "m", link = "Hertz", }, ["rpm"] = { name1 = "revolution per minute", name2 = "revolutions per minute", symbol = "rpm", utype = "length", scale = 5.5594015866358675e-11, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "Hz", link = "Revolutions per minute", }, ["-ft-frac"] = { target = "ft", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-in-stiff"] = { target = "in", link = "Stiffness", }, ["-m-frac"] = { target = "m", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-m-stiff"] = { target = "m", link = "Stiffness", }, ["100km"] = { target = "km", multiplier= 100, }, ["100mi"] = { target = "mi", multiplier= 100, }, ["100miles"] = { target = "mi", symbol = "miles", multiplier= 100, }, ["admiralty nmi"] = { target = "oldUKnmi", }, ["angstrom"] = { target = "Å", }, ["au"] = { target = "AU", symbol = "au", }, ["feet"] = { target = "ft", }, ["hands"] = { target = "hand", }, ["inch"] = { target = "in", }, ["inches"] = { target = "in", }, ["light-year"] = { target = "ly", }, ["meter"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["meters"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["metre"] = { target = "m", }, ["metres"] = { target = "m", }, ["micrometre"] = { target = "μm", }, ["micron"] = { target = "μm", default = "μin", }, ["mile"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["miles"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["parsec"] = { target = "pc", }, ["rod"] = { target = "rd", }, ["smoot"] = { target = "sm", }, ["uin"] = { target = "μin", }, ["yard"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yards"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yds"] = { target = "yd", }, ["dtex"] = { name1 = "decitex", name2 = "decitex", symbol = "dtex", utype = "linear density", scale = 1e-7, default = "lb/yd", link = "Units of textile measurement#Units", }, ["kg/cm"] = { name1 = "kilogram per centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm", utype = "linear density", scale = 100, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["kg/m"] = { name1 = "kilogram per metre", name1_us = "kilogram per meter", name2 = "kilograms per metre", name2_us = "kilograms per meter", symbol = "kg/m", utype = "linear density", scale = 1, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/ft"] = { name1 = "pound per foot", name2 = "pounds per foot", symbol = "lb/ft", utype = "linear density", scale = 1.4881639435695539, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/yd"] = { name1 = "pound per yard", name2 = "pounds per yard", symbol = "lb/yd", utype = "linear density", scale = 0.49605464785651798, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["G"] = { _name1 = "gauss", _name2 = "gauss", _symbol = "G", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 0.0001, prefixes = 1, default = "T", link = "Gauss (unit)", }, ["T"] = { _name1 = "tesla", _symbol = "T", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "G", link = "Tesla (unit)", }, ["A/m"] = { name1 = "ampere per metre", name1_us = "ampere per meter", name2 = "amperes per metre", name2_us = "amperes per meter", symbol = "A/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1, default = "Oe", }, ["kA/m"] = { name1 = "kiloampere per metre", name1_us = "kiloampere per meter", name2 = "kiloamperes per metre", name2_us = "kiloamperes per meter", symbol = "kA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1000, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["MA/m"] = { name1 = "megaampere per metre", name1_us = "megaampere per meter", name2 = "megaamperes per metre", name2_us = "megaamperes per meter", symbol = "MA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1e6, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["Oe"] = { _name1 = "oersted", _symbol = "Oe", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 79.5774715, prefixes = 1, default = "kA/m", link = "Oersted", }, ["-Lcwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", }, ["-Scwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", }, ["-ST"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "ST", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["carat"] = { symbol = "carat", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.0002, default = "g", link = "Carat (mass)", }, ["Da"] = { _name1 = "dalton", _symbol = "Da", utype = "mass", scale = 1.66053906892e-27, prefixes = 1, default = "kg", link = "Dalton (unit)", }, ["drachm"] = { name1_us = "dram", symbol = "drachm", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.001771845195, default = "g", link = "Dram (unit)", }, ["dram"] = { target = "drachm", }, ["dwt"] = { name1 = "pennyweight", symbol = "dwt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00155517384, default = "oz g", }, ["DWton"] = { symbol = "deadweight ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "DWtonne", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["DWtonne"] = { name1_us = "deadweight metric ton", symbol = "deadweight tonne", sym_us = "~deadweight metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "DWton", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["g"] = { _name1 = "gram", _symbol = "g", utype = "mass", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "oz", link = "Gram", }, ["gr"] = { name1 = "grain", symbol = "gr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00006479891, default = "g", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["Gt"] = { name1 = "gigatonne", symbol = "Gt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["impgalh2o"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon of water", name2 = "imperial gallons of water", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 4.5359236999999499, default = "lb kg", link = "Imperial gallon", }, ["kt"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", symbol = "kt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["lb"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "kg", subdivs = { ["oz"] = { 16, default = "kg" } }, link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["Lcwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "Lcwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" }, ["st"] = { 8, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long cwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "long&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long qtr"] = { name1 = "long quarter", symbol = "long&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", }, ["LT"] = { symbol = "long ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["lt"] = { name1 = "long ton", symbol = "LT", utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["metric ton"] = { symbol = "metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "long ton", link = "Tonne", }, ["MT"] = { name1 = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["Mt"] = { name1 = "megatonne", symbol = "Mt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["oz"] = { name1 = "ounce", symbol = "oz", utype = "mass", scale = 0.028349523125, default = "g", }, ["ozt"] = { name1 = "troy ounce", symbol = "ozt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.0311034768, default = "oz g", }, ["pdr"] = { name1 = "pounder", symbol = "pdr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, default = "kg", link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["qtr"] = { name1 = "quarter", symbol = "qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 28, default = "kg" } }, link = "Long quarter", }, ["Scwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "Scwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short cwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "short&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb kg", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short qtr"] = { name1 = "short quarter", symbol = "short&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 11.33980925, default = "lb kg", }, ["ST"] = { symbol = "short ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Scwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Scwt" } }, }, ["shtn"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "sh&nbsp;tn", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["shton"] = { symbol = "ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["solar mass"] = { name1 = "solar mass", name2 = "solar masses", symbol = "''M''_☉", utype = "mass", scale = 1.98855e30, default = "kg", }, ["st"] = { name1 = "stone", name2 = "stone", symbol = "st", utype = "mass", scale = 6.35029318, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 14, default = "kg lb" } }, link = "Stone (unit)", }, ["t"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", }, ["tonne"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "shton", }, ["troy pound"] = { symbol = "troy pound", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.3732417216, default = "lb kg", link = "Troy weight", }, ["usgalh2o"] = { name1 = "US gallon of water", name1_us = "U.S. gallon of water", name2 = "US gallons of water", name2_us = "U.S. gallons of water", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 3.7776215836051126, default = "lb kg", link = "United States customary units#Fluid volume", }, ["viss"] = { name2 = "viss", symbol = "viss", utype = "mass", scale = 1.632932532, default = "kg", link = "Myanmar units of measurement#Mass", }, ["billion tonne"] = { target = "e9t", }, ["grain"] = { target = "gr", }, ["kilogram"] = { target = "kg", }, ["kilotonne"] = { target = "kt", }, ["lbs"] = { target = "lb", }, ["lbt"] = { target = "troy pound", }, ["lcwt"] = { target = "Lcwt", }, ["long ton"] = { target = "LT", }, ["mcg"] = { target = "μg", }, ["million tonne"] = { target = "e6t", }, ["scwt"] = { target = "Scwt", }, ["short ton"] = { target = "ST", }, ["stone"] = { target = "st", }, ["thousand tonne"] = { target = "e3t", }, ["tonnes"] = { target = "t", }, ["kg/kW"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilowatt", name2 = "kilograms per kilowatt", symbol = "kg/kW", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/hp", link = "Kilowatt", }, ["lb/hp"] = { name1 = "pound per horsepower", name2 = "pounds per horsepower", symbol = "lb/hp", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.00060827738784176115, default = "kg/kW", link = "Horsepower", }, ["kg/h"] = { per = { "kg", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "lb/h", }, ["lb/h"] = { per = { "lb", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "kg/h", }, ["g-mol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "g-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "gmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "gmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "gmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "gmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "gmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lbmol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/d"] = { name1 = "kilomole per day", name2 = "kilomoles per day", symbol = "kmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/h"] = { name1 = "kilomole per hour", name2 = "kilomoles per hour", symbol = "kmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/min"] = { name1 = "kilomole per minute", name2 = "kilomoles per minute", symbol = "kmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 16.666666666666668, default = "mol/s", link = "Kilomole (unit)", }, ["kmol/s"] = { name1 = "kilomole per second", name2 = "kilomoles per second", symbol = "kmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1000, default = "lb-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["lb-mol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lbmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lbmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lbmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lbmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["mmol/s"] = { name1 = "millimole per second", name2 = "millimoles per second", symbol = "mmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/d"] = { name1 = "mole per day", name2 = "moles per day", symbol = "mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/h"] = { name1 = "mole per hour", name2 = "moles per hour", symbol = "mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/min"] = { name1 = "mole per minute", name2 = "moles per minute", symbol = "mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/s"] = { name1 = "mole per second", name2 = "moles per second", symbol = "mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["μmol/s"] = { name1 = "micromole per second", name2 = "micromoles per second", symbol = "μmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.000001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["umol/s"] = { target = "μmol/s", }, ["/acre"] = { name1 = "per acre", name2 = "per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["/ha"] = { name1 = "per hectare", name2 = "per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["/sqcm"] = { name1 = "per square centimetre", name1_us = "per square centimeter", name2 = "per square centimetre", name2_us = "per square centimeter", symbol = "/cm²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e4, default = "/sqin", link = "Square centimetre", }, ["/sqin"] = { name1 = "per square inch", name2 = "per square inch", symbol = "/in²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1550.0031000062002, default = "/sqcm", link = "Square inch", }, ["/sqkm"] = { name1 = "per square kilometre", name1_us = "per square kilometer", name2 = "per square kilometre", name2_us = "per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["/sqmi"] = { name1 = "per square mile", name2 = "per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["PD/acre"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per acre", name2 = "inhabitants per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "PD/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["PD/ha"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per hectare", name2 = "inhabitants per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "PD/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["PD/sqkm"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square kilometre", name1_us = "inhabitant per square kilometer", name2 = "inhabitants per square kilometre", name2_us = "inhabitants per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "PD/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["PD/sqmi"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square mile", name2 = "inhabitants per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "PD/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["/cm2"] = { target = "/sqcm", }, ["/in2"] = { target = "/sqin", }, ["/km2"] = { target = "/sqkm", }, ["pd/acre"] = { target = "PD/acre", }, ["pd/ha"] = { target = "PD/ha", }, ["PD/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["PD/km²"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqkm"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqmi"] = { target = "PD/sqmi", }, ["/l"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/l", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/L"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/L", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/USgal"] = { name1 = "per gallon", name2 = "per gallon", symbol = "/gal", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 264.172052, default = "/L", link = "US gallon", customary= 2, }, ["/usgal"] = { target = "/USgal", }, ["bhp"] = { name1 = "brake horsepower", name2 = "brake horsepower", symbol = "bhp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Brake horsepower", }, ["Cal/d"] = { name1 = "large calorie per day", name2 = "large calories per day", symbol = "Cal/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.048425925925925928, default = "kJ/d", link = "Calorie", }, ["Cal/h"] = { name1 = "large calorie per hour", name2 = "large calories per hour", symbol = "Cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kJ/h", link = "Calorie", }, ["cal/h"] = { name1 = "calorie per hour", name2 = "calories per hour", symbol = "cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.0011622222222222223, default = "W", link = "Calorie", }, ["CV"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "CV", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hk"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hk", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hp"] = { name1 = "horsepower", name2 = "horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", }, ["hp-electric"] = { name1 = "electric horsepower", name2 = "electric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-electrical"] = { name1 = "electrical horsepower", name2 = "electrical horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-metric"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["ihp"] = { name1 = "indicated horsepower", name2 = "indicated horsepower", symbol = "ihp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Indicated horsepower", }, ["kcal/h"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per hour", name2 = "kilocalories per hour", symbol = "kcal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kW", link = "Calorie", }, ["kJ/d"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per day", name2 = "kilojoules per day", symbol = "kJ/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "Cal/d", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["kJ/h"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per hour", name2 = "kilojoules per hour", symbol = "kJ/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "W", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["PS"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "PS", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["shp"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower", name2 = "shaft horsepower", symbol = "shp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Shaft horsepower", }, ["W"] = { _name1 = "watt", _symbol = "W", utype = "power", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "hp", link = "Watt", }, ["BTU/h"] = { per = { "BTU", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["Btu/h"] = { per = { "Btu", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["BHP"] = { target = "bhp", }, ["btu/h"] = { target = "BTU/h", }, ["HP"] = { target = "hp", }, ["Hp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp-mechanical"] = { target = "hp", }, ["IHP"] = { target = "ihp", }, ["SHP"] = { target = "shp", }, ["whp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp/lb"] = { name1 = "horsepower per pound", name2 = "horsepower per pound", symbol = "hp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/LT"] = { name1 = "horsepower per long ton", name2 = "horsepower per long ton", symbol = "hp/LT", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73392268125000004, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/ST"] = { name1 = "horsepower per short ton", name2 = "horsepower per short ton", symbol = "hp/ST", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.821993403, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/t"] = { name1 = "horsepower per tonne", name2 = "horsepower per tonne", symbol = "hp/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.74569987158227022, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/kg"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per kilogram", name2 = "kilowatts per kilogram", symbol = "kW/kg", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "hp/lb", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/t"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per tonne", name2 = "kilowatts per tonne", symbol = "kW/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1, default = "PS/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["PS/t"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower per tonne", name2 = "metric horsepower per tonne", symbol = "PS/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73549875, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["shp/lb"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower per pound", name2 = "shaft horsepower per pound", symbol = "shp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/tonne"] = { target = "hp/t", symbol = "hp/tonne", default = "kW/tonne", }, ["kW/tonne"] = { target = "kW/t", symbol = "kW/tonne", }, ["-lb/in2"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "lb/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["atm"] = { name1 = "standard atmosphere", symbol = "atm", utype = "pressure", scale = 101325, default = "kPa", link = "Atmosphere (unit)", }, ["Ba"] = { name1 = "barye", symbol = "Ba", utype = "pressure", scale = 0.1, default = "Pa", }, ["bar"] = { symbol = "bar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["dbar"] = { name1 = "decibar", symbol = "dbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 10000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["inHg"] = { name1 = "inch of mercury", name2 = "inches of mercury", symbol = "inHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 3386.388640341, default = "kPa", }, ["kBa"] = { name1 = "kilobarye", symbol = "kBa", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Barye", }, ["kg-f/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kg_f/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kg/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per square centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kgf/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kgf/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["ksi"] = { name1 = "kilopound per square inch", name2 = "kilopounds per square inch", symbol = "ksi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894757.2931683613, default = "MPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["lbf/in2"] = { name1 = "pound-force per square inch", name2 = "pounds-force per square inch", symbol = "lbf/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["mb"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mb", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mbar"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mmHg"] = { name1 = "millimetre of mercury", name1_us = "millimeter of mercury", name2 = "millimetres of mercury", name2_us = "millimeters of mercury", symbol = "mmHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.322387415, default = "kPa", }, ["Pa"] = { _name1 = "pascal", _symbol = "Pa", utype = "pressure", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "psi", link = "Pascal (unit)", }, ["psf"] = { name1 = "pound per square foot", name2 = "pounds per square foot", symbol = "psf", utype = "pressure", scale = 47.880258980335839, default = "kPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["psi"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "psi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa", }, ["Torr"] = { name1 = "torr", symbol = "Torr", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.32236842105263, default = "kPa", }, ["N/cm2"] = { per = { "N", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["N/m2"] = { per = { "N", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["g/cm2"] = { per = { "g", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["g/m2"] = { per = { "g", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/ha"] = { per = { "kg", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/m2"] = { per = { "kg", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/1000sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "1000sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/acre"] = { per = { "lb", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqyd"] = { per = { "lb", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["LT/acre"] = { per = { "LT", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["MT/ha"] = { per = { "MT", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqft"] = { per = { "oz", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqyd"] = { per = { "oz", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["ST/acre"] = { per = { "ST", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["t/ha"] = { per = { "t", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/acre"] = { per = { "tonne", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/ha"] = { per = { "tonne", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kgfpsqcm"] = { target = "kgf/cm2", }, ["kgpsqcm"] = { target = "kg/cm2", }, ["kN/m2"] = { target = "kPa", }, ["lb/in2"] = { target = "lbf/in2", }, ["torr"] = { target = "Torr", }, ["Bq"] = { _name1 = "becquerel", _symbol = "Bq", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "pCi", link = "Becquerel", }, ["Ci"] = { _name1 = "curie", _symbol = "Ci", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 3.7e10, prefixes = 1, default = "GBq", link = "Curie (unit)", }, ["Rd"] = { _name1 = "rutherford", _symbol = "Rd", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1e6, prefixes = 1, default = "MBq", link = "Rutherford (unit)", }, ["cm/h"] = { name1 = "centimetre per hour", name1_us = "centimeter per hour", name2 = "centimetres per hour", name2_us = "centimeters per hour", symbol = "cm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777775e-6, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/s"] = { name1 = "centimetre per second", name1_us = "centimeter per second", name2 = "centimetres per second", name2_us = "centimeters per second", symbol = "cm/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.01, default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/year"] = { name1 = "centimetre per year", name1_us = "centimeter per year", name2 = "centimetres per year", name2_us = "centimeters per year", symbol = "cm/year", utype = "speed", scale = 3.168873850681143e-10, default = "in/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["foot/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "foot per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", }, ["ft/min"] = { name1 = "foot per minute", name2 = "feet per minute", symbol = "ft/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.00508, default = "m/min", link = "Feet per second", }, ["ft/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "feet per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", link = "Feet per second", }, ["furlong per fortnight"] = { name2 = "furlongs per fortnight", symbol = "furlong per fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "speed", scale = 0.00016630952380952381, default = "km/h mph", link = "FFF system", }, ["in/h"] = { name1 = "inch per hour", name2 = "inches per hour", symbol = "in/h", utype = "speed", scale = 7.0555555555555559e-6, default = "cm/h", link = "Inch", }, ["in/s"] = { name1 = "inch per second", name2 = "inches per second", symbol = "in/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.0254, default = "cm/s", link = "Inch", }, ["in/year"] = { name1 = "inch per year", name2 = "inches per year", symbol = "in/year", utype = "speed", scale = 8.0489395807301024e-10, default = "cm/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["isp"] = { name1 = "second", symbol = "s", utype = "speed", scale = 9.80665, default = "km/s", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["km/d"] = { name1 = "kilometre per day", name1_us = "kilometer per day", name2 = "kilometres per day", name2_us = "kilometers per day", symbol = "km/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.1574074074074074e-2, default = "mi/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["km/h"] = { name1 = "kilometre per hour", name1_us = "kilometer per hour", name2 = "kilometres per hour", name2_us = "kilometers per hour", symbol = "km/h", utype = "speed", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph", link = "Kilometres per hour", }, ["km/s"] = { name1 = "kilometre per second", name1_us = "kilometer per second", name2 = "kilometres per second", name2_us = "kilometers per second", symbol = "km/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "mi/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["kn"] = { name1 = "knot", symbol = "kn", utype = "speed", scale = 0.51444444444444448, default = "km/h mph", link = "Knot (unit)", }, ["kNs/kg"] = { name2 = "kN&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "kN&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["m/min"] = { name1 = "metre per minute", name1_us = "meter per minute", name2 = "metres per minute", name2_us = "meters per minute", symbol = "m/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "ft/min", link = "Metre per second", }, ["m/s"] = { name1 = "metre per second", name1_us = "meter per second", name2 = "metres per second", name2_us = "meters per second", symbol = "m/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "ft/s", }, ["Mach"] = { name2 = "Mach", symbol = "Mach", utype = "speed", builtin = "mach", scale = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "km/h mph", link = "Mach number", }, ["mi/d"] = { name1 = "mile per day", name2 = "miles per day", symbol = "mi/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.8626666666666667e-2, default = "km/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["mi/s"] = { name1 = "mile per second", name2 = "miles per second", symbol = "mi/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1609.344, default = "km/s", link = "Mile", }, ["mm/h"] = { name1 = "millimetre per hour", name1_us = "millimeter per hour", name2 = "millimetres per hour", name2_us = "millimeters per hour", symbol = "mm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777781e-7, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["mph"] = { name1 = "mile per hour", name2 = "miles per hour", symbol = "mph", utype = "speed", scale = 0.44704, default = "km/h", link = "Miles per hour", }, ["Ns/kg"] = { name2 = "N&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "N&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["si tsfc"] = { name2 = "g/(kN⋅s)", symbol = "g/(kN⋅s)", utype = "speed", scale = 9.9999628621379242e-7, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["tsfc"] = { name2 = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", symbol = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", utype = "speed", scale = 2.832545036049801e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "si tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["cm/y"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["cm/yr"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["in/y"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["in/yr"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["knot"] = { target = "kn", }, ["knots"] = { target = "kn", }, ["kph"] = { target = "km/h", }, ["mi/h"] = { target = "mph", }, ["mm/s"] = { per = { "mm", "s" }, utype = "speed", default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["C"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius", name2 = "degrees Celsius", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = -273.15, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "F", link = "Celsius", }, ["F"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 32-273.15*(9/5), iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "C", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K"] = { _name1 = "kelvin", _symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, prefixes = 1, default = "C F", link = "Kelvin", }, ["keVT"] = { name1 = "kiloelectronvolt", symbol = "keV", utype = "temperature", scale = 11604518.121550081, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "MK", defkey = "keVT", linkey = "keVT", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["R"] = { name1 = "degree Rankine", name2 = "degrees Rankine", symbol = "°R", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "K F C", link = "Rankine scale", }, ["Celsius"] = { target = "C", }, ["°C"] = { target = "C", }, ["°F"] = { target = "F", }, ["°R"] = { target = "R", }, ["C-change"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius change", name2 = "degrees Celsius change", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Celsius", }, ["F-change"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit change", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit change", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 0.55555555555555558, default = "C-change", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K-change"] = { name1 = "kelvin change", name2 = "kelvins change", symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Kelvin", }, ["°C-change"] = { target = "C-change", }, ["°F-change"] = { target = "F-change", }, ["century"] = { name1 = "century", name2 = "centuries", symbol = "ha", utype = "time", scale = 3155760000, default = "Gs", }, ["d"] = { name1 = "day", symbol = "d", utype = "time", scale = 86400, default = "ks", }, ["decade"] = { name1 = "decade", symbol = "daa", utype = "time", scale = 315576000, default = "Ms", }, ["dog year"] = { name1 = "dog year", symbol = "dog yr", utype = "time", scale = 220903200, default = "years", link = "List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year", }, ["fortnight"] = { symbol = "fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 1209600, default = "week", }, ["h"] = { name1 = "hour", symbol = "h", utype = "time", scale = 3600, default = "ks", }, ["long billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["millennium"] = { name1 = "millennium", name2 = "millennia", symbol = "ka", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000, default = "Gs", }, ["milliard year"] = { name1 = "milliard years", name2 = "milliard years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["million year"] = { name1 = "million years", name2 = "million years", symbol = "Ma", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000, default = "Ts", link = "Annum", }, ["min"] = { name1 = "minute", symbol = "min", utype = "time", scale = 60, default = "s", }, ["month"] = { symbol = "month", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "Ms", }, ["months"] = { name1 = "month", symbol = "mo", utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "year", }, ["s"] = { _name1 = "second", _symbol = "s", utype = "time", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v < 7200 ! min ! h", link = "Second", }, ["short billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["short trillion year"] = { name1 = "trillion years", name2 = "trillion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["thousand million year"] = { name1 = "thousand million years", name2 = "thousand million years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["wk"] = { symbol = "week", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 604800, default = "Ms", }, ["year"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "a", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["years"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "yr", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["byr"] = { target = "short billion year", }, ["day"] = { target = "d", }, ["days"] = { target = "d", }, ["dog yr"] = { target = "dog year", }, ["Gyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["hour"] = { target = "h", }, ["hours"] = { target = "h", }, ["kMyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["long byr"] = { target = "long billion year", }, ["minute"] = { target = "min", }, ["minutes"] = { target = "min", }, ["mth"] = { target = "month", }, ["Myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["sec"] = { target = "s", }, ["second"] = { target = "s", }, ["seconds"] = { target = "s", }, ["tmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["tryr"] = { target = "short trillion year", }, ["tyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["week"] = { target = "wk", }, ["weeks"] = { target = "wk", }, ["yr"] = { target = "year", }, ["kg.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgf.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram force-metre", name1_us = "kilogram force-meter", symbol = "kgf⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgm"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kpm"] = { name1 = "kilopond metre", name1_us = "kilopond meter", symbol = "kp⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["lb-fft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.ft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.in"] = { name1 = "pound force-inch", symbol = "lb⋅in", utype = "torque", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mN.m", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbfft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lbf⋅ft", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbft"] = { name1 = "pound-foot", name2 = "pound-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "torque", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["m.kg-f"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kg_f", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["m.kgf"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kgf", utype = "torque", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["mN.m"] = { name1 = "millinewton-metre", name1_us = "millinewton-meter", symbol = "mN⋅m", utype = "torque", scale = 0.001, default = "lb.in", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["Nm"] = { _name1 = "newton-metre", _name1_us= "newton-meter", _symbol = "N⋅m", utype = "torque", alttype = "energy", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lbfft", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["kN/m"] = { per = { "kN", "-m-stiff" }, utype = "torque", default = "lbf/in", }, ["lbf/in"] = { per = { "lbf", "-in-stiff" }, utype = "torque", default = "kN/m", }, ["lb-f.ft"] = { target = "lb-fft", }, ["lbf.ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lbf·ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lb·ft"] = { target = "lb.ft", }, ["mkg-f"] = { target = "m.kg-f", }, ["mkgf"] = { target = "m.kgf", }, ["N.m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["N·m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["ton-mile"] = { symbol = "ton-mile", usename = 1, utype = "transportation", scale = 1.4599723182105602, default = "tkm", }, ["tkm"] = { name1 = "tonne-kilometre", name1_us = "tonne-kilometer", symbol = "tkm", utype = "transportation", scale = 1, default = "ton-mile", }, ["-12USoz(mL)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USoz(ml)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "ml", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USozserve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["acre-foot"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-foot", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["acre-ft"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-feet", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["AUtbsp"] = { name1 = "Australian tablespoon", symbol = "AU&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000020, default = "ml", }, ["Bcuft"] = { name1 = "billion cubic foot", name2 = "billion cubic feet", symbol = "billion cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "Gl", link = "Cubic foot", }, ["bdft"] = { name1 = "board foot", name2 = "board feet", symbol = "bd&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board feet"] = { name2 = "board feet", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board foot"] = { name2 = "board foot", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["cc"] = { name1 = "cubic centimetre", name1_us = "cubic centimeter", symbol = "cc", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000001, default = "cuin", }, ["CID"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cc", link = "Cubic inch#Engine displacement", }, ["cord"] = { symbol = "cord", utype = "volume", scale = 3.624556363776, default = "m3", link = "Cord (unit)", }, ["cufoot"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic foot", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuft"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic feet", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuin"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cm3", }, ["cumi"] = { name1 = "cubic mile", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi", utype = "volume", scale = 4168181825.440579584, default = "km3", }, ["cuyd"] = { name1 = "cubic yard", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd", utype = "volume", scale = 0.764554857984, default = "m3", }, ["firkin"] = { symbol = "firkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.04091481, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Firkin (unit)", }, ["foot3"] = { target = "cufoot", }, ["Goilbbl"] = { name1 = "billion barrels", name2 = "billion barrels", symbol = "Gbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294.928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["gr water"] = { name1 = "grains water", name2 = "grains water", symbol = "gr H₂O", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00000006479891, default = "cm3", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["grt"] = { name1 = "gross register ton", symbol = "grt", utype = "volume", scale = 2.8316846592, default = "m3", link = "Gross register tonnage", }, ["impbbl"] = { name1 = "imperial barrel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.16365924, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["impbsh"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "L impgal USdrygal", }, ["impbu"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "m3", }, ["impgal"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00454609, default = "L USgal", }, ["impgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001420653125, default = "ml USoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["impkenning"] = { name1 = "imperial kenning", symbol = "kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01818436, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["impoz"] = { name1 = "imperial fluid ounce", symbol = "imp&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000284130625, default = "ml USoz", }, ["imppk"] = { name1 = "imperial peck", symbol = "pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00909218, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Peck", }, ["imppt"] = { name1 = "imperial pint", symbol = "imp&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00056826125, default = "L", }, ["impqt"] = { name1 = "imperial quart", symbol = "imp&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0011365225, default = "ml USoz", customary= 3, }, ["kilderkin"] = { symbol = "kilderkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.08182962, default = "L impgal USgal", }, ["koilbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "kbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["L"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "L", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["l"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["ll"] = { name1 = "litre", name1_us = "liter", symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, default = "impgal USgal", }, ["m3"] = { _name1 = "cubic metre", _name1_us= "cubic meter", _symbol = "m³", prefix_position= 7, utype = "volume", scale = 1, prefixes = 3, default = "cuft", link = "Cubic metre", }, ["Mbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MMoilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "MMbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["Moilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MTON"] = { name1 = "measurement ton", symbol = "MTON", utype = "volume", scale = 1.13267386368, default = "m3", }, ["MUSgal"] = { name1 = "million US gallons", name1_us = "million U.S. gallons", name2 = "million US gallons", name2_us = "million U.S. gallons", symbol = "million US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "million U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 3785.411784, default = "Ml", link = "US gallon", }, ["oilbbl"] = { name1 = "barrel", symbol = "bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.158987294928, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["stere"] = { symbol = "stere", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 1, default = "cuft", }, ["tmcft"] = { name2 = "tmcft", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", }, ["Tmcft"] = { name1 = "thousand million cubic feet", name2 = "thousand million cubic feet", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", link = "Tmcft", }, ["Toilbbl"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels", name2 = "trillion barrels", symbol = "Tbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["USbbl"] = { name1 = "US barrel", name1_us = "U.S. barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.119240471196, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbeerbbl"] = { name1 = "US beer barrel", name1_us = "U.S. beer barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.117347765304, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbsh"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bsh", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USbu"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bu", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USdrybbl"] = { name1 = "US dry barrel", name1_us = "U.S. dry barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.11562819898508, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USdrygal"] = { name1 = "US dry gallon", name1_us = "U.S. dry gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00440488377086, default = "L", link = "Gallon", }, ["USdrypt"] = { name1 = "US dry pint", name1_us = "U.S. dry pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0005506104713575, default = "ml", link = "Pint", }, ["USdryqt"] = { name1 = "US dry quart", name1_us = "U.S. dry quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001101220942715, default = "ml", link = "Quart", }, ["USflgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US fl gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", }, ["USgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001182941183, default = "ml impoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["USkenning"] = { name1 = "US kenning", name1_us = "U.S. kenning", symbol = "US&nbsp;kenning", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01761953508344, default = "L impgal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["USmin"] = { name1 = "US minim", name1_us = "U.S. minim", symbol = "US&nbsp;min", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;min", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000000061611519921875, default = "ml", link = "Minim (unit)", }, ["USoz"] = { name1 = "US fluid ounce", name1_us = "U.S. fluid ounce", symbol = "US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000295735295625, default = "ml", }, ["USpk"] = { name1 = "US peck", name1_us = "U.S. peck", symbol = "US&nbsp;pk", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00880976754172, default = "L impgal", link = "Peck", }, ["USpt"] = { name1 = "US pint", name1_us = "U.S. pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000473176473, default = "L imppt", link = "Pint", }, ["USqt"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml", link = "Quart", customary= 1, }, ["USquart"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml impoz", link = "Quart", }, ["UStbsp"] = { name1 = "US tablespoon", name1_us = "U.S. tablespoon", symbol = "US&nbsp;tbsp", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 1.4786764781250001e-5, default = "ml", }, ["winecase"] = { symbol = "case", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.009, default = "L", link = "Case (goods)", }, ["*U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["*U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["+USdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", customary= 1, }, ["+usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", link = "Fluid ounce", customary= 1, }, ["+USgal"] = { target = "USgal", customary= 1, }, ["+USoz"] = { target = "USoz", customary= 1, }, ["@impgal"] = { target = "impgal", link = "Gallon", customary= 3, }, ["acre feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre-feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre.foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre.ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre·ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["bushels"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["cid"] = { target = "CID", }, ["ft3"] = { target = "cuft", symbol = "ft³", }, ["gal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["gallon"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})", }, ["gallons"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})", }, ["Gcuft"] = { target = "e9cuft", }, ["impfloz"] = { target = "impoz", }, ["Impgal"] = { target = "impgal", }, ["in3"] = { target = "cuin", symbol = "in³", }, ["hm³"] = { target = "hm3", }, ["kcuft"] = { target = "e3cuft", }, ["kcum"] = { target = "e3m3", }, ["km³"] = { target = "km3", }, ["liter"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["liters"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["litre"] = { target = "L", }, ["litres"] = { target = "L", }, ["Mcuft"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["Mcum"] = { target = "e6m3", }, ["Mft3"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["mi3"] = { target = "cumi", symbol = "mi³", }, ["m³"] = { target = "m3", }, ["Pcuft"] = { target = "e15cuft", }, ["pt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})", }, ["qt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})", }, ["Tcuft"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["Tft3"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["U.S.bbl"] = { target = "USbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.beerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.bsh"] = { target = "USbsh", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.bu"] = { target = "USbu", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.drybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.dryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.flgal"] = { target = "USflgal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.floz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["u.s.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["U.S.gi"] = { target = "USgi", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.kenning"] = { target = "USkenning", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.oz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pk"] = { target = "USpk", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pt"] = { target = "USpt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.qt"] = { target = "USqt", sp_us = true, default = "L impqt", customary= 2, }, ["usbbl"] = { target = "USbbl", }, ["usbeerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", }, ["usbsh"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["usbu"] = { target = "USbu", }, ["usdrybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", }, ["usdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", }, ["usdrypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", }, ["usdryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", }, ["USfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["USGAL"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgi"] = { target = "USgi", }, ["uskenning"] = { target = "USkenning", }, ["usoz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["uspk"] = { target = "USpk", }, ["uspt"] = { target = "USpt", }, ["usqt"] = { target = "USqt", }, ["yd3"] = { target = "cuyd", symbol = "yd³", }, ["cuft/sqmi"] = { per = { "cuft", "sqmi" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["m3/ha"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hectare", name1_us = "cubic meter per hectare", name2 = "cubic metres per hectare", name2_us = "cubic meters per hectare", symbol = "m³/ha", utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 0.0001, default = "USbu/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["m3/km2"] = { per = { "m3", "km2" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "cuft/sqmi", }, ["U.S.gal/acre"] = { per = { "U.S.gal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["USbu/acre"] = { name2 = "US bushels per acre", symbol = "US bushel per acre", usename = 1, utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 8.7077638761350888e-6, default = "m3/ha", link = "Bushel", }, ["USgal/acre"] = { per = { "USgal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["cuyd/mi"] = { per = { "cuyd", "mi" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "m3/km", }, ["m3/km"] = { per = { "m3", "km" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "cuyd/mi", }, ["mich"] = { combination= { "ch", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michlk"] = { combination= { "chlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michainlk"] = { combination= { "chainlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["miyd"] = { combination= { "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["miydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["mift"] = { combination= { "ft", "mi" }, multiple = { 5280 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 12, 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydft"] = { combination= { "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["footin"] = { combination= { "in", "foot" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["handin"] = { combination= { "in", "hand" }, multiple = { 4 }, utype = "length", }, ["lboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb" }, multiple = { 16 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 16, 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["st and lb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["GN LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["LTf STf"] = { combination= { "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["STf LTf"] = { combination= { "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["L/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgUS"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["mpgimp L/100 km"] = { combination= { "mpgimp", "L/100 km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["LT ST t"] = { combination= { "lt", "-ST", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["LT t ST"] = { combination= { "lt", "t", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST LT t"] = { combination= { "-ST", "lt", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST t LT"] = { combination= { "-ST", "t", "lt" }, utype = "mass", }, ["t LT ST"] = { combination= { "t", "lt", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ton"] = { combination= { "LT", "ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["kPa kg/cm2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "kgf/cm2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["kPa lb/in2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "-lb/in2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["floz"] = { combination= { "impoz", "USoz" }, utype = "volume", }, } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local default_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation). ["cm²"] = "sqin", ["dm²"] = "sqin", ["e3acre"] = "km2", ["e3m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6acre"] = "km2", ["e6ha"] = "e6acre", ["e6km2"] = "e6sqmi", ["e6m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6sqft"] = "v * 9.290304 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2", ["e6sqmi"] = "e6km2", ["hm²"] = "acre", ["km²"] = "sqmi", ["mm²"] = "sqin", ["aJ"] = "eV", ["e3BTU"] = "MJ", ["e6BTU"] = "GJ", ["EJ"] = "kWh", ["eV"] = "aJ", ["feV"] = "yJ", ["fJ"] = "keV", ["GeV"] = "nJ", ["GJ"] = "kWh", ["keV"] = "fJ", ["MeV"] = "pJ", ["meV"] = "zJ", ["MJ"] = "kWh", ["neV"] = "yJ", ["PeV"] = "mJ", ["peV"] = "yJ", ["PJ"] = "kWh", ["pJ"] = "MeV", ["TeV"] = "μJ", ["TJ"] = "kWh", ["YJ"] = "kWh", ["yJ"] = "μeV", ["ZJ"] = "kWh", ["zJ"] = "meV", ["μeV"] = "yJ", ["e12cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", ["e12cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d", ["e12m3/a"] = "Tcuft/a", ["e12m3/d"] = "Tcuft/d", ["e3cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e3cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", ["e3cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s", ["e3m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a", ["e3m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d", ["e3m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s", ["e3USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", ["e6cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s", ["e6m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a", ["e6m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d", ["e6m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s", ["e6USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e9cuft/a"] = "m3/a", ["e9cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d", ["e9m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a", ["e9m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d", ["e9m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s", ["e9USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", ["e9USgal/s"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s", ["nN"] = "gr-f", ["μN"] = "gr-f", ["mN"] = "oz-f", ["am"] = "in", ["cm"] = "in", ["dam"] = "ft", ["dm"] = "in", ["e12km"] = "e12mi", ["e12mi"] = "e12km", ["e3AU"] = "ly", ["e3km"] = "e3mi", ["e3mi"] = "e3km", ["e6km"] = "e6mi", ["e6mi"] = "e6km", ["e9km"] = "AU", ["e9mi"] = "e9km", ["Em"] = "mi", ["fm"] = "in", ["Gm"] = "mi", ["hm"] = "ft", ["km"] = "mi", ["mm"] = "in", ["Mm"] = "mi", ["nm"] = "in", ["Pm"] = "mi", ["pm"] = "in", ["Tm"] = "mi", ["Ym"] = "mi", ["ym"] = "in", ["Zm"] = "mi", ["zm"] = "in", ["μm"] = "in", ["e12lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! Mt ! Gt", ["e3lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3ozt"] = "v * 0.311034768 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3t"] = "LT ST", ["e6carat"] = "t", ["e6lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! t ! kilotonne", ["e6ozt"] = "lb kg", ["e6ST"] = "Mt", ["e6t"] = "LT ST", ["e9lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt", ["e9t"] = "LT ST", ["Gg"] = "lb", ["kg"] = "lb", ["mg"] = "gr", ["Mg"] = "LT ST", ["ng"] = "gr", ["μg"] = "gr", ["mBq"] = "fCi", ["kBq"] = "nCi", ["MBq"] = "μCi", ["GBq"] = "mCi", ["TBq"] = "Ci", ["PBq"] = "kCi", ["EBq"] = "kCi", ["fCi"] = "mBq", ["pCi"] = "Bq", ["nCi"] = "Bq", ["μCi"] = "kBq", ["mCi"] = "MBq", ["kCi"] = "TBq", ["MCi"] = "PBq", ["ns"] = "μs", ["μs"] = "ms", ["ms"] = "s", ["ks"] = "h", ["Ms"] = "week", ["Gs"] = "decade", ["Ts"] = "millennium", ["Ps"] = "million year", ["Es"] = "thousand million year", ["MK"] = "keVT", ["cL"] = "impoz usoz", ["cl"] = "impoz usoz", ["cm³"] = "cuin", ["dL"] = "impoz usoz", ["dl"] = "impoz usoz", ["mm³"] = "cuin", ["dm³"] = "cuin", ["e12cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", ["e12impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft", ["e12U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e15cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3", ["e15m3"] = "Pcuft", ["e3bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e3cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3", ["e3impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft", ["e3U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e6bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuyd"] = "v * 7.64554857984 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6L"] = "USgal", ["e6m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft", ["e6U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e9bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft", ["e9U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["GL"] = "cuft", ["Gl"] = "cuft", ["kL"] = "cuft", ["kl"] = "cuft", ["km³"] = "cumi", ["mL"] = "impoz usoz", ["ml"] = "impoz usoz", ["Ml"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["ML"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["TL"] = "cumi", ["Tl"] = "cumi", ["μL"] = "cuin", ["μl"] = "cuin", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local link_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode). ["mm²"] = "Square millimetre", ["cm²"] = "Square centimetre", ["dm²"] = "Square decimetre", ["km²"] = "Square kilometre", ["kJ"] = "Kilojoule", ["MJ"] = "Megajoule", ["GJ"] = "Gigajoule", ["TJ"] = "Terajoule", ["fm"] = "Femtometre", ["pm"] = "Picometre", ["nm"] = "Nanometre", ["μm"] = "Micrometre", ["mm"] = "Millimetre", ["cm"] = "Centimetre", ["dm"] = "Decimetre", ["dam"] = "Decametre", ["hm"] = "Hectometre", ["km"] = "Kilometre", ["Mm"] = "Megametre", ["Gm"] = "Gigametre", ["Tm"] = "Terametre", ["Pm"] = "Petametre", ["Em"] = "Exametre", ["Zm"] = "Zettametre", ["Ym"] = "Yottametre", ["μg"] = "Microgram", ["mg"] = "Milligram", ["kg"] = "Kilogram", ["Mg"] = "Tonne", ["yW"] = "Yoctowatt", ["zW"] = "Zeptowatt", ["aW"] = "Attowatt", ["fW"] = "Femtowatt", ["pW"] = "Picowatt", ["nW"] = "Nanowatt", ["μW"] = "Microwatt", ["mW"] = "Milliwatt", ["kW"] = "Kilowatt", ["MW"] = "Megawatt", ["GW"] = "Gigawatt", ["TW"] = "Terawatt", ["PW"] = "Petawatt", ["EW"] = "Exawatt", ["ZW"] = "Zettawatt", ["YW"] = "Yottawatt", ["as"] = "Attosecond", ["fs"] = "Femtosecond", ["ps"] = "Picosecond", ["ns"] = "Nanosecond", ["μs"] = "Microsecond", ["ms"] = "Millisecond", ["ks"] = "Kilosecond", ["Ms"] = "Megasecond", ["Gs"] = "Gigasecond", ["Ts"] = "Terasecond", ["Ps"] = "Petasecond", ["Es"] = "Exasecond", ["Zs"] = "Zettasecond", ["Ys"] = "Yottasecond", ["mm³"] = "Cubic millimetre", ["cm³"] = "Cubic centimetre", ["dm³"] = "Cubic decimetre", ["dam³"] = "Cubic decametre", ["km³"] = "Cubic kilometre", ["μL"] = "Microlitre", ["μl"] = "Microlitre", ["mL"] = "Millilitre", ["ml"] = "Millilitre", ["cL"] = "Centilitre", ["cl"] = "Centilitre", ["dL"] = "Decilitre", ["dl"] = "Decilitre", ["daL"] = "Decalitre", ["dal"] = "Decalitre", ["hL"] = "Hectolitre", ["hl"] = "Hectolitre", ["kL"] = "Kilolitre", ["kl"] = "Kilolitre", ["ML"] = "Megalitre", ["Ml"] = "Megalitre", ["GL"] = "Gigalitre", ["Gl"] = "Gigalitre", ["TL"] = "Teralitre", ["Tl"] = "Teralitre", ["PL"] = "Petalitre", ["Pl"] = "Petalitre", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local per_unit_fixups = { -- Automatically created per units of form "x/y" may have their unit type -- changed, for example, "length/time" is changed to "speed". -- Other adjustments can also be specified. ["/area"] = "per unit area", ["/volume"] = "per unit volume", ["area/area"] = "area per unit area", ["energy/length"] = "energy per unit length", ["energy/mass"] = "energy per unit mass", ["energy/time"] = { utype = "power", link = "Power (physics)" }, ["energy/volume"] = "energy per unit volume", ["force/area"] = { utype = "pressure", link = "Pressure" }, ["length/length"] = { utype = "gradient", link = "Grade (slope)" }, ["length/time"] = { utype = "speed", link = "Speed" }, ["length/time/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["mass/area"] = { utype = "pressure", multiplier = 9.80665 }, ["mass/length"] = "linear density", ["mass/mass"] = "concentration", ["mass/power"] = "mass per unit power", ["mass/time"] = "mass per unit time", ["mass/volume"] = { utype = "density", link = "Density" }, ["power/mass"] = "power per unit mass", ["power/volume"] = { link = "Power density" }, ["pressure/length"] = "fracture gradient", ["speed/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["volume/area"] = "volume per unit area", ["volume/length"] = "volume per unit length", ["volume/time"] = "flow", } return { all_units = all_units, default_exceptions = default_exceptions, link_exceptions = link_exceptions, per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups, } akp3ixsi4rhkjmrjsa3dmk1hir626tj 377651 377650 2026-05-15T15:16:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 377651 Scribunto text/plain -- [[Module:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ وارو ڊيٽا، جيڪو mw.loadData() استعمال ڪري ٿو -- ھن ماڊيول تائين فقط پڙھڻ واري رسائي لاءِ، جيئن ھر صفحي تي ھي صرف ھڪ ڀيرو لوڊ ٿئي. -- ٻي وڪي تي نقل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] ڏسو. -- -- ھيٺيان ڊيٽا ٽيبلون شامل آھن: -- all_units ڪنھن به يونٽ جون سڀئي خاصيتون، ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ سميت -- default_exceptions ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جا ڊفالٽ مختلف آھن) -- link_exceptions ڳنڍڻين جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جون ڳنڍڻيون مختلف آھن) -- -- ھي ٽيبلون ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿين ٿيون، جيڪو ھڪ صفحي جي وڪي متن کي پڙھي ٿو -- جيڪو ھر يونٽ جي گھربل خاصيتن جي دستاويزڪاري ڪري ٿو؛ [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]] ڏسو. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ھن ٽيبل جي ڊيٽا ۾ تبديلي نه ڪريو ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اھا ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿئي ٿي -- -- جيڪو وڪي صفحي مان وڪي متن پڙھي ٿو (مٿيون نوٽ ڏسو). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local all_units = { ["Gy"] = { _name1 = "گِرَي", _symbol = "Gy", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "رَيڊ", link = "گِرَي (ايڪو)", }, ["رَيڊ"] = { _name1 = "رَيڊ", _symbol = "رَيڊ", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Gy", link = "رَيڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["cm/سيڪنڊ 2"] = { name1 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "cm/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.01, default = "ft/s2", link = "گئل (ايڪو)", }, ["فٽ/s2"] = { name1 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ft/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s2", }, ["g0"] = { name1 = "معياري ڪشش ثقل", name2 = "معياري ڪشش ثقلون", symbol = "''g''₀", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", }, ["g-فورس"] = { name2 = "''g''", symbol = "''g''", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", link = "g-فورس", }, ["ڪ م/hs"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ڪ م/(h⋅s)", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/s2"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "km/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1000, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ميٽر/s2"] = { name1 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "m/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1, default = "ft/s2", }, ["mph/سيڪنڊ"] = { name1 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "mph/سيڪنڊ", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.44704, default = "ڪ م/hs", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/h/s"] = { target = "ڪ م/hs", }, ["معياري ڪشش ثقل"] = { target = "g0", }, ["1000چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", name2 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", symbol = "1000 چ.فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 92.90304, default = "m2", link = "چورس فٽ", }, ["a"] = { _name1 = "ايراضي", _symbol = "a", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 100, prefixes = 1, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "ھيڪٽر#ايڪڙ", }, ["ايڪڙ"] = { symbol = "ايڪڙ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 4046.8564224, default = "ha", subdivs = { ["رُوڊ"] = { 4, default = "ha" }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { 160, default = "ha" } }, }, ["اَيڪَڙُ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آرپينٽ"] = { symbol = "آرپينٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3418.89, default = "ha", }, ["cda"] = { name1 = "ڪويردا", symbol = "cda", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3930.395625, default = "ha ايڪڙ", }, ["daa"] = { name1 = "ڊَيڪَر", symbol = "daa", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دونم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", link = "دُونَم", }, ["ha"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["هَيڪٽَر"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آئرش ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "آئرش ايڪڙ", symbol = "آئرش&nbsp;اَيڪَڙَ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 6555.2385024, default = "ha", link = "ايڪڙ (آئرش)", }, ["m2"] = { _name1 = "چورس ميٽر", _name1_us= "چورس ميٽر", _symbol = "m²", prefix_position= 8, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1, prefixes = 2, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "چورس ميٽر", }, ["پَونڊِيمَاٽُ"] = { name1 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", name2 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽَ", symbol = "پونڊ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3674.363358816, default = "ميٽر2", link = ":nl:پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["پِيَونگ"] = { name2 = "پِيَونگ", symbol = "پِيَونگ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["رائي"] = { name2 = "رائي", symbol = "رائي", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1600, default = "ميٽر2", link = "رائي (ايڪو)", }, ["رُوڊ"] = { symbol = "رُوڊ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1011.7141056, default = "چ.فٽ چ.ميٽر", subdivs = { ["چ.پرچ"] = { 40, default = "m2" } }, link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["چ .فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ", name2 = "چورس فٽ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فُٽُ", name2 = "چورس فُٽَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ. انچ"] = { name1 = "چورس اِنچُ", name2 = "چورس اِنچَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.00064516, default = "2سينٽي ميٽر", }, ["چ .ميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;ميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 2589988.110336, default = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["sqnميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;nميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3429904, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { name2 = "پَرچَ", symbol = "پَرچُ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 25.29285264, default = "m2", link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)#ايراضي ۽ حجم", }, ["چ. ويرسٽ"] = { symbol = "چورس ويرسٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1138062.24, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ويرسٽ", }, ["چ. گز"] = { name1 = "چورس گز", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;گز", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.83612736, default = "چ.ميل", }, ["ٽُسُوبَو"] = { name2 = "ٽُسُوبَو", symbol = "ٽُسُوبَو", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "چ.ميل", link = "جپاني ماپ جو ايڪو#ايراصي", }, ["اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["are"] = { target = "a", }, ["ڊيڪر"] = { target = "daa", }, ["چ. فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", symbol = "فٽ²", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { target = "چ.انچ", symbol = "انچ²", }, ["ڪ م²"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ. ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", symbol = "ميل²", }, ["ملين ايڪڙ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين ھيڪٽر"] = { target = "e6ھيڪٽر", }, ["ميل²"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["nميل2"] = { target = "چورسnميل", }, ["پونڊ"] = { target = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["چ. آرپ"] = { target = "آرپينٽ", }, ["چ.ڪ م"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["چورس ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { target = "چ.گز", symbol = "گز²", }, ["چ.ميٽر/ھيڪٽر"] = { name1 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name1_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", symbol = "ميٽر²/ھيڪٽر", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 0.0001, default = "چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", name2 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ/ايڪڙ", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 2.295684113865932e-5, default = "m2/ھيڪٽر", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["سينٽ"] = { name1 = "سينٽ", symbol = "¢", utype = "سينٽ", scale = 1, default = "سينٽ", link = "سينٽ (ڪرنسي)", }, ["¢"] = { target = "سينٽ", }, ["A.h"] = { name1 = "ايمپيئر ڪلاڪ", symbol = "A⋅h", utype = "چارج", scale = 3600, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["ڪولمب"] = { _name1 = "ڪولمب", _symbol = "C", utype = "چارج", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "e", link = "ڪولمب", }, ["e"] = { name1 = "ايليميٽري چارج", symbol = "''e''", utype = "چارج", scale = 1.602176634e-19, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["g-مول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "g&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gمول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "gمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kمول"] = { name1 = "ڪلومول", symbol = "kمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1000, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["lb-مول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lb&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["lbمول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lbمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["مول"] = { name1 = "مول", symbol = "مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", name2 ="ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام(CO₂)/L", utype = "co2 يونٽ حجم", scale = 1000, default = "lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائُونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائُونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lbCO2/آمريڪي&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "co2 حجم ايڪو", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["اونس/پائونڊ"] = { per = { "اونس", "پائونڊ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "م.گ/ڪ.گ", }, ["م.گ/ڪ.گ"] = { per = { "م.گ", "ڪ.گ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "اونس/پائونڊ", }, ["g/dm3"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "گرام/ڊيسي ميٽر³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "ڪ گ/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "گرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/mL"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/mL", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/ml"] = { name1 = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/ml", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/dm3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/dm³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/ميٽر3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/m³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 16.018463373960142, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ گز"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ گز", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ گز", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;گز", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.5932764212577829, default = "ڪلوگرام/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/امپيريل گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في امپيريل گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في امپيريل گئلن", symbol = "lb/امپيريل&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 99.776372663101697, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/انچ3"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي بشيل"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي بشيل", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي بشيل", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;بشيل", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 12.871859780974471, default = "ڪلوگرام/m3", link = "بشيل", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["مليگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "mg/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "اونسُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "اونسَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1729.9940443876951, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/cm3"] = { per = { "گرام", "cm3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["Mملي گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["ملي گرام/لٽر"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/dL"] = { per = { "μg", "dL" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/لٽر"] = { per = { "μg", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["پائونڊ/فٽ3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["پائونڊ/گز3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ گز", }, ["lbm/انچ3"] = { target = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["mcg/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["اونس/انچ3"] = { target = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["ug/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["ug/لٽر"] = { target = "μg/لٽر", }, ["بِي.او.ٽِي.يُو."] = { name1 = "بورڊ آف ٽريڊ يونٽ", symbol = "بِي.او.ٽي.يُو.", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["بِي بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بي ٽي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽي يو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "انرجي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بي ٽي يُو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ترمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -ISO"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (ISO)", name2 = "British thermal units (ISO)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_ISO", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.056, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO"] = { target = "بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -IT"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (IT)", name2 = "British thermal units (IT)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-IT"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (IT)", name2 = "British thermal units (IT)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["پي ٽي يُو-mean"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (mean)", name2 = "British thermal units (mean)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_mean", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-mean"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (mean)", name2 = "British thermal units (mean)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_mean", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal units (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal units (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "Cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", }, ["Cal-15"] = { name1 = "Calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-15"] = { name1 = "calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1858, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-IT"] = { name1 = "Calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-IT"] = { name1 = "calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-th"] = { name1 = "Calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "Cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-th"] = { name1 = "calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CHU-IT"] = { name1 = "Celsius heat unit (International Table)", name2 = "Celsius heat units (International Table)", symbol = "CHU_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1899.100534716, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cufootnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic foot of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cuftnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic feet of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["Eh"] = { name1 = "Hartree", symbol = "''E''_h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.35974417e-18, default = "eV", }, ["erg"] = { symbol = "erg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000001, default = "μJ", }, ["eV"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.602176634e-19, prefixes = 1, default = "aJ", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["foe"] = { symbol = "foe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e44, default = "YJ", link = "Foe (unit)", }, ["ftlb"] = { name1 = "foot-pound", symbol = "ft⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlb-f"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlbf"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftpdl"] = { name1 = "foot-poundal", symbol = "ft⋅pdl", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0421401100938048, default = "جَي", }, ["gTNT"] = { name2 = "grams of TNT", symbol = "gram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Gtoe"] = { name1 = "gigatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "gigatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Gtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e19, default = "EJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["GtonTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatons of TNT", symbol = "gigaton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GtTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatonnes of TNT", symbol = "gigatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GW.h"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["GWh"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["hph"] = { name1 = "horsepower-hour", symbol = "hp⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2684519.537696172792, default = "kWh", link = "Horsepower", }, ["inlb"] = { name1 = "inch-pound", symbol = "in⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlb-f"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlbf"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inoz-f"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅oz_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inozf"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅ozf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["J"] = { _name1 = "جول" , _symbol = "جَي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "cal", link = "جول" , }, ["kBOE"] = { name1 = "kilo barrel of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilo barrels of oil equivalent", symbol = "kBOE", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6.1178632e12, default = "TJ", link = "Barrel of oil equivalent", }, ["kcal"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie", symbol = "kcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-15"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (15°C)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "kcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-IT"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "kcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-th"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "kcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kerg"] = { name1 = "kiloerg", symbol = "kerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0001, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Erg", }, ["kgTNT"] = { name2 = "kilograms of TNT", symbol = "kilogram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", name1_us = "kiloton", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktoe"] = { name1 = "kilotonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilotonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "ktoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e13, default = "TJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["ktonTNT"] = { name1 = "kiloton of TNT", name2 = "kilotons of TNT", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kW.h"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["kWh"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["Mcal"] = { name1 = "megacalorie", symbol = "Mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal"] = { name1 = "millicalorie", symbol = "mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-15"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (15°C)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-15"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (15°C)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041858, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041868, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-th"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "Mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-th"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Merg"] = { name1 = "megaerg", symbol = "Merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.1, default = "جَي", link = "Erg", }, ["merg"] = { name1 = "millierg", symbol = "merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "μJ", link = "Erg", }, ["MMBtu"] = { name1 = "million British thermal units", name2 = "million British thermal units", symbol = "MMBtu", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055852.62, default = "GJ", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["Mt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "megatonne", name1_us = "megaton", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Mtoe"] = { name1 = "megatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "megatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Mtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e16, default = "پي جَي", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT"] = { name1 = "megaton of TNT", name2 = "megatons of TNT", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtonTNT"] = { name2 = "millitons of TNT", symbol = "milliton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT", symbol = "megatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtTNT"] = { name2 = "millitonnes of TNT", symbol = "millitonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MW.h"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mW.h"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["MWh"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mWh"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["PSh"] = { name1 = "Pferdestärkenstunde", symbol = "PSh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2647795.5, default = "kWh", }, ["quad"] = { name1 = "quadrillion British thermal units", name2 = "quadrillion British thermal units", symbol = "quad", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.054804e18, default = "EJ", link = "Quad (unit)", }, ["Ry"] = { name1 = "rydberg", symbol = "Ry", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2.1798741e-18, default = "eV", link = "Rydberg constant", }, ["scf"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic feet", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["scfoot"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic foot", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["t(TNT)"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "ton", symbol = "t", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["th"] = { name1 = "thermie", symbol = "th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["thm-EC"] = { name1 = "therm (EC)", name2 = "therms (EC)", symbol = "thm (EC)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105506000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-UK"] = { name1 = "therm (UK)", name2 = "therms (UK)", symbol = "thm (UK)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105505585.257348, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-US"] = { name1 = "therm (US)", name1_us = "therm (U.S.)", name2 = "therms (US)", name2_us = "therms (U.S.)", symbol = "thm (US)", sym_us = "thm (U.S.)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105480400, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["toe"] = { name1 = "tonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "tonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "toe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 41868000000, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["tonTNT"] = { name2 = "tons of TNT", symbol = "ton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["tTNT"] = { name2 = "tonnes of TNT", symbol = "tonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtonTNT"] = { name2 = "teratons of TNT", symbol = "teraton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtTNT"] = { name2 = "teratonnes of TNT", symbol = "teratonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TW.h"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["TWh"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["W.h"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "W⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["Wh"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "Wh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μerg"] = { name1 = "microerg", symbol = "μerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e-13, default = "nJ", link = "Erg", }, ["μW.h"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μWh"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["-kW.h"] = { target = "kW.h", link = "Kilowatt hour", }, ["btu"] = { target = "BTU", }, ["ڪيلوري"] = { target = "Cal", }, ["ft.lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["ft·lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["g-cal-15"] = { target = "cal-15", }, ["g-cal-IT"] = { target = "cal-IT", }, ["g-cal-th"] = { target = "cal-th", }, ["g-kcal-15"] = { target = "kcal-15", }, ["g-kcal-IT"] = { target = "kcal-IT", }, ["g-kcal-th"] = { target = "kcal-th", }, ["g-Mcal-15"] = { target = "Mcal-15", }, ["g-mcal-15"] = { target = "mcal-15", }, ["g-Mcal-IT"] = { target = "Mcal-IT", }, ["g-mcal-IT"] = { target = "mcal-IT", }, ["g-Mcal-th"] = { target = "Mcal-th", }, ["g-mcal-th"] = { target = "mcal-th", }, ["GW-h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["GW·h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["Hartree"] = { target = "Eh", }, ["hp.h"] = { target = "hph", }, ["in.lb-f"] = { target = "inlb-f", }, ["in.lbf"] = { target = "inlbf", }, ["in.oz-f"] = { target = "inoz-f", }, ["in.ozf"] = { target = "inozf", }, ["kbboe"] = { target = "kBOE", symbol = "kbboe", }, ["kg-cal-15"] = { target = "Cal-15", }, ["kg-cal-IT"] = { target = "Cal-IT", }, ["kg-cal-th"] = { target = "Cal-th", }, ["kW-h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["kW·h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["MW-h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["mW-h"] = { target = "mW.h", }, ["MW·h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["TW-h"] = { target = "TW.h", }, ["uerg"] = { target = "μerg", }, ["uW-h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uW.h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uWh"] = { target = "μWh", }, ["W-h"] = { target = "W.h", }, ["eVpar"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy per chemical amount", scale = 96485.332123310014, prefixes = 1, default = "kcal/mol", defkey = "eVpar", linkey = "eVpar", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["kcal/mol"] = { per = { "kcal", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "ڪي جَي/mol", link = "Kilocalorie per mole", }, ["ڪي جَي/mol"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "kcal/mol", link = "Joule per mole", }, ["kWh/100 km"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 36, default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["kWh/100 mi"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 miles", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 miles", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;mi", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 22.3694, default = "mpge", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["MJ/100 km"] = { name1 = "megajoule per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "megajoule per 100 kilometers", name2 = "megajoules per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "megajoules per 100 kilometers", symbol = "ايم جَي/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 10, default = "BTU/mi", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["mpge"] = { name1 = "mile per gallon gasoline equivalent", name2 = "miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", symbol = "mpg&#8209;e", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 1.3263314048360777e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "kWh/100 mi", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["BTU/mi"] = { per = { "BTU", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "v > 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km", }, ["ڪي جَي/km"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["kWh/km"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", }, ["kWh/mi"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "kWh/km ايم جَي/km", }, ["ايم جَي/km"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["mpg-e"] = { target = "mpge", }, ["BTU/lb"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit per pound", name2 = "British thermal units per pound", symbol = "BTU/lb", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 2326, default = "ڪي جَي/kg", link = "British thermal unit", }, ["cal/g"] = { name1 = "calorie per gram", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "cal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184, default = "J/g", }, ["جِي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "gigajoule per kilogram", name2 = "gigajoules per kilogram", symbol = "جِي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e9, default = "ktTNT/t", link = "Specific energy", }, ["J/g"] = { name1 = "joule per gram", name2 = "joules per gram", symbol = "J/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["kcal/g"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per gram", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "kcal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000, default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["ڪي جَي/g"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per gram", name2 = "kilojoules per gram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ڪي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per kilogram", name2 = "kilojoules per kilogram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "BTU/lb", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ktonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "kilotons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "kiloton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT/t"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "megaton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "megatonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TJ/kg"] = { name1 = "terajoule per kilogram", name2 = "terajoules per kilogram", symbol = "TJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e12, default = "MtTNT/MT", link = "Specific energy", }, ["Cal/g"] = { per = { "Cal", "g" }, utype = "energy per unit mass", default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["BTU/cuft"] = { per = { "BTU", "cuft" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(mL)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(mL)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(ml)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(ml)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/l", }, ["Cal/12USozserve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USozserve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/USoz"] = { per = { "Cal", "USoz" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/ml", }, ["ڪي جَي/L"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "L" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["ڪي جَي/l"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "ll" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["kJ/ml"] = { per = { "kJ", "ml" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "Cal/USoz", }, ["MJ/m3"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "m3" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["Sv"] = { _name1 = "sievert", _symbol = "Sv", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "rem", link = "Sievert", }, ["rem"] = { _name1 = "rem", _symbol = "rem", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Sv", link = "Roentgen equivalent man", }, ["g/km"] = { name1 = "gram per kilometre", name1_us = "gram per kilometer", name2 = "grams per kilometre", name2_us = "grams per kilometer", symbol = "g/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "oz/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["g/mi"] = { name1 = "gram per mile", name2 = "grams per mile", symbol = "g/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "g/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["gCO2/km"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "gram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "grams of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "g(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "ozCO2/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["gCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "g(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "gCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["kg/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms per kilometer", symbol = "kg/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["kgCO2/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "kg(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lbCO2/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["lb/mi"] = { name1 = "pound per mile", name2 = "pounds per mile", symbol = "lb/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kg/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["lbCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "pound of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "pounds of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "lb(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kgCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["oz/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce per mile", name2 = "ounces per mile", symbol = "oz/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "g/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["ozCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "ounces of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "oz(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "gCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["cuft/a"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per annum", name2 = "cubic feet per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/a", utype = "flow", scale = 8.9730672142368242e-10, default = "m3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/d"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per day", name2 = "cubic feet per day", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/d", utype = "flow", scale = 3.2774128000000003e-7, default = "m3/d", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/h"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per hour", name2 = "cubic feet per hour", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/h", utype = "flow", scale = 7.8657907200000004e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/min"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per minute", name2 = "cubic feet per minute", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/min", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00047194744319999999, default = "m3/min", }, ["cuft/s"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per second", name2 = "cubic feet per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/s", utype = "flow", scale = 28316846592e-12, default = "m3/s", }, ["cumi/a"] = { name1 = "cubic mile per annum", name2 = "cubic miles per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi/a", utype = "flow", scale = 132.08171170940057, default = "km3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/h"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per hour", name2 = "cubic yards per hour", symbol = "cuyd/h", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00021237634944000001, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/s"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per second", name2 = "cubic yards per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.76455485798400002, default = "m3/s", }, ["Goilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "billion barrels per year", name2 = "billion barrels per year", symbol = "Gbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933836, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["impgal/h"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per hour", name2 = "imperial gallons per hour", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.2628027777777779e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", }, ["impgal/min"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per minute", name2 = "imperial gallons per minute", symbol = "imp gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 7.5768166666666671e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["impgal/s"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per second", name2 = "imperial gallons per second", symbol = "impgal/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00454609, default = "m3/s", link = "Imperial gallons per second", }, ["km3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per annum", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per annum", name2 = "cubic kilometres per annum", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per annum", symbol = "km³/a", utype = "flow", scale = 31.68808781402895, default = "cumi/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["km3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per day", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per day", name2 = "cubic kilometres per day", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per day", symbol = "km³/d", utype = "flow", scale = 11574.074074074075, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["koilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per year", name2 = "thousand barrels per year", symbol = "kbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-6, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["koilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per day", name2 = "thousand barrels per day", symbol = "kbbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 0.0018401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["L/h"] = { name1 = "litre per hour", name1_us = "liter per hour", name2 = "litres per hour", name2_us = "liters per hour", symbol = "L/h", utype = "flow", scale = 2.7777777777777776e-7, default = "impgal/h USgal/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/min"] = { name1 = "litre per minute", name1_us = "liter per minute", name2 = "litres per minute", name2_us = "liters per minute", symbol = "L/min", utype = "flow", scale = 1.6666666666666667e-5, default = "impgal/min USgal/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/s"] = { name1 = "litre per second", name1_us = "liter per second", name2 = "litres per second", name2_us = "liters per second", symbol = "L/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.001, default = "cuft/s", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per annum", name1_us = "cubic meter per annum", name2 = "cubic metres per annum", name2_us = "cubic meters per annum", symbol = "m³/a", utype = "flow", scale = 3.1688087814028947e-8, default = "cuft/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per day", name1_us = "cubic meter per day", name2 = "cubic metres per day", name2_us = "cubic meters per day", symbol = "m³/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/h"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hour", name1_us = "cubic meter per hour", name2 = "cubic metres per hour", name2_us = "cubic meters per hour", symbol = "m³/h", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "cuft/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/min"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per minute", name1_us = "cubic meter per minute", name2 = "cubic metres per minute", name2_us = "cubic meters per minute", symbol = "m³/min", utype = "flow", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "cuft/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/s"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per second", name1_us = "cubic meter per second", name2 = "cubic metres per second", name2_us = "cubic meters per second", symbol = "m³/s", utype = "flow", scale = 1, default = "cuft/s", }, ["Moilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "million barrels per year", name2 = "million barrels per year", symbol = "Mbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 0.0050380033629933837, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["Moilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "million barrels per day", name2 = "million barrels per day", symbol = "Mbbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.8401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "barrel per year", name2 = "barrels per year", symbol = "bbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-9, default = "m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "barrel per day", name2 = "barrels per day", symbol = "bbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.8401307283333336e-6, default = "m3/d", }, ["Toilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels per year", name2 = "trillion barrels per year", symbol = "Tbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5038.0033629933832, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["U.S.gal/d"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per day", name2 = "U.S. gallons per day", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "flow", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", customary= 1, }, ["U.S.gal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", customary= 2, }, ["U.S.gal/min"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per minute", name2 = "U.S. gallons per minute", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal/a"] = { name1 = "US gallon per year", name2 = "US gallons per year", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/a", utype = "flow", scale = 1.1995246102365199e-10, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/d"] = { name1 = "US gallon per day", name2 = "US gallons per day", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "flow", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", customary= 1, }, ["USgal/min"] = { name1 = "US gallon per minute", name2 = "US gallons per minute", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal/s"] = { name1 = "US gallon per second", name1_us = "U.S. gallon per second", name2 = "US gallons per second", name2_us = "U.S. gallons per second", symbol = "USgal/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "m3/s", link = "US gallons per second", }, ["ft3/a"] = { target = "cuft/a", }, ["ft3/d"] = { target = "cuft/d", }, ["ft3/h"] = { target = "cuft/h", }, ["ft3/s"] = { target = "cuft/s", }, ["Gcuft/a"] = { target = "e9cuft/a", }, ["Gcuft/d"] = { target = "e9cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/a"] = { target = "e3cuft/a", }, ["kcuft/d"] = { target = "e3cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/s"] = { target = "e3cuft/s", }, ["Mcuft/a"] = { target = "e6cuft/a", }, ["Mcuft/d"] = { target = "e6cuft/d", }, ["Mcuft/s"] = { target = "e6cuft/s", }, ["m³/s"] = { target = "m3/s", }, ["Tcuft/a"] = { target = "e12cuft/a", }, ["Tcuft/d"] = { target = "e12cuft/d", }, ["u.s.gal/min"] = { target = "U.S.gal/min", }, ["usgal/min"] = { target = "USgal/min", }, ["-LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["-STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["dyn"] = { name1 = "dyne", symbol = "dyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00001, default = "gr-f", }, ["g-f"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "g_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gf"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "gf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN ozf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gr-f"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "gr_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["grf"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "grf", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["kdyn"] = { name1 = "kilodyne", symbol = "kdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.01, default = "oz-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["kg-f"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kg_f", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", }, ["kgf"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kgf", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lbf", }, ["kp"] = { name1 = "kilopond", symbol = "kp", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["L/T-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["L/Tf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["lb-f"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lb_f", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lbf"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lbf", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lb(f)"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["LT-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LT_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["Mdyn"] = { name1 = "megadyne", symbol = "Mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 10, default = "lb-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mdyn"] = { name1 = "millidyne", symbol = "mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000001, default = "gr-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mg-f"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mg_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mgf"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mgf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN grf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["Mp"] = { name1 = "megapond", symbol = "Mp", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mp"] = { name1 = "millipond", symbol = "mp", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["N"] = { _name1 = "newton", _symbol = "N", utype = "force", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lb-f", link = "Newton (unit)", }, ["oz-f"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "oz_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["ozf"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "ozf", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["p"] = { name1 = "pond", symbol = "p", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["pdl"] = { name1 = "poundal", symbol = "pdl", utype = "force", scale = 0.138254954376, default = "N", }, ["S/T-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["S/Tf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["ST-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "ST_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["t-f"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "t_f", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["tf"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "tf", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LTf STf", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["dyne"] = { target = "dyn", }, ["newtons"] = { target = "N", }, ["poundal"] = { target = "pdl", }, ["tonne-force"] = { target = "tf", }, ["impgal/mi"] = { per = { "@impgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km USgal/mi", }, ["km/L"] = { per = { "km", "L" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["km/l"] = { per = { "km", "ll" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["L/100 km"] = { per = { "L", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["l/100 km"] = { per = { "ll", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["L/km"] = { per = { "L", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["l/km"] = { per = { "ll", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["mi/impqt"] = { per = { "mi", "impqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/U.S.qt"] = { per = { "mi", "U.S.qt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/USqt"] = { per = { "mi", "USqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/usqt"] = { per = { "mi", "usqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mpgimp"] = { per = { "mi", "@impgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;imp", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]}", }, ["mpgus"] = { per = { "mi", "+USgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;US", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgimp", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]}", }, ["U.S.gal/mi"] = { per = { "*U.S.gal", "mi" }, sp_us = true, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["usgal/mi"] = { per = { "+USgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["L/100km"] = { target = "L/100 km", }, ["l/100km"] = { target = "l/100 km", }, ["mpg"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})", }, ["mpgU.S."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgu.s."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgUS"] = { target = "mpgus", }, ["USgal/mi"] = { target = "usgal/mi", }, ["kPa/m"] = { per = { "kPa", "-m-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "psi/ft", }, ["psi/ft"] = { per = { "psi", "-ft-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "kPa/m", }, ["cm/km"] = { name1 = "centimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "centimeter per kilometer", name2 = "centimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "centimeters per kilometer", symbol = "cm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/mi"] = { name1 = "foot per mile", name2 = "feet per mile", symbol = "ft/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00018939393939393939, default = "v < 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/nmi"] = { name1 = "foot per nautical mile", name2 = "feet per nautical mile", symbol = "ft/nmi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00016457883369330455, default = "v < 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/ft"] = { name1 = "inch per foot", name2 = "inches per foot", symbol = "in/ft", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.083333333333333329, default = "mm/m", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/mi"] = { name1 = "inch per mile", name2 = "inches per mile", symbol = "in/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 1.5782828282828283e-5, default = "v < 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["m/km"] = { name1 = "metre per kilometre", name1_us = "meter per kilometer", name2 = "metres per kilometre", name2_us = "meters per kilometer", symbol = "m/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/km"] = { name1 = "millimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "millimeter per kilometer", name2 = "millimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "millimeters per kilometer", symbol = "mm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.000001, default = "in/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/m"] = { name1 = "millimetre per metre", name1_us = "millimeter per meter", name2 = "millimetres per metre", name2_us = "millimeters per meter", symbol = "mm/m", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "in/ft", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["admi"] = { name1 = "admiralty mile", symbol = "nmi&nbsp;(admiralty)", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["AU"] = { name1 = "astronomical unit", symbol = "AU", utype = "length", scale = 149597870700, default = "km mi", }, ["Brnmi"] = { name1 = "British nautical mile", symbol = "(Brit)&nbsp;nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["bu"] = { name2 = "bu", symbol = "bu", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0030303030303030303, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["ch"] = { name1 = "chain", symbol = "ch", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chlk"] = { name1 = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|ch]]", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["chain"] = { symbol = "chain", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chainlk"] = { symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["dpcm"] = { name2 = "dot/cm", symbol = "dot/cm", utype = "length", scale = 100, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "dpi", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["dpi"] = { name2 = "DPI", symbol = "DPI", utype = "length", scale = 39.370078740157481, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["fathom"] = { symbol = "fathom", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1.8288, default = "ft m", }, ["foot"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "foot", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["ft"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "feet", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["furlong"] = { symbol = "furlong", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 201.168, default = "ft m", }, ["Gly"] = { name1 = "gigalight-year", symbol = "Gly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e24, default = "Mpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Gpc"] = { name1 = "gigaparsec", symbol = "Gpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e25, default = "Gly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["hand"] = { name1 = "hand", symbol = "h", utype = "length", builtin = "hand", scale = 0.1016, iscomplex= true, default = "in cm", link = "Hand (unit)", }, ["in"] = { name1 = "inch", name2 = "inches", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, exception= "subunit_more_precision", default = "mm", }, ["inabbreviated"] = { name2 = "in", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, default = "mm", link = "Inch", }, ["kly"] = { name1 = "kilolight-year", symbol = "kly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e18, default = "pc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["kpc"] = { name1 = "kiloparsec", symbol = "kpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e19, default = "kly", link = "Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs", }, ["LD"] = { name1 = "lunar distance", symbol = "LD", utype = "length", scale = 384403000, default = "km mi", link = "Lunar distance (astronomy)", }, ["league"] = { symbol = "league", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 4828.032, default = "km", link = "League (unit)", }, ["ly"] = { name1 = "light-year", symbol = "ly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e15, default = "AU", }, ["m"] = { _name1 = "metre", _name1_us= "meter", _symbol = "m", utype = "length", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v > 0 and v < 3 ! ftin ! ft", link = "Metre", }, ["mi"] = { name1 = "mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["ch"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chainlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["ft"] = { 5280, default = "km" }, ["furlong"] = { 8, default = "km" }, ["yd"] = { 1760, default = "km" } }, }, ["mil"] = { symbol = "mil", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["Mly"] = { name1 = "megalight-year", symbol = "Mly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e21, default = "kpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Mpc"] = { name1 = "megaparsec", symbol = "Mpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e22, default = "Mly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["NM"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "NM", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["nmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUKnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUSnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", }, ["pc"] = { name1 = "parsec", symbol = "pc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e16, default = "ly", }, ["perch"] = { name2 = "perches", symbol = "perch", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pitch"] = { name2 = "μm", symbol = "μm", utype = "length", scale = 1e-6, default = "dpi", defkey = "pitch", linkey = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["pole"] = { symbol = "pole", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pre1954U.S.nmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["pre1954USnmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;US) nautical mile", name1_us = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;US) nmi", sym_us = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["rd"] = { name1 = "rod", symbol = "rd", utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["royal cubit"] = { name1 = "royal cubit", symbol = "cu", utype = "length", scale = 0.524, default = "mm", }, ["rtkm"] = { name1 = "route kilometre", name1_us = "route kilometer", symbol = "km", utype = "length", scale = 1000, default = "mi", link = "Kilometre", }, ["rtmi"] = { name1 = "route mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", link = "Mile", }, ["shaku"] = { name2 = "shaku", symbol = "shaku", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.30303030303030304, default = "m", link = "Shaku (unit)", }, ["sm"] = { name1 = "smoot", symbol = "sm", utype = "length", scale = 1.70180, default = "m", link = "Smoot (unit)", }, ["smi"] = { name1 = "statute mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" } }, }, ["solar radius"] = { name1 = "solar radius", name2 = "solar radii", symbol = "''R''_☉", utype = "length", scale = 695700e3, default = "km", }, ["sun"] = { name2 = "sun", symbol = "sun", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.030303030303030304, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["thou"] = { name2 = "thou", symbol = "thou", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["verst"] = { symbol = "verst", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1066.8, default = "km mi", }, ["yd"] = { name1 = "yard", symbol = "yd", utype = "length", scale = 0.9144, default = "m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 3, default = "m" } }, }, ["μin"] = { name1 = "microinch", name2 = "microinches", symbol = "μin", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000254, default = "nm", link = "SI prefix#Non-metric units", }, ["Å"] = { name1 = "ångström", symbol = "Å", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "in", }, ["Hz"] = { _name1 = "hertz", _name2 = "hertz", _symbol = "Hz", utype = "length", scale = 3.3356409519815204e-9, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, prefixes = 1, default = "m", link = "Hertz", }, ["rpm"] = { name1 = "revolution per minute", name2 = "revolutions per minute", symbol = "rpm", utype = "length", scale = 5.5594015866358675e-11, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "Hz", link = "Revolutions per minute", }, ["-ft-frac"] = { target = "ft", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-in-stiff"] = { target = "in", link = "Stiffness", }, ["-m-frac"] = { target = "m", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-m-stiff"] = { target = "m", link = "Stiffness", }, ["100km"] = { target = "km", multiplier= 100, }, ["100mi"] = { target = "mi", multiplier= 100, }, ["100miles"] = { target = "mi", symbol = "miles", multiplier= 100, }, ["admiralty nmi"] = { target = "oldUKnmi", }, ["angstrom"] = { target = "Å", }, ["au"] = { target = "AU", symbol = "au", }, ["feet"] = { target = "ft", }, ["hands"] = { target = "hand", }, ["inch"] = { target = "in", }, ["inches"] = { target = "in", }, ["light-year"] = { target = "ly", }, ["meter"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["meters"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["metre"] = { target = "m", }, ["metres"] = { target = "m", }, ["micrometre"] = { target = "μm", }, ["micron"] = { target = "μm", default = "μin", }, ["mile"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["miles"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["parsec"] = { target = "pc", }, ["rod"] = { target = "rd", }, ["smoot"] = { target = "sm", }, ["uin"] = { target = "μin", }, ["yard"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yards"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yds"] = { target = "yd", }, ["dtex"] = { name1 = "decitex", name2 = "decitex", symbol = "dtex", utype = "linear density", scale = 1e-7, default = "lb/yd", link = "Units of textile measurement#Units", }, ["kg/cm"] = { name1 = "kilogram per centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm", utype = "linear density", scale = 100, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["kg/m"] = { name1 = "kilogram per metre", name1_us = "kilogram per meter", name2 = "kilograms per metre", name2_us = "kilograms per meter", symbol = "kg/m", utype = "linear density", scale = 1, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/ft"] = { name1 = "pound per foot", name2 = "pounds per foot", symbol = "lb/ft", utype = "linear density", scale = 1.4881639435695539, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/yd"] = { name1 = "pound per yard", name2 = "pounds per yard", symbol = "lb/yd", utype = "linear density", scale = 0.49605464785651798, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["G"] = { _name1 = "gauss", _name2 = "gauss", _symbol = "G", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 0.0001, prefixes = 1, default = "T", link = "Gauss (unit)", }, ["T"] = { _name1 = "tesla", _symbol = "T", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "G", link = "Tesla (unit)", }, ["A/m"] = { name1 = "ampere per metre", name1_us = "ampere per meter", name2 = "amperes per metre", name2_us = "amperes per meter", symbol = "A/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1, default = "Oe", }, ["kA/m"] = { name1 = "kiloampere per metre", name1_us = "kiloampere per meter", name2 = "kiloamperes per metre", name2_us = "kiloamperes per meter", symbol = "kA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1000, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["MA/m"] = { name1 = "megaampere per metre", name1_us = "megaampere per meter", name2 = "megaamperes per metre", name2_us = "megaamperes per meter", symbol = "MA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1e6, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["Oe"] = { _name1 = "oersted", _symbol = "Oe", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 79.5774715, prefixes = 1, default = "kA/m", link = "Oersted", }, ["-Lcwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", }, ["-Scwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", }, ["-ST"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "ST", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["carat"] = { symbol = "carat", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.0002, default = "g", link = "Carat (mass)", }, ["Da"] = { _name1 = "dalton", _symbol = "Da", utype = "mass", scale = 1.66053906892e-27, prefixes = 1, default = "kg", link = "Dalton (unit)", }, ["drachm"] = { name1_us = "dram", symbol = "drachm", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.001771845195, default = "g", link = "Dram (unit)", }, ["dram"] = { target = "drachm", }, ["dwt"] = { name1 = "pennyweight", symbol = "dwt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00155517384, default = "oz g", }, ["DWton"] = { symbol = "deadweight ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "DWtonne", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["DWtonne"] = { name1_us = "deadweight metric ton", symbol = "deadweight tonne", sym_us = "~deadweight metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "DWton", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["g"] = { _name1 = "gram", _symbol = "g", utype = "mass", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "oz", link = "Gram", }, ["gr"] = { name1 = "grain", symbol = "gr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00006479891, default = "g", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["Gt"] = { name1 = "gigatonne", symbol = "Gt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["impgalh2o"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon of water", name2 = "imperial gallons of water", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 4.5359236999999499, default = "lb kg", link = "Imperial gallon", }, ["kt"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", symbol = "kt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["lb"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "kg", subdivs = { ["oz"] = { 16, default = "kg" } }, link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["Lcwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "Lcwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" }, ["st"] = { 8, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long cwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "long&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long qtr"] = { name1 = "long quarter", symbol = "long&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", }, ["LT"] = { symbol = "long ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["lt"] = { name1 = "long ton", symbol = "LT", utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["metric ton"] = { symbol = "metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "long ton", link = "Tonne", }, ["MT"] = { name1 = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["Mt"] = { name1 = "megatonne", symbol = "Mt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["oz"] = { name1 = "ounce", symbol = "oz", utype = "mass", scale = 0.028349523125, default = "g", }, ["ozt"] = { name1 = "troy ounce", symbol = "ozt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.0311034768, default = "oz g", }, ["pdr"] = { name1 = "pounder", symbol = "pdr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, default = "kg", link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["qtr"] = { name1 = "quarter", symbol = "qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 28, default = "kg" } }, link = "Long quarter", }, ["Scwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "Scwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short cwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "short&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb kg", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short qtr"] = { name1 = "short quarter", symbol = "short&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 11.33980925, default = "lb kg", }, ["ST"] = { symbol = "short ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Scwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Scwt" } }, }, ["shtn"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "sh&nbsp;tn", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["shton"] = { symbol = "ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["solar mass"] = { name1 = "solar mass", name2 = "solar masses", symbol = "''M''_☉", utype = "mass", scale = 1.98855e30, default = "kg", }, ["st"] = { name1 = "stone", name2 = "stone", symbol = "st", utype = "mass", scale = 6.35029318, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 14, default = "kg lb" } }, link = "Stone (unit)", }, ["t"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", }, ["tonne"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "shton", }, ["troy pound"] = { symbol = "troy pound", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.3732417216, default = "lb kg", link = "Troy weight", }, ["usgalh2o"] = { name1 = "US gallon of water", name1_us = "U.S. gallon of water", name2 = "US gallons of water", name2_us = "U.S. gallons of water", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 3.7776215836051126, default = "lb kg", link = "United States customary units#Fluid volume", }, ["viss"] = { name2 = "viss", symbol = "viss", utype = "mass", scale = 1.632932532, default = "kg", link = "Myanmar units of measurement#Mass", }, ["billion tonne"] = { target = "e9t", }, ["grain"] = { target = "gr", }, ["kilogram"] = { target = "kg", }, ["kilotonne"] = { target = "kt", }, ["lbs"] = { target = "lb", }, ["lbt"] = { target = "troy pound", }, ["lcwt"] = { target = "Lcwt", }, ["long ton"] = { target = "LT", }, ["mcg"] = { target = "μg", }, ["million tonne"] = { target = "e6t", }, ["scwt"] = { target = "Scwt", }, ["short ton"] = { target = "ST", }, ["stone"] = { target = "st", }, ["thousand tonne"] = { target = "e3t", }, ["tonnes"] = { target = "t", }, ["kg/kW"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilowatt", name2 = "kilograms per kilowatt", symbol = "kg/kW", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/hp", link = "Kilowatt", }, ["lb/hp"] = { name1 = "pound per horsepower", name2 = "pounds per horsepower", symbol = "lb/hp", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.00060827738784176115, default = "kg/kW", link = "Horsepower", }, ["kg/h"] = { per = { "kg", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "lb/h", }, ["lb/h"] = { per = { "lb", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "kg/h", }, ["g-mol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "g-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "gmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "gmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "gmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "gmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "gmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lbmol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/d"] = { name1 = "kilomole per day", name2 = "kilomoles per day", symbol = "kmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/h"] = { name1 = "kilomole per hour", name2 = "kilomoles per hour", symbol = "kmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/min"] = { name1 = "kilomole per minute", name2 = "kilomoles per minute", symbol = "kmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 16.666666666666668, default = "mol/s", link = "Kilomole (unit)", }, ["kmol/s"] = { name1 = "kilomole per second", name2 = "kilomoles per second", symbol = "kmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1000, default = "lb-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["lb-mol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lbmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lbmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lbmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lbmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["mmol/s"] = { name1 = "millimole per second", name2 = "millimoles per second", symbol = "mmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/d"] = { name1 = "mole per day", name2 = "moles per day", symbol = "mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/h"] = { name1 = "mole per hour", name2 = "moles per hour", symbol = "mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/min"] = { name1 = "mole per minute", name2 = "moles per minute", symbol = "mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/s"] = { name1 = "mole per second", name2 = "moles per second", symbol = "mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["μmol/s"] = { name1 = "micromole per second", name2 = "micromoles per second", symbol = "μmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.000001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["umol/s"] = { target = "μmol/s", }, ["/acre"] = { name1 = "per acre", name2 = "per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["/ha"] = { name1 = "per hectare", name2 = "per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["/sqcm"] = { name1 = "per square centimetre", name1_us = "per square centimeter", name2 = "per square centimetre", name2_us = "per square centimeter", symbol = "/cm²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e4, default = "/sqin", link = "Square centimetre", }, ["/sqin"] = { name1 = "per square inch", name2 = "per square inch", symbol = "/in²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1550.0031000062002, default = "/sqcm", link = "Square inch", }, ["/sqkm"] = { name1 = "per square kilometre", name1_us = "per square kilometer", name2 = "per square kilometre", name2_us = "per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["/sqmi"] = { name1 = "per square mile", name2 = "per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["PD/acre"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per acre", name2 = "inhabitants per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "PD/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["PD/ha"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per hectare", name2 = "inhabitants per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "PD/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["PD/sqkm"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square kilometre", name1_us = "inhabitant per square kilometer", name2 = "inhabitants per square kilometre", name2_us = "inhabitants per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "PD/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["PD/sqmi"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square mile", name2 = "inhabitants per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "PD/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["/cm2"] = { target = "/sqcm", }, ["/in2"] = { target = "/sqin", }, ["/km2"] = { target = "/sqkm", }, ["pd/acre"] = { target = "PD/acre", }, ["pd/ha"] = { target = "PD/ha", }, ["PD/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["PD/km²"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqkm"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqmi"] = { target = "PD/sqmi", }, ["/l"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/l", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/L"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/L", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/USgal"] = { name1 = "per gallon", name2 = "per gallon", symbol = "/gal", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 264.172052, default = "/L", link = "US gallon", customary= 2, }, ["/usgal"] = { target = "/USgal", }, ["bhp"] = { name1 = "brake horsepower", name2 = "brake horsepower", symbol = "bhp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Brake horsepower", }, ["Cal/d"] = { name1 = "large calorie per day", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per day", symbol = "Cal/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.048425925925925928, default = "kJ/d", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal/h"] = { name1 = "large calorie per hour", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "Cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kJ/h", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal/h"] = { name1 = "calorie per hour", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.0011622222222222223, default = "W", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CV"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "CV", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hk"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hk", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hp"] = { name1 = "horsepower", name2 = "horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", }, ["hp-electric"] = { name1 = "electric horsepower", name2 = "electric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-electrical"] = { name1 = "electrical horsepower", name2 = "electrical horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-metric"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["ihp"] = { name1 = "indicated horsepower", name2 = "indicated horsepower", symbol = "ihp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Indicated horsepower", }, ["kcal/h"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per hour", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "kcal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kW", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kJ/d"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per day", name2 = "kilojoules per day", symbol = "kJ/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "Cal/d", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["kJ/h"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per hour", name2 = "kilojoules per hour", symbol = "kJ/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "W", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["PS"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "PS", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["shp"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower", name2 = "shaft horsepower", symbol = "shp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Shaft horsepower", }, ["W"] = { _name1 = "watt", _symbol = "W", utype = "power", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "hp", link = "Watt", }, ["BTU/h"] = { per = { "BTU", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["Btu/h"] = { per = { "Btu", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["BHP"] = { target = "bhp", }, ["btu/h"] = { target = "BTU/h", }, ["HP"] = { target = "hp", }, ["Hp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp-mechanical"] = { target = "hp", }, ["IHP"] = { target = "ihp", }, ["SHP"] = { target = "shp", }, ["whp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp/lb"] = { name1 = "horsepower per pound", name2 = "horsepower per pound", symbol = "hp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/LT"] = { name1 = "horsepower per long ton", name2 = "horsepower per long ton", symbol = "hp/LT", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73392268125000004, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/ST"] = { name1 = "horsepower per short ton", name2 = "horsepower per short ton", symbol = "hp/ST", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.821993403, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/t"] = { name1 = "horsepower per tonne", name2 = "horsepower per tonne", symbol = "hp/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.74569987158227022, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/kg"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per kilogram", name2 = "kilowatts per kilogram", symbol = "kW/kg", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "hp/lb", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/t"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per tonne", name2 = "kilowatts per tonne", symbol = "kW/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1, default = "PS/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["PS/t"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower per tonne", name2 = "metric horsepower per tonne", symbol = "PS/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73549875, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["shp/lb"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower per pound", name2 = "shaft horsepower per pound", symbol = "shp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/tonne"] = { target = "hp/t", symbol = "hp/tonne", default = "kW/tonne", }, ["kW/tonne"] = { target = "kW/t", symbol = "kW/tonne", }, ["-lb/in2"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "lb/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["atm"] = { name1 = "standard atmosphere", symbol = "atm", utype = "pressure", scale = 101325, default = "kPa", link = "Atmosphere (unit)", }, ["Ba"] = { name1 = "barye", symbol = "Ba", utype = "pressure", scale = 0.1, default = "Pa", }, ["bar"] = { symbol = "bar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["dbar"] = { name1 = "decibar", symbol = "dbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 10000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["inHg"] = { name1 = "inch of mercury", name2 = "inches of mercury", symbol = "inHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 3386.388640341, default = "kPa", }, ["kBa"] = { name1 = "kilobarye", symbol = "kBa", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Barye", }, ["kg-f/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kg_f/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kg/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per square centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kgf/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kgf/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["ksi"] = { name1 = "kilopound per square inch", name2 = "kilopounds per square inch", symbol = "ksi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894757.2931683613, default = "MPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["lbf/in2"] = { name1 = "pound-force per square inch", name2 = "pounds-force per square inch", symbol = "lbf/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["mb"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mb", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mbar"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mmHg"] = { name1 = "millimetre of mercury", name1_us = "millimeter of mercury", name2 = "millimetres of mercury", name2_us = "millimeters of mercury", symbol = "mmHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.322387415, default = "kPa", }, ["Pa"] = { _name1 = "pascal", _symbol = "Pa", utype = "pressure", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "psi", link = "Pascal (unit)", }, ["psf"] = { name1 = "pound per square foot", name2 = "pounds per square foot", symbol = "psf", utype = "pressure", scale = 47.880258980335839, default = "kPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["psi"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "psi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa", }, ["Torr"] = { name1 = "torr", symbol = "Torr", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.32236842105263, default = "kPa", }, ["N/cm2"] = { per = { "N", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["N/m2"] = { per = { "N", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["g/cm2"] = { per = { "g", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["g/m2"] = { per = { "g", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/ha"] = { per = { "kg", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/m2"] = { per = { "kg", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/1000sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "1000sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/acre"] = { per = { "lb", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqyd"] = { per = { "lb", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["LT/acre"] = { per = { "LT", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["MT/ha"] = { per = { "MT", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqft"] = { per = { "oz", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqyd"] = { per = { "oz", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["ST/acre"] = { per = { "ST", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["t/ha"] = { per = { "t", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/acre"] = { per = { "tonne", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/ha"] = { per = { "tonne", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kgfpsqcm"] = { target = "kgf/cm2", }, ["kgpsqcm"] = { target = "kg/cm2", }, ["kN/m2"] = { target = "kPa", }, ["lb/in2"] = { target = "lbf/in2", }, ["torr"] = { target = "Torr", }, ["Bq"] = { _name1 = "becquerel", _symbol = "Bq", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "pCi", link = "Becquerel", }, ["Ci"] = { _name1 = "curie", _symbol = "Ci", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 3.7e10, prefixes = 1, default = "GBq", link = "Curie (unit)", }, ["Rd"] = { _name1 = "rutherford", _symbol = "Rd", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1e6, prefixes = 1, default = "MBq", link = "Rutherford (unit)", }, ["cm/h"] = { name1 = "centimetre per hour", name1_us = "centimeter per hour", name2 = "centimetres per hour", name2_us = "centimeters per hour", symbol = "cm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777775e-6, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/s"] = { name1 = "centimetre per second", name1_us = "centimeter per second", name2 = "centimetres per second", name2_us = "centimeters per second", symbol = "cm/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.01, default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/year"] = { name1 = "centimetre per year", name1_us = "centimeter per year", name2 = "centimetres per year", name2_us = "centimeters per year", symbol = "cm/year", utype = "speed", scale = 3.168873850681143e-10, default = "in/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["foot/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "foot per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", }, ["ft/min"] = { name1 = "foot per minute", name2 = "feet per minute", symbol = "ft/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.00508, default = "m/min", link = "Feet per second", }, ["ft/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "feet per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", link = "Feet per second", }, ["furlong per fortnight"] = { name2 = "furlongs per fortnight", symbol = "furlong per fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "speed", scale = 0.00016630952380952381, default = "km/h mph", link = "FFF system", }, ["in/h"] = { name1 = "inch per hour", name2 = "inches per hour", symbol = "in/h", utype = "speed", scale = 7.0555555555555559e-6, default = "cm/h", link = "Inch", }, ["in/s"] = { name1 = "inch per second", name2 = "inches per second", symbol = "in/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.0254, default = "cm/s", link = "Inch", }, ["in/year"] = { name1 = "inch per year", name2 = "inches per year", symbol = "in/year", utype = "speed", scale = 8.0489395807301024e-10, default = "cm/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["isp"] = { name1 = "second", symbol = "s", utype = "speed", scale = 9.80665, default = "km/s", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["km/d"] = { name1 = "kilometre per day", name1_us = "kilometer per day", name2 = "kilometres per day", name2_us = "kilometers per day", symbol = "km/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.1574074074074074e-2, default = "mi/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["km/h"] = { name1 = "kilometre per hour", name1_us = "kilometer per hour", name2 = "kilometres per hour", name2_us = "kilometers per hour", symbol = "km/h", utype = "speed", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph", link = "Kilometres per hour", }, ["km/s"] = { name1 = "kilometre per second", name1_us = "kilometer per second", name2 = "kilometres per second", name2_us = "kilometers per second", symbol = "km/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "mi/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["kn"] = { name1 = "knot", symbol = "kn", utype = "speed", scale = 0.51444444444444448, default = "km/h mph", link = "Knot (unit)", }, ["kNs/kg"] = { name2 = "kN&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "kN&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["m/min"] = { name1 = "metre per minute", name1_us = "meter per minute", name2 = "metres per minute", name2_us = "meters per minute", symbol = "m/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "ft/min", link = "Metre per second", }, ["m/s"] = { name1 = "metre per second", name1_us = "meter per second", name2 = "metres per second", name2_us = "meters per second", symbol = "m/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "ft/s", }, ["Mach"] = { name2 = "Mach", symbol = "Mach", utype = "speed", builtin = "mach", scale = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "km/h mph", link = "Mach number", }, ["mi/d"] = { name1 = "mile per day", name2 = "miles per day", symbol = "mi/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.8626666666666667e-2, default = "km/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["mi/s"] = { name1 = "mile per second", name2 = "miles per second", symbol = "mi/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1609.344, default = "km/s", link = "Mile", }, ["mm/h"] = { name1 = "millimetre per hour", name1_us = "millimeter per hour", name2 = "millimetres per hour", name2_us = "millimeters per hour", symbol = "mm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777781e-7, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["mph"] = { name1 = "mile per hour", name2 = "miles per hour", symbol = "mph", utype = "speed", scale = 0.44704, default = "km/h", link = "Miles per hour", }, ["Ns/kg"] = { name2 = "N&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "N&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["si tsfc"] = { name2 = "g/(kN⋅s)", symbol = "g/(kN⋅s)", utype = "speed", scale = 9.9999628621379242e-7, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["tsfc"] = { name2 = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", symbol = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", utype = "speed", scale = 2.832545036049801e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "si tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["cm/y"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["cm/yr"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["in/y"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["in/yr"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["knot"] = { target = "kn", }, ["knots"] = { target = "kn", }, ["kph"] = { target = "km/h", }, ["mi/h"] = { target = "mph", }, ["mm/s"] = { per = { "mm", "s" }, utype = "speed", default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["C"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius", name2 = "degrees Celsius", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = -273.15, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "F", link = "Celsius", }, ["F"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 32-273.15*(9/5), iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "C", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K"] = { _name1 = "kelvin", _symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, prefixes = 1, default = "C F", link = "Kelvin", }, ["keVT"] = { name1 = "kiloelectronvolt", symbol = "keV", utype = "temperature", scale = 11604518.121550081, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "MK", defkey = "keVT", linkey = "keVT", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["R"] = { name1 = "degree Rankine", name2 = "degrees Rankine", symbol = "°R", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "K F C", link = "Rankine scale", }, ["Celsius"] = { target = "C", }, ["°C"] = { target = "C", }, ["°F"] = { target = "F", }, ["°R"] = { target = "R", }, ["C-change"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius change", name2 = "degrees Celsius change", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Celsius", }, ["F-change"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit change", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit change", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 0.55555555555555558, default = "C-change", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K-change"] = { name1 = "kelvin change", name2 = "kelvins change", symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Kelvin", }, ["°C-change"] = { target = "C-change", }, ["°F-change"] = { target = "F-change", }, ["century"] = { name1 = "century", name2 = "centuries", symbol = "ha", utype = "time", scale = 3155760000, default = "Gs", }, ["d"] = { name1 = "day", symbol = "d", utype = "time", scale = 86400, default = "ks", }, ["decade"] = { name1 = "decade", symbol = "daa", utype = "time", scale = 315576000, default = "Ms", }, ["dog year"] = { name1 = "dog year", symbol = "dog yr", utype = "time", scale = 220903200, default = "years", link = "List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year", }, ["fortnight"] = { symbol = "fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 1209600, default = "week", }, ["h"] = { name1 = "hour", symbol = "h", utype = "time", scale = 3600, default = "ks", }, ["long billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["millennium"] = { name1 = "millennium", name2 = "millennia", symbol = "ka", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000, default = "Gs", }, ["milliard year"] = { name1 = "milliard years", name2 = "milliard years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["million year"] = { name1 = "million years", name2 = "million years", symbol = "Ma", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000, default = "Ts", link = "Annum", }, ["min"] = { name1 = "minute", symbol = "min", utype = "time", scale = 60, default = "s", }, ["month"] = { symbol = "month", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "Ms", }, ["months"] = { name1 = "month", symbol = "mo", utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "year", }, ["s"] = { _name1 = "second", _symbol = "s", utype = "time", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v < 7200 ! min ! h", link = "Second", }, ["short billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["short trillion year"] = { name1 = "trillion years", name2 = "trillion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["thousand million year"] = { name1 = "thousand million years", name2 = "thousand million years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["wk"] = { symbol = "week", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 604800, default = "Ms", }, ["year"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "a", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["years"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "yr", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["byr"] = { target = "short billion year", }, ["day"] = { target = "d", }, ["days"] = { target = "d", }, ["dog yr"] = { target = "dog year", }, ["Gyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["hour"] = { target = "h", }, ["hours"] = { target = "h", }, ["kMyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["long byr"] = { target = "long billion year", }, ["minute"] = { target = "min", }, ["minutes"] = { target = "min", }, ["mth"] = { target = "month", }, ["Myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["sec"] = { target = "s", }, ["second"] = { target = "s", }, ["seconds"] = { target = "s", }, ["tmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["tryr"] = { target = "short trillion year", }, ["tyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["week"] = { target = "wk", }, ["weeks"] = { target = "wk", }, ["yr"] = { target = "year", }, ["kg.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgf.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram force-metre", name1_us = "kilogram force-meter", symbol = "kgf⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgm"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kpm"] = { name1 = "kilopond metre", name1_us = "kilopond meter", symbol = "kp⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["lb-fft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.ft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.in"] = { name1 = "pound force-inch", symbol = "lb⋅in", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mN.m", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbfft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lbf⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbft"] = { name1 = "pound-foot", name2 = "pound-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["m.kg-f"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kg_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["m.kgf"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kgf", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["mN.m"] = { name1 = "millinewton-metre", name1_us = "millinewton-meter", symbol = "mN⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.001, default = "lb.in", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["Nm"] = { _name1 = "newton-metre", _name1_us= "newton-meter", _symbol = "N⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", alttype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lbfft", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["kN/m"] = { per = { "kN", "-m-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "lbf/in", }, ["lbf/in"] = { per = { "lbf", "-in-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "kN/m", }, ["lb-f.ft"] = { target = "lb-fft", }, ["lbf.ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lbf·ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lb·ft"] = { target = "lb.ft", }, ["mkg-f"] = { target = "m.kg-f", }, ["mkgf"] = { target = "m.kgf", }, ["N.m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["N·m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["ton-mile"] = { symbol = "ton-mile", usename = 1, utype = "transportation", scale = 1.4599723182105602, default = "tkm", }, ["tkm"] = { name1 = "tonne-kilometre", name1_us = "tonne-kilometer", symbol = "tkm", utype = "transportation", scale = 1, default = "ton-mile", }, ["-12USoz(mL)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USoz(ml)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "ml", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USozserve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["acre-foot"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-foot", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["acre-ft"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-feet", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["AUtbsp"] = { name1 = "Australian tablespoon", symbol = "AU&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000020, default = "ml", }, ["Bcuft"] = { name1 = "billion cubic foot", name2 = "billion cubic feet", symbol = "billion cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "Gl", link = "Cubic foot", }, ["bdft"] = { name1 = "board foot", name2 = "board feet", symbol = "bd&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board feet"] = { name2 = "board feet", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board foot"] = { name2 = "board foot", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["cc"] = { name1 = "cubic centimetre", name1_us = "cubic centimeter", symbol = "cc", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000001, default = "cuin", }, ["CID"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cc", link = "Cubic inch#Engine displacement", }, ["cord"] = { symbol = "cord", utype = "volume", scale = 3.624556363776, default = "m3", link = "Cord (unit)", }, ["cufoot"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic foot", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuft"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic feet", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuin"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cm3", }, ["cumi"] = { name1 = "cubic mile", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi", utype = "volume", scale = 4168181825.440579584, default = "km3", }, ["cuyd"] = { name1 = "cubic yard", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd", utype = "volume", scale = 0.764554857984, default = "m3", }, ["firkin"] = { symbol = "firkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.04091481, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Firkin (unit)", }, ["foot3"] = { target = "cufoot", }, ["Goilbbl"] = { name1 = "billion barrels", name2 = "billion barrels", symbol = "Gbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294.928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["gr water"] = { name1 = "grains water", name2 = "grains water", symbol = "gr H₂O", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00000006479891, default = "cm3", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["grt"] = { name1 = "gross register ton", symbol = "grt", utype = "volume", scale = 2.8316846592, default = "m3", link = "Gross register tonnage", }, ["impbbl"] = { name1 = "imperial barrel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.16365924, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["impbsh"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "L impgal USdrygal", }, ["impbu"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "m3", }, ["impgal"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00454609, default = "L USgal", }, ["impgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001420653125, default = "ml USoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["impkenning"] = { name1 = "imperial kenning", symbol = "kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01818436, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["impoz"] = { name1 = "imperial fluid ounce", symbol = "imp&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000284130625, default = "ml USoz", }, ["imppk"] = { name1 = "imperial peck", symbol = "pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00909218, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Peck", }, ["imppt"] = { name1 = "imperial pint", symbol = "imp&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00056826125, default = "L", }, ["impqt"] = { name1 = "imperial quart", symbol = "imp&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0011365225, default = "ml USoz", customary= 3, }, ["kilderkin"] = { symbol = "kilderkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.08182962, default = "L impgal USgal", }, ["koilbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "kbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["L"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "L", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["l"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["ll"] = { name1 = "litre", name1_us = "liter", symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, default = "impgal USgal", }, ["m3"] = { _name1 = "cubic metre", _name1_us= "cubic meter", _symbol = "m³", prefix_position= 7, utype = "volume", scale = 1, prefixes = 3, default = "cuft", link = "Cubic metre", }, ["Mbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MMoilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "MMbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["Moilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MTON"] = { name1 = "measurement ton", symbol = "MTON", utype = "volume", scale = 1.13267386368, default = "m3", }, ["MUSgal"] = { name1 = "million US gallons", name1_us = "million U.S. gallons", name2 = "million US gallons", name2_us = "million U.S. gallons", symbol = "million US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "million U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 3785.411784, default = "Ml", link = "US gallon", }, ["oilbbl"] = { name1 = "barrel", symbol = "bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.158987294928, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["stere"] = { symbol = "stere", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 1, default = "cuft", }, ["tmcft"] = { name2 = "tmcft", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", }, ["Tmcft"] = { name1 = "thousand million cubic feet", name2 = "thousand million cubic feet", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", link = "Tmcft", }, ["Toilbbl"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels", name2 = "trillion barrels", symbol = "Tbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["USbbl"] = { name1 = "US barrel", name1_us = "U.S. barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.119240471196, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbeerbbl"] = { name1 = "US beer barrel", name1_us = "U.S. beer barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.117347765304, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbsh"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bsh", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USbu"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bu", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USdrybbl"] = { name1 = "US dry barrel", name1_us = "U.S. dry barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.11562819898508, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USdrygal"] = { name1 = "US dry gallon", name1_us = "U.S. dry gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00440488377086, default = "L", link = "Gallon", }, ["USdrypt"] = { name1 = "US dry pint", name1_us = "U.S. dry pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0005506104713575, default = "ml", link = "Pint", }, ["USdryqt"] = { name1 = "US dry quart", name1_us = "U.S. dry quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001101220942715, default = "ml", link = "Quart", }, ["USflgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US fl gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", }, ["USgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001182941183, default = "ml impoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["USkenning"] = { name1 = "US kenning", name1_us = "U.S. kenning", symbol = "US&nbsp;kenning", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01761953508344, default = "L impgal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["USmin"] = { name1 = "US minim", name1_us = "U.S. minim", symbol = "US&nbsp;min", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;min", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000000061611519921875, default = "ml", link = "Minim (unit)", }, ["USoz"] = { name1 = "US fluid ounce", name1_us = "U.S. fluid ounce", symbol = "US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000295735295625, default = "ml", }, ["USpk"] = { name1 = "US peck", name1_us = "U.S. peck", symbol = "US&nbsp;pk", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00880976754172, default = "L impgal", link = "Peck", }, ["USpt"] = { name1 = "US pint", name1_us = "U.S. pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000473176473, default = "L imppt", link = "Pint", }, ["USqt"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml", link = "Quart", customary= 1, }, ["USquart"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml impoz", link = "Quart", }, ["UStbsp"] = { name1 = "US tablespoon", name1_us = "U.S. tablespoon", symbol = "US&nbsp;tbsp", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 1.4786764781250001e-5, default = "ml", }, ["winecase"] = { symbol = "case", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.009, default = "L", link = "Case (goods)", }, ["*U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["*U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["+USdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", customary= 1, }, ["+usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", link = "Fluid ounce", customary= 1, }, ["+USgal"] = { target = "USgal", customary= 1, }, ["+USoz"] = { target = "USoz", customary= 1, }, ["@impgal"] = { target = "impgal", link = "Gallon", customary= 3, }, ["acre feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre-feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre.foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre.ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre·ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["bushels"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["cid"] = { target = "CID", }, ["ft3"] = { target = "cuft", symbol = "ft³", }, ["gal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["gallon"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})", }, ["gallons"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})", }, ["Gcuft"] = { target = "e9cuft", }, ["impfloz"] = { target = "impoz", }, ["Impgal"] = { target = "impgal", }, ["in3"] = { target = "cuin", symbol = "in³", }, ["hm³"] = { target = "hm3", }, ["kcuft"] = { target = "e3cuft", }, ["kcum"] = { target = "e3m3", }, ["km³"] = { target = "km3", }, ["liter"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["liters"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["litre"] = { target = "L", }, ["litres"] = { target = "L", }, ["Mcuft"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["Mcum"] = { target = "e6m3", }, ["Mft3"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["mi3"] = { target = "cumi", symbol = "mi³", }, ["m³"] = { target = "m3", }, ["Pcuft"] = { target = "e15cuft", }, ["pt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})", }, ["qt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})", }, ["Tcuft"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["Tft3"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["U.S.bbl"] = { target = "USbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.beerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.bsh"] = { target = "USbsh", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.bu"] = { target = "USbu", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.drybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.dryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.flgal"] = { target = "USflgal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.floz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["u.s.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["U.S.gi"] = { target = "USgi", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.kenning"] = { target = "USkenning", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.oz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pk"] = { target = "USpk", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pt"] = { target = "USpt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.qt"] = { target = "USqt", sp_us = true, default = "L impqt", customary= 2, }, ["usbbl"] = { target = "USbbl", }, ["usbeerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", }, ["usbsh"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["usbu"] = { target = "USbu", }, ["usdrybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", }, ["usdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", }, ["usdrypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", }, ["usdryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", }, ["USfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["USGAL"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgi"] = { target = "USgi", }, ["uskenning"] = { target = "USkenning", }, ["usoz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["uspk"] = { target = "USpk", }, ["uspt"] = { target = "USpt", }, ["usqt"] = { target = "USqt", }, ["yd3"] = { target = "cuyd", symbol = "yd³", }, ["cuft/sqmi"] = { per = { "cuft", "sqmi" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["m3/ha"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hectare", name1_us = "cubic meter per hectare", name2 = "cubic metres per hectare", name2_us = "cubic meters per hectare", symbol = "m³/ha", utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 0.0001, default = "USbu/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["m3/km2"] = { per = { "m3", "km2" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "cuft/sqmi", }, ["U.S.gal/acre"] = { per = { "U.S.gal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["USbu/acre"] = { name2 = "US bushels per acre", symbol = "US bushel per acre", usename = 1, utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 8.7077638761350888e-6, default = "m3/ha", link = "Bushel", }, ["USgal/acre"] = { per = { "USgal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["cuyd/mi"] = { per = { "cuyd", "mi" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "m3/km", }, ["m3/km"] = { per = { "m3", "km" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "cuyd/mi", }, ["mich"] = { combination= { "ch", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michlk"] = { combination= { "chlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michainlk"] = { combination= { "chainlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["miyd"] = { combination= { "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["miydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["mift"] = { combination= { "ft", "mi" }, multiple = { 5280 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 12, 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydft"] = { combination= { "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["footin"] = { combination= { "in", "foot" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["handin"] = { combination= { "in", "hand" }, multiple = { 4 }, utype = "length", }, ["lboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb" }, multiple = { 16 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 16, 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["st and lb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["GN LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["LTf STf"] = { combination= { "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["STf LTf"] = { combination= { "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["L/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgUS"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["mpgimp L/100 km"] = { combination= { "mpgimp", "L/100 km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["LT ST t"] = { combination= { "lt", "-ST", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["LT t ST"] = { combination= { "lt", "t", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST LT t"] = { combination= { "-ST", "lt", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST t LT"] = { combination= { "-ST", "t", "lt" }, utype = "mass", }, ["t LT ST"] = { combination= { "t", "lt", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ton"] = { combination= { "LT", "ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["kPa kg/cm2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "kgf/cm2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["kPa lb/in2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "-lb/in2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["floz"] = { combination= { "impoz", "USoz" }, utype = "volume", }, } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local default_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation). ["cm²"] = "sqin", ["dm²"] = "sqin", ["e3acre"] = "km2", ["e3m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6acre"] = "km2", ["e6ha"] = "e6acre", ["e6km2"] = "e6sqmi", ["e6m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6sqft"] = "v * 9.290304 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2", ["e6sqmi"] = "e6km2", ["hm²"] = "acre", ["km²"] = "sqmi", ["mm²"] = "sqin", ["aJ"] = "eV", ["e3BTU"] = "ايم جَي", ["e6BTU"] = "GJ", ["EJ"] = "kWh", ["eV"] = "aJ", ["feV"] = "yJ", ["fJ"] = "keV", ["GeV"] = "nJ", ["GJ"] = "kWh", ["keV"] = "fJ", ["MeV"] = "پي جَي", ["meV"] = "zJ", ["ايم جَي"] = "kWh", ["neV"] = "yJ", ["PeV"] = "ايم جَي", ["peV"] = "yJ", ["پي جَي"] = "kWh", ["پي جَي"] = "MeV", ["TeV"] = "μJ", ["TJ"] = "kWh", ["YJ"] = "kWh", ["yJ"] = "μeV", ["ZJ"] = "kWh", ["zJ"] = "meV", ["μeV"] = "yJ", ["e12cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", ["e12cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d", ["e12m3/a"] = "Tcuft/a", ["e12m3/d"] = "Tcuft/d", ["e3cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e3cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", ["e3cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s", ["e3m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a", ["e3m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d", ["e3m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s", ["e3USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", ["e6cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s", ["e6m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a", ["e6m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d", ["e6m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s", ["e6USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e9cuft/a"] = "m3/a", ["e9cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d", ["e9m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a", ["e9m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d", ["e9m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s", ["e9USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", ["e9USgal/s"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s", ["nN"] = "gr-f", ["μN"] = "gr-f", ["mN"] = "oz-f", ["am"] = "in", ["cm"] = "in", ["dam"] = "ft", ["dm"] = "in", ["e12km"] = "e12mi", ["e12mi"] = "e12km", ["e3AU"] = "ly", ["e3km"] = "e3mi", ["e3mi"] = "e3km", ["e6km"] = "e6mi", ["e6mi"] = "e6km", ["e9km"] = "AU", ["e9mi"] = "e9km", ["Em"] = "mi", ["fm"] = "in", ["Gm"] = "mi", ["hm"] = "ft", ["km"] = "mi", ["mm"] = "in", ["Mm"] = "mi", ["nm"] = "in", ["Pm"] = "mi", ["pm"] = "in", ["Tm"] = "mi", ["Ym"] = "mi", ["ym"] = "in", ["Zm"] = "mi", ["zm"] = "in", ["μm"] = "in", ["e12lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! Mt ! Gt", ["e3lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3ozt"] = "v * 0.311034768 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3t"] = "LT ST", ["e6carat"] = "t", ["e6lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! t ! kilotonne", ["e6ozt"] = "lb kg", ["e6ST"] = "Mt", ["e6t"] = "LT ST", ["e9lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt", ["e9t"] = "LT ST", ["Gg"] = "lb", ["kg"] = "lb", ["mg"] = "gr", ["Mg"] = "LT ST", ["ng"] = "gr", ["μg"] = "gr", ["mBq"] = "fCi", ["kBq"] = "nCi", ["MBq"] = "μCi", ["GBq"] = "mCi", ["TBq"] = "Ci", ["PBq"] = "kCi", ["EBq"] = "kCi", ["fCi"] = "mBq", ["pCi"] = "Bq", ["nCi"] = "Bq", ["μCi"] = "kBq", ["mCi"] = "MBq", ["kCi"] = "TBq", ["MCi"] = "PBq", ["ns"] = "μs", ["μs"] = "ms", ["ms"] = "s", ["ks"] = "h", ["Ms"] = "week", ["Gs"] = "decade", ["Ts"] = "millennium", ["Ps"] = "million year", ["Es"] = "thousand million year", ["MK"] = "keVT", ["cL"] = "impoz usoz", ["cl"] = "impoz usoz", ["cm³"] = "cuin", ["dL"] = "impoz usoz", ["dl"] = "impoz usoz", ["mm³"] = "cuin", ["dm³"] = "cuin", ["e12cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", ["e12impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft", ["e12U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e15cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3", ["e15m3"] = "Pcuft", ["e3bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e3cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3", ["e3impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft", ["e3U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e6bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuyd"] = "v * 7.64554857984 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6L"] = "USgal", ["e6m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft", ["e6U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e9bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft", ["e9U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["GL"] = "cuft", ["Gl"] = "cuft", ["kL"] = "cuft", ["kl"] = "cuft", ["km³"] = "cumi", ["mL"] = "impoz usoz", ["ml"] = "impoz usoz", ["Ml"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["ML"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["TL"] = "cumi", ["Tl"] = "cumi", ["μL"] = "cuin", ["μl"] = "cuin", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local link_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode). ["mm²"] = "Square millimetre", ["cm²"] = "Square centimetre", ["dm²"] = "Square decimetre", ["km²"] = "Square kilometre", ["kJ"] = "Kilojoule", ["ايم جَي"] = "Megajoule", ["GJ"] = "Gigajoule", ["TJ"] = "Terajoule", ["fm"] = "Femtometre", ["pm"] = "Picometre", ["nm"] = "Nanometre", ["μm"] = "Micrometre", ["mm"] = "Millimetre", ["cm"] = "Centimetre", ["dm"] = "Decimetre", ["dam"] = "Decametre", ["hm"] = "Hectometre", ["km"] = "Kilometre", ["Mm"] = "Megametre", ["Gm"] = "Gigametre", ["Tm"] = "Terametre", ["Pm"] = "Petametre", ["Em"] = "Exametre", ["Zm"] = "Zettametre", ["Ym"] = "Yottametre", ["μg"] = "Microgram", ["mg"] = "Milligram", ["kg"] = "Kilogram", ["Mg"] = "Tonne", ["yW"] = "Yoctowatt", ["zW"] = "Zeptowatt", ["aW"] = "Attowatt", ["fW"] = "Femtowatt", ["pW"] = "Picowatt", ["nW"] = "Nanowatt", ["μW"] = "Microwatt", ["mW"] = "Milliwatt", ["kW"] = "Kilowatt", ["MW"] = "Megawatt", ["GW"] = "Gigawatt", ["TW"] = "Terawatt", ["PW"] = "Petawatt", ["EW"] = "Exawatt", ["ZW"] = "Zettawatt", ["YW"] = "Yottawatt", ["as"] = "Attosecond", ["fs"] = "Femtosecond", ["ps"] = "Picosecond", ["ns"] = "Nanosecond", ["μs"] = "Microsecond", ["ms"] = "Millisecond", ["ks"] = "Kilosecond", ["Ms"] = "Megasecond", ["Gs"] = "Gigasecond", ["Ts"] = "Terasecond", ["Ps"] = "Petasecond", ["Es"] = "Exasecond", ["Zs"] = "Zettasecond", ["Ys"] = "Yottasecond", ["mm³"] = "Cubic millimetre", ["cm³"] = "Cubic centimetre", ["dm³"] = "Cubic decimetre", ["dam³"] = "Cubic decametre", ["km³"] = "Cubic kilometre", ["μL"] = "Microlitre", ["μl"] = "Microlitre", ["mL"] = "Millilitre", ["ml"] = "Millilitre", ["cL"] = "Centilitre", ["cl"] = "Centilitre", ["dL"] = "Decilitre", ["dl"] = "Decilitre", ["daL"] = "Decalitre", ["dal"] = "Decalitre", ["hL"] = "Hectolitre", ["hl"] = "Hectolitre", ["kL"] = "Kilolitre", ["kl"] = "Kilolitre", ["ML"] = "Megalitre", ["Ml"] = "Megalitre", ["GL"] = "Gigalitre", ["Gl"] = "Gigalitre", ["TL"] = "Teralitre", ["Tl"] = "Teralitre", ["PL"] = "Petalitre", ["Pl"] = "Petalitre", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local per_unit_fixups = { -- Automatically created per units of form "x/y" may have their unit type -- changed, for example, "length/time" is changed to "speed". -- Other adjustments can also be specified. ["/area"] = "per unit area", ["/volume"] = "per unit volume", ["area/area"] = "area per unit area", ["energy/length"] = "energy per unit length", ["energy/mass"] = "energy per unit mass", ["energy/time"] = { utype = "power", link = "Power (physics)" }, ["energy/volume"] = "energy per unit volume", ["force/area"] = { utype = "pressure", link = "Pressure" }, ["length/length"] = { utype = "gradient", link = "Grade (slope)" }, ["length/time"] = { utype = "speed", link = "Speed" }, ["length/time/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["mass/area"] = { utype = "pressure", multiplier = 9.80665 }, ["mass/length"] = "linear density", ["mass/mass"] = "concentration", ["mass/power"] = "mass per unit power", ["mass/time"] = "mass per unit time", ["mass/volume"] = { utype = "density", link = "Density" }, ["power/mass"] = "power per unit mass", ["power/volume"] = { link = "Power density" }, ["pressure/length"] = "fracture gradient", ["speed/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["volume/area"] = "volume per unit area", ["volume/length"] = "volume per unit length", ["volume/time"] = "flow", } return { all_units = all_units, default_exceptions = default_exceptions, link_exceptions = link_exceptions, per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups, } 25jjd4elc3qkf2ndv6teekpnc8xdov3 377688 377651 2026-05-15T20:48:42Z Intisar Ali 8681 377688 Scribunto text/plain -- [[Module:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ وارو ڊيٽا، جيڪو mw.loadData() استعمال ڪري ٿو -- ھن ماڊيول تائين فقط پڙھڻ واري رسائي لاءِ، جيئن ھر صفحي تي ھي صرف ھڪ ڀيرو لوڊ ٿئي. -- ٻي وڪي تي نقل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] ڏسو. -- -- ھيٺيان ڊيٽا ٽيبلون شامل آھن: -- all_units ڪنھن به يونٽ جون سڀئي خاصيتون، ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ سميت -- default_exceptions ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جا ڊفالٽ مختلف آھن) -- link_exceptions ڳنڍڻين جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جون ڳنڍڻيون مختلف آھن) -- -- ھي ٽيبلون ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿين ٿيون، جيڪو ھڪ صفحي جي وڪي متن کي پڙھي ٿو -- جيڪو ھر يونٽ جي گھربل خاصيتن جي دستاويزڪاري ڪري ٿو؛ [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]] ڏسو. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ھن ٽيبل جي ڊيٽا ۾ تبديلي نه ڪريو ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اھا ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿئي ٿي -- -- جيڪو وڪي صفحي مان وڪي متن پڙھي ٿو (مٿيون نوٽ ڏسو). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local all_units = { ["Gy"] = { _name1 = "گِرَي", _symbol = "Gy", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "رَيڊ", link = "گِرَي (ايڪو)", }, ["رَيڊ"] = { _name1 = "رَيڊ", _symbol = "رَيڊ", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Gy", link = "رَيڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["cm/سيڪنڊ 2"] = { name1 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "cm/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.01, default = "ft/s2", link = "گئل (ايڪو)", }, ["فٽ/s2"] = { name1 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ft/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s2", }, ["g0"] = { name1 = "معياري ڪشش ثقل", name2 = "معياري ڪشش ثقلون", symbol = "''g''₀", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", }, ["g-فورس"] = { name2 = "''g''", symbol = "''g''", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", link = "g-فورس", }, ["ڪ م/hs"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ڪ م/(h⋅s)", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/s2"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "km/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1000, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ميٽر/s2"] = { name1 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "m/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1, default = "ft/s2", }, ["mph/سيڪنڊ"] = { name1 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "mph/سيڪنڊ", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.44704, default = "ڪ م/hs", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/h/s"] = { target = "ڪ م/hs", }, ["معياري ڪشش ثقل"] = { target = "g0", }, ["1000چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", name2 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", symbol = "1000 چ.فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 92.90304, default = "m2", link = "چورس فٽ", }, ["a"] = { _name1 = "ايراضي", _symbol = "a", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 100, prefixes = 1, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "ھيڪٽر#ايڪڙ", }, ["ايڪڙ"] = { symbol = "ايڪڙ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 4046.8564224, default = "ha", subdivs = { ["رُوڊ"] = { 4, default = "ha" }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { 160, default = "ha" } }, }, ["اَيڪَڙُ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آرپينٽ"] = { symbol = "آرپينٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3418.89, default = "ha", }, ["cda"] = { name1 = "ڪويردا", symbol = "cda", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3930.395625, default = "ha ايڪڙ", }, ["daa"] = { name1 = "ڊَيڪَر", symbol = "daa", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دونم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", link = "دُونَم", }, ["ha"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["هَيڪٽَر"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آئرش ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "آئرش ايڪڙ", symbol = "آئرش&nbsp;اَيڪَڙَ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 6555.2385024, default = "ha", link = "ايڪڙ (آئرش)", }, ["m2"] = { _name1 = "چورس ميٽر", _name1_us= "چورس ميٽر", _symbol = "m²", prefix_position= 8, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1, prefixes = 2, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "چورس ميٽر", }, ["پَونڊِيمَاٽُ"] = { name1 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", name2 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽَ", symbol = "پونڊ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3674.363358816, default = "ميٽر2", link = ":nl:پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["پِيَونگ"] = { name2 = "پِيَونگ", symbol = "پِيَونگ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["رائي"] = { name2 = "رائي", symbol = "رائي", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1600, default = "ميٽر2", link = "رائي (ايڪو)", }, ["رُوڊ"] = { symbol = "رُوڊ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1011.7141056, default = "چ.فٽ چ.ميٽر", subdivs = { ["چ.پرچ"] = { 40, default = "m2" } }, link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["چ .فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ", name2 = "چورس فٽ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فُٽُ", name2 = "چورس فُٽَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ. انچ"] = { name1 = "چورس اِنچُ", name2 = "چورس اِنچَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.00064516, default = "2سينٽي ميٽر", }, ["چ .ميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;ميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 2589988.110336, default = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["sqnميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;nميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3429904, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { name2 = "پَرچَ", symbol = "پَرچُ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 25.29285264, default = "m2", link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)#ايراضي ۽ حجم", }, ["چ. ويرسٽ"] = { symbol = "چورس ويرسٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1138062.24, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ويرسٽ", }, ["چ. گز"] = { name1 = "چورس گز", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;گز", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.83612736, default = "چ.ميل", }, ["ٽُسُوبَو"] = { name2 = "ٽُسُوبَو", symbol = "ٽُسُوبَو", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "چ.ميل", link = "جپاني ماپ جو ايڪو#ايراصي", }, ["اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["are"] = { target = "a", }, ["ڊيڪر"] = { target = "daa", }, ["چ. فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", symbol = "فٽ²", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { target = "چ.انچ", symbol = "انچ²", }, ["ڪ م²"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ. ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", symbol = "ميل²", }, ["ملين ايڪڙ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين ھيڪٽر"] = { target = "e6ھيڪٽر", }, ["ميل²"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["nميل2"] = { target = "چورسnميل", }, ["پونڊ"] = { target = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["چ. آرپ"] = { target = "آرپينٽ", }, ["چ.ڪ م"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["چورس ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { target = "چ.گز", symbol = "گز²", }, ["چ.ميٽر/ھيڪٽر"] = { name1 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name1_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", symbol = "ميٽر²/ھيڪٽر", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 0.0001, default = "چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", name2 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ/ايڪڙ", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 2.295684113865932e-5, default = "m2/ھيڪٽر", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["سينٽ"] = { name1 = "سينٽ", symbol = "¢", utype = "سينٽ", scale = 1, default = "سينٽ", link = "سينٽ (ڪرنسي)", }, ["¢"] = { target = "سينٽ", }, ["A.h"] = { name1 = "ايمپيئر ڪلاڪ", symbol = "A⋅h", utype = "چارج", scale = 3600, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["ڪولمب"] = { _name1 = "ڪولمب", _symbol = "C", utype = "چارج", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "e", link = "ڪولمب", }, ["e"] = { name1 = "ايليميٽري چارج", symbol = "''e''", utype = "چارج", scale = 1.602176634e-19, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["g-مول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "g&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gمول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "gمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kمول"] = { name1 = "ڪلومول", symbol = "kمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1000, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["lb-مول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lb&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["lbمول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lbمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["مول"] = { name1 = "مول", symbol = "مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", name2 ="ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام(CO₂)/L", utype = "co2 يونٽ حجم", scale = 1000, default = "lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائُونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائُونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lbCO2/آمريڪي&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "co2 حجم ايڪو", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["اونس/پائونڊ"] = { per = { "اونس", "پائونڊ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "م.گ/ڪ.گ", }, ["م.گ/ڪ.گ"] = { per = { "م.گ", "ڪ.گ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "اونس/پائونڊ", }, ["g/dm3"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "گرام/ڊيسي ميٽر³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "ڪ گ/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "گرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/mL"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/mL", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/ml"] = { name1 = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/ml", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/dm3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/dm³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/ميٽر3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/m³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 16.018463373960142, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ گز"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ گز", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ گز", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;گز", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.5932764212577829, default = "ڪلوگرام/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/امپيريل گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في امپيريل گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في امپيريل گئلن", symbol = "lb/امپيريل&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 99.776372663101697, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/انچ3"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي بشيل"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي بشيل", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي بشيل", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;بشيل", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 12.871859780974471, default = "ڪلوگرام/m3", link = "بشيل", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["مليگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "mg/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "اونسُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "اونسَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1729.9940443876951, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/cm3"] = { per = { "گرام", "cm3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["Mملي گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["ملي گرام/لٽر"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/dL"] = { per = { "μg", "dL" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/لٽر"] = { per = { "μg", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["پائونڊ/فٽ3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["پائونڊ/گز3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ گز", }, ["lbm/انچ3"] = { target = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["mcg/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["اونس/انچ3"] = { target = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["ug/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["ug/لٽر"] = { target = "μg/لٽر", }, ["بِي.او.ٽِي.يُو."] = { name1 = "بورڊ آف ٽريڊ يونٽ", symbol = "بِي.او.ٽي.يُو.", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["بِي بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بي ٽي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽي يو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "انرجي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بي ٽي يُو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ترمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -ISO"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (ISO)", name2 = "British thermal units (ISO)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_ISO", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.056, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO"] = { target = "بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -IT"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (آء ٽي)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (آء ٽي)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-آء ٽي"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (آء ٽي)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (آء ٽي)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_{آء ٽي}", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["پي ٽي يُو-مِين"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (مِين)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (مِين)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_مِين", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-مِين"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (مِين)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (مِين)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_مِين", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal يونٽَ (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal يونٽَ (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["Cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "Cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", }, ["Cal-15"] = { name1 = "Calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-15"] = { name1 = "calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1858, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-IT"] = { name1 = "Calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-IT"] = { name1 = "calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-th"] = { name1 = "Calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "Cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-th"] = { name1 = "calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CHU-IT"] = { name1 = "Celsius heat unit (International Table)", name2 = "Celsius heat units (International Table)", symbol = "CHU_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1899.100534716, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cufootnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic foot of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cuftnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic feet of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["Eh"] = { name1 = "Hartree", symbol = "''E''_h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.35974417e-18, default = "eV", }, ["erg"] = { symbol = "erg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000001, default = "μJ", }, ["eV"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.602176634e-19, prefixes = 1, default = "aJ", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["foe"] = { symbol = "foe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e44, default = "YJ", link = "Foe (unit)", }, ["ftlb"] = { name1 = "foot-pound", symbol = "ft⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlb-f"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlbf"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftpdl"] = { name1 = "foot-poundal", symbol = "ft⋅pdl", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0421401100938048, default = "جَي", }, ["gTNT"] = { name2 = "grams of TNT", symbol = "gram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Gtoe"] = { name1 = "gigatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "gigatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Gtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e19, default = "EJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["GtonTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatons of TNT", symbol = "gigaton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GtTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatonnes of TNT", symbol = "gigatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GW.h"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["GWh"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["hph"] = { name1 = "horsepower-hour", symbol = "hp⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2684519.537696172792, default = "kWh", link = "Horsepower", }, ["inlb"] = { name1 = "inch-pound", symbol = "in⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlb-f"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlbf"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inoz-f"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅oz_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inozf"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅ozf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["J"] = { _name1 = "جول" , _symbol = "جَي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "cal", link = "جول" , }, ["kBOE"] = { name1 = "kilo barrel of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilo barrels of oil equivalent", symbol = "kBOE", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6.1178632e12, default = "TJ", link = "Barrel of oil equivalent", }, ["kcal"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie", symbol = "kcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-15"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (15°C)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "kcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-IT"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "kcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-th"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "kcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kerg"] = { name1 = "kiloerg", symbol = "kerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0001, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Erg", }, ["kgTNT"] = { name2 = "kilograms of TNT", symbol = "kilogram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", name1_us = "kiloton", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktoe"] = { name1 = "kilotonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilotonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "ktoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e13, default = "TJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["ktonTNT"] = { name1 = "kiloton of TNT", name2 = "kilotons of TNT", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kW.h"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["kWh"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["Mcal"] = { name1 = "megacalorie", symbol = "Mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal"] = { name1 = "millicalorie", symbol = "mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-15"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (15°C)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-15"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (15°C)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041858, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041868, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-th"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "Mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-th"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Merg"] = { name1 = "megaerg", symbol = "Merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.1, default = "جَي", link = "Erg", }, ["merg"] = { name1 = "millierg", symbol = "merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "μJ", link = "Erg", }, ["MMBtu"] = { name1 = "million British thermal units", name2 = "million British thermal units", symbol = "MMBtu", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055852.62, default = "GJ", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["Mt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "megatonne", name1_us = "megaton", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Mtoe"] = { name1 = "megatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "megatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Mtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e16, default = "پي جَي", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT"] = { name1 = "megaton of TNT", name2 = "megatons of TNT", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtonTNT"] = { name2 = "millitons of TNT", symbol = "milliton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT", symbol = "megatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtTNT"] = { name2 = "millitonnes of TNT", symbol = "millitonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MW.h"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mW.h"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["MWh"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mWh"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["PSh"] = { name1 = "Pferdestärkenstunde", symbol = "PSh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2647795.5, default = "kWh", }, ["quad"] = { name1 = "quadrillion British thermal units", name2 = "quadrillion British thermal units", symbol = "quad", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.054804e18, default = "EJ", link = "Quad (unit)", }, ["Ry"] = { name1 = "rydberg", symbol = "Ry", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2.1798741e-18, default = "eV", link = "Rydberg constant", }, ["scf"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic feet", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["scfoot"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic foot", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["t(TNT)"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "ton", symbol = "t", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["th"] = { name1 = "thermie", symbol = "th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["thm-EC"] = { name1 = "therm (EC)", name2 = "therms (EC)", symbol = "thm (EC)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105506000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-UK"] = { name1 = "therm (UK)", name2 = "therms (UK)", symbol = "thm (UK)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105505585.257348, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-US"] = { name1 = "therm (US)", name1_us = "therm (U.S.)", name2 = "therms (US)", name2_us = "therms (U.S.)", symbol = "thm (US)", sym_us = "thm (U.S.)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105480400, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["toe"] = { name1 = "tonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "tonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "toe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 41868000000, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["tonTNT"] = { name2 = "tons of TNT", symbol = "ton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["tTNT"] = { name2 = "tonnes of TNT", symbol = "tonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtonTNT"] = { name2 = "teratons of TNT", symbol = "teraton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtTNT"] = { name2 = "teratonnes of TNT", symbol = "teratonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TW.h"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["TWh"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["W.h"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "W⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["Wh"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "Wh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μerg"] = { name1 = "microerg", symbol = "μerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e-13, default = "nJ", link = "Erg", }, ["μW.h"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μWh"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["-kW.h"] = { target = "kW.h", link = "Kilowatt hour", }, ["btu"] = { target = "BTU", }, ["ڪيلوري"] = { target = "Cal", }, ["ft.lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["ft·lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["g-cal-15"] = { target = "cal-15", }, ["g-cal-IT"] = { target = "cal-IT", }, ["g-cal-th"] = { target = "cal-th", }, ["g-kcal-15"] = { target = "kcal-15", }, ["g-kcal-IT"] = { target = "kcal-IT", }, ["g-kcal-th"] = { target = "kcal-th", }, ["g-Mcal-15"] = { target = "Mcal-15", }, ["g-mcal-15"] = { target = "mcal-15", }, ["g-Mcal-IT"] = { target = "Mcal-IT", }, ["g-mcal-IT"] = { target = "mcal-IT", }, ["g-Mcal-th"] = { target = "Mcal-th", }, ["g-mcal-th"] = { target = "mcal-th", }, ["GW-h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["GW·h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["Hartree"] = { target = "Eh", }, ["hp.h"] = { target = "hph", }, ["in.lb-f"] = { target = "inlb-f", }, ["in.lbf"] = { target = "inlbf", }, ["in.oz-f"] = { target = "inoz-f", }, ["in.ozf"] = { target = "inozf", }, ["kbboe"] = { target = "kBOE", symbol = "kbboe", }, ["kg-cal-15"] = { target = "Cal-15", }, ["kg-cal-IT"] = { target = "Cal-IT", }, ["kg-cal-th"] = { target = "Cal-th", }, ["kW-h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["kW·h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["MW-h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["mW-h"] = { target = "mW.h", }, ["MW·h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["TW-h"] = { target = "TW.h", }, ["uerg"] = { target = "μerg", }, ["uW-h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uW.h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uWh"] = { target = "μWh", }, ["W-h"] = { target = "W.h", }, ["eVpar"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy per chemical amount", scale = 96485.332123310014, prefixes = 1, default = "kcal/mol", defkey = "eVpar", linkey = "eVpar", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["kcal/mol"] = { per = { "kcal", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "ڪي جَي/mol", link = "Kilocalorie per mole", }, ["ڪي جَي/mol"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "kcal/mol", link = "Joule per mole", }, ["kWh/100 km"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 36, default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["kWh/100 mi"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 miles", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 miles", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;mi", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 22.3694, default = "mpge", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["MJ/100 km"] = { name1 = "megajoule per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "megajoule per 100 kilometers", name2 = "megajoules per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "megajoules per 100 kilometers", symbol = "ايم جَي/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 10, default = "BTU/mi", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["mpge"] = { name1 = "mile per gallon gasoline equivalent", name2 = "miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", symbol = "mpg&#8209;e", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 1.3263314048360777e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "kWh/100 mi", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["BTU/mi"] = { per = { "BTU", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "v > 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km", }, ["ڪي جَي/km"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["kWh/km"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", }, ["kWh/mi"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "kWh/km ايم جَي/km", }, ["ايم جَي/km"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["mpg-e"] = { target = "mpge", }, ["BTU/lb"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit per pound", name2 = "British thermal units per pound", symbol = "BTU/lb", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 2326, default = "ڪي جَي/kg", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["cal/g"] = { name1 = "calorie per gram", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "cal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184, default = "J/g", }, ["جِي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "gigajoule per kilogram", name2 = "gigajoules per kilogram", symbol = "جِي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e9, default = "ktTNT/t", link = "Specific energy", }, ["J/g"] = { name1 = "joule per gram", name2 = "joules per gram", symbol = "J/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["kcal/g"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per gram", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "kcal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000, default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["ڪي جَي/g"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per gram", name2 = "kilojoules per gram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ڪي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per kilogram", name2 = "kilojoules per kilogram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "BTU/lb", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ktonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "kilotons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "kiloton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT/t"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "megaton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "megatonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TJ/kg"] = { name1 = "terajoule per kilogram", name2 = "terajoules per kilogram", symbol = "TJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e12, default = "MtTNT/MT", link = "Specific energy", }, ["Cal/g"] = { per = { "Cal", "g" }, utype = "energy per unit mass", default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["BTU/cuft"] = { per = { "BTU", "cuft" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(mL)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(mL)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(ml)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(ml)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/l", }, ["Cal/12USozserve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USozserve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/USoz"] = { per = { "Cal", "USoz" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/ml", }, ["ڪي جَي/L"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "L" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["ڪي جَي/l"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "ll" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["kJ/ml"] = { per = { "kJ", "ml" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "Cal/USoz", }, ["MJ/m3"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "m3" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["Sv"] = { _name1 = "sievert", _symbol = "Sv", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "rem", link = "Sievert", }, ["rem"] = { _name1 = "rem", _symbol = "rem", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Sv", link = "Roentgen equivalent man", }, ["g/km"] = { name1 = "gram per kilometre", name1_us = "gram per kilometer", name2 = "grams per kilometre", name2_us = "grams per kilometer", symbol = "g/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "oz/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["g/mi"] = { name1 = "gram per mile", name2 = "grams per mile", symbol = "g/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "g/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["gCO2/km"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "gram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "grams of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "g(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "ozCO2/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["gCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "g(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "gCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["kg/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms per kilometer", symbol = "kg/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["kgCO2/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "kg(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lbCO2/mi", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["lb/mi"] = { name1 = "pound per mile", name2 = "pounds per mile", symbol = "lb/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kg/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["lbCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "pound of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "pounds of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "lb(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kgCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["oz/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce per mile", name2 = "ounces per mile", symbol = "oz/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "g/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["ozCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "ounces of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "oz(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "gCO2/km", link = "Exhaust gas", }, ["cuft/a"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per annum", name2 = "cubic feet per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/a", utype = "flow", scale = 8.9730672142368242e-10, default = "m3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/d"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per day", name2 = "cubic feet per day", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/d", utype = "flow", scale = 3.2774128000000003e-7, default = "m3/d", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/h"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per hour", name2 = "cubic feet per hour", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/h", utype = "flow", scale = 7.8657907200000004e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/min"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per minute", name2 = "cubic feet per minute", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/min", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00047194744319999999, default = "m3/min", }, ["cuft/s"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per second", name2 = "cubic feet per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/s", utype = "flow", scale = 28316846592e-12, default = "m3/s", }, ["cumi/a"] = { name1 = "cubic mile per annum", name2 = "cubic miles per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi/a", utype = "flow", scale = 132.08171170940057, default = "km3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/h"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per hour", name2 = "cubic yards per hour", symbol = "cuyd/h", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00021237634944000001, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/s"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per second", name2 = "cubic yards per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.76455485798400002, default = "m3/s", }, ["Goilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "billion barrels per year", name2 = "billion barrels per year", symbol = "Gbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933836, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["impgal/h"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per hour", name2 = "imperial gallons per hour", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.2628027777777779e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", }, ["impgal/min"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per minute", name2 = "imperial gallons per minute", symbol = "imp gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 7.5768166666666671e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["impgal/s"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per second", name2 = "imperial gallons per second", symbol = "impgal/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00454609, default = "m3/s", link = "Imperial gallons per second", }, ["km3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per annum", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per annum", name2 = "cubic kilometres per annum", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per annum", symbol = "km³/a", utype = "flow", scale = 31.68808781402895, default = "cumi/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["km3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per day", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per day", name2 = "cubic kilometres per day", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per day", symbol = "km³/d", utype = "flow", scale = 11574.074074074075, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["koilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per year", name2 = "thousand barrels per year", symbol = "kbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-6, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["koilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per day", name2 = "thousand barrels per day", symbol = "kbbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 0.0018401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["L/h"] = { name1 = "litre per hour", name1_us = "liter per hour", name2 = "litres per hour", name2_us = "liters per hour", symbol = "L/h", utype = "flow", scale = 2.7777777777777776e-7, default = "impgal/h USgal/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/min"] = { name1 = "litre per minute", name1_us = "liter per minute", name2 = "litres per minute", name2_us = "liters per minute", symbol = "L/min", utype = "flow", scale = 1.6666666666666667e-5, default = "impgal/min USgal/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/s"] = { name1 = "litre per second", name1_us = "liter per second", name2 = "litres per second", name2_us = "liters per second", symbol = "L/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.001, default = "cuft/s", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per annum", name1_us = "cubic meter per annum", name2 = "cubic metres per annum", name2_us = "cubic meters per annum", symbol = "m³/a", utype = "flow", scale = 3.1688087814028947e-8, default = "cuft/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per day", name1_us = "cubic meter per day", name2 = "cubic metres per day", name2_us = "cubic meters per day", symbol = "m³/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/h"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hour", name1_us = "cubic meter per hour", name2 = "cubic metres per hour", name2_us = "cubic meters per hour", symbol = "m³/h", utype = "flow", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "cuft/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/min"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per minute", name1_us = "cubic meter per minute", name2 = "cubic metres per minute", name2_us = "cubic meters per minute", symbol = "m³/min", utype = "flow", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "cuft/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/s"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per second", name1_us = "cubic meter per second", name2 = "cubic metres per second", name2_us = "cubic meters per second", symbol = "m³/s", utype = "flow", scale = 1, default = "cuft/s", }, ["Moilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "million barrels per year", name2 = "million barrels per year", symbol = "Mbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 0.0050380033629933837, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["Moilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "million barrels per day", name2 = "million barrels per day", symbol = "Mbbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.8401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "barrel per year", name2 = "barrels per year", symbol = "bbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-9, default = "m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "barrel per day", name2 = "barrels per day", symbol = "bbl/d", utype = "flow", scale = 1.8401307283333336e-6, default = "m3/d", }, ["Toilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels per year", name2 = "trillion barrels per year", symbol = "Tbbl/a", utype = "flow", scale = 5038.0033629933832, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["U.S.gal/d"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per day", name2 = "U.S. gallons per day", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "flow", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", customary= 1, }, ["U.S.gal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", customary= 2, }, ["U.S.gal/min"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per minute", name2 = "U.S. gallons per minute", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal/a"] = { name1 = "US gallon per year", name2 = "US gallons per year", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/a", utype = "flow", scale = 1.1995246102365199e-10, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/d"] = { name1 = "US gallon per day", name2 = "US gallons per day", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "flow", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "flow", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Gallon", customary= 1, }, ["USgal/min"] = { name1 = "US gallon per minute", name2 = "US gallons per minute", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "flow", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal/s"] = { name1 = "US gallon per second", name1_us = "U.S. gallon per second", name2 = "US gallons per second", name2_us = "U.S. gallons per second", symbol = "USgal/s", utype = "flow", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "m3/s", link = "US gallons per second", }, ["ft3/a"] = { target = "cuft/a", }, ["ft3/d"] = { target = "cuft/d", }, ["ft3/h"] = { target = "cuft/h", }, ["ft3/s"] = { target = "cuft/s", }, ["Gcuft/a"] = { target = "e9cuft/a", }, ["Gcuft/d"] = { target = "e9cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/a"] = { target = "e3cuft/a", }, ["kcuft/d"] = { target = "e3cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/s"] = { target = "e3cuft/s", }, ["Mcuft/a"] = { target = "e6cuft/a", }, ["Mcuft/d"] = { target = "e6cuft/d", }, ["Mcuft/s"] = { target = "e6cuft/s", }, ["m³/s"] = { target = "m3/s", }, ["Tcuft/a"] = { target = "e12cuft/a", }, ["Tcuft/d"] = { target = "e12cuft/d", }, ["u.s.gal/min"] = { target = "U.S.gal/min", }, ["usgal/min"] = { target = "USgal/min", }, ["-LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["-STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["dyn"] = { name1 = "dyne", symbol = "dyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00001, default = "gr-f", }, ["g-f"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "g_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gf"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "gf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN ozf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gr-f"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "gr_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["grf"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "grf", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["kdyn"] = { name1 = "kilodyne", symbol = "kdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.01, default = "oz-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["kg-f"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kg_f", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", }, ["kgf"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kgf", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lbf", }, ["kp"] = { name1 = "kilopond", symbol = "kp", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["L/T-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["L/Tf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["lb-f"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lb_f", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lbf"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lbf", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lb(f)"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["LT-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LT_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["Mdyn"] = { name1 = "megadyne", symbol = "Mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 10, default = "lb-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mdyn"] = { name1 = "millidyne", symbol = "mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000001, default = "gr-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mg-f"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mg_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mgf"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mgf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN grf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["Mp"] = { name1 = "megapond", symbol = "Mp", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mp"] = { name1 = "millipond", symbol = "mp", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["N"] = { _name1 = "newton", _symbol = "N", utype = "force", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lb-f", link = "Newton (unit)", }, ["oz-f"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "oz_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["ozf"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "ozf", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["p"] = { name1 = "pond", symbol = "p", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["pdl"] = { name1 = "poundal", symbol = "pdl", utype = "force", scale = 0.138254954376, default = "N", }, ["S/T-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["S/Tf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["ST-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "ST_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["t-f"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "t_f", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["tf"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "tf", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LTf STf", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["dyne"] = { target = "dyn", }, ["newtons"] = { target = "N", }, ["poundal"] = { target = "pdl", }, ["tonne-force"] = { target = "tf", }, ["impgal/mi"] = { per = { "@impgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km USgal/mi", }, ["km/L"] = { per = { "km", "L" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["km/l"] = { per = { "km", "ll" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["L/100 km"] = { per = { "L", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["l/100 km"] = { per = { "ll", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["L/km"] = { per = { "L", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["l/km"] = { per = { "ll", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["mi/impqt"] = { per = { "mi", "impqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/U.S.qt"] = { per = { "mi", "U.S.qt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/USqt"] = { per = { "mi", "USqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/usqt"] = { per = { "mi", "usqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mpgimp"] = { per = { "mi", "@impgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;imp", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]}", }, ["mpgus"] = { per = { "mi", "+USgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;US", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgimp", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]}", }, ["U.S.gal/mi"] = { per = { "*U.S.gal", "mi" }, sp_us = true, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["usgal/mi"] = { per = { "+USgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["L/100km"] = { target = "L/100 km", }, ["l/100km"] = { target = "l/100 km", }, ["mpg"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})", }, ["mpgU.S."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgu.s."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgUS"] = { target = "mpgus", }, ["USgal/mi"] = { target = "usgal/mi", }, ["kPa/m"] = { per = { "kPa", "-m-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "psi/ft", }, ["psi/ft"] = { per = { "psi", "-ft-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "kPa/m", }, ["cm/km"] = { name1 = "centimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "centimeter per kilometer", name2 = "centimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "centimeters per kilometer", symbol = "cm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/mi"] = { name1 = "foot per mile", name2 = "feet per mile", symbol = "ft/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00018939393939393939, default = "v < 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/nmi"] = { name1 = "foot per nautical mile", name2 = "feet per nautical mile", symbol = "ft/nmi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00016457883369330455, default = "v < 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/ft"] = { name1 = "inch per foot", name2 = "inches per foot", symbol = "in/ft", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.083333333333333329, default = "mm/m", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/mi"] = { name1 = "inch per mile", name2 = "inches per mile", symbol = "in/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 1.5782828282828283e-5, default = "v < 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["m/km"] = { name1 = "metre per kilometre", name1_us = "meter per kilometer", name2 = "metres per kilometre", name2_us = "meters per kilometer", symbol = "m/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/km"] = { name1 = "millimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "millimeter per kilometer", name2 = "millimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "millimeters per kilometer", symbol = "mm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.000001, default = "in/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/m"] = { name1 = "millimetre per metre", name1_us = "millimeter per meter", name2 = "millimetres per metre", name2_us = "millimeters per meter", symbol = "mm/m", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "in/ft", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["admi"] = { name1 = "admiralty mile", symbol = "nmi&nbsp;(admiralty)", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["AU"] = { name1 = "astronomical unit", symbol = "AU", utype = "length", scale = 149597870700, default = "km mi", }, ["Brnmi"] = { name1 = "British nautical mile", symbol = "(Brit)&nbsp;nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["bu"] = { name2 = "bu", symbol = "bu", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0030303030303030303, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["ch"] = { name1 = "chain", symbol = "ch", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chlk"] = { name1 = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|ch]]", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["chain"] = { symbol = "chain", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chainlk"] = { symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["dpcm"] = { name2 = "dot/cm", symbol = "dot/cm", utype = "length", scale = 100, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "dpi", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["dpi"] = { name2 = "DPI", symbol = "DPI", utype = "length", scale = 39.370078740157481, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["fathom"] = { symbol = "fathom", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1.8288, default = "ft m", }, ["foot"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "foot", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["ft"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "feet", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["furlong"] = { symbol = "furlong", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 201.168, default = "ft m", }, ["Gly"] = { name1 = "gigalight-year", symbol = "Gly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e24, default = "Mpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Gpc"] = { name1 = "gigaparsec", symbol = "Gpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e25, default = "Gly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["hand"] = { name1 = "hand", symbol = "h", utype = "length", builtin = "hand", scale = 0.1016, iscomplex= true, default = "in cm", link = "Hand (unit)", }, ["in"] = { name1 = "inch", name2 = "inches", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, exception= "subunit_more_precision", default = "mm", }, ["inabbreviated"] = { name2 = "in", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, default = "mm", link = "Inch", }, ["kly"] = { name1 = "kilolight-year", symbol = "kly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e18, default = "pc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["kpc"] = { name1 = "kiloparsec", symbol = "kpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e19, default = "kly", link = "Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs", }, ["LD"] = { name1 = "lunar distance", symbol = "LD", utype = "length", scale = 384403000, default = "km mi", link = "Lunar distance (astronomy)", }, ["league"] = { symbol = "league", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 4828.032, default = "km", link = "League (unit)", }, ["ly"] = { name1 = "light-year", symbol = "ly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e15, default = "AU", }, ["m"] = { _name1 = "metre", _name1_us= "meter", _symbol = "m", utype = "length", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v > 0 and v < 3 ! ftin ! ft", link = "Metre", }, ["mi"] = { name1 = "mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["ch"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chainlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["ft"] = { 5280, default = "km" }, ["furlong"] = { 8, default = "km" }, ["yd"] = { 1760, default = "km" } }, }, ["mil"] = { symbol = "mil", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["Mly"] = { name1 = "megalight-year", symbol = "Mly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e21, default = "kpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Mpc"] = { name1 = "megaparsec", symbol = "Mpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e22, default = "Mly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["NM"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "NM", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["nmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUKnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUSnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", }, ["pc"] = { name1 = "parsec", symbol = "pc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e16, default = "ly", }, ["perch"] = { name2 = "perches", symbol = "perch", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pitch"] = { name2 = "μm", symbol = "μm", utype = "length", scale = 1e-6, default = "dpi", defkey = "pitch", linkey = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["pole"] = { symbol = "pole", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pre1954U.S.nmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["pre1954USnmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;US) nautical mile", name1_us = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;US) nmi", sym_us = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["rd"] = { name1 = "rod", symbol = "rd", utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["royal cubit"] = { name1 = "royal cubit", symbol = "cu", utype = "length", scale = 0.524, default = "mm", }, ["rtkm"] = { name1 = "route kilometre", name1_us = "route kilometer", symbol = "km", utype = "length", scale = 1000, default = "mi", link = "Kilometre", }, ["rtmi"] = { name1 = "route mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", link = "Mile", }, ["shaku"] = { name2 = "shaku", symbol = "shaku", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.30303030303030304, default = "m", link = "Shaku (unit)", }, ["sm"] = { name1 = "smoot", symbol = "sm", utype = "length", scale = 1.70180, default = "m", link = "Smoot (unit)", }, ["smi"] = { name1 = "statute mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" } }, }, ["solar radius"] = { name1 = "solar radius", name2 = "solar radii", symbol = "''R''_☉", utype = "length", scale = 695700e3, default = "km", }, ["sun"] = { name2 = "sun", symbol = "sun", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.030303030303030304, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["thou"] = { name2 = "thou", symbol = "thou", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["verst"] = { symbol = "verst", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1066.8, default = "km mi", }, ["yd"] = { name1 = "yard", symbol = "yd", utype = "length", scale = 0.9144, default = "m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 3, default = "m" } }, }, ["μin"] = { name1 = "microinch", name2 = "microinches", symbol = "μin", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000254, default = "nm", link = "SI prefix#Non-metric units", }, ["Å"] = { name1 = "ångström", symbol = "Å", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "in", }, ["Hz"] = { _name1 = "hertz", _name2 = "hertz", _symbol = "Hz", utype = "length", scale = 3.3356409519815204e-9, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, prefixes = 1, default = "m", link = "Hertz", }, ["rpm"] = { name1 = "revolution per minute", name2 = "revolutions per minute", symbol = "rpm", utype = "length", scale = 5.5594015866358675e-11, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "Hz", link = "Revolutions per minute", }, ["-ft-frac"] = { target = "ft", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-in-stiff"] = { target = "in", link = "Stiffness", }, ["-m-frac"] = { target = "m", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-m-stiff"] = { target = "m", link = "Stiffness", }, ["100km"] = { target = "km", multiplier= 100, }, ["100mi"] = { target = "mi", multiplier= 100, }, ["100miles"] = { target = "mi", symbol = "miles", multiplier= 100, }, ["admiralty nmi"] = { target = "oldUKnmi", }, ["angstrom"] = { target = "Å", }, ["au"] = { target = "AU", symbol = "au", }, ["feet"] = { target = "ft", }, ["hands"] = { target = "hand", }, ["inch"] = { target = "in", }, ["inches"] = { target = "in", }, ["light-year"] = { target = "ly", }, ["meter"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["meters"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["metre"] = { target = "m", }, ["metres"] = { target = "m", }, ["micrometre"] = { target = "μm", }, ["micron"] = { target = "μm", default = "μin", }, ["mile"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["miles"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["parsec"] = { target = "pc", }, ["rod"] = { target = "rd", }, ["smoot"] = { target = "sm", }, ["uin"] = { target = "μin", }, ["yard"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yards"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yds"] = { target = "yd", }, ["dtex"] = { name1 = "decitex", name2 = "decitex", symbol = "dtex", utype = "linear density", scale = 1e-7, default = "lb/yd", link = "Units of textile measurement#Units", }, ["kg/cm"] = { name1 = "kilogram per centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm", utype = "linear density", scale = 100, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["kg/m"] = { name1 = "kilogram per metre", name1_us = "kilogram per meter", name2 = "kilograms per metre", name2_us = "kilograms per meter", symbol = "kg/m", utype = "linear density", scale = 1, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/ft"] = { name1 = "pound per foot", name2 = "pounds per foot", symbol = "lb/ft", utype = "linear density", scale = 1.4881639435695539, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/yd"] = { name1 = "pound per yard", name2 = "pounds per yard", symbol = "lb/yd", utype = "linear density", scale = 0.49605464785651798, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["G"] = { _name1 = "gauss", _name2 = "gauss", _symbol = "G", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 0.0001, prefixes = 1, default = "T", link = "Gauss (unit)", }, ["T"] = { _name1 = "tesla", _symbol = "T", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "G", link = "Tesla (unit)", }, ["A/m"] = { name1 = "ampere per metre", name1_us = "ampere per meter", name2 = "amperes per metre", name2_us = "amperes per meter", symbol = "A/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1, default = "Oe", }, ["kA/m"] = { name1 = "kiloampere per metre", name1_us = "kiloampere per meter", name2 = "kiloamperes per metre", name2_us = "kiloamperes per meter", symbol = "kA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1000, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["MA/m"] = { name1 = "megaampere per metre", name1_us = "megaampere per meter", name2 = "megaamperes per metre", name2_us = "megaamperes per meter", symbol = "MA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1e6, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["Oe"] = { _name1 = "oersted", _symbol = "Oe", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 79.5774715, prefixes = 1, default = "kA/m", link = "Oersted", }, ["-Lcwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", }, ["-Scwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", }, ["-ST"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "ST", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["carat"] = { symbol = "carat", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.0002, default = "g", link = "Carat (mass)", }, ["Da"] = { _name1 = "dalton", _symbol = "Da", utype = "mass", scale = 1.66053906892e-27, prefixes = 1, default = "kg", link = "Dalton (unit)", }, ["drachm"] = { name1_us = "dram", symbol = "drachm", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.001771845195, default = "g", link = "Dram (unit)", }, ["dram"] = { target = "drachm", }, ["dwt"] = { name1 = "pennyweight", symbol = "dwt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00155517384, default = "oz g", }, ["DWton"] = { symbol = "deadweight ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "DWtonne", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["DWtonne"] = { name1_us = "deadweight metric ton", symbol = "deadweight tonne", sym_us = "~deadweight metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "DWton", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["g"] = { _name1 = "gram", _symbol = "g", utype = "mass", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "oz", link = "Gram", }, ["gr"] = { name1 = "grain", symbol = "gr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00006479891, default = "g", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["Gt"] = { name1 = "gigatonne", symbol = "Gt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["impgalh2o"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon of water", name2 = "imperial gallons of water", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 4.5359236999999499, default = "lb kg", link = "Imperial gallon", }, ["kt"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", symbol = "kt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["lb"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "kg", subdivs = { ["oz"] = { 16, default = "kg" } }, link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["Lcwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "Lcwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" }, ["st"] = { 8, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long cwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "long&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long qtr"] = { name1 = "long quarter", symbol = "long&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", }, ["LT"] = { symbol = "long ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["lt"] = { name1 = "long ton", symbol = "LT", utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["metric ton"] = { symbol = "metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "long ton", link = "Tonne", }, ["MT"] = { name1 = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["Mt"] = { name1 = "megatonne", symbol = "Mt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["oz"] = { name1 = "ounce", symbol = "oz", utype = "mass", scale = 0.028349523125, default = "g", }, ["ozt"] = { name1 = "troy ounce", symbol = "ozt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.0311034768, default = "oz g", }, ["pdr"] = { name1 = "pounder", symbol = "pdr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, default = "kg", link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["qtr"] = { name1 = "quarter", symbol = "qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 28, default = "kg" } }, link = "Long quarter", }, ["Scwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "Scwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short cwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "short&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb kg", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short qtr"] = { name1 = "short quarter", symbol = "short&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 11.33980925, default = "lb kg", }, ["ST"] = { symbol = "short ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Scwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Scwt" } }, }, ["shtn"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "sh&nbsp;tn", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["shton"] = { symbol = "ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["solar mass"] = { name1 = "solar mass", name2 = "solar masses", symbol = "''M''_☉", utype = "mass", scale = 1.98855e30, default = "kg", }, ["st"] = { name1 = "stone", name2 = "stone", symbol = "st", utype = "mass", scale = 6.35029318, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 14, default = "kg lb" } }, link = "Stone (unit)", }, ["t"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", }, ["tonne"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "shton", }, ["troy pound"] = { symbol = "troy pound", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.3732417216, default = "lb kg", link = "Troy weight", }, ["usgalh2o"] = { name1 = "US gallon of water", name1_us = "U.S. gallon of water", name2 = "US gallons of water", name2_us = "U.S. gallons of water", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 3.7776215836051126, default = "lb kg", link = "United States customary units#Fluid volume", }, ["viss"] = { name2 = "viss", symbol = "viss", utype = "mass", scale = 1.632932532, default = "kg", link = "Myanmar units of measurement#Mass", }, ["billion tonne"] = { target = "e9t", }, ["grain"] = { target = "gr", }, ["kilogram"] = { target = "kg", }, ["kilotonne"] = { target = "kt", }, ["lbs"] = { target = "lb", }, ["lbt"] = { target = "troy pound", }, ["lcwt"] = { target = "Lcwt", }, ["long ton"] = { target = "LT", }, ["mcg"] = { target = "μg", }, ["million tonne"] = { target = "e6t", }, ["scwt"] = { target = "Scwt", }, ["short ton"] = { target = "ST", }, ["stone"] = { target = "st", }, ["thousand tonne"] = { target = "e3t", }, ["tonnes"] = { target = "t", }, ["kg/kW"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilowatt", name2 = "kilograms per kilowatt", symbol = "kg/kW", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/hp", link = "Kilowatt", }, ["lb/hp"] = { name1 = "pound per horsepower", name2 = "pounds per horsepower", symbol = "lb/hp", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.00060827738784176115, default = "kg/kW", link = "Horsepower", }, ["kg/h"] = { per = { "kg", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "lb/h", }, ["lb/h"] = { per = { "lb", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "kg/h", }, ["g-mol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "g-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "gmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "gmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "gmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "gmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "gmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lbmol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/d"] = { name1 = "kilomole per day", name2 = "kilomoles per day", symbol = "kmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/h"] = { name1 = "kilomole per hour", name2 = "kilomoles per hour", symbol = "kmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/min"] = { name1 = "kilomole per minute", name2 = "kilomoles per minute", symbol = "kmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 16.666666666666668, default = "mol/s", link = "Kilomole (unit)", }, ["kmol/s"] = { name1 = "kilomole per second", name2 = "kilomoles per second", symbol = "kmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1000, default = "lb-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["lb-mol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lbmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lbmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lbmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lbmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["mmol/s"] = { name1 = "millimole per second", name2 = "millimoles per second", symbol = "mmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/d"] = { name1 = "mole per day", name2 = "moles per day", symbol = "mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/h"] = { name1 = "mole per hour", name2 = "moles per hour", symbol = "mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/min"] = { name1 = "mole per minute", name2 = "moles per minute", symbol = "mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/s"] = { name1 = "mole per second", name2 = "moles per second", symbol = "mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["μmol/s"] = { name1 = "micromole per second", name2 = "micromoles per second", symbol = "μmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.000001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["umol/s"] = { target = "μmol/s", }, ["/acre"] = { name1 = "per acre", name2 = "per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["/ha"] = { name1 = "per hectare", name2 = "per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["/sqcm"] = { name1 = "per square centimetre", name1_us = "per square centimeter", name2 = "per square centimetre", name2_us = "per square centimeter", symbol = "/cm²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e4, default = "/sqin", link = "Square centimetre", }, ["/sqin"] = { name1 = "per square inch", name2 = "per square inch", symbol = "/in²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1550.0031000062002, default = "/sqcm", link = "Square inch", }, ["/sqkm"] = { name1 = "per square kilometre", name1_us = "per square kilometer", name2 = "per square kilometre", name2_us = "per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["/sqmi"] = { name1 = "per square mile", name2 = "per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["PD/acre"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per acre", name2 = "inhabitants per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "PD/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["PD/ha"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per hectare", name2 = "inhabitants per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "PD/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["PD/sqkm"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square kilometre", name1_us = "inhabitant per square kilometer", name2 = "inhabitants per square kilometre", name2_us = "inhabitants per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "PD/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["PD/sqmi"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square mile", name2 = "inhabitants per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "PD/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["/cm2"] = { target = "/sqcm", }, ["/in2"] = { target = "/sqin", }, ["/km2"] = { target = "/sqkm", }, ["pd/acre"] = { target = "PD/acre", }, ["pd/ha"] = { target = "PD/ha", }, ["PD/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["PD/km²"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqkm"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqmi"] = { target = "PD/sqmi", }, ["/l"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/l", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/L"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/L", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/USgal"] = { name1 = "per gallon", name2 = "per gallon", symbol = "/gal", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 264.172052, default = "/L", link = "US gallon", customary= 2, }, ["/usgal"] = { target = "/USgal", }, ["bhp"] = { name1 = "brake horsepower", name2 = "brake horsepower", symbol = "bhp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Brake horsepower", }, ["Cal/d"] = { name1 = "large calorie per day", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per day", symbol = "Cal/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.048425925925925928, default = "kJ/d", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal/h"] = { name1 = "large calorie per hour", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "Cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kJ/h", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal/h"] = { name1 = "calorie per hour", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.0011622222222222223, default = "W", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CV"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "CV", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hk"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hk", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hp"] = { name1 = "horsepower", name2 = "horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", }, ["hp-electric"] = { name1 = "electric horsepower", name2 = "electric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-electrical"] = { name1 = "electrical horsepower", name2 = "electrical horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-metric"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["ihp"] = { name1 = "indicated horsepower", name2 = "indicated horsepower", symbol = "ihp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Indicated horsepower", }, ["kcal/h"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per hour", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "kcal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kW", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kJ/d"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per day", name2 = "kilojoules per day", symbol = "kJ/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "Cal/d", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["kJ/h"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per hour", name2 = "kilojoules per hour", symbol = "kJ/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "W", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["PS"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "PS", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["shp"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower", name2 = "shaft horsepower", symbol = "shp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Shaft horsepower", }, ["W"] = { _name1 = "watt", _symbol = "W", utype = "power", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "hp", link = "Watt", }, ["BTU/h"] = { per = { "BTU", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["Btu/h"] = { per = { "Btu", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["BHP"] = { target = "bhp", }, ["btu/h"] = { target = "BTU/h", }, ["HP"] = { target = "hp", }, ["Hp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp-mechanical"] = { target = "hp", }, ["IHP"] = { target = "ihp", }, ["SHP"] = { target = "shp", }, ["whp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp/lb"] = { name1 = "horsepower per pound", name2 = "horsepower per pound", symbol = "hp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/LT"] = { name1 = "horsepower per long ton", name2 = "horsepower per long ton", symbol = "hp/LT", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73392268125000004, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/ST"] = { name1 = "horsepower per short ton", name2 = "horsepower per short ton", symbol = "hp/ST", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.821993403, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/t"] = { name1 = "horsepower per tonne", name2 = "horsepower per tonne", symbol = "hp/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.74569987158227022, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/kg"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per kilogram", name2 = "kilowatts per kilogram", symbol = "kW/kg", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "hp/lb", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/t"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per tonne", name2 = "kilowatts per tonne", symbol = "kW/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1, default = "PS/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["PS/t"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower per tonne", name2 = "metric horsepower per tonne", symbol = "PS/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73549875, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["shp/lb"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower per pound", name2 = "shaft horsepower per pound", symbol = "shp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/tonne"] = { target = "hp/t", symbol = "hp/tonne", default = "kW/tonne", }, ["kW/tonne"] = { target = "kW/t", symbol = "kW/tonne", }, ["-lb/in2"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "lb/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["atm"] = { name1 = "standard atmosphere", symbol = "atm", utype = "pressure", scale = 101325, default = "kPa", link = "Atmosphere (unit)", }, ["Ba"] = { name1 = "barye", symbol = "Ba", utype = "pressure", scale = 0.1, default = "Pa", }, ["bar"] = { symbol = "bar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["dbar"] = { name1 = "decibar", symbol = "dbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 10000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["inHg"] = { name1 = "inch of mercury", name2 = "inches of mercury", symbol = "inHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 3386.388640341, default = "kPa", }, ["kBa"] = { name1 = "kilobarye", symbol = "kBa", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Barye", }, ["kg-f/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kg_f/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kg/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per square centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kgf/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kgf/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["ksi"] = { name1 = "kilopound per square inch", name2 = "kilopounds per square inch", symbol = "ksi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894757.2931683613, default = "MPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["lbf/in2"] = { name1 = "pound-force per square inch", name2 = "pounds-force per square inch", symbol = "lbf/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["mb"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mb", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mbar"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mmHg"] = { name1 = "millimetre of mercury", name1_us = "millimeter of mercury", name2 = "millimetres of mercury", name2_us = "millimeters of mercury", symbol = "mmHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.322387415, default = "kPa", }, ["Pa"] = { _name1 = "pascal", _symbol = "Pa", utype = "pressure", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "psi", link = "Pascal (unit)", }, ["psf"] = { name1 = "pound per square foot", name2 = "pounds per square foot", symbol = "psf", utype = "pressure", scale = 47.880258980335839, default = "kPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["psi"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "psi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa", }, ["Torr"] = { name1 = "torr", symbol = "Torr", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.32236842105263, default = "kPa", }, ["N/cm2"] = { per = { "N", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["N/m2"] = { per = { "N", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["g/cm2"] = { per = { "g", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["g/m2"] = { per = { "g", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/ha"] = { per = { "kg", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/m2"] = { per = { "kg", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/1000sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "1000sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/acre"] = { per = { "lb", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqyd"] = { per = { "lb", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["LT/acre"] = { per = { "LT", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["MT/ha"] = { per = { "MT", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqft"] = { per = { "oz", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqyd"] = { per = { "oz", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["ST/acre"] = { per = { "ST", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["t/ha"] = { per = { "t", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/acre"] = { per = { "tonne", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/ha"] = { per = { "tonne", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kgfpsqcm"] = { target = "kgf/cm2", }, ["kgpsqcm"] = { target = "kg/cm2", }, ["kN/m2"] = { target = "kPa", }, ["lb/in2"] = { target = "lbf/in2", }, ["torr"] = { target = "Torr", }, ["Bq"] = { _name1 = "becquerel", _symbol = "Bq", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "pCi", link = "Becquerel", }, ["Ci"] = { _name1 = "curie", _symbol = "Ci", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 3.7e10, prefixes = 1, default = "GBq", link = "Curie (unit)", }, ["Rd"] = { _name1 = "rutherford", _symbol = "Rd", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1e6, prefixes = 1, default = "MBq", link = "Rutherford (unit)", }, ["cm/h"] = { name1 = "centimetre per hour", name1_us = "centimeter per hour", name2 = "centimetres per hour", name2_us = "centimeters per hour", symbol = "cm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777775e-6, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/s"] = { name1 = "centimetre per second", name1_us = "centimeter per second", name2 = "centimetres per second", name2_us = "centimeters per second", symbol = "cm/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.01, default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/year"] = { name1 = "centimetre per year", name1_us = "centimeter per year", name2 = "centimetres per year", name2_us = "centimeters per year", symbol = "cm/year", utype = "speed", scale = 3.168873850681143e-10, default = "in/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["foot/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "foot per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", }, ["ft/min"] = { name1 = "foot per minute", name2 = "feet per minute", symbol = "ft/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.00508, default = "m/min", link = "Feet per second", }, ["ft/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "feet per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", link = "Feet per second", }, ["furlong per fortnight"] = { name2 = "furlongs per fortnight", symbol = "furlong per fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "speed", scale = 0.00016630952380952381, default = "km/h mph", link = "FFF system", }, ["in/h"] = { name1 = "inch per hour", name2 = "inches per hour", symbol = "in/h", utype = "speed", scale = 7.0555555555555559e-6, default = "cm/h", link = "Inch", }, ["in/s"] = { name1 = "inch per second", name2 = "inches per second", symbol = "in/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.0254, default = "cm/s", link = "Inch", }, ["in/year"] = { name1 = "inch per year", name2 = "inches per year", symbol = "in/year", utype = "speed", scale = 8.0489395807301024e-10, default = "cm/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["isp"] = { name1 = "second", symbol = "s", utype = "speed", scale = 9.80665, default = "km/s", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["km/d"] = { name1 = "kilometre per day", name1_us = "kilometer per day", name2 = "kilometres per day", name2_us = "kilometers per day", symbol = "km/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.1574074074074074e-2, default = "mi/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["km/h"] = { name1 = "kilometre per hour", name1_us = "kilometer per hour", name2 = "kilometres per hour", name2_us = "kilometers per hour", symbol = "km/h", utype = "speed", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph", link = "Kilometres per hour", }, ["km/s"] = { name1 = "kilometre per second", name1_us = "kilometer per second", name2 = "kilometres per second", name2_us = "kilometers per second", symbol = "km/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "mi/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["kn"] = { name1 = "knot", symbol = "kn", utype = "speed", scale = 0.51444444444444448, default = "km/h mph", link = "Knot (unit)", }, ["kNs/kg"] = { name2 = "kN&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "kN&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["m/min"] = { name1 = "metre per minute", name1_us = "meter per minute", name2 = "metres per minute", name2_us = "meters per minute", symbol = "m/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "ft/min", link = "Metre per second", }, ["m/s"] = { name1 = "metre per second", name1_us = "meter per second", name2 = "metres per second", name2_us = "meters per second", symbol = "m/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "ft/s", }, ["Mach"] = { name2 = "Mach", symbol = "Mach", utype = "speed", builtin = "mach", scale = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "km/h mph", link = "Mach number", }, ["mi/d"] = { name1 = "mile per day", name2 = "miles per day", symbol = "mi/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.8626666666666667e-2, default = "km/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["mi/s"] = { name1 = "mile per second", name2 = "miles per second", symbol = "mi/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1609.344, default = "km/s", link = "Mile", }, ["mm/h"] = { name1 = "millimetre per hour", name1_us = "millimeter per hour", name2 = "millimetres per hour", name2_us = "millimeters per hour", symbol = "mm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777781e-7, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["mph"] = { name1 = "mile per hour", name2 = "miles per hour", symbol = "mph", utype = "speed", scale = 0.44704, default = "km/h", link = "Miles per hour", }, ["Ns/kg"] = { name2 = "N&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "N&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["si tsfc"] = { name2 = "g/(kN⋅s)", symbol = "g/(kN⋅s)", utype = "speed", scale = 9.9999628621379242e-7, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["tsfc"] = { name2 = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", symbol = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", utype = "speed", scale = 2.832545036049801e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "si tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["cm/y"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["cm/yr"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["in/y"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["in/yr"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["knot"] = { target = "kn", }, ["knots"] = { target = "kn", }, ["kph"] = { target = "km/h", }, ["mi/h"] = { target = "mph", }, ["mm/s"] = { per = { "mm", "s" }, utype = "speed", default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["C"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius", name2 = "degrees Celsius", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = -273.15, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "F", link = "Celsius", }, ["F"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 32-273.15*(9/5), iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "C", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K"] = { _name1 = "kelvin", _symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, prefixes = 1, default = "C F", link = "Kelvin", }, ["keVT"] = { name1 = "kiloelectronvolt", symbol = "keV", utype = "temperature", scale = 11604518.121550081, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "MK", defkey = "keVT", linkey = "keVT", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["R"] = { name1 = "degree Rankine", name2 = "degrees Rankine", symbol = "°R", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "K F C", link = "Rankine scale", }, ["Celsius"] = { target = "C", }, ["°C"] = { target = "C", }, ["°F"] = { target = "F", }, ["°R"] = { target = "R", }, ["C-change"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius change", name2 = "degrees Celsius change", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Celsius", }, ["F-change"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit change", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit change", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 0.55555555555555558, default = "C-change", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K-change"] = { name1 = "kelvin change", name2 = "kelvins change", symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Kelvin", }, ["°C-change"] = { target = "C-change", }, ["°F-change"] = { target = "F-change", }, ["century"] = { name1 = "century", name2 = "centuries", symbol = "ha", utype = "time", scale = 3155760000, default = "Gs", }, ["d"] = { name1 = "day", symbol = "d", utype = "time", scale = 86400, default = "ks", }, ["decade"] = { name1 = "decade", symbol = "daa", utype = "time", scale = 315576000, default = "Ms", }, ["dog year"] = { name1 = "dog year", symbol = "dog yr", utype = "time", scale = 220903200, default = "years", link = "List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year", }, ["fortnight"] = { symbol = "fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 1209600, default = "week", }, ["h"] = { name1 = "hour", symbol = "h", utype = "time", scale = 3600, default = "ks", }, ["long billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["millennium"] = { name1 = "millennium", name2 = "millennia", symbol = "ka", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000, default = "Gs", }, ["milliard year"] = { name1 = "milliard years", name2 = "milliard years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["million year"] = { name1 = "million years", name2 = "million years", symbol = "Ma", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000, default = "Ts", link = "Annum", }, ["min"] = { name1 = "minute", symbol = "min", utype = "time", scale = 60, default = "s", }, ["month"] = { symbol = "month", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "Ms", }, ["months"] = { name1 = "month", symbol = "mo", utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "year", }, ["s"] = { _name1 = "second", _symbol = "s", utype = "time", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v < 7200 ! min ! h", link = "Second", }, ["short billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["short trillion year"] = { name1 = "trillion years", name2 = "trillion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["thousand million year"] = { name1 = "thousand million years", name2 = "thousand million years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["wk"] = { symbol = "week", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 604800, default = "Ms", }, ["year"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "a", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["years"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "yr", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["byr"] = { target = "short billion year", }, ["day"] = { target = "d", }, ["days"] = { target = "d", }, ["dog yr"] = { target = "dog year", }, ["Gyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["hour"] = { target = "h", }, ["hours"] = { target = "h", }, ["kMyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["long byr"] = { target = "long billion year", }, ["minute"] = { target = "min", }, ["minutes"] = { target = "min", }, ["mth"] = { target = "month", }, ["Myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["sec"] = { target = "s", }, ["second"] = { target = "s", }, ["seconds"] = { target = "s", }, ["tmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["tryr"] = { target = "short trillion year", }, ["tyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["week"] = { target = "wk", }, ["weeks"] = { target = "wk", }, ["yr"] = { target = "year", }, ["kg.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgf.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram force-metre", name1_us = "kilogram force-meter", symbol = "kgf⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgm"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kpm"] = { name1 = "kilopond metre", name1_us = "kilopond meter", symbol = "kp⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["lb-fft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.ft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.in"] = { name1 = "pound force-inch", symbol = "lb⋅in", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mN.m", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbfft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lbf⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbft"] = { name1 = "pound-foot", name2 = "pound-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["m.kg-f"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kg_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["m.kgf"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kgf", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["mN.m"] = { name1 = "millinewton-metre", name1_us = "millinewton-meter", symbol = "mN⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.001, default = "lb.in", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["Nm"] = { _name1 = "newton-metre", _name1_us= "newton-meter", _symbol = "N⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", alttype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lbfft", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["kN/m"] = { per = { "kN", "-m-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "lbf/in", }, ["lbf/in"] = { per = { "lbf", "-in-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "kN/m", }, ["lb-f.ft"] = { target = "lb-fft", }, ["lbf.ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lbf·ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lb·ft"] = { target = "lb.ft", }, ["mkg-f"] = { target = "m.kg-f", }, ["mkgf"] = { target = "m.kgf", }, ["N.m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["N·m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["ton-mile"] = { symbol = "ton-mile", usename = 1, utype = "transportation", scale = 1.4599723182105602, default = "tkm", }, ["tkm"] = { name1 = "tonne-kilometre", name1_us = "tonne-kilometer", symbol = "tkm", utype = "transportation", scale = 1, default = "ton-mile", }, ["-12USoz(mL)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USoz(ml)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "ml", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USozserve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["acre-foot"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-foot", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["acre-ft"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-feet", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["AUtbsp"] = { name1 = "Australian tablespoon", symbol = "AU&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000020, default = "ml", }, ["Bcuft"] = { name1 = "billion cubic foot", name2 = "billion cubic feet", symbol = "billion cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "Gl", link = "Cubic foot", }, ["bdft"] = { name1 = "board foot", name2 = "board feet", symbol = "bd&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board feet"] = { name2 = "board feet", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board foot"] = { name2 = "board foot", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["cc"] = { name1 = "cubic centimetre", name1_us = "cubic centimeter", symbol = "cc", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000001, default = "cuin", }, ["CID"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cc", link = "Cubic inch#Engine displacement", }, ["cord"] = { symbol = "cord", utype = "volume", scale = 3.624556363776, default = "m3", link = "Cord (unit)", }, ["cufoot"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic foot", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuft"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic feet", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuin"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cm3", }, ["cumi"] = { name1 = "cubic mile", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi", utype = "volume", scale = 4168181825.440579584, default = "km3", }, ["cuyd"] = { name1 = "cubic yard", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd", utype = "volume", scale = 0.764554857984, default = "m3", }, ["firkin"] = { symbol = "firkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.04091481, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Firkin (unit)", }, ["foot3"] = { target = "cufoot", }, ["Goilbbl"] = { name1 = "billion barrels", name2 = "billion barrels", symbol = "Gbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294.928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["gr water"] = { name1 = "grains water", name2 = "grains water", symbol = "gr H₂O", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00000006479891, default = "cm3", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["grt"] = { name1 = "gross register ton", symbol = "grt", utype = "volume", scale = 2.8316846592, default = "m3", link = "Gross register tonnage", }, ["impbbl"] = { name1 = "imperial barrel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.16365924, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["impbsh"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "L impgal USdrygal", }, ["impbu"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "m3", }, ["impgal"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00454609, default = "L USgal", }, ["impgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001420653125, default = "ml USoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["impkenning"] = { name1 = "imperial kenning", symbol = "kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01818436, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["impoz"] = { name1 = "imperial fluid ounce", symbol = "imp&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000284130625, default = "ml USoz", }, ["imppk"] = { name1 = "imperial peck", symbol = "pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00909218, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Peck", }, ["imppt"] = { name1 = "imperial pint", symbol = "imp&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00056826125, default = "L", }, ["impqt"] = { name1 = "imperial quart", symbol = "imp&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0011365225, default = "ml USoz", customary= 3, }, ["kilderkin"] = { symbol = "kilderkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.08182962, default = "L impgal USgal", }, ["koilbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "kbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["L"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "L", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["l"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["ll"] = { name1 = "litre", name1_us = "liter", symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, default = "impgal USgal", }, ["m3"] = { _name1 = "cubic metre", _name1_us= "cubic meter", _symbol = "m³", prefix_position= 7, utype = "volume", scale = 1, prefixes = 3, default = "cuft", link = "Cubic metre", }, ["Mbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MMoilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "MMbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["Moilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MTON"] = { name1 = "measurement ton", symbol = "MTON", utype = "volume", scale = 1.13267386368, default = "m3", }, ["MUSgal"] = { name1 = "million US gallons", name1_us = "million U.S. gallons", name2 = "million US gallons", name2_us = "million U.S. gallons", symbol = "million US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "million U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 3785.411784, default = "Ml", link = "US gallon", }, ["oilbbl"] = { name1 = "barrel", symbol = "bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.158987294928, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["stere"] = { symbol = "stere", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 1, default = "cuft", }, ["tmcft"] = { name2 = "tmcft", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", }, ["Tmcft"] = { name1 = "thousand million cubic feet", name2 = "thousand million cubic feet", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", link = "Tmcft", }, ["Toilbbl"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels", name2 = "trillion barrels", symbol = "Tbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["USbbl"] = { name1 = "US barrel", name1_us = "U.S. barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.119240471196, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbeerbbl"] = { name1 = "US beer barrel", name1_us = "U.S. beer barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.117347765304, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbsh"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bsh", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USbu"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bu", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USdrybbl"] = { name1 = "US dry barrel", name1_us = "U.S. dry barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.11562819898508, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USdrygal"] = { name1 = "US dry gallon", name1_us = "U.S. dry gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00440488377086, default = "L", link = "Gallon", }, ["USdrypt"] = { name1 = "US dry pint", name1_us = "U.S. dry pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0005506104713575, default = "ml", link = "Pint", }, ["USdryqt"] = { name1 = "US dry quart", name1_us = "U.S. dry quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001101220942715, default = "ml", link = "Quart", }, ["USflgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US fl gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", link = "Gallon", }, ["USgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", }, ["USgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001182941183, default = "ml impoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["USkenning"] = { name1 = "US kenning", name1_us = "U.S. kenning", symbol = "US&nbsp;kenning", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01761953508344, default = "L impgal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["USmin"] = { name1 = "US minim", name1_us = "U.S. minim", symbol = "US&nbsp;min", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;min", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000000061611519921875, default = "ml", link = "Minim (unit)", }, ["USoz"] = { name1 = "US fluid ounce", name1_us = "U.S. fluid ounce", symbol = "US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000295735295625, default = "ml", }, ["USpk"] = { name1 = "US peck", name1_us = "U.S. peck", symbol = "US&nbsp;pk", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00880976754172, default = "L impgal", link = "Peck", }, ["USpt"] = { name1 = "US pint", name1_us = "U.S. pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000473176473, default = "L imppt", link = "Pint", }, ["USqt"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml", link = "Quart", customary= 1, }, ["USquart"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml impoz", link = "Quart", }, ["UStbsp"] = { name1 = "US tablespoon", name1_us = "U.S. tablespoon", symbol = "US&nbsp;tbsp", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 1.4786764781250001e-5, default = "ml", }, ["winecase"] = { symbol = "case", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.009, default = "L", link = "Case (goods)", }, ["*U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["*U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["+USdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", customary= 1, }, ["+usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", link = "Fluid ounce", customary= 1, }, ["+USgal"] = { target = "USgal", customary= 1, }, ["+USoz"] = { target = "USoz", customary= 1, }, ["@impgal"] = { target = "impgal", link = "Gallon", customary= 3, }, ["acre feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre-feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre.foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre.ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre·ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["bushels"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["cid"] = { target = "CID", }, ["ft3"] = { target = "cuft", symbol = "ft³", }, ["gal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["gallon"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})", }, ["gallons"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})", }, ["Gcuft"] = { target = "e9cuft", }, ["impfloz"] = { target = "impoz", }, ["Impgal"] = { target = "impgal", }, ["in3"] = { target = "cuin", symbol = "in³", }, ["hm³"] = { target = "hm3", }, ["kcuft"] = { target = "e3cuft", }, ["kcum"] = { target = "e3m3", }, ["km³"] = { target = "km3", }, ["liter"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["liters"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["litre"] = { target = "L", }, ["litres"] = { target = "L", }, ["Mcuft"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["Mcum"] = { target = "e6m3", }, ["Mft3"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["mi3"] = { target = "cumi", symbol = "mi³", }, ["m³"] = { target = "m3", }, ["Pcuft"] = { target = "e15cuft", }, ["pt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})", }, ["qt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})", }, ["Tcuft"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["Tft3"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["U.S.bbl"] = { target = "USbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.beerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.bsh"] = { target = "USbsh", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.bu"] = { target = "USbu", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.drybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.dryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.flgal"] = { target = "USflgal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.floz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["u.s.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["U.S.gi"] = { target = "USgi", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.kenning"] = { target = "USkenning", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.oz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pk"] = { target = "USpk", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pt"] = { target = "USpt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.qt"] = { target = "USqt", sp_us = true, default = "L impqt", customary= 2, }, ["usbbl"] = { target = "USbbl", }, ["usbeerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", }, ["usbsh"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["usbu"] = { target = "USbu", }, ["usdrybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", }, ["usdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", }, ["usdrypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", }, ["usdryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", }, ["USfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["USGAL"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgi"] = { target = "USgi", }, ["uskenning"] = { target = "USkenning", }, ["usoz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["uspk"] = { target = "USpk", }, ["uspt"] = { target = "USpt", }, ["usqt"] = { target = "USqt", }, ["yd3"] = { target = "cuyd", symbol = "yd³", }, ["cuft/sqmi"] = { per = { "cuft", "sqmi" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["m3/ha"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hectare", name1_us = "cubic meter per hectare", name2 = "cubic metres per hectare", name2_us = "cubic meters per hectare", symbol = "m³/ha", utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 0.0001, default = "USbu/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["m3/km2"] = { per = { "m3", "km2" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "cuft/sqmi", }, ["U.S.gal/acre"] = { per = { "U.S.gal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["USbu/acre"] = { name2 = "US bushels per acre", symbol = "US bushel per acre", usename = 1, utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 8.7077638761350888e-6, default = "m3/ha", link = "Bushel", }, ["USgal/acre"] = { per = { "USgal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["cuyd/mi"] = { per = { "cuyd", "mi" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "m3/km", }, ["m3/km"] = { per = { "m3", "km" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "cuyd/mi", }, ["mich"] = { combination= { "ch", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michlk"] = { combination= { "chlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michainlk"] = { combination= { "chainlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["miyd"] = { combination= { "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["miydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["mift"] = { combination= { "ft", "mi" }, multiple = { 5280 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 12, 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydft"] = { combination= { "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["footin"] = { combination= { "in", "foot" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["handin"] = { combination= { "in", "hand" }, multiple = { 4 }, utype = "length", }, ["lboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb" }, multiple = { 16 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 16, 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["st and lb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["GN LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["LTf STf"] = { combination= { "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["STf LTf"] = { combination= { "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["L/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgUS"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["mpgimp L/100 km"] = { combination= { "mpgimp", "L/100 km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["LT ST t"] = { combination= { "lt", "-ST", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["LT t ST"] = { combination= { "lt", "t", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST LT t"] = { combination= { "-ST", "lt", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST t LT"] = { combination= { "-ST", "t", "lt" }, utype = "mass", }, ["t LT ST"] = { combination= { "t", "lt", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ton"] = { combination= { "LT", "ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["kPa kg/cm2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "kgf/cm2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["kPa lb/in2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "-lb/in2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["floz"] = { combination= { "impoz", "USoz" }, utype = "volume", }, } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local default_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation). ["cm²"] = "sqin", ["dm²"] = "sqin", ["e3acre"] = "km2", ["e3m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6acre"] = "km2", ["e6ha"] = "e6acre", ["e6km2"] = "e6sqmi", ["e6m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6sqft"] = "v * 9.290304 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2", ["e6sqmi"] = "e6km2", ["hm²"] = "acre", ["km²"] = "sqmi", ["mm²"] = "sqin", ["aJ"] = "eV", ["e3BTU"] = "ايم جَي", ["e6BTU"] = "GJ", ["EJ"] = "kWh", ["eV"] = "aJ", ["feV"] = "yJ", ["fJ"] = "keV", ["GeV"] = "nJ", ["GJ"] = "kWh", ["keV"] = "fJ", ["MeV"] = "پي جَي", ["meV"] = "zJ", ["ايم جَي"] = "kWh", ["neV"] = "yJ", ["PeV"] = "ايم جَي", ["peV"] = "yJ", ["پي جَي"] = "kWh", ["پي جَي"] = "MeV", ["TeV"] = "μJ", ["TJ"] = "kWh", ["YJ"] = "kWh", ["yJ"] = "μeV", ["ZJ"] = "kWh", ["zJ"] = "meV", ["μeV"] = "yJ", ["e12cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", ["e12cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d", ["e12m3/a"] = "Tcuft/a", ["e12m3/d"] = "Tcuft/d", ["e3cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e3cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", ["e3cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s", ["e3m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a", ["e3m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d", ["e3m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s", ["e3USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", ["e6cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s", ["e6m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a", ["e6m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d", ["e6m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s", ["e6USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e9cuft/a"] = "m3/a", ["e9cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d", ["e9m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a", ["e9m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d", ["e9m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s", ["e9USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", ["e9USgal/s"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s", ["nN"] = "gr-f", ["μN"] = "gr-f", ["mN"] = "oz-f", ["am"] = "in", ["cm"] = "in", ["dam"] = "ft", ["dm"] = "in", ["e12km"] = "e12mi", ["e12mi"] = "e12km", ["e3AU"] = "ly", ["e3km"] = "e3mi", ["e3mi"] = "e3km", ["e6km"] = "e6mi", ["e6mi"] = "e6km", ["e9km"] = "AU", ["e9mi"] = "e9km", ["Em"] = "mi", ["fm"] = "in", ["Gm"] = "mi", ["hm"] = "ft", ["km"] = "mi", ["mm"] = "in", ["Mm"] = "mi", ["nm"] = "in", ["Pm"] = "mi", ["pm"] = "in", ["Tm"] = "mi", ["Ym"] = "mi", ["ym"] = "in", ["Zm"] = "mi", ["zm"] = "in", ["μm"] = "in", ["e12lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! Mt ! Gt", ["e3lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3ozt"] = "v * 0.311034768 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3t"] = "LT ST", ["e6carat"] = "t", ["e6lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! t ! kilotonne", ["e6ozt"] = "lb kg", ["e6ST"] = "Mt", ["e6t"] = "LT ST", ["e9lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt", ["e9t"] = "LT ST", ["Gg"] = "lb", ["kg"] = "lb", ["mg"] = "gr", ["Mg"] = "LT ST", ["ng"] = "gr", ["μg"] = "gr", ["mBq"] = "fCi", ["kBq"] = "nCi", ["MBq"] = "μCi", ["GBq"] = "mCi", ["TBq"] = "Ci", ["PBq"] = "kCi", ["EBq"] = "kCi", ["fCi"] = "mBq", ["pCi"] = "Bq", ["nCi"] = "Bq", ["μCi"] = "kBq", ["mCi"] = "MBq", ["kCi"] = "TBq", ["MCi"] = "PBq", ["ns"] = "μs", ["μs"] = "ms", ["ms"] = "s", ["ks"] = "h", ["Ms"] = "week", ["Gs"] = "decade", ["Ts"] = "millennium", ["Ps"] = "million year", ["Es"] = "thousand million year", ["MK"] = "keVT", ["cL"] = "impoz usoz", ["cl"] = "impoz usoz", ["cm³"] = "cuin", ["dL"] = "impoz usoz", ["dl"] = "impoz usoz", ["mm³"] = "cuin", ["dm³"] = "cuin", ["e12cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", ["e12impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft", ["e12U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e15cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3", ["e15m3"] = "Pcuft", ["e3bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e3cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3", ["e3impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft", ["e3U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e6bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuyd"] = "v * 7.64554857984 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6L"] = "USgal", ["e6m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft", ["e6U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e9bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft", ["e9U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["GL"] = "cuft", ["Gl"] = "cuft", ["kL"] = "cuft", ["kl"] = "cuft", ["km³"] = "cumi", ["mL"] = "impoz usoz", ["ml"] = "impoz usoz", ["Ml"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["ML"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["TL"] = "cumi", ["Tl"] = "cumi", ["μL"] = "cuin", ["μl"] = "cuin", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local link_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode). ["mm²"] = "Square millimetre", ["cm²"] = "Square centimetre", ["dm²"] = "Square decimetre", ["km²"] = "Square kilometre", ["kJ"] = "Kilojoule", ["ايم جَي"] = "Megajoule", ["GJ"] = "Gigajoule", ["TJ"] = "Terajoule", ["fm"] = "Femtometre", ["pm"] = "Picometre", ["nm"] = "Nanometre", ["μm"] = "Micrometre", ["mm"] = "Millimetre", ["cm"] = "Centimetre", ["dm"] = "Decimetre", ["dam"] = "Decametre", ["hm"] = "Hectometre", ["km"] = "Kilometre", ["Mm"] = "Megametre", ["Gm"] = "Gigametre", ["Tm"] = "Terametre", ["Pm"] = "Petametre", ["Em"] = "Exametre", ["Zm"] = "Zettametre", ["Ym"] = "Yottametre", ["μg"] = "Microgram", ["mg"] = "Milligram", ["kg"] = "Kilogram", ["Mg"] = "Tonne", ["yW"] = "Yoctowatt", ["zW"] = "Zeptowatt", ["aW"] = "Attowatt", ["fW"] = "Femtowatt", ["pW"] = "Picowatt", ["nW"] = "Nanowatt", ["μW"] = "Microwatt", ["mW"] = "Milliwatt", ["kW"] = "Kilowatt", ["MW"] = "Megawatt", ["GW"] = "Gigawatt", ["TW"] = "Terawatt", ["PW"] = "Petawatt", ["EW"] = "Exawatt", ["ZW"] = "Zettawatt", ["YW"] = "Yottawatt", ["as"] = "Attosecond", ["fs"] = "Femtosecond", ["ps"] = "Picosecond", ["ns"] = "Nanosecond", ["μs"] = "Microsecond", ["ms"] = "Millisecond", ["ks"] = "Kilosecond", ["Ms"] = "Megasecond", ["Gs"] = "Gigasecond", ["Ts"] = "Terasecond", ["Ps"] = "Petasecond", ["Es"] = "Exasecond", ["Zs"] = "Zettasecond", ["Ys"] = "Yottasecond", ["mm³"] = "Cubic millimetre", ["cm³"] = "Cubic centimetre", ["dm³"] = "Cubic decimetre", ["dam³"] = "Cubic decametre", ["km³"] = "Cubic kilometre", ["μL"] = "Microlitre", ["μl"] = "Microlitre", ["mL"] = "Millilitre", ["ml"] = "Millilitre", ["cL"] = "Centilitre", ["cl"] = "Centilitre", ["dL"] = "Decilitre", ["dl"] = "Decilitre", ["daL"] = "Decalitre", ["dal"] = "Decalitre", ["hL"] = "Hectolitre", ["hl"] = "Hectolitre", ["kL"] = "Kilolitre", ["kl"] = "Kilolitre", ["ML"] = "Megalitre", ["Ml"] = "Megalitre", ["GL"] = "Gigalitre", ["Gl"] = "Gigalitre", ["TL"] = "Teralitre", ["Tl"] = "Teralitre", ["PL"] = "Petalitre", ["Pl"] = "Petalitre", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local per_unit_fixups = { -- Automatically created per units of form "x/y" may have their unit type -- changed, for example, "length/time" is changed to "speed". -- Other adjustments can also be specified. ["/area"] = "per unit area", ["/volume"] = "per unit volume", ["area/area"] = "area per unit area", ["energy/length"] = "energy per unit length", ["energy/mass"] = "energy per unit mass", ["energy/time"] = { utype = "power", link = "Power (physics)" }, ["energy/volume"] = "energy per unit volume", ["force/area"] = { utype = "pressure", link = "Pressure" }, ["length/length"] = { utype = "gradient", link = "Grade (slope)" }, ["length/time"] = { utype = "speed", link = "Speed" }, ["length/time/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["mass/area"] = { utype = "pressure", multiplier = 9.80665 }, ["mass/length"] = "linear density", ["mass/mass"] = "concentration", ["mass/power"] = "mass per unit power", ["mass/time"] = "mass per unit time", ["mass/volume"] = { utype = "density", link = "Density" }, ["power/mass"] = "power per unit mass", ["power/volume"] = { link = "Power density" }, ["pressure/length"] = "fracture gradient", ["speed/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["volume/area"] = "volume per unit area", ["volume/length"] = "volume per unit length", ["volume/time"] = "flow", } return { all_units = all_units, default_exceptions = default_exceptions, link_exceptions = link_exceptions, per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups, } s7juoj1s745hrey5jcciq0m4ev346h6 377725 377688 2026-05-15T22:06:31Z Intisar Ali 8681 377725 Scribunto text/plain -- [[Module:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ وارو ڊيٽا، جيڪو mw.loadData() استعمال ڪري ٿو -- ھن ماڊيول تائين فقط پڙھڻ واري رسائي لاءِ، جيئن ھر صفحي تي ھي صرف ھڪ ڀيرو لوڊ ٿئي. -- ٻي وڪي تي نقل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] ڏسو. -- -- ھيٺيان ڊيٽا ٽيبلون شامل آھن: -- all_units ڪنھن به يونٽ جون سڀئي خاصيتون، ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ سميت -- default_exceptions ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جا ڊفالٽ مختلف آھن) -- link_exceptions ڳنڍڻين جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جون ڳنڍڻيون مختلف آھن) -- -- ھي ٽيبلون ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿين ٿيون، جيڪو ھڪ صفحي جي وڪي متن کي پڙھي ٿو -- جيڪو ھر يونٽ جي گھربل خاصيتن جي دستاويزڪاري ڪري ٿو؛ [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]] ڏسو. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ھن ٽيبل جي ڊيٽا ۾ تبديلي نه ڪريو ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اھا ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿئي ٿي -- -- جيڪو وڪي صفحي مان وڪي متن پڙھي ٿو (مٿيون نوٽ ڏسو). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local all_units = { ["Gy"] = { _name1 = "گِرَي", _symbol = "Gy", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "رَيڊ", link = "گِرَي (ايڪو)", }, ["رَيڊ"] = { _name1 = "رَيڊ", _symbol = "رَيڊ", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Gy", link = "رَيڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["cm/سيڪنڊ 2"] = { name1 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "cm/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.01, default = "ft/s2", link = "گئل (ايڪو)", }, ["فٽ/s2"] = { name1 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ft/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s2", }, ["g0"] = { name1 = "معياري ڪشش ثقل", name2 = "معياري ڪشش ثقلون", symbol = "''g''₀", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", }, ["g-فورس"] = { name2 = "''g''", symbol = "''g''", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", link = "g-فورس", }, ["ڪ م/hs"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ڪ م/(h⋅s)", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/s2"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "km/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1000, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ميٽر/s2"] = { name1 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "m/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1, default = "ft/s2", }, ["mph/سيڪنڊ"] = { name1 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "mph/سيڪنڊ", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.44704, default = "ڪ م/hs", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/h/s"] = { target = "ڪ م/hs", }, ["معياري ڪشش ثقل"] = { target = "g0", }, ["1000چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", name2 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", symbol = "1000 چ.فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 92.90304, default = "m2", link = "چورس فٽ", }, ["a"] = { _name1 = "ايراضي", _symbol = "a", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 100, prefixes = 1, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "ھيڪٽر#ايڪڙ", }, ["ايڪڙ"] = { symbol = "ايڪڙ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 4046.8564224, default = "ha", subdivs = { ["رُوڊ"] = { 4, default = "ha" }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { 160, default = "ha" } }, }, ["اَيڪَڙُ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آرپينٽ"] = { symbol = "آرپينٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3418.89, default = "ha", }, ["cda"] = { name1 = "ڪويردا", symbol = "cda", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3930.395625, default = "ha ايڪڙ", }, ["daa"] = { name1 = "ڊَيڪَر", symbol = "daa", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دونم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", link = "دُونَم", }, ["ha"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["هَيڪٽَر"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آئرش ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "آئرش ايڪڙ", symbol = "آئرش&nbsp;اَيڪَڙَ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 6555.2385024, default = "ha", link = "ايڪڙ (آئرش)", }, ["m2"] = { _name1 = "چورس ميٽر", _name1_us= "چورس ميٽر", _symbol = "m²", prefix_position= 8, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1, prefixes = 2, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "چورس ميٽر", }, ["پَونڊِيمَاٽُ"] = { name1 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", name2 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽَ", symbol = "پونڊ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3674.363358816, default = "ميٽر2", link = ":nl:پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["پِيَونگ"] = { name2 = "پِيَونگ", symbol = "پِيَونگ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["رائي"] = { name2 = "رائي", symbol = "رائي", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1600, default = "ميٽر2", link = "رائي (ايڪو)", }, ["رُوڊ"] = { symbol = "رُوڊ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1011.7141056, default = "چ.فٽ چ.ميٽر", subdivs = { ["چ.پرچ"] = { 40, default = "m2" } }, link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["چ .فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ", name2 = "چورس فٽ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فُٽُ", name2 = "چورس فُٽَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ. انچ"] = { name1 = "چورس اِنچُ", name2 = "چورس اِنچَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.00064516, default = "2سينٽي ميٽر", }, ["چ .ميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;ميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 2589988.110336, default = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["sqnميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;nميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3429904, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { name2 = "پَرچَ", symbol = "پَرچُ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 25.29285264, default = "m2", link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)#ايراضي ۽ حجم", }, ["چ. ويرسٽ"] = { symbol = "چورس ويرسٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1138062.24, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ويرسٽ", }, ["چ. گز"] = { name1 = "چورس گز", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;گز", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.83612736, default = "چ.ميل", }, ["ٽُسُوبَو"] = { name2 = "ٽُسُوبَو", symbol = "ٽُسُوبَو", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "چ.ميل", link = "جپاني ماپ جو ايڪو#ايراصي", }, ["اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["are"] = { target = "a", }, ["ڊيڪر"] = { target = "daa", }, ["چ. فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", symbol = "فٽ²", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { target = "چ.انچ", symbol = "انچ²", }, ["ڪ م²"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ. ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", symbol = "ميل²", }, ["ملين ايڪڙ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين ھيڪٽر"] = { target = "e6ھيڪٽر", }, ["ميل²"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["nميل2"] = { target = "چورسnميل", }, ["پونڊ"] = { target = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["چ. آرپ"] = { target = "آرپينٽ", }, ["چ.ڪ م"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["چورس ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { target = "چ.گز", symbol = "گز²", }, ["چ.ميٽر/ھيڪٽر"] = { name1 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name1_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", symbol = "ميٽر²/ھيڪٽر", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 0.0001, default = "چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", name2 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ/ايڪڙ", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 2.295684113865932e-5, default = "m2/ھيڪٽر", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["سينٽ"] = { name1 = "سينٽ", symbol = "¢", utype = "سينٽ", scale = 1, default = "سينٽ", link = "سينٽ (ڪرنسي)", }, ["¢"] = { target = "سينٽ", }, ["A.h"] = { name1 = "ايمپيئر ڪلاڪ", symbol = "A⋅h", utype = "چارج", scale = 3600, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["ڪولمب"] = { _name1 = "ڪولمب", _symbol = "C", utype = "چارج", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "e", link = "ڪولمب", }, ["e"] = { name1 = "ايليميٽري چارج", symbol = "''e''", utype = "چارج", scale = 1.602176634e-19, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["g-مول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "g&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gمول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "gمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kمول"] = { name1 = "ڪلومول", symbol = "kمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1000, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["lb-مول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lb&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["lbمول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lbمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["مول"] = { name1 = "مول", symbol = "مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", name2 ="ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام(CO₂)/L", utype = "co2 يونٽ حجم", scale = 1000, default = "lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائُونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائُونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lbCO2/آمريڪي&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "co2 حجم ايڪو", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["اونس/پائونڊ"] = { per = { "اونس", "پائونڊ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "م.گ/ڪ.گ", }, ["م.گ/ڪ.گ"] = { per = { "م.گ", "ڪ.گ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "اونس/پائونڊ", }, ["g/dm3"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "گرام/ڊيسي ميٽر³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "ڪ گ/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "گرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/mL"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/mL", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/ml"] = { name1 = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/ml", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/dm3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/dm³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/ميٽر3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/m³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 16.018463373960142, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ گز"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ گز", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ گز", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;گز", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.5932764212577829, default = "ڪلوگرام/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/امپيريل گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في امپيريل گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في امپيريل گئلن", symbol = "lb/امپيريل&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 99.776372663101697, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/انچ3"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي بشيل"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي بشيل", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي بشيل", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;بشيل", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 12.871859780974471, default = "ڪلوگرام/m3", link = "بشيل", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["مليگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "mg/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "اونسُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "اونسَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1729.9940443876951, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/cm3"] = { per = { "گرام", "cm3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["Mملي گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["ملي گرام/لٽر"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/dL"] = { per = { "μg", "dL" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/لٽر"] = { per = { "μg", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["پائونڊ/فٽ3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["پائونڊ/گز3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ گز", }, ["lbm/انچ3"] = { target = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["mcg/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["اونس/انچ3"] = { target = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["ug/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["ug/لٽر"] = { target = "μg/لٽر", }, ["بِي.او.ٽِي.يُو."] = { name1 = "بورڊ آف ٽريڊ يونٽ", symbol = "بِي.او.ٽي.يُو.", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["بِي بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بي ٽي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽي يو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "انرجي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بي ٽي يُو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ترمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -ISO"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (ISO)", name2 = "British thermal units (ISO)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_ISO", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.056, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO"] = { target = "بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -IT"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (آء ٽي)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (آء ٽي)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-آء ٽي"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (آء ٽي)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (آء ٽي)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_{آء ٽي}", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["پي ٽي يُو-مِين"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (مِين)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (مِين)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_مِين", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-مِين"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (مِين)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (مِين)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_مِين", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal يونٽَ (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal يونٽَ (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["Cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "Cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", }, ["Cal-15"] = { name1 = "Calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-15"] = { name1 = "calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1858, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-IT"] = { name1 = "Calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-IT"] = { name1 = "calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-th"] = { name1 = "Calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "Cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-th"] = { name1 = "calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CHU-IT"] = { name1 = "Celsius heat unit (International Table)", name2 = "Celsius heat units (International Table)", symbol = "CHU_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1899.100534716, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cufootnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic foot of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cuftnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic feet of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["Eh"] = { name1 = "Hartree", symbol = "''E''_h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.35974417e-18, default = "eV", }, ["erg"] = { symbol = "erg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000001, default = "μJ", }, ["eV"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.602176634e-19, prefixes = 1, default = "aJ", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["foe"] = { symbol = "foe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e44, default = "YJ", link = "Foe (unit)", }, ["ftlb"] = { name1 = "foot-pound", symbol = "ft⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlb-f"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlbf"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftpdl"] = { name1 = "foot-poundal", symbol = "ft⋅pdl", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0421401100938048, default = "جَي", }, ["gTNT"] = { name2 = "grams of TNT", symbol = "gram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Gtoe"] = { name1 = "gigatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "gigatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Gtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e19, default = "EJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["GtonTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatons of TNT", symbol = "gigaton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GtTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatonnes of TNT", symbol = "gigatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GW.h"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["GWh"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["hph"] = { name1 = "horsepower-hour", symbol = "hp⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2684519.537696172792, default = "kWh", link = "Horsepower", }, ["inlb"] = { name1 = "inch-pound", symbol = "in⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlb-f"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlbf"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inoz-f"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅oz_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inozf"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅ozf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["J"] = { _name1 = "جول" , _symbol = "جَي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "cal", link = "جول" , }, ["kBOE"] = { name1 = "kilo barrel of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilo barrels of oil equivalent", symbol = "kBOE", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6.1178632e12, default = "TJ", link = "Barrel of oil equivalent", }, ["kcal"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie", symbol = "kcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-15"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (15°C)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "kcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-IT"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "kcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-th"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "kcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kerg"] = { name1 = "kiloerg", symbol = "kerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0001, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Erg", }, ["kgTNT"] = { name2 = "kilograms of TNT", symbol = "kilogram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", name1_us = "kiloton", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktoe"] = { name1 = "kilotonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilotonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "ktoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e13, default = "TJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["ktonTNT"] = { name1 = "kiloton of TNT", name2 = "kilotons of TNT", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kW.h"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["kWh"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["Mcal"] = { name1 = "megacalorie", symbol = "Mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal"] = { name1 = "millicalorie", symbol = "mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-15"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (15°C)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-15"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (15°C)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041858, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041868, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-th"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "Mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-th"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Merg"] = { name1 = "megaerg", symbol = "Merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.1, default = "جَي", link = "Erg", }, ["merg"] = { name1 = "millierg", symbol = "merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "μJ", link = "Erg", }, ["MMBtu"] = { name1 = "million British thermal units", name2 = "million British thermal units", symbol = "MMBtu", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055852.62, default = "GJ", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["Mt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "megatonne", name1_us = "megaton", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Mtoe"] = { name1 = "megatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "megatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Mtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e16, default = "پي جَي", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT"] = { name1 = "megaton of TNT", name2 = "megatons of TNT", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtonTNT"] = { name2 = "millitons of TNT", symbol = "milliton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT", symbol = "megatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtTNT"] = { name2 = "millitonnes of TNT", symbol = "millitonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MW.h"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mW.h"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["MWh"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mWh"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["PSh"] = { name1 = "Pferdestärkenstunde", symbol = "PSh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2647795.5, default = "kWh", }, ["quad"] = { name1 = "quadrillion British thermal units", name2 = "quadrillion British thermal units", symbol = "quad", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.054804e18, default = "EJ", link = "Quad (unit)", }, ["Ry"] = { name1 = "rydberg", symbol = "Ry", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2.1798741e-18, default = "eV", link = "Rydberg constant", }, ["scf"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic feet", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["scfoot"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic foot", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["t(TNT)"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "ton", symbol = "t", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["th"] = { name1 = "thermie", symbol = "th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["thm-EC"] = { name1 = "therm (EC)", name2 = "therms (EC)", symbol = "thm (EC)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105506000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-UK"] = { name1 = "therm (UK)", name2 = "therms (UK)", symbol = "thm (UK)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105505585.257348, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-US"] = { name1 = "therm (US)", name1_us = "therm (U.S.)", name2 = "therms (US)", name2_us = "therms (U.S.)", symbol = "thm (US)", sym_us = "thm (U.S.)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105480400, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["toe"] = { name1 = "tonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "tonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "toe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 41868000000, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["tonTNT"] = { name2 = "tons of TNT", symbol = "ton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["tTNT"] = { name2 = "tonnes of TNT", symbol = "tonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtonTNT"] = { name2 = "teratons of TNT", symbol = "teraton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtTNT"] = { name2 = "teratonnes of TNT", symbol = "teratonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TW.h"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["TWh"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["W.h"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "W⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["Wh"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "Wh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μerg"] = { name1 = "microerg", symbol = "μerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e-13, default = "nJ", link = "Erg", }, ["μW.h"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μWh"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["-kW.h"] = { target = "kW.h", link = "Kilowatt hour", }, ["btu"] = { target = "BTU", }, ["ڪيلوري"] = { target = "Cal", }, ["ft.lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["ft·lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["g-cal-15"] = { target = "cal-15", }, ["g-cal-IT"] = { target = "cal-IT", }, ["g-cal-th"] = { target = "cal-th", }, ["g-kcal-15"] = { target = "kcal-15", }, ["g-kcal-IT"] = { target = "kcal-IT", }, ["g-kcal-th"] = { target = "kcal-th", }, ["g-Mcal-15"] = { target = "Mcal-15", }, ["g-mcal-15"] = { target = "mcal-15", }, ["g-Mcal-IT"] = { target = "Mcal-IT", }, ["g-mcal-IT"] = { target = "mcal-IT", }, ["g-Mcal-th"] = { target = "Mcal-th", }, ["g-mcal-th"] = { target = "mcal-th", }, ["GW-h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["GW·h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["Hartree"] = { target = "Eh", }, ["hp.h"] = { target = "hph", }, ["in.lb-f"] = { target = "inlb-f", }, ["in.lbf"] = { target = "inlbf", }, ["in.oz-f"] = { target = "inoz-f", }, ["in.ozf"] = { target = "inozf", }, ["kbboe"] = { target = "kBOE", symbol = "kbboe", }, ["kg-cal-15"] = { target = "Cal-15", }, ["kg-cal-IT"] = { target = "Cal-IT", }, ["kg-cal-th"] = { target = "Cal-th", }, ["kW-h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["kW·h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["MW-h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["mW-h"] = { target = "mW.h", }, ["MW·h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["TW-h"] = { target = "TW.h", }, ["uerg"] = { target = "μerg", }, ["uW-h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uW.h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uWh"] = { target = "μWh", }, ["W-h"] = { target = "W.h", }, ["eVpar"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy per chemical amount", scale = 96485.332123310014, prefixes = 1, default = "kcal/mol", defkey = "eVpar", linkey = "eVpar", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["kcal/mol"] = { per = { "kcal", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "ڪي جَي/mol", link = "Kilocalorie per mole", }, ["ڪي جَي/mol"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "kcal/mol", link = "Joule per mole", }, ["kWh/100 km"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 36, default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["kWh/100 mi"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 miles", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 miles", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;mi", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 22.3694, default = "mpge", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["MJ/100 km"] = { name1 = "megajoule per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "megajoule per 100 kilometers", name2 = "megajoules per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "megajoules per 100 kilometers", symbol = "ايم جَي/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 10, default = "BTU/mi", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["mpge"] = { name1 = "mile per gallon gasoline equivalent", name2 = "miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", symbol = "mpg&#8209;e", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 1.3263314048360777e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "kWh/100 mi", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["BTU/mi"] = { per = { "BTU", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "v > 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km", }, ["ڪي جَي/km"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["kWh/km"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", }, ["kWh/mi"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "kWh/km ايم جَي/km", }, ["ايم جَي/km"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["mpg-e"] = { target = "mpge", }, ["BTU/lb"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit per pound", name2 = "British thermal units per pound", symbol = "BTU/lb", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 2326, default = "ڪي جَي/kg", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["cal/g"] = { name1 = "calorie per gram", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "cal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184, default = "J/g", }, ["جِي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "gigajoule per kilogram", name2 = "gigajoules per kilogram", symbol = "جِي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e9, default = "ktTNT/t", link = "Specific energy", }, ["J/g"] = { name1 = "joule per gram", name2 = "joules per gram", symbol = "J/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["kcal/g"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per gram", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "kcal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000, default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["ڪي جَي/g"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per gram", name2 = "kilojoules per gram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ڪي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per kilogram", name2 = "kilojoules per kilogram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "BTU/lb", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ktonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "kilotons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "kiloton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT/t"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "megaton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "megatonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TJ/kg"] = { name1 = "terajoule per kilogram", name2 = "terajoules per kilogram", symbol = "TJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e12, default = "MtTNT/MT", link = "Specific energy", }, ["Cal/g"] = { per = { "Cal", "g" }, utype = "energy per unit mass", default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["BTU/cuft"] = { per = { "BTU", "cuft" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(mL)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(mL)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(ml)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(ml)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/l", }, ["Cal/12USozserve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USozserve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/USoz"] = { per = { "Cal", "USoz" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/ml", }, ["ڪي جَي/L"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "L" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["ڪي جَي/l"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "ll" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["kJ/ml"] = { per = { "kJ", "ml" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "Cal/USoz", }, ["MJ/m3"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "m3" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["Sv"] = { _name1 = "sievert", _symbol = "Sv", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "rem", link = "Sievert", }, ["rem"] = { _name1 = "rem", _symbol = "rem", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Sv", link = "Roentgen equivalent man", }, ["g/km"] = { name1 = "gram per kilometre", name1_us = "gram per kilometer", name2 = "grams per kilometre", name2_us = "grams per kilometer", symbol = "g/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "oz/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["g/mi"] = { name1 = "gram per mile", name2 = "grams per mile", symbol = "g/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "g/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["gCO2/ڪ م"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "gram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "grams of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "g(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "ozCO2/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["gCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "g(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "gCO2/ڪ م", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["kg/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms per kilometer", symbol = "kg/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["kgCO2/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "kg(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lbCO2/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lb/mi"] = { name1 = "pound per mile", name2 = "pounds per mile", symbol = "lb/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kg/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "pound of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "pounds of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "lb(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kgCO2/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["oz/mi"] = { name1 = "اونس في ميل", name2 = "ounces per mile", symbol = "oz/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "g/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["ozCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "ounces of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "oz(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "gCO2/ڪ م", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["cuft/a"] = { name1 = "ڪيوبڪ فٽ في سال", name2 = "cubic feet per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 8.9730672142368242e-10, default = "m3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/d"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per day", name2 = "cubic feet per day", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 3.2774128000000003e-7, default = "m3/d", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/h"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per hour", name2 = "cubic feet per hour", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 7.8657907200000004e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/min"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per minute", name2 = "cubic feet per minute", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00047194744319999999, default = "m3/min", }, ["cuft/s"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per second", name2 = "cubic feet per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 28316846592e-12, default = "m3/s", }, ["cumi/a"] = { name1 = "cubic mile per annum", name2 = "cubic miles per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 132.08171170940057, default = "km3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/h"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per hour", name2 = "cubic yards per hour", symbol = "cuyd/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00021237634944000001, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/s"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per second", name2 = "cubic yards per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.76455485798400002, default = "m3/s", }, ["Goilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "billion barrels per year", name2 = "billion barrels per year", symbol = "Gbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933836, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["impgal/h"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per hour", name2 = "imperial gallons per hour", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.2628027777777779e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", }, ["impgal/min"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per minute", name2 = "imperial gallons per minute", symbol = "imp gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 7.5768166666666671e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["impgal/s"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per second", name2 = "imperial gallons per second", symbol = "impgal/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00454609, default = "m3/s", link = "Imperial gallons per second", }, ["km3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per annum", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per annum", name2 = "cubic kilometres per annum", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per annum", symbol = "km³/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 31.68808781402895, default = "cumi/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["km3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per day", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per day", name2 = "cubic kilometres per day", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per day", symbol = "km³/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 11574.074074074075, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["koilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per year", name2 = "thousand barrels per year", symbol = "kbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-6, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["koilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per day", name2 = "thousand barrels per day", symbol = "kbbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.0018401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["L/h"] = { name1 = "litre per hour", name1_us = "liter per hour", name2 = "litres per hour", name2_us = "liters per hour", symbol = "L/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 2.7777777777777776e-7, default = "impgal/h USgal/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/min"] = { name1 = "litre per minute", name1_us = "liter per minute", name2 = "litres per minute", name2_us = "liters per minute", symbol = "L/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.6666666666666667e-5, default = "impgal/min USgal/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/s"] = { name1 = "litre per second", name1_us = "liter per second", name2 = "litres per second", name2_us = "liters per second", symbol = "L/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.001, default = "cuft/s", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per annum", name1_us = "cubic meter per annum", name2 = "cubic metres per annum", name2_us = "cubic meters per annum", symbol = "m³/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 3.1688087814028947e-8, default = "cuft/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per day", name1_us = "cubic meter per day", name2 = "cubic metres per day", name2_us = "cubic meters per day", symbol = "m³/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/h"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hour", name1_us = "cubic meter per hour", name2 = "cubic metres per hour", name2_us = "cubic meters per hour", symbol = "m³/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "cuft/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/min"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per minute", name1_us = "cubic meter per minute", name2 = "cubic metres per minute", name2_us = "cubic meters per minute", symbol = "m³/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "cuft/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/s"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per second", name1_us = "cubic meter per second", name2 = "cubic metres per second", name2_us = "cubic meters per second", symbol = "m³/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1, default = "cuft/s", }, ["Moilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "million barrels per year", name2 = "million barrels per year", symbol = "Mbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.0050380033629933837, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["Moilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "million barrels per day", name2 = "million barrels per day", symbol = "Mbbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.8401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "barrel per year", name2 = "barrels per year", symbol = "bbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-9, default = "m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "barrel per day", name2 = "barrels per day", symbol = "bbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.8401307283333336e-6, default = "m3/d", }, ["Toilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels per year", name2 = "trillion barrels per year", symbol = "Tbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5038.0033629933832, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["U.S.gal/d"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per day", name2 = "U.S. gallons per day", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", customary= 1, }, ["U.S.gal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", customary= 2, }, ["U.S.gal/min"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per minute", name2 = "U.S. gallons per minute", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal/a"] = { name1 = "US gallon per year", name2 = "US gallons per year", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.1995246102365199e-10, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/d"] = { name1 = "US gallon per day", name2 = "US gallons per day", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", customary= 1, }, ["USgal/min"] = { name1 = "US gallon per minute", name2 = "US gallons per minute", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal/s"] = { name1 = "US gallon per second", name1_us = "U.S. gallon per second", name2 = "US gallons per second", name2_us = "U.S. gallons per second", symbol = "USgal/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "m3/s", link = "US gallons per second", }, ["ft3/a"] = { target = "cuft/a", }, ["ft3/d"] = { target = "cuft/d", }, ["ft3/h"] = { target = "cuft/h", }, ["ft3/s"] = { target = "cuft/s", }, ["Gcuft/a"] = { target = "e9cuft/a", }, ["Gcuft/d"] = { target = "e9cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/a"] = { target = "e3cuft/a", }, ["kcuft/d"] = { target = "e3cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/s"] = { target = "e3cuft/s", }, ["Mcuft/a"] = { target = "e6cuft/a", }, ["Mcuft/d"] = { target = "e6cuft/d", }, ["Mcuft/s"] = { target = "e6cuft/s", }, ["m³/s"] = { target = "m3/s", }, ["Tcuft/a"] = { target = "e12cuft/a", }, ["Tcuft/d"] = { target = "e12cuft/d", }, ["u.s.gal/min"] = { target = "U.S.gal/min", }, ["usgal/min"] = { target = "USgal/min", }, ["-LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["-STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["dyn"] = { name1 = "dyne", symbol = "dyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00001, default = "gr-f", }, ["g-f"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "g_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gf"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "gf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN ozf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gr-f"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "gr_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["grf"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "grf", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["kdyn"] = { name1 = "kilodyne", symbol = "kdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.01, default = "oz-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["kg-f"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kg_f", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", }, ["kgf"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kgf", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lbf", }, ["kp"] = { name1 = "kilopond", symbol = "kp", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["L/T-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["L/Tf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["lb-f"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lb_f", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lbf"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lbf", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lb(f)"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["LT-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LT_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["Mdyn"] = { name1 = "megadyne", symbol = "Mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 10, default = "lb-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mdyn"] = { name1 = "millidyne", symbol = "mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000001, default = "gr-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mg-f"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mg_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mgf"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mgf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN grf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["Mp"] = { name1 = "megapond", symbol = "Mp", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mp"] = { name1 = "millipond", symbol = "mp", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["N"] = { _name1 = "newton", _symbol = "N", utype = "force", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lb-f", link = "Newton (unit)", }, ["oz-f"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "oz_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["ozf"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "ozf", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["p"] = { name1 = "pond", symbol = "p", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["pdl"] = { name1 = "poundal", symbol = "pdl", utype = "force", scale = 0.138254954376, default = "N", }, ["S/T-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["S/Tf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["ST-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "ST_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["t-f"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "t_f", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["tf"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "tf", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LTf STf", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["dyne"] = { target = "dyn", }, ["newtons"] = { target = "N", }, ["poundal"] = { target = "pdl", }, ["tonne-force"] = { target = "tf", }, ["impgal/mi"] = { per = { "@impgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km USgal/mi", }, ["km/L"] = { per = { "km", "L" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["km/l"] = { per = { "km", "ll" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["L/100 km"] = { per = { "L", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["l/100 km"] = { per = { "ll", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["L/km"] = { per = { "L", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["l/km"] = { per = { "ll", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["mi/impqt"] = { per = { "mi", "impqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/U.S.qt"] = { per = { "mi", "U.S.qt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/USqt"] = { per = { "mi", "USqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/usqt"] = { per = { "mi", "usqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mpgimp"] = { per = { "mi", "@impgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;imp", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]}", }, ["mpgus"] = { per = { "mi", "+USgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;US", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgimp", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]}", }, ["U.S.gal/mi"] = { per = { "*U.S.gal", "mi" }, sp_us = true, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["usgal/mi"] = { per = { "+USgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["L/100km"] = { target = "L/100 km", }, ["l/100km"] = { target = "l/100 km", }, ["mpg"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})", }, ["mpgU.S."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgu.s."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgUS"] = { target = "mpgus", }, ["USgal/mi"] = { target = "usgal/mi", }, ["kPa/m"] = { per = { "kPa", "-m-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "psi/ft", }, ["psi/ft"] = { per = { "psi", "-ft-frac" }, utype = "fracture gradient", default = "kPa/m", }, ["cm/km"] = { name1 = "centimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "centimeter per kilometer", name2 = "centimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "centimeters per kilometer", symbol = "cm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/mi"] = { name1 = "foot per mile", name2 = "feet per mile", symbol = "ft/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00018939393939393939, default = "v < 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/nmi"] = { name1 = "foot per nautical mile", name2 = "feet per nautical mile", symbol = "ft/nmi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00016457883369330455, default = "v < 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/ft"] = { name1 = "inch per foot", name2 = "inches per foot", symbol = "in/ft", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.083333333333333329, default = "mm/m", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/mi"] = { name1 = "inch per mile", name2 = "inches per mile", symbol = "in/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 1.5782828282828283e-5, default = "v < 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["m/km"] = { name1 = "metre per kilometre", name1_us = "meter per kilometer", name2 = "metres per kilometre", name2_us = "meters per kilometer", symbol = "m/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/km"] = { name1 = "millimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "millimeter per kilometer", name2 = "millimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "millimeters per kilometer", symbol = "mm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.000001, default = "in/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/m"] = { name1 = "millimetre per metre", name1_us = "millimeter per meter", name2 = "millimetres per metre", name2_us = "millimeters per meter", symbol = "mm/m", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "in/ft", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["admi"] = { name1 = "admiralty mile", symbol = "nmi&nbsp;(admiralty)", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["AU"] = { name1 = "astronomical unit", symbol = "AU", utype = "length", scale = 149597870700, default = "km mi", }, ["Brnmi"] = { name1 = "British nautical mile", symbol = "(Brit)&nbsp;nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["bu"] = { name2 = "bu", symbol = "bu", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0030303030303030303, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["ch"] = { name1 = "chain", symbol = "ch", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chlk"] = { name1 = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|ch]]", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["chain"] = { symbol = "chain", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chainlk"] = { symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["dpcm"] = { name2 = "dot/cm", symbol = "dot/cm", utype = "length", scale = 100, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "dpi", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["dpi"] = { name2 = "DPI", symbol = "DPI", utype = "length", scale = 39.370078740157481, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["fathom"] = { symbol = "fathom", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1.8288, default = "ft m", }, ["foot"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "foot", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["ft"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "feet", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["furlong"] = { symbol = "furlong", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 201.168, default = "ft m", }, ["Gly"] = { name1 = "gigalight-year", symbol = "Gly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e24, default = "Mpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Gpc"] = { name1 = "gigaparsec", symbol = "Gpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e25, default = "Gly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["hand"] = { name1 = "hand", symbol = "h", utype = "length", builtin = "hand", scale = 0.1016, iscomplex= true, default = "in cm", link = "Hand (unit)", }, ["in"] = { name1 = "inch", name2 = "inches", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, exception= "subunit_more_precision", default = "mm", }, ["inabbreviated"] = { name2 = "in", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, default = "mm", link = "Inch", }, ["kly"] = { name1 = "kilolight-year", symbol = "kly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e18, default = "pc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["kpc"] = { name1 = "kiloparsec", symbol = "kpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e19, default = "kly", link = "Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs", }, ["LD"] = { name1 = "lunar distance", symbol = "LD", utype = "length", scale = 384403000, default = "km mi", link = "Lunar distance (astronomy)", }, ["league"] = { symbol = "league", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 4828.032, default = "km", link = "League (unit)", }, ["ly"] = { name1 = "light-year", symbol = "ly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e15, default = "AU", }, ["m"] = { _name1 = "metre", _name1_us= "meter", _symbol = "m", utype = "length", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v > 0 and v < 3 ! ftin ! ft", link = "Metre", }, ["mi"] = { name1 = "mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["ch"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chainlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["ft"] = { 5280, default = "km" }, ["furlong"] = { 8, default = "km" }, ["yd"] = { 1760, default = "km" } }, }, ["mil"] = { symbol = "mil", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["Mly"] = { name1 = "megalight-year", symbol = "Mly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e21, default = "kpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Mpc"] = { name1 = "megaparsec", symbol = "Mpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e22, default = "Mly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["NM"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "NM", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["nmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUKnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUSnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", }, ["pc"] = { name1 = "parsec", symbol = "pc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e16, default = "ly", }, ["perch"] = { name2 = "perches", symbol = "perch", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pitch"] = { name2 = "μm", symbol = "μm", utype = "length", scale = 1e-6, default = "dpi", defkey = "pitch", linkey = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["pole"] = { symbol = "pole", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pre1954U.S.nmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["pre1954USnmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;US) nautical mile", name1_us = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;US) nmi", sym_us = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["rd"] = { name1 = "rod", symbol = "rd", utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["royal cubit"] = { name1 = "royal cubit", symbol = "cu", utype = "length", scale = 0.524, default = "mm", }, ["rtkm"] = { name1 = "route kilometre", name1_us = "route kilometer", symbol = "km", utype = "length", scale = 1000, default = "mi", link = "Kilometre", }, ["rtmi"] = { name1 = "route mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", link = "Mile", }, ["shaku"] = { name2 = "shaku", symbol = "shaku", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.30303030303030304, default = "m", link = "Shaku (unit)", }, ["sm"] = { name1 = "smoot", symbol = "sm", utype = "length", scale = 1.70180, default = "m", link = "Smoot (unit)", }, ["smi"] = { name1 = "statute mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" } }, }, ["solar radius"] = { name1 = "solar radius", name2 = "solar radii", symbol = "''R''_☉", utype = "length", scale = 695700e3, default = "km", }, ["sun"] = { name2 = "sun", symbol = "sun", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.030303030303030304, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["thou"] = { name2 = "thou", symbol = "thou", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["verst"] = { symbol = "verst", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1066.8, default = "km mi", }, ["yd"] = { name1 = "yard", symbol = "yd", utype = "length", scale = 0.9144, default = "m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 3, default = "m" } }, }, ["μin"] = { name1 = "microinch", name2 = "microinches", symbol = "μin", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000254, default = "nm", link = "SI prefix#Non-metric units", }, ["Å"] = { name1 = "ångström", symbol = "Å", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "in", }, ["Hz"] = { _name1 = "hertz", _name2 = "hertz", _symbol = "Hz", utype = "length", scale = 3.3356409519815204e-9, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, prefixes = 1, default = "m", link = "Hertz", }, ["rpm"] = { name1 = "revolution per minute", name2 = "revolutions per minute", symbol = "rpm", utype = "length", scale = 5.5594015866358675e-11, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "Hz", link = "Revolutions per minute", }, ["-ft-frac"] = { target = "ft", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-in-stiff"] = { target = "in", link = "Stiffness", }, ["-m-frac"] = { target = "m", link = "Fracture gradient", }, ["-m-stiff"] = { target = "m", link = "Stiffness", }, ["100km"] = { target = "km", multiplier= 100, }, ["100mi"] = { target = "mi", multiplier= 100, }, ["100miles"] = { target = "mi", symbol = "miles", multiplier= 100, }, ["admiralty nmi"] = { target = "oldUKnmi", }, ["angstrom"] = { target = "Å", }, ["au"] = { target = "AU", symbol = "au", }, ["feet"] = { target = "ft", }, ["hands"] = { target = "hand", }, ["inch"] = { target = "in", }, ["inches"] = { target = "in", }, ["light-year"] = { target = "ly", }, ["meter"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["meters"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["metre"] = { target = "m", }, ["metres"] = { target = "m", }, ["micrometre"] = { target = "μm", }, ["micron"] = { target = "μm", default = "μin", }, ["mile"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["miles"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["parsec"] = { target = "pc", }, ["rod"] = { target = "rd", }, ["smoot"] = { target = "sm", }, ["uin"] = { target = "μin", }, ["yard"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yards"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yds"] = { target = "yd", }, ["dtex"] = { name1 = "decitex", name2 = "decitex", symbol = "dtex", utype = "linear density", scale = 1e-7, default = "lb/yd", link = "Units of textile measurement#Units", }, ["kg/cm"] = { name1 = "kilogram per centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm", utype = "linear density", scale = 100, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["kg/m"] = { name1 = "kilogram per metre", name1_us = "kilogram per meter", name2 = "kilograms per metre", name2_us = "kilograms per meter", symbol = "kg/m", utype = "linear density", scale = 1, default = "lb/yd", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/ft"] = { name1 = "pound per foot", name2 = "pounds per foot", symbol = "lb/ft", utype = "linear density", scale = 1.4881639435695539, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["lb/yd"] = { name1 = "pound per yard", name2 = "pounds per yard", symbol = "lb/yd", utype = "linear density", scale = 0.49605464785651798, default = "kg/m", link = "Linear density", }, ["G"] = { _name1 = "gauss", _name2 = "gauss", _symbol = "G", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 0.0001, prefixes = 1, default = "T", link = "Gauss (unit)", }, ["T"] = { _name1 = "tesla", _symbol = "T", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "G", link = "Tesla (unit)", }, ["A/m"] = { name1 = "ampere per metre", name1_us = "ampere per meter", name2 = "amperes per metre", name2_us = "amperes per meter", symbol = "A/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1, default = "Oe", }, ["kA/m"] = { name1 = "kiloampere per metre", name1_us = "kiloampere per meter", name2 = "kiloamperes per metre", name2_us = "kiloamperes per meter", symbol = "kA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1000, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["MA/m"] = { name1 = "megaampere per metre", name1_us = "megaampere per meter", name2 = "megaamperes per metre", name2_us = "megaamperes per meter", symbol = "MA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1e6, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["Oe"] = { _name1 = "oersted", _symbol = "Oe", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 79.5774715, prefixes = 1, default = "kA/m", link = "Oersted", }, ["-Lcwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", }, ["-Scwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", }, ["-ST"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "ST", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["carat"] = { symbol = "carat", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.0002, default = "g", link = "Carat (mass)", }, ["Da"] = { _name1 = "dalton", _symbol = "Da", utype = "mass", scale = 1.66053906892e-27, prefixes = 1, default = "kg", link = "Dalton (unit)", }, ["drachm"] = { name1_us = "dram", symbol = "drachm", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.001771845195, default = "g", link = "Dram (unit)", }, ["dram"] = { target = "drachm", }, ["dwt"] = { name1 = "pennyweight", symbol = "dwt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00155517384, default = "oz g", }, ["DWton"] = { symbol = "deadweight ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "DWtonne", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["DWtonne"] = { name1_us = "deadweight metric ton", symbol = "deadweight tonne", sym_us = "~deadweight metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "DWton", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["g"] = { _name1 = "gram", _symbol = "g", utype = "mass", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "oz", link = "Gram", }, ["gr"] = { name1 = "grain", symbol = "gr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00006479891, default = "g", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["Gt"] = { name1 = "gigatonne", symbol = "Gt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["impgalh2o"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon of water", name2 = "imperial gallons of water", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 4.5359236999999499, default = "lb kg", link = "Imperial gallon", }, ["kt"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", symbol = "kt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["lb"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "kg", subdivs = { ["oz"] = { 16, default = "kg" } }, link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["Lcwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "Lcwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" }, ["st"] = { 8, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long cwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "long&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long qtr"] = { name1 = "long quarter", symbol = "long&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", }, ["LT"] = { symbol = "long ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["lt"] = { name1 = "long ton", symbol = "LT", utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["metric ton"] = { symbol = "metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "long ton", link = "Tonne", }, ["MT"] = { name1 = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["Mt"] = { name1 = "megatonne", symbol = "Mt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["oz"] = { name1 = "ounce", symbol = "oz", utype = "mass", scale = 0.028349523125, default = "g", }, ["ozt"] = { name1 = "troy ounce", symbol = "ozt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.0311034768, default = "oz g", }, ["pdr"] = { name1 = "pounder", symbol = "pdr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, default = "kg", link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["qtr"] = { name1 = "quarter", symbol = "qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 28, default = "kg" } }, link = "Long quarter", }, ["Scwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "Scwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short cwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "short&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb kg", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short qtr"] = { name1 = "short quarter", symbol = "short&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 11.33980925, default = "lb kg", }, ["ST"] = { symbol = "short ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Scwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Scwt" } }, }, ["shtn"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "sh&nbsp;tn", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["shton"] = { symbol = "ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["solar mass"] = { name1 = "solar mass", name2 = "solar masses", symbol = "''M''_☉", utype = "mass", scale = 1.98855e30, default = "kg", }, ["st"] = { name1 = "stone", name2 = "stone", symbol = "st", utype = "mass", scale = 6.35029318, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 14, default = "kg lb" } }, link = "Stone (unit)", }, ["t"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", }, ["tonne"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "shton", }, ["troy pound"] = { symbol = "troy pound", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.3732417216, default = "lb kg", link = "Troy weight", }, ["usgalh2o"] = { name1 = "US gallon of water", name1_us = "U.S. gallon of water", name2 = "US gallons of water", name2_us = "U.S. gallons of water", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 3.7776215836051126, default = "lb kg", link = "United States customary units#Fluid volume", }, ["viss"] = { name2 = "viss", symbol = "viss", utype = "mass", scale = 1.632932532, default = "kg", link = "Myanmar units of measurement#Mass", }, ["billion tonne"] = { target = "e9t", }, ["grain"] = { target = "gr", }, ["kilogram"] = { target = "kg", }, ["kilotonne"] = { target = "kt", }, ["lbs"] = { target = "lb", }, ["lbt"] = { target = "troy pound", }, ["lcwt"] = { target = "Lcwt", }, ["long ton"] = { target = "LT", }, ["mcg"] = { target = "μg", }, ["million tonne"] = { target = "e6t", }, ["scwt"] = { target = "Scwt", }, ["short ton"] = { target = "ST", }, ["stone"] = { target = "st", }, ["thousand tonne"] = { target = "e3t", }, ["tonnes"] = { target = "t", }, ["kg/kW"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilowatt", name2 = "kilograms per kilowatt", symbol = "kg/kW", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/hp", link = "Kilowatt", }, ["lb/hp"] = { name1 = "pound per horsepower", name2 = "pounds per horsepower", symbol = "lb/hp", utype = "mass per unit power", scale = 0.00060827738784176115, default = "kg/kW", link = "Horsepower", }, ["kg/h"] = { per = { "kg", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "lb/h", }, ["lb/h"] = { per = { "lb", "h" }, utype = "mass per unit time", default = "kg/h", }, ["g-mol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "g-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "gmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "gmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "gmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "gmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "gmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lbmol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/d"] = { name1 = "kilomole per day", name2 = "kilomoles per day", symbol = "kmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/h"] = { name1 = "kilomole per hour", name2 = "kilomoles per hour", symbol = "kmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/min"] = { name1 = "kilomole per minute", name2 = "kilomoles per minute", symbol = "kmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 16.666666666666668, default = "mol/s", link = "Kilomole (unit)", }, ["kmol/s"] = { name1 = "kilomole per second", name2 = "kilomoles per second", symbol = "kmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1000, default = "lb-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["lb-mol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lbmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lbmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lbmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lbmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["mmol/s"] = { name1 = "millimole per second", name2 = "millimoles per second", symbol = "mmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/d"] = { name1 = "mole per day", name2 = "moles per day", symbol = "mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/h"] = { name1 = "mole per hour", name2 = "moles per hour", symbol = "mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/min"] = { name1 = "mole per minute", name2 = "moles per minute", symbol = "mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/s"] = { name1 = "mole per second", name2 = "moles per second", symbol = "mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["μmol/s"] = { name1 = "micromole per second", name2 = "micromoles per second", symbol = "μmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.000001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["umol/s"] = { target = "μmol/s", }, ["/acre"] = { name1 = "per acre", name2 = "per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["/ha"] = { name1 = "per hectare", name2 = "per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["/sqcm"] = { name1 = "per square centimetre", name1_us = "per square centimeter", name2 = "per square centimetre", name2_us = "per square centimeter", symbol = "/cm²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e4, default = "/sqin", link = "Square centimetre", }, ["/sqin"] = { name1 = "per square inch", name2 = "per square inch", symbol = "/in²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1550.0031000062002, default = "/sqcm", link = "Square inch", }, ["/sqkm"] = { name1 = "per square kilometre", name1_us = "per square kilometer", name2 = "per square kilometre", name2_us = "per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["/sqmi"] = { name1 = "per square mile", name2 = "per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["PD/acre"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per acre", name2 = "inhabitants per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "PD/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["PD/ha"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per hectare", name2 = "inhabitants per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "PD/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["PD/sqkm"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square kilometre", name1_us = "inhabitant per square kilometer", name2 = "inhabitants per square kilometre", name2_us = "inhabitants per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "PD/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["PD/sqmi"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square mile", name2 = "inhabitants per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "PD/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["/cm2"] = { target = "/sqcm", }, ["/in2"] = { target = "/sqin", }, ["/km2"] = { target = "/sqkm", }, ["pd/acre"] = { target = "PD/acre", }, ["pd/ha"] = { target = "PD/ha", }, ["PD/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["PD/km²"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqkm"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqmi"] = { target = "PD/sqmi", }, ["/l"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/l", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/L"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/L", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/USgal"] = { name1 = "per gallon", name2 = "per gallon", symbol = "/gal", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 264.172052, default = "/L", link = "US gallon", customary= 2, }, ["/usgal"] = { target = "/USgal", }, ["bhp"] = { name1 = "brake horsepower", name2 = "brake horsepower", symbol = "bhp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Brake horsepower", }, ["Cal/d"] = { name1 = "large calorie per day", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per day", symbol = "Cal/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.048425925925925928, default = "kJ/d", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal/h"] = { name1 = "large calorie per hour", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "Cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kJ/h", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal/h"] = { name1 = "calorie per hour", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.0011622222222222223, default = "W", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CV"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "CV", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hk"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hk", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hp"] = { name1 = "horsepower", name2 = "horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", }, ["hp-electric"] = { name1 = "electric horsepower", name2 = "electric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-electrical"] = { name1 = "electrical horsepower", name2 = "electrical horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-metric"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["ihp"] = { name1 = "indicated horsepower", name2 = "indicated horsepower", symbol = "ihp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Indicated horsepower", }, ["kcal/h"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per hour", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "kcal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kW", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kJ/d"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per day", name2 = "kilojoules per day", symbol = "kJ/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "Cal/d", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["kJ/h"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per hour", name2 = "kilojoules per hour", symbol = "kJ/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "W", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["PS"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "PS", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["shp"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower", name2 = "shaft horsepower", symbol = "shp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Shaft horsepower", }, ["W"] = { _name1 = "watt", _symbol = "W", utype = "power", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "hp", link = "Watt", }, ["BTU/h"] = { per = { "BTU", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["Btu/h"] = { per = { "Btu", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["BHP"] = { target = "bhp", }, ["btu/h"] = { target = "BTU/h", }, ["HP"] = { target = "hp", }, ["Hp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp-mechanical"] = { target = "hp", }, ["IHP"] = { target = "ihp", }, ["SHP"] = { target = "shp", }, ["whp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp/lb"] = { name1 = "horsepower per pound", name2 = "horsepower per pound", symbol = "hp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/LT"] = { name1 = "horsepower per long ton", name2 = "horsepower per long ton", symbol = "hp/LT", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73392268125000004, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/ST"] = { name1 = "horsepower per short ton", name2 = "horsepower per short ton", symbol = "hp/ST", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.821993403, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/t"] = { name1 = "horsepower per tonne", name2 = "horsepower per tonne", symbol = "hp/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.74569987158227022, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/kg"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per kilogram", name2 = "kilowatts per kilogram", symbol = "kW/kg", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "hp/lb", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/t"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per tonne", name2 = "kilowatts per tonne", symbol = "kW/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1, default = "PS/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["PS/t"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower per tonne", name2 = "metric horsepower per tonne", symbol = "PS/t", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 0.73549875, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["shp/lb"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower per pound", name2 = "shaft horsepower per pound", symbol = "shp/lb", utype = "power per unit mass", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/tonne"] = { target = "hp/t", symbol = "hp/tonne", default = "kW/tonne", }, ["kW/tonne"] = { target = "kW/t", symbol = "kW/tonne", }, ["-lb/in2"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "lb/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["atm"] = { name1 = "standard atmosphere", symbol = "atm", utype = "pressure", scale = 101325, default = "kPa", link = "Atmosphere (unit)", }, ["Ba"] = { name1 = "barye", symbol = "Ba", utype = "pressure", scale = 0.1, default = "Pa", }, ["bar"] = { symbol = "bar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["dbar"] = { name1 = "decibar", symbol = "dbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 10000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["inHg"] = { name1 = "inch of mercury", name2 = "inches of mercury", symbol = "inHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 3386.388640341, default = "kPa", }, ["kBa"] = { name1 = "kilobarye", symbol = "kBa", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Barye", }, ["kg-f/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kg_f/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kg/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per square centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kgf/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kgf/cm²", utype = "pressure", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["ksi"] = { name1 = "kilopound per square inch", name2 = "kilopounds per square inch", symbol = "ksi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894757.2931683613, default = "MPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["lbf/in2"] = { name1 = "pound-force per square inch", name2 = "pounds-force per square inch", symbol = "lbf/in²", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["mb"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mb", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mbar"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mbar", utype = "pressure", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mmHg"] = { name1 = "millimetre of mercury", name1_us = "millimeter of mercury", name2 = "millimetres of mercury", name2_us = "millimeters of mercury", symbol = "mmHg", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.322387415, default = "kPa", }, ["Pa"] = { _name1 = "pascal", _symbol = "Pa", utype = "pressure", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "psi", link = "Pascal (unit)", }, ["psf"] = { name1 = "pound per square foot", name2 = "pounds per square foot", symbol = "psf", utype = "pressure", scale = 47.880258980335839, default = "kPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["psi"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "psi", utype = "pressure", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa", }, ["Torr"] = { name1 = "torr", symbol = "Torr", utype = "pressure", scale = 133.32236842105263, default = "kPa", }, ["N/cm2"] = { per = { "N", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["N/m2"] = { per = { "N", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "psi", }, ["g/cm2"] = { per = { "g", "cm2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["g/m2"] = { per = { "g", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/ha"] = { per = { "kg", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/m2"] = { per = { "kg", "m2" }, utype = "pressure", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/1000sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "1000sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/acre"] = { per = { "lb", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqyd"] = { per = { "lb", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["LT/acre"] = { per = { "LT", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["MT/ha"] = { per = { "MT", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqft"] = { per = { "oz", "sqft" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqyd"] = { per = { "oz", "sqyd" }, utype = "pressure", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["ST/acre"] = { per = { "ST", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["t/ha"] = { per = { "t", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/acre"] = { per = { "tonne", "acre" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/ha"] = { per = { "tonne", "ha" }, utype = "pressure", default = "tonne/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kgfpsqcm"] = { target = "kgf/cm2", }, ["kgpsqcm"] = { target = "kg/cm2", }, ["kN/m2"] = { target = "kPa", }, ["lb/in2"] = { target = "lbf/in2", }, ["torr"] = { target = "Torr", }, ["Bq"] = { _name1 = "becquerel", _symbol = "Bq", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "pCi", link = "Becquerel", }, ["Ci"] = { _name1 = "curie", _symbol = "Ci", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 3.7e10, prefixes = 1, default = "GBq", link = "Curie (unit)", }, ["Rd"] = { _name1 = "rutherford", _symbol = "Rd", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1e6, prefixes = 1, default = "MBq", link = "Rutherford (unit)", }, ["cm/h"] = { name1 = "centimetre per hour", name1_us = "centimeter per hour", name2 = "centimetres per hour", name2_us = "centimeters per hour", symbol = "cm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777775e-6, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/s"] = { name1 = "centimetre per second", name1_us = "centimeter per second", name2 = "centimetres per second", name2_us = "centimeters per second", symbol = "cm/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.01, default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/year"] = { name1 = "centimetre per year", name1_us = "centimeter per year", name2 = "centimetres per year", name2_us = "centimeters per year", symbol = "cm/year", utype = "speed", scale = 3.168873850681143e-10, default = "in/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["foot/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "foot per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", }, ["ft/min"] = { name1 = "foot per minute", name2 = "feet per minute", symbol = "ft/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.00508, default = "m/min", link = "Feet per second", }, ["ft/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "feet per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", link = "Feet per second", }, ["furlong per fortnight"] = { name2 = "furlongs per fortnight", symbol = "furlong per fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "speed", scale = 0.00016630952380952381, default = "km/h mph", link = "FFF system", }, ["in/h"] = { name1 = "inch per hour", name2 = "inches per hour", symbol = "in/h", utype = "speed", scale = 7.0555555555555559e-6, default = "cm/h", link = "Inch", }, ["in/s"] = { name1 = "inch per second", name2 = "inches per second", symbol = "in/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.0254, default = "cm/s", link = "Inch", }, ["in/year"] = { name1 = "inch per year", name2 = "inches per year", symbol = "in/year", utype = "speed", scale = 8.0489395807301024e-10, default = "cm/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["isp"] = { name1 = "second", symbol = "s", utype = "speed", scale = 9.80665, default = "km/s", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["km/d"] = { name1 = "kilometre per day", name1_us = "kilometer per day", name2 = "kilometres per day", name2_us = "kilometers per day", symbol = "km/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.1574074074074074e-2, default = "mi/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["km/h"] = { name1 = "kilometre per hour", name1_us = "kilometer per hour", name2 = "kilometres per hour", name2_us = "kilometers per hour", symbol = "km/h", utype = "speed", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph", link = "Kilometres per hour", }, ["km/s"] = { name1 = "kilometre per second", name1_us = "kilometer per second", name2 = "kilometres per second", name2_us = "kilometers per second", symbol = "km/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "mi/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["kn"] = { name1 = "knot", symbol = "kn", utype = "speed", scale = 0.51444444444444448, default = "km/h mph", link = "Knot (unit)", }, ["kNs/kg"] = { name2 = "kN&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "kN&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["m/min"] = { name1 = "metre per minute", name1_us = "meter per minute", name2 = "metres per minute", name2_us = "meters per minute", symbol = "m/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "ft/min", link = "Metre per second", }, ["m/s"] = { name1 = "metre per second", name1_us = "meter per second", name2 = "metres per second", name2_us = "meters per second", symbol = "m/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "ft/s", }, ["Mach"] = { name2 = "Mach", symbol = "Mach", utype = "speed", builtin = "mach", scale = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "km/h mph", link = "Mach number", }, ["mi/d"] = { name1 = "mile per day", name2 = "miles per day", symbol = "mi/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.8626666666666667e-2, default = "km/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["mi/s"] = { name1 = "mile per second", name2 = "miles per second", symbol = "mi/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1609.344, default = "km/s", link = "Mile", }, ["mm/h"] = { name1 = "millimetre per hour", name1_us = "millimeter per hour", name2 = "millimetres per hour", name2_us = "millimeters per hour", symbol = "mm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777781e-7, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["mph"] = { name1 = "mile per hour", name2 = "miles per hour", symbol = "mph", utype = "speed", scale = 0.44704, default = "km/h", link = "Miles per hour", }, ["Ns/kg"] = { name2 = "N&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "N&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["si tsfc"] = { name2 = "g/(kN⋅s)", symbol = "g/(kN⋅s)", utype = "speed", scale = 9.9999628621379242e-7, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["tsfc"] = { name2 = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", symbol = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", utype = "speed", scale = 2.832545036049801e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "si tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["cm/y"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["cm/yr"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["in/y"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["in/yr"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["knot"] = { target = "kn", }, ["knots"] = { target = "kn", }, ["kph"] = { target = "km/h", }, ["mi/h"] = { target = "mph", }, ["mm/s"] = { per = { "mm", "s" }, utype = "speed", default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["C"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius", name2 = "degrees Celsius", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = -273.15, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "F", link = "Celsius", }, ["F"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 32-273.15*(9/5), iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "C", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K"] = { _name1 = "kelvin", _symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, prefixes = 1, default = "C F", link = "Kelvin", }, ["keVT"] = { name1 = "kiloelectronvolt", symbol = "keV", utype = "temperature", scale = 11604518.121550081, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "MK", defkey = "keVT", linkey = "keVT", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["R"] = { name1 = "degree Rankine", name2 = "degrees Rankine", symbol = "°R", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "K F C", link = "Rankine scale", }, ["Celsius"] = { target = "C", }, ["°C"] = { target = "C", }, ["°F"] = { target = "F", }, ["°R"] = { target = "R", }, ["C-change"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius change", name2 = "degrees Celsius change", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Celsius", }, ["F-change"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit change", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit change", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 0.55555555555555558, default = "C-change", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K-change"] = { name1 = "kelvin change", name2 = "kelvins change", symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Kelvin", }, ["°C-change"] = { target = "C-change", }, ["°F-change"] = { target = "F-change", }, ["century"] = { name1 = "century", name2 = "centuries", symbol = "ha", utype = "time", scale = 3155760000, default = "Gs", }, ["d"] = { name1 = "day", symbol = "d", utype = "time", scale = 86400, default = "ks", }, ["decade"] = { name1 = "decade", symbol = "daa", utype = "time", scale = 315576000, default = "Ms", }, ["dog year"] = { name1 = "dog year", symbol = "dog yr", utype = "time", scale = 220903200, default = "years", link = "List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year", }, ["fortnight"] = { symbol = "fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 1209600, default = "week", }, ["h"] = { name1 = "hour", symbol = "h", utype = "time", scale = 3600, default = "ks", }, ["long billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["millennium"] = { name1 = "millennium", name2 = "millennia", symbol = "ka", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000, default = "Gs", }, ["milliard year"] = { name1 = "milliard years", name2 = "milliard years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["million year"] = { name1 = "million years", name2 = "million years", symbol = "Ma", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000, default = "Ts", link = "Annum", }, ["min"] = { name1 = "minute", symbol = "min", utype = "time", scale = 60, default = "s", }, ["month"] = { symbol = "month", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "Ms", }, ["months"] = { name1 = "month", symbol = "mo", utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "year", }, ["s"] = { _name1 = "second", _symbol = "s", utype = "time", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v < 7200 ! min ! h", link = "Second", }, ["short billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["short trillion year"] = { name1 = "trillion years", name2 = "trillion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["thousand million year"] = { name1 = "thousand million years", name2 = "thousand million years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["wk"] = { symbol = "week", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 604800, default = "Ms", }, ["year"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "a", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["years"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "yr", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["byr"] = { target = "short billion year", }, ["day"] = { target = "d", }, ["days"] = { target = "d", }, ["dog yr"] = { target = "dog year", }, ["Gyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["hour"] = { target = "h", }, ["hours"] = { target = "h", }, ["kMyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["long byr"] = { target = "long billion year", }, ["minute"] = { target = "min", }, ["minutes"] = { target = "min", }, ["mth"] = { target = "month", }, ["Myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["sec"] = { target = "s", }, ["second"] = { target = "s", }, ["seconds"] = { target = "s", }, ["tmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["tryr"] = { target = "short trillion year", }, ["tyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["week"] = { target = "wk", }, ["weeks"] = { target = "wk", }, ["yr"] = { target = "year", }, ["kg.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgf.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram force-metre", name1_us = "kilogram force-meter", symbol = "kgf⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgm"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kpm"] = { name1 = "kilopond metre", name1_us = "kilopond meter", symbol = "kp⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["lb-fft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.ft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.in"] = { name1 = "pound force-inch", symbol = "lb⋅in", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mN.m", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbfft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lbf⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbft"] = { name1 = "pound-foot", name2 = "pound-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["m.kg-f"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kg_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["m.kgf"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kgf", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["mN.m"] = { name1 = "millinewton-metre", name1_us = "millinewton-meter", symbol = "mN⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.001, default = "lb.in", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["Nm"] = { _name1 = "newton-metre", _name1_us= "newton-meter", _symbol = "N⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", alttype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lbfft", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["kN/m"] = { per = { "kN", "-m-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "lbf/in", }, ["lbf/in"] = { per = { "lbf", "-in-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "kN/m", }, ["lb-f.ft"] = { target = "lb-fft", }, ["lbf.ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lbf·ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lb·ft"] = { target = "lb.ft", }, ["mkg-f"] = { target = "m.kg-f", }, ["mkgf"] = { target = "m.kgf", }, ["N.m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["N·m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["ton-mile"] = { symbol = "ton-mile", usename = 1, utype = "transportation", scale = 1.4599723182105602, default = "tkm", }, ["tkm"] = { name1 = "tonne-kilometre", name1_us = "tonne-kilometer", symbol = "tkm", utype = "transportation", scale = 1, default = "ton-mile", }, ["-12USoz(mL)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USoz(ml)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "ml", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USozserve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["acre-foot"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-foot", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["acre-ft"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-feet", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["AUtbsp"] = { name1 = "Australian tablespoon", symbol = "AU&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000020, default = "ml", }, ["Bcuft"] = { name1 = "billion cubic foot", name2 = "billion cubic feet", symbol = "billion cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "Gl", link = "Cubic foot", }, ["bdft"] = { name1 = "board foot", name2 = "board feet", symbol = "bd&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board feet"] = { name2 = "board feet", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board foot"] = { name2 = "board foot", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["cc"] = { name1 = "cubic centimetre", name1_us = "cubic centimeter", symbol = "cc", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000001, default = "cuin", }, ["CID"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cc", link = "Cubic inch#Engine displacement", }, ["cord"] = { symbol = "cord", utype = "volume", scale = 3.624556363776, default = "m3", link = "Cord (unit)", }, ["cufoot"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic foot", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuft"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic feet", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuin"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cm3", }, ["cumi"] = { name1 = "cubic mile", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi", utype = "volume", scale = 4168181825.440579584, default = "km3", }, ["cuyd"] = { name1 = "cubic yard", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd", utype = "volume", scale = 0.764554857984, default = "m3", }, ["firkin"] = { symbol = "firkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.04091481, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Firkin (unit)", }, ["foot3"] = { target = "cufoot", }, ["Goilbbl"] = { name1 = "billion barrels", name2 = "billion barrels", symbol = "Gbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294.928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["gr water"] = { name1 = "grains water", name2 = "grains water", symbol = "gr H₂O", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00000006479891, default = "cm3", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["grt"] = { name1 = "gross register ton", symbol = "grt", utype = "volume", scale = 2.8316846592, default = "m3", link = "Gross register tonnage", }, ["impbbl"] = { name1 = "imperial barrel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.16365924, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["impbsh"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "L impgal USdrygal", }, ["impbu"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "m3", }, ["impgal"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00454609, default = "L USgal", }, ["impgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001420653125, default = "ml USoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["impkenning"] = { name1 = "imperial kenning", symbol = "kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01818436, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["impoz"] = { name1 = "imperial fluid ounce", symbol = "imp&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000284130625, default = "ml USoz", }, ["imppk"] = { name1 = "imperial peck", symbol = "pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00909218, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Peck", }, ["imppt"] = { name1 = "imperial pint", symbol = "imp&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00056826125, default = "L", }, ["impqt"] = { name1 = "imperial quart", symbol = "imp&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0011365225, default = "ml USoz", customary= 3, }, ["kilderkin"] = { symbol = "kilderkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.08182962, default = "L impgal USgal", }, ["koilbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "kbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["L"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "L", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["l"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["ll"] = { name1 = "litre", name1_us = "liter", symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, default = "impgal USgal", }, ["m3"] = { _name1 = "cubic metre", _name1_us= "cubic meter", _symbol = "m³", prefix_position= 7, utype = "volume", scale = 1, prefixes = 3, default = "cuft", link = "Cubic metre", }, ["Mbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MMoilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "MMbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["Moilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MTON"] = { name1 = "measurement ton", symbol = "MTON", utype = "volume", scale = 1.13267386368, default = "m3", }, ["MUSgal"] = { name1 = "million US gallons", name1_us = "million U.S. gallons", name2 = "million US gallons", name2_us = "million U.S. gallons", symbol = "million US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "million U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 3785.411784, default = "Ml", link = "US gallon", }, ["oilbbl"] = { name1 = "barrel", symbol = "bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.158987294928, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["stere"] = { symbol = "stere", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 1, default = "cuft", }, ["tmcft"] = { name2 = "tmcft", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", }, ["Tmcft"] = { name1 = "thousand million cubic feet", name2 = "thousand million cubic feet", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", link = "Tmcft", }, ["Toilbbl"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels", name2 = "trillion barrels", symbol = "Tbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["USbbl"] = { name1 = "US barrel", name1_us = "U.S. barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.119240471196, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbeerbbl"] = { name1 = "US beer barrel", name1_us = "U.S. beer barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.117347765304, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbsh"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bsh", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USbu"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bu", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USdrybbl"] = { name1 = "US dry barrel", name1_us = "U.S. dry barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.11562819898508, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USdrygal"] = { name1 = "US dry gallon", name1_us = "U.S. dry gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00440488377086, default = "L", link = "گئلن", }, ["USdrypt"] = { name1 = "US dry pint", name1_us = "U.S. dry pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0005506104713575, default = "ml", link = "Pint", }, ["USdryqt"] = { name1 = "US dry quart", name1_us = "U.S. dry quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001101220942715, default = "ml", link = "Quart", }, ["USflgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US fl gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", }, ["USgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001182941183, default = "ml impoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["USkenning"] = { name1 = "US kenning", name1_us = "U.S. kenning", symbol = "US&nbsp;kenning", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01761953508344, default = "L impgal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["USmin"] = { name1 = "US minim", name1_us = "U.S. minim", symbol = "US&nbsp;min", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;min", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000000061611519921875, default = "ml", link = "Minim (unit)", }, ["USoz"] = { name1 = "US fluid ounce", name1_us = "U.S. fluid ounce", symbol = "US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000295735295625, default = "ml", }, ["USpk"] = { name1 = "US peck", name1_us = "U.S. peck", symbol = "US&nbsp;pk", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00880976754172, default = "L impgal", link = "Peck", }, ["USpt"] = { name1 = "US pint", name1_us = "U.S. pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000473176473, default = "L imppt", link = "Pint", }, ["USqt"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml", link = "Quart", customary= 1, }, ["USquart"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml impoz", link = "Quart", }, ["UStbsp"] = { name1 = "US tablespoon", name1_us = "U.S. tablespoon", symbol = "US&nbsp;tbsp", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 1.4786764781250001e-5, default = "ml", }, ["winecase"] = { symbol = "case", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.009, default = "L", link = "Case (goods)", }, ["*U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["*U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["+USdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", customary= 1, }, ["+usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", link = "Fluid ounce", customary= 1, }, ["+USgal"] = { target = "USgal", customary= 1, }, ["+USoz"] = { target = "USoz", customary= 1, }, ["@impgal"] = { target = "impgal", link = "گئلن", customary= 3, }, ["acre feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre-feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre.foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre.ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre·ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["bushels"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["cid"] = { target = "CID", }, ["ft3"] = { target = "cuft", symbol = "ft³", }, ["gal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["گئلن"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})", }, ["gallons"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})", }, ["Gcuft"] = { target = "e9cuft", }, ["impfloz"] = { target = "impoz", }, ["Impgal"] = { target = "impgal", }, ["in3"] = { target = "cuin", symbol = "in³", }, ["hm³"] = { target = "hm3", }, ["kcuft"] = { target = "e3cuft", }, ["kcum"] = { target = "e3m3", }, ["km³"] = { target = "km3", }, ["liter"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["liters"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["litre"] = { target = "L", }, ["litres"] = { target = "L", }, ["Mcuft"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["Mcum"] = { target = "e6m3", }, ["Mft3"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["mi3"] = { target = "cumi", symbol = "mi³", }, ["m³"] = { target = "m3", }, ["Pcuft"] = { target = "e15cuft", }, ["pt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})", }, ["qt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})", }, ["Tcuft"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["Tft3"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["U.S.bbl"] = { target = "USbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.beerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.bsh"] = { target = "USbsh", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.bu"] = { target = "USbu", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.drybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.dryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.flgal"] = { target = "USflgal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.floz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["u.s.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["U.S.gi"] = { target = "USgi", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.kenning"] = { target = "USkenning", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.oz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pk"] = { target = "USpk", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pt"] = { target = "USpt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.qt"] = { target = "USqt", sp_us = true, default = "L impqt", customary= 2, }, ["usbbl"] = { target = "USbbl", }, ["usbeerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", }, ["usbsh"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["usbu"] = { target = "USbu", }, ["usdrybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", }, ["usdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", }, ["usdrypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", }, ["usdryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", }, ["USfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["USGAL"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgi"] = { target = "USgi", }, ["uskenning"] = { target = "USkenning", }, ["usoz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["uspk"] = { target = "USpk", }, ["uspt"] = { target = "USpt", }, ["usqt"] = { target = "USqt", }, ["yd3"] = { target = "cuyd", symbol = "yd³", }, ["cuft/sqmi"] = { per = { "cuft", "sqmi" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["m3/ha"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hectare", name1_us = "cubic meter per hectare", name2 = "cubic metres per hectare", name2_us = "cubic meters per hectare", symbol = "m³/ha", utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 0.0001, default = "USbu/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["m3/km2"] = { per = { "m3", "km2" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "cuft/sqmi", }, ["U.S.gal/acre"] = { per = { "U.S.gal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["USbu/acre"] = { name2 = "US bushels per acre", symbol = "US bushel per acre", usename = 1, utype = "volume per unit area", scale = 8.7077638761350888e-6, default = "m3/ha", link = "Bushel", }, ["USgal/acre"] = { per = { "USgal", "acre" }, utype = "volume per unit area", default = "m3/km2", }, ["cuyd/mi"] = { per = { "cuyd", "mi" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "m3/km", }, ["m3/km"] = { per = { "m3", "km" }, utype = "volume per unit length", default = "cuyd/mi", }, ["mich"] = { combination= { "ch", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michlk"] = { combination= { "chlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michainlk"] = { combination= { "chainlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["miyd"] = { combination= { "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["miydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["mift"] = { combination= { "ft", "mi" }, multiple = { 5280 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 12, 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydft"] = { combination= { "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["footin"] = { combination= { "in", "foot" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["handin"] = { combination= { "in", "hand" }, multiple = { 4 }, utype = "length", }, ["lboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb" }, multiple = { 16 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 16, 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["st and lb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["GN LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["LTf STf"] = { combination= { "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["STf LTf"] = { combination= { "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["L/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgUS"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["mpgimp L/100 km"] = { combination= { "mpgimp", "L/100 km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["LT ST t"] = { combination= { "lt", "-ST", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["LT t ST"] = { combination= { "lt", "t", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST LT t"] = { combination= { "-ST", "lt", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST t LT"] = { combination= { "-ST", "t", "lt" }, utype = "mass", }, ["t LT ST"] = { combination= { "t", "lt", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ton"] = { combination= { "LT", "ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["kPa kg/cm2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "kgf/cm2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["kPa lb/in2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "-lb/in2" }, utype = "pressure", }, ["floz"] = { combination= { "impoz", "USoz" }, utype = "volume", }, } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local default_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation). ["cm²"] = "sqin", ["dm²"] = "sqin", ["e3acre"] = "km2", ["e3m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6acre"] = "km2", ["e6ha"] = "e6acre", ["e6km2"] = "e6sqmi", ["e6m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6sqft"] = "v * 9.290304 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2", ["e6sqmi"] = "e6km2", ["hm²"] = "acre", ["km²"] = "sqmi", ["mm²"] = "sqin", ["aJ"] = "eV", ["e3BTU"] = "ايم جَي", ["e6BTU"] = "GJ", ["EJ"] = "kWh", ["eV"] = "aJ", ["feV"] = "yJ", ["fJ"] = "keV", ["GeV"] = "nJ", ["GJ"] = "kWh", ["keV"] = "fJ", ["MeV"] = "پي جَي", ["meV"] = "zJ", ["ايم جَي"] = "kWh", ["neV"] = "yJ", ["PeV"] = "ايم جَي", ["peV"] = "yJ", ["پي جَي"] = "kWh", ["پي جَي"] = "MeV", ["TeV"] = "μJ", ["TJ"] = "kWh", ["YJ"] = "kWh", ["yJ"] = "μeV", ["ZJ"] = "kWh", ["zJ"] = "meV", ["μeV"] = "yJ", ["e12cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", ["e12cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d", ["e12m3/a"] = "Tcuft/a", ["e12m3/d"] = "Tcuft/d", ["e3cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e3cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", ["e3cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s", ["e3m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a", ["e3m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d", ["e3m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s", ["e3USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", ["e6cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s", ["e6m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a", ["e6m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d", ["e6m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s", ["e6USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e9cuft/a"] = "m3/a", ["e9cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d", ["e9m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a", ["e9m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d", ["e9m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s", ["e9USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", ["e9USgal/s"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s", ["nN"] = "gr-f", ["μN"] = "gr-f", ["mN"] = "oz-f", ["am"] = "in", ["cm"] = "in", ["dam"] = "ft", ["dm"] = "in", ["e12km"] = "e12mi", ["e12mi"] = "e12km", ["e3AU"] = "ly", ["e3km"] = "e3mi", ["e3mi"] = "e3km", ["e6km"] = "e6mi", ["e6mi"] = "e6km", ["e9km"] = "AU", ["e9mi"] = "e9km", ["Em"] = "mi", ["fm"] = "in", ["Gm"] = "mi", ["hm"] = "ft", ["km"] = "mi", ["mm"] = "in", ["Mm"] = "mi", ["nm"] = "in", ["Pm"] = "mi", ["pm"] = "in", ["Tm"] = "mi", ["Ym"] = "mi", ["ym"] = "in", ["Zm"] = "mi", ["zm"] = "in", ["μm"] = "in", ["e12lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! Mt ! Gt", ["e3lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3ozt"] = "v * 0.311034768 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3t"] = "LT ST", ["e6carat"] = "t", ["e6lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! t ! kilotonne", ["e6ozt"] = "lb kg", ["e6ST"] = "Mt", ["e6t"] = "LT ST", ["e9lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt", ["e9t"] = "LT ST", ["Gg"] = "lb", ["kg"] = "lb", ["mg"] = "gr", ["Mg"] = "LT ST", ["ng"] = "gr", ["μg"] = "gr", ["mBq"] = "fCi", ["kBq"] = "nCi", ["MBq"] = "μCi", ["GBq"] = "mCi", ["TBq"] = "Ci", ["PBq"] = "kCi", ["EBq"] = "kCi", ["fCi"] = "mBq", ["pCi"] = "Bq", ["nCi"] = "Bq", ["μCi"] = "kBq", ["mCi"] = "MBq", ["kCi"] = "TBq", ["MCi"] = "PBq", ["ns"] = "μs", ["μs"] = "ms", ["ms"] = "s", ["ks"] = "h", ["Ms"] = "week", ["Gs"] = "decade", ["Ts"] = "millennium", ["Ps"] = "million year", ["Es"] = "thousand million year", ["MK"] = "keVT", ["cL"] = "impoz usoz", ["cl"] = "impoz usoz", ["cm³"] = "cuin", ["dL"] = "impoz usoz", ["dl"] = "impoz usoz", ["mm³"] = "cuin", ["dm³"] = "cuin", ["e12cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", ["e12impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft", ["e12U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e15cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3", ["e15m3"] = "Pcuft", ["e3bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e3cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3", ["e3impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft", ["e3U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e6bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuyd"] = "v * 7.64554857984 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6L"] = "USgal", ["e6m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft", ["e6U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e9bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft", ["e9U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["GL"] = "cuft", ["Gl"] = "cuft", ["kL"] = "cuft", ["kl"] = "cuft", ["km³"] = "cumi", ["mL"] = "impoz usoz", ["ml"] = "impoz usoz", ["Ml"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["ML"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["TL"] = "cumi", ["Tl"] = "cumi", ["μL"] = "cuin", ["μl"] = "cuin", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local link_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode). ["mm²"] = "Square millimetre", ["cm²"] = "Square centimetre", ["dm²"] = "Square decimetre", ["km²"] = "Square kilometre", ["kJ"] = "Kilojoule", ["ايم جَي"] = "Megajoule", ["GJ"] = "Gigajoule", ["TJ"] = "Terajoule", ["fm"] = "Femtometre", ["pm"] = "Picometre", ["nm"] = "Nanometre", ["μm"] = "Micrometre", ["mm"] = "Millimetre", ["cm"] = "Centimetre", ["dm"] = "Decimetre", ["dam"] = "Decametre", ["hm"] = "Hectometre", ["km"] = "Kilometre", ["Mm"] = "Megametre", ["Gm"] = "Gigametre", ["Tm"] = "Terametre", ["Pm"] = "Petametre", ["Em"] = "Exametre", ["Zm"] = "Zettametre", ["Ym"] = "Yottametre", ["μg"] = "Microgram", ["mg"] = "Milligram", ["kg"] = "Kilogram", ["Mg"] = "Tonne", ["yW"] = "Yoctowatt", ["zW"] = "Zeptowatt", ["aW"] = "Attowatt", ["fW"] = "Femtowatt", ["pW"] = "Picowatt", ["nW"] = "Nanowatt", ["μW"] = "Microwatt", ["mW"] = "Milliwatt", ["kW"] = "Kilowatt", ["MW"] = "Megawatt", ["GW"] = "Gigawatt", ["TW"] = "Terawatt", ["PW"] = "Petawatt", ["EW"] = "Exawatt", ["ZW"] = "Zettawatt", ["YW"] = "Yottawatt", ["as"] = "Attosecond", ["fs"] = "Femtosecond", ["ps"] = "Picosecond", ["ns"] = "Nanosecond", ["μs"] = "Microsecond", ["ms"] = "Millisecond", ["ks"] = "Kilosecond", ["Ms"] = "Megasecond", ["Gs"] = "Gigasecond", ["Ts"] = "Terasecond", ["Ps"] = "Petasecond", ["Es"] = "Exasecond", ["Zs"] = "Zettasecond", ["Ys"] = "Yottasecond", ["mm³"] = "Cubic millimetre", ["cm³"] = "Cubic centimetre", ["dm³"] = "Cubic decimetre", ["dam³"] = "Cubic decametre", ["km³"] = "Cubic kilometre", ["μL"] = "Microlitre", ["μl"] = "Microlitre", ["mL"] = "Millilitre", ["ml"] = "Millilitre", ["cL"] = "Centilitre", ["cl"] = "Centilitre", ["dL"] = "Decilitre", ["dl"] = "Decilitre", ["daL"] = "Decalitre", ["dal"] = "Decalitre", ["hL"] = "Hectolitre", ["hl"] = "Hectolitre", ["kL"] = "ڪلولٽر", ["kl"] = "ڪلولٽر", ["ML"] = "ميگالٽر", ["Ml"] = "ميگالٽر", ["GL"] = "گيگالٽر", ["Gl"] = "گيگالٽر", ["TL"] = "ٽيرالٽر", ["Tl"] = "ٽيرالٽر", ["PL"] = "پيٽالٽر", ["Pl"] = "پيٽالٽر", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local per_unit_fixups = { -- Automatically created per units of form "x/y" may have their unit type -- changed, for example, "length/time" is changed to "speed". -- Other adjustments can also be specified. ["/area"] = "per unit area", ["/volume"] = "per unit volume", ["area/area"] = "area per unit area", ["energy/length"] = "energy per unit length", ["energy/mass"] = "energy per unit mass", ["energy/time"] = { utype = "power", link = "Power (physics)" }, ["energy/volume"] = "energy per unit volume", ["force/area"] = { utype = "pressure", link = "Pressure" }, ["length/length"] = { utype = "gradient", link = "Grade (slope)" }, ["length/time"] = { utype = "speed", link = "Speed" }, ["length/time/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["mass/area"] = { utype = "pressure", multiplier = 9.80665 }, ["mass/length"] = "linear density", ["mass/mass"] = "concentration", ["mass/power"] = "mass per unit power", ["mass/time"] = "mass per unit time", ["mass/volume"] = { utype = "density", link = "Density" }, ["power/mass"] = "power per unit mass", ["power/volume"] = { link = "Power density" }, ["pressure/length"] = "fracture gradient", ["speed/time"] = { utype = "acceleration", link = "Acceleration" }, ["volume/area"] = "volume per unit area", ["volume/length"] = "volume per unit length", ["volume/time"] = "وھڪرو", } return { all_units = all_units, default_exceptions = default_exceptions, link_exceptions = link_exceptions, per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups, } 9wjv8ujuu4t2n9udbdbpkaabvye4npa 377726 377725 2026-05-15T22:35:51Z Intisar Ali 8681 377726 Scribunto text/plain -- [[Module:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ وارو ڊيٽا، جيڪو mw.loadData() استعمال ڪري ٿو -- ھن ماڊيول تائين فقط پڙھڻ واري رسائي لاءِ، جيئن ھر صفحي تي ھي صرف ھڪ ڀيرو لوڊ ٿئي. -- ٻي وڪي تي نقل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] ڏسو. -- -- ھيٺيان ڊيٽا ٽيبلون شامل آھن: -- all_units ڪنھن به يونٽ جون سڀئي خاصيتون، ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ سميت -- default_exceptions ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جا ڊفالٽ مختلف آھن) -- link_exceptions ڳنڍڻين جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جون ڳنڍڻيون مختلف آھن) -- -- ھي ٽيبلون ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿين ٿيون، جيڪو ھڪ صفحي جي وڪي متن کي پڙھي ٿو -- جيڪو ھر يونٽ جي گھربل خاصيتن جي دستاويزڪاري ڪري ٿو؛ [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]] ڏسو. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ھن ٽيبل جي ڊيٽا ۾ تبديلي نه ڪريو ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اھا ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿئي ٿي -- -- جيڪو وڪي صفحي مان وڪي متن پڙھي ٿو (مٿيون نوٽ ڏسو). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local all_units = { ["Gy"] = { _name1 = "گِرَي", _symbol = "Gy", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "رَيڊ", link = "گِرَي (ايڪو)", }, ["رَيڊ"] = { _name1 = "رَيڊ", _symbol = "رَيڊ", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Gy", link = "رَيڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["cm/سيڪنڊ 2"] = { name1 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "cm/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.01, default = "ft/s2", link = "گئل (ايڪو)", }, ["فٽ/s2"] = { name1 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ft/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s2", }, ["g0"] = { name1 = "معياري ڪشش ثقل", name2 = "معياري ڪشش ثقلون", symbol = "''g''₀", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", }, ["g-فورس"] = { name2 = "''g''", symbol = "''g''", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", link = "g-فورس", }, ["ڪ م/hs"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ڪ م/(h⋅s)", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/s2"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "km/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1000, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ميٽر/s2"] = { name1 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "m/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1, default = "ft/s2", }, ["mph/سيڪنڊ"] = { name1 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "mph/سيڪنڊ", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.44704, default = "ڪ م/hs", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/h/s"] = { target = "ڪ م/hs", }, ["معياري ڪشش ثقل"] = { target = "g0", }, ["1000چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", name2 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", symbol = "1000 چ.فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 92.90304, default = "m2", link = "چورس فٽ", }, ["a"] = { _name1 = "ايراضي", _symbol = "a", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 100, prefixes = 1, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "ھيڪٽر#ايڪڙ", }, ["ايڪڙ"] = { symbol = "ايڪڙ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 4046.8564224, default = "ha", subdivs = { ["رُوڊ"] = { 4, default = "ha" }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { 160, default = "ha" } }, }, ["اَيڪَڙُ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آرپينٽ"] = { symbol = "آرپينٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3418.89, default = "ha", }, ["cda"] = { name1 = "ڪويردا", symbol = "cda", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3930.395625, default = "ha ايڪڙ", }, ["daa"] = { name1 = "ڊَيڪَر", symbol = "daa", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دونم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", link = "دُونَم", }, ["ha"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["هَيڪٽَر"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آئرش ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "آئرش ايڪڙ", symbol = "آئرش&nbsp;اَيڪَڙَ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 6555.2385024, default = "ha", link = "ايڪڙ (آئرش)", }, ["m2"] = { _name1 = "چورس ميٽر", _name1_us= "چورس ميٽر", _symbol = "m²", prefix_position= 8, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1, prefixes = 2, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "چورس ميٽر", }, ["پَونڊِيمَاٽُ"] = { name1 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", name2 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽَ", symbol = "پونڊ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3674.363358816, default = "ميٽر2", link = ":nl:پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["پِيَونگ"] = { name2 = "پِيَونگ", symbol = "پِيَونگ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["رائي"] = { name2 = "رائي", symbol = "رائي", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1600, default = "ميٽر2", link = "رائي (ايڪو)", }, ["رُوڊ"] = { symbol = "رُوڊ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1011.7141056, default = "چ.فٽ چ.ميٽر", subdivs = { ["چ.پرچ"] = { 40, default = "m2" } }, link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["چ .فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ", name2 = "چورس فٽ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فُٽُ", name2 = "چورس فُٽَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ. انچ"] = { name1 = "چورس اِنچُ", name2 = "چورس اِنچَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.00064516, default = "2سينٽي ميٽر", }, ["چ .ميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;ميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 2589988.110336, default = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["sqnميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;nميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3429904, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { name2 = "پَرچَ", symbol = "پَرچُ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 25.29285264, default = "m2", link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)#ايراضي ۽ حجم", }, ["چ. ويرسٽ"] = { symbol = "چورس ويرسٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1138062.24, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ويرسٽ", }, ["چ. گز"] = { name1 = "چورس گز", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;گز", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.83612736, default = "چ.ميل", }, ["ٽُسُوبَو"] = { name2 = "ٽُسُوبَو", symbol = "ٽُسُوبَو", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "چ.ميل", link = "جپاني ماپ جو ايڪو#ايراصي", }, ["اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["are"] = { target = "a", }, ["ڊيڪر"] = { target = "daa", }, ["چ. فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", symbol = "فٽ²", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { target = "چ.انچ", symbol = "انچ²", }, ["ڪ م²"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ. ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", symbol = "ميل²", }, ["ملين ايڪڙ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين ھيڪٽر"] = { target = "e6ھيڪٽر", }, ["ميل²"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["nميل2"] = { target = "چورسnميل", }, ["پونڊ"] = { target = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["چ. آرپ"] = { target = "آرپينٽ", }, ["چ.ڪ م"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["چورس ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { target = "چ.گز", symbol = "گز²", }, ["چ.ميٽر/ھيڪٽر"] = { name1 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name1_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", symbol = "ميٽر²/ھيڪٽر", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 0.0001, default = "چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", name2 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ/ايڪڙ", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 2.295684113865932e-5, default = "m2/ھيڪٽر", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["سينٽ"] = { name1 = "سينٽ", symbol = "¢", utype = "سينٽ", scale = 1, default = "سينٽ", link = "سينٽ (ڪرنسي)", }, ["¢"] = { target = "سينٽ", }, ["A.h"] = { name1 = "ايمپيئر ڪلاڪ", symbol = "A⋅h", utype = "چارج", scale = 3600, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["ڪولمب"] = { _name1 = "ڪولمب", _symbol = "C", utype = "چارج", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "e", link = "ڪولمب", }, ["e"] = { name1 = "ايليميٽري چارج", symbol = "''e''", utype = "چارج", scale = 1.602176634e-19, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["g-مول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "g&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gمول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "gمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kمول"] = { name1 = "ڪلومول", symbol = "kمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1000, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["lb-مول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lb&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["lbمول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lbمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["مول"] = { name1 = "مول", symbol = "مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", name2 ="ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام(CO₂)/L", utype = "co2 يونٽ حجم", scale = 1000, default = "lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائُونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائُونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lbCO2/آمريڪي&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "co2 حجم ايڪو", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["اونس/پائونڊ"] = { per = { "اونس", "پائونڊ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "م.گ/ڪ.گ", }, ["م.گ/ڪ.گ"] = { per = { "م.گ", "ڪ.گ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "اونس/پائونڊ", }, ["g/dm3"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "گرام/ڊيسي ميٽر³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "ڪ گ/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "گرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/mL"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/mL", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/ml"] = { name1 = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/ml", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/dm3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/dm³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/ميٽر3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/m³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 16.018463373960142, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ گز"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ گز", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ گز", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;گز", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.5932764212577829, default = "ڪلوگرام/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/امپيريل گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في امپيريل گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في امپيريل گئلن", symbol = "lb/امپيريل&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 99.776372663101697, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/انچ3"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي بشيل"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي بشيل", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي بشيل", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;بشيل", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 12.871859780974471, default = "ڪلوگرام/m3", link = "بشيل", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["مليگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "mg/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "اونسُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "اونسَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1729.9940443876951, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/cm3"] = { per = { "گرام", "cm3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["Mملي گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["ملي گرام/لٽر"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/dL"] = { per = { "μg", "dL" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/لٽر"] = { per = { "μg", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["پائونڊ/فٽ3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["پائونڊ/گز3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ گز", }, ["lbm/انچ3"] = { target = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["mcg/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["اونس/انچ3"] = { target = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["ug/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["ug/لٽر"] = { target = "μg/لٽر", }, ["بِي.او.ٽِي.يُو."] = { name1 = "بورڊ آف ٽريڊ يونٽ", symbol = "بِي.او.ٽي.يُو.", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["بِي بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بي ٽي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽي يو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "انرجي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بي ٽي يُو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ترمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -ISO"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (ISO)", name2 = "British thermal units (ISO)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_ISO", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.056, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO"] = { target = "بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -IT"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (آء ٽي)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (آء ٽي)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-آء ٽي"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (آء ٽي)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (آء ٽي)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_{آء ٽي}", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["پي ٽي يُو-مِين"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (مِين)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (مِين)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_مِين", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-مِين"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (مِين)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (مِين)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_مِين", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal يونٽَ (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal يونٽَ (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["Cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "Cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", }, ["Cal-15"] = { name1 = "Calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-15"] = { name1 = "calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1858, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-IT"] = { name1 = "Calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-IT"] = { name1 = "calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-th"] = { name1 = "Calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "Cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-th"] = { name1 = "calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CHU-IT"] = { name1 = "Celsius heat unit (International Table)", name2 = "Celsius heat units (International Table)", symbol = "CHU_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1899.100534716, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cufootnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic foot of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cuftnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic feet of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["Eh"] = { name1 = "Hartree", symbol = "''E''_h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.35974417e-18, default = "eV", }, ["erg"] = { symbol = "erg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000001, default = "μJ", }, ["eV"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.602176634e-19, prefixes = 1, default = "aJ", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["foe"] = { symbol = "foe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e44, default = "YJ", link = "Foe (unit)", }, ["ftlb"] = { name1 = "foot-pound", symbol = "ft⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlb-f"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlbf"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftpdl"] = { name1 = "foot-poundal", symbol = "ft⋅pdl", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0421401100938048, default = "جَي", }, ["gTNT"] = { name2 = "grams of TNT", symbol = "gram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Gtoe"] = { name1 = "gigatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "gigatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Gtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e19, default = "EJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["GtonTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatons of TNT", symbol = "gigaton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GtTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatonnes of TNT", symbol = "gigatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GW.h"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["GWh"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["hph"] = { name1 = "horsepower-hour", symbol = "hp⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2684519.537696172792, default = "kWh", link = "Horsepower", }, ["inlb"] = { name1 = "inch-pound", symbol = "in⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlb-f"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlbf"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inoz-f"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅oz_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inozf"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅ozf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["J"] = { _name1 = "جول" , _symbol = "جَي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "cal", link = "جول" , }, ["kBOE"] = { name1 = "kilo barrel of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilo barrels of oil equivalent", symbol = "kBOE", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6.1178632e12, default = "TJ", link = "Barrel of oil equivalent", }, ["kcal"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie", symbol = "kcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-15"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (15°C)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "kcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-IT"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "kcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-th"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "kcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kerg"] = { name1 = "kiloerg", symbol = "kerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0001, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Erg", }, ["kgTNT"] = { name2 = "kilograms of TNT", symbol = "kilogram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", name1_us = "kiloton", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktoe"] = { name1 = "kilotonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilotonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "ktoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e13, default = "TJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["ktonTNT"] = { name1 = "kiloton of TNT", name2 = "kilotons of TNT", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kW.h"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["kWh"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["Mcal"] = { name1 = "megacalorie", symbol = "Mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal"] = { name1 = "millicalorie", symbol = "mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-15"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (15°C)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-15"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (15°C)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041858, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041868, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-th"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "Mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-th"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Merg"] = { name1 = "megaerg", symbol = "Merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.1, default = "جَي", link = "Erg", }, ["merg"] = { name1 = "millierg", symbol = "merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "μJ", link = "Erg", }, ["MMBtu"] = { name1 = "million British thermal units", name2 = "million British thermal units", symbol = "MMBtu", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055852.62, default = "GJ", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["Mt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "megatonne", name1_us = "megaton", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Mtoe"] = { name1 = "megatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "megatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Mtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e16, default = "پي جَي", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT"] = { name1 = "megaton of TNT", name2 = "megatons of TNT", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtonTNT"] = { name2 = "millitons of TNT", symbol = "milliton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT", symbol = "megatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtTNT"] = { name2 = "millitonnes of TNT", symbol = "millitonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MW.h"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mW.h"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["MWh"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mWh"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["PSh"] = { name1 = "Pferdestärkenstunde", symbol = "PSh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2647795.5, default = "kWh", }, ["quad"] = { name1 = "quadrillion British thermal units", name2 = "quadrillion British thermal units", symbol = "quad", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.054804e18, default = "EJ", link = "Quad (unit)", }, ["Ry"] = { name1 = "rydberg", symbol = "Ry", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2.1798741e-18, default = "eV", link = "Rydberg constant", }, ["scf"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic feet", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["scfoot"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic foot", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["t(TNT)"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "ton", symbol = "t", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["th"] = { name1 = "thermie", symbol = "th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["thm-EC"] = { name1 = "therm (EC)", name2 = "therms (EC)", symbol = "thm (EC)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105506000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-UK"] = { name1 = "therm (UK)", name2 = "therms (UK)", symbol = "thm (UK)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105505585.257348, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-US"] = { name1 = "therm (US)", name1_us = "therm (U.S.)", name2 = "therms (US)", name2_us = "therms (U.S.)", symbol = "thm (US)", sym_us = "thm (U.S.)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105480400, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["toe"] = { name1 = "tonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "tonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "toe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 41868000000, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["tonTNT"] = { name2 = "tons of TNT", symbol = "ton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["tTNT"] = { name2 = "tonnes of TNT", symbol = "tonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtonTNT"] = { name2 = "teratons of TNT", symbol = "teraton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtTNT"] = { name2 = "teratonnes of TNT", symbol = "teratonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TW.h"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["TWh"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["W.h"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "W⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["Wh"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "Wh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μerg"] = { name1 = "microerg", symbol = "μerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e-13, default = "nJ", link = "Erg", }, ["μW.h"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μWh"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["-kW.h"] = { target = "kW.h", link = "Kilowatt hour", }, ["btu"] = { target = "BTU", }, ["ڪيلوري"] = { target = "Cal", }, ["ft.lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["ft·lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["g-cal-15"] = { target = "cal-15", }, ["g-cal-IT"] = { target = "cal-IT", }, ["g-cal-th"] = { target = "cal-th", }, ["g-kcal-15"] = { target = "kcal-15", }, ["g-kcal-IT"] = { target = "kcal-IT", }, ["g-kcal-th"] = { target = "kcal-th", }, ["g-Mcal-15"] = { target = "Mcal-15", }, ["g-mcal-15"] = { target = "mcal-15", }, ["g-Mcal-IT"] = { target = "Mcal-IT", }, ["g-mcal-IT"] = { target = "mcal-IT", }, ["g-Mcal-th"] = { target = "Mcal-th", }, ["g-mcal-th"] = { target = "mcal-th", }, ["GW-h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["GW·h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["Hartree"] = { target = "Eh", }, ["hp.h"] = { target = "hph", }, ["in.lb-f"] = { target = "inlb-f", }, ["in.lbf"] = { target = "inlbf", }, ["in.oz-f"] = { target = "inoz-f", }, ["in.ozf"] = { target = "inozf", }, ["kbboe"] = { target = "kBOE", symbol = "kbboe", }, ["kg-cal-15"] = { target = "Cal-15", }, ["kg-cal-IT"] = { target = "Cal-IT", }, ["kg-cal-th"] = { target = "Cal-th", }, ["kW-h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["kW·h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["MW-h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["mW-h"] = { target = "mW.h", }, ["MW·h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["TW-h"] = { target = "TW.h", }, ["uerg"] = { target = "μerg", }, ["uW-h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uW.h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uWh"] = { target = "μWh", }, ["W-h"] = { target = "W.h", }, ["eVpar"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy per chemical amount", scale = 96485.332123310014, prefixes = 1, default = "kcal/mol", defkey = "eVpar", linkey = "eVpar", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["kcal/mol"] = { per = { "kcal", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "ڪي جَي/mol", link = "Kilocalorie per mole", }, ["ڪي جَي/mol"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "kcal/mol", link = "Joule per mole", }, ["kWh/100 km"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 36, default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["kWh/100 mi"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 miles", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 miles", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;mi", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 22.3694, default = "mpge", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["MJ/100 km"] = { name1 = "megajoule per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "megajoule per 100 kilometers", name2 = "megajoules per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "megajoules per 100 kilometers", symbol = "ايم جَي/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 10, default = "BTU/mi", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["mpge"] = { name1 = "mile per gallon gasoline equivalent", name2 = "miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", symbol = "mpg&#8209;e", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 1.3263314048360777e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "kWh/100 mi", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["BTU/mi"] = { per = { "BTU", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "v > 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km", }, ["ڪي جَي/km"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["kWh/km"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", }, ["kWh/mi"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "kWh/km ايم جَي/km", }, ["ايم جَي/km"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["mpg-e"] = { target = "mpge", }, ["BTU/lb"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit per pound", name2 = "British thermal units per pound", symbol = "BTU/lb", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 2326, default = "ڪي جَي/kg", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["cal/g"] = { name1 = "calorie per gram", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "cal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184, default = "J/g", }, ["جِي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "gigajoule per kilogram", name2 = "gigajoules per kilogram", symbol = "جِي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e9, default = "ktTNT/t", link = "Specific energy", }, ["J/g"] = { name1 = "joule per gram", name2 = "joules per gram", symbol = "J/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["kcal/g"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per gram", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "kcal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000, default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["ڪي جَي/g"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per gram", name2 = "kilojoules per gram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ڪي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per kilogram", name2 = "kilojoules per kilogram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "BTU/lb", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ktonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "kilotons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "kiloton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT/t"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "megaton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "megatonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TJ/kg"] = { name1 = "terajoule per kilogram", name2 = "terajoules per kilogram", symbol = "TJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e12, default = "MtTNT/MT", link = "Specific energy", }, ["Cal/g"] = { per = { "Cal", "g" }, utype = "energy per unit mass", default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["BTU/cuft"] = { per = { "BTU", "cuft" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(mL)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(mL)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(ml)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(ml)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/l", }, ["Cal/12USozserve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USozserve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/USoz"] = { per = { "Cal", "USoz" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/ml", }, ["ڪي جَي/L"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "L" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["ڪي جَي/l"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "ll" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["kJ/ml"] = { per = { "kJ", "ml" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "Cal/USoz", }, ["MJ/m3"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "m3" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["Sv"] = { _name1 = "sievert", _symbol = "Sv", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "rem", link = "Sievert", }, ["rem"] = { _name1 = "rem", _symbol = "rem", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Sv", link = "Roentgen equivalent man", }, ["g/km"] = { name1 = "gram per kilometre", name1_us = "gram per kilometer", name2 = "grams per kilometre", name2_us = "grams per kilometer", symbol = "g/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "oz/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["g/mi"] = { name1 = "gram per mile", name2 = "grams per mile", symbol = "g/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "g/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["gCO2/ڪ م"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "gram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "grams of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "g(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "ozCO2/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["gCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "g(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "gCO2/ڪ م", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["kg/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms per kilometer", symbol = "kg/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["kgCO2/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "kg(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lbCO2/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lb/mi"] = { name1 = "pound per mile", name2 = "pounds per mile", symbol = "lb/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kg/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "pound of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "pounds of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "lb(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kgCO2/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["oz/mi"] = { name1 = "اونس في ميل", name2 = "ounces per mile", symbol = "oz/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "g/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["ozCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "ounces of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "oz(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "gCO2/ڪ م", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["cuft/a"] = { name1 = "ڪيوبڪ فٽ في سال", name2 = "cubic feet per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 8.9730672142368242e-10, default = "m3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/d"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per day", name2 = "cubic feet per day", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 3.2774128000000003e-7, default = "m3/d", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/h"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per hour", name2 = "cubic feet per hour", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 7.8657907200000004e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/min"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per minute", name2 = "cubic feet per minute", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00047194744319999999, default = "m3/min", }, ["cuft/s"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per second", name2 = "cubic feet per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 28316846592e-12, default = "m3/s", }, ["cumi/a"] = { name1 = "cubic mile per annum", name2 = "cubic miles per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 132.08171170940057, default = "km3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/h"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per hour", name2 = "cubic yards per hour", symbol = "cuyd/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00021237634944000001, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/s"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per second", name2 = "cubic yards per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.76455485798400002, default = "m3/s", }, ["Goilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "billion barrels per year", name2 = "billion barrels per year", symbol = "Gbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933836, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["impgal/h"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per hour", name2 = "imperial gallons per hour", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.2628027777777779e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", }, ["impgal/min"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per minute", name2 = "imperial gallons per minute", symbol = "imp gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 7.5768166666666671e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["impgal/s"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per second", name2 = "imperial gallons per second", symbol = "impgal/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00454609, default = "m3/s", link = "Imperial gallons per second", }, ["km3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per annum", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per annum", name2 = "cubic kilometres per annum", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per annum", symbol = "km³/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 31.68808781402895, default = "cumi/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["km3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per day", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per day", name2 = "cubic kilometres per day", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per day", symbol = "km³/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 11574.074074074075, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["koilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per year", name2 = "thousand barrels per year", symbol = "kbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-6, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["koilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per day", name2 = "thousand barrels per day", symbol = "kbbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.0018401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["L/h"] = { name1 = "litre per hour", name1_us = "liter per hour", name2 = "litres per hour", name2_us = "liters per hour", symbol = "L/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 2.7777777777777776e-7, default = "impgal/h USgal/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/min"] = { name1 = "litre per minute", name1_us = "liter per minute", name2 = "litres per minute", name2_us = "liters per minute", symbol = "L/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.6666666666666667e-5, default = "impgal/min USgal/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/s"] = { name1 = "litre per second", name1_us = "liter per second", name2 = "litres per second", name2_us = "liters per second", symbol = "L/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.001, default = "cuft/s", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per annum", name1_us = "cubic meter per annum", name2 = "cubic metres per annum", name2_us = "cubic meters per annum", symbol = "m³/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 3.1688087814028947e-8, default = "cuft/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per day", name1_us = "cubic meter per day", name2 = "cubic metres per day", name2_us = "cubic meters per day", symbol = "m³/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/h"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hour", name1_us = "cubic meter per hour", name2 = "cubic metres per hour", name2_us = "cubic meters per hour", symbol = "m³/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "cuft/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/min"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per minute", name1_us = "cubic meter per minute", name2 = "cubic metres per minute", name2_us = "cubic meters per minute", symbol = "m³/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "cuft/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/s"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per second", name1_us = "cubic meter per second", name2 = "cubic metres per second", name2_us = "cubic meters per second", symbol = "m³/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1, default = "cuft/s", }, ["Moilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "million barrels per year", name2 = "million barrels per year", symbol = "Mbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.0050380033629933837, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["Moilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "million barrels per day", name2 = "million barrels per day", symbol = "Mbbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.8401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "barrel per year", name2 = "barrels per year", symbol = "bbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-9, default = "m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "barrel per day", name2 = "barrels per day", symbol = "bbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.8401307283333336e-6, default = "m3/d", }, ["Toilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels per year", name2 = "trillion barrels per year", symbol = "Tbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5038.0033629933832, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["U.S.gal/d"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per day", name2 = "U.S. gallons per day", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", customary= 1, }, ["U.S.gal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", customary= 2, }, ["U.S.gal/min"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per minute", name2 = "U.S. gallons per minute", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal/a"] = { name1 = "US gallon per year", name2 = "US gallons per year", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.1995246102365199e-10, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/d"] = { name1 = "US gallon per day", name2 = "US gallons per day", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", customary= 1, }, ["USgal/min"] = { name1 = "US gallon per minute", name2 = "US gallons per minute", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal/s"] = { name1 = "US gallon per second", name1_us = "U.S. gallon per second", name2 = "US gallons per second", name2_us = "U.S. gallons per second", symbol = "USgal/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "m3/s", link = "US gallons per second", }, ["ft3/a"] = { target = "cuft/a", }, ["ft3/d"] = { target = "cuft/d", }, ["ft3/h"] = { target = "cuft/h", }, ["ft3/s"] = { target = "cuft/s", }, ["Gcuft/a"] = { target = "e9cuft/a", }, ["Gcuft/d"] = { target = "e9cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/a"] = { target = "e3cuft/a", }, ["kcuft/d"] = { target = "e3cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/s"] = { target = "e3cuft/s", }, ["Mcuft/a"] = { target = "e6cuft/a", }, ["Mcuft/d"] = { target = "e6cuft/d", }, ["Mcuft/s"] = { target = "e6cuft/s", }, ["m³/s"] = { target = "m3/s", }, ["Tcuft/a"] = { target = "e12cuft/a", }, ["Tcuft/d"] = { target = "e12cuft/d", }, ["u.s.gal/min"] = { target = "U.S.gal/min", }, ["usgal/min"] = { target = "USgal/min", }, ["-LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["-STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["dyn"] = { name1 = "dyne", symbol = "dyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00001, default = "gr-f", }, ["g-f"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "g_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gf"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "gf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN ozf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gr-f"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "gr_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["grf"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "grf", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["kdyn"] = { name1 = "kilodyne", symbol = "kdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.01, default = "oz-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["kg-f"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kg_f", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", }, ["kgf"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kgf", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lbf", }, ["kp"] = { name1 = "kilopond", symbol = "kp", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["L/T-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["L/Tf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["lb-f"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lb_f", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lbf"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lbf", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lb(f)"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["LT-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LT_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["Mdyn"] = { name1 = "megadyne", symbol = "Mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 10, default = "lb-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mdyn"] = { name1 = "millidyne", symbol = "mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000001, default = "gr-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mg-f"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mg_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mgf"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mgf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN grf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["Mp"] = { name1 = "megapond", symbol = "Mp", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mp"] = { name1 = "millipond", symbol = "mp", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["N"] = { _name1 = "newton", _symbol = "N", utype = "force", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lb-f", link = "Newton (unit)", }, ["oz-f"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "oz_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["ozf"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "ozf", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["p"] = { name1 = "pond", symbol = "p", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["pdl"] = { name1 = "poundal", symbol = "pdl", utype = "force", scale = 0.138254954376, default = "N", }, ["S/T-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["S/Tf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["ST-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "ST_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["t-f"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "t_f", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["tf"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "tf", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LTf STf", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["dyne"] = { target = "dyn", }, ["newtons"] = { target = "N", }, ["poundal"] = { target = "pdl", }, ["tonne-force"] = { target = "tf", }, ["impgal/mi"] = { per = { "@impgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km USgal/mi", }, ["km/L"] = { per = { "km", "L" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["km/l"] = { per = { "km", "ll" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["L/100 km"] = { per = { "L", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["l/100 km"] = { per = { "ll", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["L/km"] = { per = { "L", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["l/km"] = { per = { "ll", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["mi/impqt"] = { per = { "mi", "impqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/U.S.qt"] = { per = { "mi", "U.S.qt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/USqt"] = { per = { "mi", "USqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/usqt"] = { per = { "mi", "usqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mpgimp"] = { per = { "mi", "@impgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;imp", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]}", }, ["mpgus"] = { per = { "mi", "+USgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;US", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgimp", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]}", }, ["U.S.gal/mi"] = { per = { "*U.S.gal", "mi" }, sp_us = true, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["usgal/mi"] = { per = { "+USgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["L/100km"] = { target = "L/100 km", }, ["l/100km"] = { target = "l/100 km", }, ["mpg"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})", }, ["mpgU.S."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgu.s."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgUS"] = { target = "mpgus", }, ["USgal/mi"] = { target = "usgal/mi", }, ["kPa/m"] = { per = { "kPa", "-m-frac" }, utype = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", default = "psi/ft", }, ["psi/ft"] = { per = { "psi", "-ft-frac" }, utype = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", default = "kPa/m", }, ["cm/km"] = { name1 = "centimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "centimeter per kilometer", name2 = "centimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "centimeters per kilometer", symbol = "cm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/mi"] = { name1 = "foot per mile", name2 = "feet per mile", symbol = "ft/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00018939393939393939, default = "v < 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/nmi"] = { name1 = "foot per nautical mile", name2 = "feet per nautical mile", symbol = "ft/nmi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00016457883369330455, default = "v < 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/ft"] = { name1 = "inch per foot", name2 = "inches per foot", symbol = "in/ft", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.083333333333333329, default = "mm/m", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/mi"] = { name1 = "inch per mile", name2 = "inches per mile", symbol = "in/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 1.5782828282828283e-5, default = "v < 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["m/km"] = { name1 = "metre per kilometre", name1_us = "meter per kilometer", name2 = "metres per kilometre", name2_us = "meters per kilometer", symbol = "m/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/km"] = { name1 = "millimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "millimeter per kilometer", name2 = "millimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "millimeters per kilometer", symbol = "mm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.000001, default = "in/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/m"] = { name1 = "millimetre per metre", name1_us = "millimeter per meter", name2 = "millimetres per metre", name2_us = "millimeters per meter", symbol = "mm/m", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "in/ft", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["admi"] = { name1 = "admiralty mile", symbol = "nmi&nbsp;(admiralty)", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["AU"] = { name1 = "astronomical unit", symbol = "AU", utype = "length", scale = 149597870700, default = "km mi", }, ["Brnmi"] = { name1 = "British nautical mile", symbol = "(Brit)&nbsp;nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["bu"] = { name2 = "bu", symbol = "bu", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0030303030303030303, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["ch"] = { name1 = "chain", symbol = "ch", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chlk"] = { name1 = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|ch]]", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["chain"] = { symbol = "chain", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chainlk"] = { symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["dpcm"] = { name2 = "dot/cm", symbol = "dot/cm", utype = "length", scale = 100, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "dpi", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["dpi"] = { name2 = "DPI", symbol = "DPI", utype = "length", scale = 39.370078740157481, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["fathom"] = { symbol = "fathom", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1.8288, default = "ft m", }, ["foot"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "foot", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["ft"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "feet", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["furlong"] = { symbol = "furlong", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 201.168, default = "ft m", }, ["Gly"] = { name1 = "gigalight-year", symbol = "Gly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e24, default = "Mpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Gpc"] = { name1 = "gigaparsec", symbol = "Gpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e25, default = "Gly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["hand"] = { name1 = "hand", symbol = "h", utype = "length", builtin = "hand", scale = 0.1016, iscomplex= true, default = "in cm", link = "Hand (unit)", }, ["in"] = { name1 = "inch", name2 = "inches", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, exception= "subunit_more_precision", default = "mm", }, ["inabbreviated"] = { name2 = "in", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, default = "mm", link = "Inch", }, ["kly"] = { name1 = "kilolight-year", symbol = "kly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e18, default = "pc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["kpc"] = { name1 = "kiloparsec", symbol = "kpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e19, default = "kly", link = "Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs", }, ["LD"] = { name1 = "lunar distance", symbol = "LD", utype = "length", scale = 384403000, default = "km mi", link = "Lunar distance (astronomy)", }, ["league"] = { symbol = "league", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 4828.032, default = "km", link = "League (unit)", }, ["ly"] = { name1 = "light-year", symbol = "ly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e15, default = "AU", }, ["m"] = { _name1 = "metre", _name1_us= "meter", _symbol = "m", utype = "length", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v > 0 and v < 3 ! ftin ! ft", link = "Metre", }, ["mi"] = { name1 = "mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["ch"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chainlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["ft"] = { 5280, default = "km" }, ["furlong"] = { 8, default = "km" }, ["yd"] = { 1760, default = "km" } }, }, ["mil"] = { symbol = "mil", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["Mly"] = { name1 = "megalight-year", symbol = "Mly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e21, default = "kpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Mpc"] = { name1 = "megaparsec", symbol = "Mpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e22, default = "Mly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["NM"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "NM", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["nmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUKnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUSnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", }, ["pc"] = { name1 = "parsec", symbol = "pc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e16, default = "ly", }, ["perch"] = { name2 = "perches", symbol = "perch", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pitch"] = { name2 = "μm", symbol = "μm", utype = "length", scale = 1e-6, default = "dpi", defkey = "pitch", linkey = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["pole"] = { symbol = "pole", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pre1954U.S.nmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["pre1954USnmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;US) nautical mile", name1_us = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;US) nmi", sym_us = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["rd"] = { name1 = "rod", symbol = "rd", utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["royal cubit"] = { name1 = "royal cubit", symbol = "cu", utype = "length", scale = 0.524, default = "mm", }, ["rtkm"] = { name1 = "route kilometre", name1_us = "route kilometer", symbol = "km", utype = "length", scale = 1000, default = "mi", link = "Kilometre", }, ["rtmi"] = { name1 = "route mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", link = "Mile", }, ["shaku"] = { name2 = "shaku", symbol = "shaku", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.30303030303030304, default = "m", link = "Shaku (unit)", }, ["sm"] = { name1 = "smoot", symbol = "sm", utype = "length", scale = 1.70180, default = "m", link = "Smoot (unit)", }, ["smi"] = { name1 = "statute mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" } }, }, ["solar radius"] = { name1 = "solar radius", name2 = "solar radii", symbol = "''R''_☉", utype = "length", scale = 695700e3, default = "km", }, ["sun"] = { name2 = "sun", symbol = "sun", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.030303030303030304, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["thou"] = { name2 = "thou", symbol = "thou", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["verst"] = { symbol = "verst", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1066.8, default = "km mi", }, ["yd"] = { name1 = "yard", symbol = "yd", utype = "length", scale = 0.9144, default = "m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 3, default = "m" } }, }, ["μin"] = { name1 = "microinch", name2 = "microinches", symbol = "μin", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000254, default = "nm", link = "SI prefix#Non-metric units", }, ["Å"] = { name1 = "ångström", symbol = "Å", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "in", }, ["Hz"] = { _name1 = "hertz", _name2 = "hertz", _symbol = "Hz", utype = "length", scale = 3.3356409519815204e-9, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, prefixes = 1, default = "m", link = "Hertz", }, ["rpm"] = { name1 = "revolution per minute", name2 = "revolutions per minute", symbol = "rpm", utype = "length", scale = 5.5594015866358675e-11, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "Hz", link = "Revolutions per minute", }, ["-ft-frac"] = { target = "ft", link = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", }, ["-in-stiff"] = { target = "in", link = "Stiffness", }, ["-m-frac"] = { target = "m", link = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", }, ["-m-stiff"] = { target = "m", link = "Stiffness", }, ["100km"] = { target = "km", multiplier= 100, }, ["100mi"] = { target = "mi", multiplier= 100, }, ["100miles"] = { target = "mi", symbol = "miles", multiplier= 100, }, ["admiralty nmi"] = { target = "oldUKnmi", }, ["angstrom"] = { target = "Å", }, ["au"] = { target = "AU", symbol = "au", }, ["feet"] = { target = "ft", }, ["hands"] = { target = "hand", }, ["inch"] = { target = "in", }, ["inches"] = { target = "in", }, ["light-year"] = { target = "ly", }, ["meter"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["meters"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["metre"] = { target = "m", }, ["metres"] = { target = "m", }, ["micrometre"] = { target = "μm", }, ["micron"] = { target = "μm", default = "μin", }, ["mile"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["miles"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["parsec"] = { target = "pc", }, ["rod"] = { target = "rd", }, ["smoot"] = { target = "sm", }, ["uin"] = { target = "μin", }, ["yard"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yards"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yds"] = { target = "yd", }, ["dtex"] = { name1 = "decitex", name2 = "decitex", symbol = "dtex", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 1e-7, default = "lb/yd", link = "Units of textile measurement#Units", }, ["kg/cm"] = { name1 = "kilogram per centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 100, default = "lb/yd", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["kg/m"] = { name1 = "kilogram per metre", name1_us = "kilogram per meter", name2 = "kilograms per metre", name2_us = "kilograms per meter", symbol = "kg/m", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/yd", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ft"] = { name1 = "pound per foot", name2 = "pounds per foot", symbol = "lb/ft", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 1.4881639435695539, default = "kg/m", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["lb/yd"] = { name1 = "pound per yard", name2 = "pounds per yard", symbol = "lb/yd", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 0.49605464785651798, default = "kg/m", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["G"] = { _name1 = "gauss", _name2 = "gauss", _symbol = "G", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 0.0001, prefixes = 1, default = "T", link = "Gauss (unit)", }, ["T"] = { _name1 = "tesla", _symbol = "T", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "G", link = "Tesla (unit)", }, ["A/m"] = { name1 = "ampere per metre", name1_us = "ampere per meter", name2 = "amperes per metre", name2_us = "amperes per meter", symbol = "A/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1, default = "Oe", }, ["kA/m"] = { name1 = "kiloampere per metre", name1_us = "kiloampere per meter", name2 = "kiloamperes per metre", name2_us = "kiloamperes per meter", symbol = "kA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1000, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["MA/m"] = { name1 = "megaampere per metre", name1_us = "megaampere per meter", name2 = "megaamperes per metre", name2_us = "megaamperes per meter", symbol = "MA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1e6, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["Oe"] = { _name1 = "oersted", _symbol = "Oe", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 79.5774715, prefixes = 1, default = "kA/m", link = "Oersted", }, ["-Lcwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", }, ["-Scwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", }, ["-ST"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "ST", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["carat"] = { symbol = "carat", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.0002, default = "g", link = "Carat (mass)", }, ["Da"] = { _name1 = "dalton", _symbol = "Da", utype = "mass", scale = 1.66053906892e-27, prefixes = 1, default = "kg", link = "Dalton (unit)", }, ["drachm"] = { name1_us = "dram", symbol = "drachm", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.001771845195, default = "g", link = "Dram (unit)", }, ["dram"] = { target = "drachm", }, ["dwt"] = { name1 = "pennyweight", symbol = "dwt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00155517384, default = "oz g", }, ["DWton"] = { symbol = "deadweight ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "DWtonne", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["DWtonne"] = { name1_us = "deadweight metric ton", symbol = "deadweight tonne", sym_us = "~deadweight metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "DWton", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["g"] = { _name1 = "gram", _symbol = "g", utype = "mass", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "oz", link = "Gram", }, ["gr"] = { name1 = "grain", symbol = "gr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00006479891, default = "g", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["Gt"] = { name1 = "gigatonne", symbol = "Gt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["impgalh2o"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon of water", name2 = "imperial gallons of water", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 4.5359236999999499, default = "lb kg", link = "Imperial gallon", }, ["kt"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", symbol = "kt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["lb"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "kg", subdivs = { ["oz"] = { 16, default = "kg" } }, link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["Lcwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "Lcwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" }, ["st"] = { 8, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long cwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "long&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long qtr"] = { name1 = "long quarter", symbol = "long&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", }, ["LT"] = { symbol = "long ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["lt"] = { name1 = "long ton", symbol = "LT", utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["metric ton"] = { symbol = "metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "long ton", link = "Tonne", }, ["MT"] = { name1 = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["Mt"] = { name1 = "megatonne", symbol = "Mt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["oz"] = { name1 = "ounce", symbol = "oz", utype = "mass", scale = 0.028349523125, default = "g", }, ["ozt"] = { name1 = "troy ounce", symbol = "ozt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.0311034768, default = "oz g", }, ["pdr"] = { name1 = "pounder", symbol = "pdr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, default = "kg", link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["qtr"] = { name1 = "quarter", symbol = "qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 28, default = "kg" } }, link = "Long quarter", }, ["Scwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "Scwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short cwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "short&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb kg", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short qtr"] = { name1 = "short quarter", symbol = "short&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 11.33980925, default = "lb kg", }, ["ST"] = { symbol = "short ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Scwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Scwt" } }, }, ["shtn"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "sh&nbsp;tn", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["shton"] = { symbol = "ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["solar mass"] = { name1 = "solar mass", name2 = "solar masses", symbol = "''M''_☉", utype = "mass", scale = 1.98855e30, default = "kg", }, ["st"] = { name1 = "stone", name2 = "stone", symbol = "st", utype = "mass", scale = 6.35029318, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 14, default = "kg lb" } }, link = "Stone (unit)", }, ["t"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", }, ["tonne"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "shton", }, ["troy pound"] = { symbol = "troy pound", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.3732417216, default = "lb kg", link = "Troy weight", }, ["usgalh2o"] = { name1 = "US gallon of water", name1_us = "U.S. gallon of water", name2 = "US gallons of water", name2_us = "U.S. gallons of water", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 3.7776215836051126, default = "lb kg", link = "United States customary units#Fluid volume", }, ["viss"] = { name2 = "viss", symbol = "viss", utype = "mass", scale = 1.632932532, default = "kg", link = "Myanmar units of measurement#Mass", }, ["billion tonne"] = { target = "e9t", }, ["grain"] = { target = "gr", }, ["kilogram"] = { target = "kg", }, ["kilotonne"] = { target = "kt", }, ["lbs"] = { target = "lb", }, ["lbt"] = { target = "troy pound", }, ["lcwt"] = { target = "Lcwt", }, ["long ton"] = { target = "LT", }, ["mcg"] = { target = "μg", }, ["million tonne"] = { target = "e6t", }, ["scwt"] = { target = "Scwt", }, ["short ton"] = { target = "ST", }, ["stone"] = { target = "st", }, ["thousand tonne"] = { target = "e3t", }, ["tonnes"] = { target = "t", }, ["kg/kW"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilowatt", name2 = "kilograms per kilowatt", symbol = "kg/kW", utype = "مايو في يونٽ طاقت", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/hp", link = "Kilowatt", }, ["lb/hp"] = { name1 = "pound per horsepower", name2 = "pounds per horsepower", symbol = "lb/hp", utype = "مايو في يونٽ طاقت", scale = 0.00060827738784176115, default = "kg/kW", link = "Horsepower", }, ["kg/h"] = { per = { "kg", "h" }, utype = "مايو في يونٽ وقت", default = "lb/h", }, ["lb/h"] = { per = { "lb", "h" }, utype = "مايو في يونٽ وقت", default = "kg/h", }, ["g-mol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "g-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "gmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "gmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "gmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "gmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "gmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lbmol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/d"] = { name1 = "kilomole per day", name2 = "kilomoles per day", symbol = "kmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/h"] = { name1 = "kilomole per hour", name2 = "kilomoles per hour", symbol = "kmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/min"] = { name1 = "kilomole per minute", name2 = "kilomoles per minute", symbol = "kmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 16.666666666666668, default = "mol/s", link = "Kilomole (unit)", }, ["kmol/s"] = { name1 = "kilomole per second", name2 = "kilomoles per second", symbol = "kmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1000, default = "lb-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["lb-mol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lbmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lbmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lbmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lbmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["mmol/s"] = { name1 = "millimole per second", name2 = "millimoles per second", symbol = "mmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/d"] = { name1 = "mole per day", name2 = "moles per day", symbol = "mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/h"] = { name1 = "mole per hour", name2 = "moles per hour", symbol = "mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/min"] = { name1 = "mole per minute", name2 = "moles per minute", symbol = "mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/s"] = { name1 = "mole per second", name2 = "moles per second", symbol = "mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["μmol/s"] = { name1 = "micromole per second", name2 = "micromoles per second", symbol = "μmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.000001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["umol/s"] = { target = "μmol/s", }, ["/acre"] = { name1 = "per acre", name2 = "per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["/ha"] = { name1 = "per hectare", name2 = "per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["/sqcm"] = { name1 = "per square centimetre", name1_us = "per square centimeter", name2 = "per square centimetre", name2_us = "per square centimeter", symbol = "/cm²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e4, default = "/sqin", link = "Square centimetre", }, ["/sqin"] = { name1 = "per square inch", name2 = "per square inch", symbol = "/in²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1550.0031000062002, default = "/sqcm", link = "Square inch", }, ["/sqkm"] = { name1 = "per square kilometre", name1_us = "per square kilometer", name2 = "per square kilometre", name2_us = "per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["/sqmi"] = { name1 = "per square mile", name2 = "per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["PD/acre"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per acre", name2 = "inhabitants per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "per unit area", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "PD/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["PD/ha"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per hectare", name2 = "inhabitants per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "per unit area", scale = 100e-6, default = "PD/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["PD/sqkm"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square kilometre", name1_us = "inhabitant per square kilometer", name2 = "inhabitants per square kilometre", name2_us = "inhabitants per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "per unit area", scale = 1e-6, default = "PD/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["PD/sqmi"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square mile", name2 = "inhabitants per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "per unit area", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "PD/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["/cm2"] = { target = "/sqcm", }, ["/in2"] = { target = "/sqin", }, ["/km2"] = { target = "/sqkm", }, ["pd/acre"] = { target = "PD/acre", }, ["pd/ha"] = { target = "PD/ha", }, ["PD/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["PD/km²"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqkm"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqmi"] = { target = "PD/sqmi", }, ["/l"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/l", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/L"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/L", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/USgal"] = { name1 = "per gallon", name2 = "per gallon", symbol = "/gal", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 264.172052, default = "/L", link = "US gallon", customary= 2, }, ["/usgal"] = { target = "/USgal", }, ["bhp"] = { name1 = "brake horsepower", name2 = "brake horsepower", symbol = "bhp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Brake horsepower", }, ["Cal/d"] = { name1 = "large calorie per day", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per day", symbol = "Cal/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.048425925925925928, default = "kJ/d", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal/h"] = { name1 = "large calorie per hour", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "Cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kJ/h", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal/h"] = { name1 = "calorie per hour", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.0011622222222222223, default = "W", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CV"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "CV", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hk"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hk", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hp"] = { name1 = "horsepower", name2 = "horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", }, ["hp-electric"] = { name1 = "electric horsepower", name2 = "electric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-electrical"] = { name1 = "electrical horsepower", name2 = "electrical horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-metric"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["ihp"] = { name1 = "indicated horsepower", name2 = "indicated horsepower", symbol = "ihp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Indicated horsepower", }, ["kcal/h"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per hour", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "kcal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kW", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kJ/d"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per day", name2 = "kilojoules per day", symbol = "kJ/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "Cal/d", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["kJ/h"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per hour", name2 = "kilojoules per hour", symbol = "kJ/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "W", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["PS"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "PS", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["shp"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower", name2 = "shaft horsepower", symbol = "shp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Shaft horsepower", }, ["W"] = { _name1 = "watt", _symbol = "W", utype = "power", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "hp", link = "Watt", }, ["BTU/h"] = { per = { "BTU", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["Btu/h"] = { per = { "Btu", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["BHP"] = { target = "bhp", }, ["btu/h"] = { target = "BTU/h", }, ["HP"] = { target = "hp", }, ["Hp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp-mechanical"] = { target = "hp", }, ["IHP"] = { target = "ihp", }, ["SHP"] = { target = "shp", }, ["whp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp/lb"] = { name1 = "horsepower per pound", name2 = "horsepower per pound", symbol = "hp/lb", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/LT"] = { name1 = "horsepower per long ton", name2 = "horsepower per long ton", symbol = "hp/LT", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.73392268125000004, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/ST"] = { name1 = "horsepower per short ton", name2 = "horsepower per short ton", symbol = "hp/ST", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.821993403, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/t"] = { name1 = "horsepower per tonne", name2 = "horsepower per tonne", symbol = "hp/t", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.74569987158227022, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/kg"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per kilogram", name2 = "kilowatts per kilogram", symbol = "kW/kg", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1000, default = "hp/lb", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/t"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per tonne", name2 = "kilowatts per tonne", symbol = "kW/t", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1, default = "PS/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["PS/t"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower per tonne", name2 = "metric horsepower per tonne", symbol = "PS/t", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.73549875, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["shp/lb"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower per pound", name2 = "shaft horsepower per pound", symbol = "shp/lb", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/tonne"] = { target = "hp/t", symbol = "hp/tonne", default = "kW/tonne", }, ["kW/tonne"] = { target = "kW/t", symbol = "kW/tonne", }, ["-lb/in2"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "lb/in²", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["atm"] = { name1 = "standard atmosphere", symbol = "atm", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 101325, default = "kPa", link = "Atmosphere (unit)", }, ["Ba"] = { name1 = "barye", symbol = "Ba", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 0.1, default = "Pa", }, ["bar"] = { symbol = "bar", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 100000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["dbar"] = { name1 = "decibar", symbol = "dbar", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 10000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["inHg"] = { name1 = "inch of mercury", name2 = "inches of mercury", symbol = "inHg", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 3386.388640341, default = "kPa", }, ["kBa"] = { name1 = "kilobarye", symbol = "kBa", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Barye", }, ["kg-f/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kg_f/cm²", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kg/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per square centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm²", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kgf/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kgf/cm²", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["ksi"] = { name1 = "kilopound per square inch", name2 = "kilopounds per square inch", symbol = "ksi", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 6894757.2931683613, default = "MPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["lbf/in2"] = { name1 = "pound-force per square inch", name2 = "pounds-force per square inch", symbol = "lbf/in²", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["mb"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mb", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mbar"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mbar", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mmHg"] = { name1 = "millimetre of mercury", name1_us = "millimeter of mercury", name2 = "millimetres of mercury", name2_us = "millimeters of mercury", symbol = "mmHg", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 133.322387415, default = "kPa", }, ["Pa"] = { _name1 = "pascal", _symbol = "Pa", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "psi", link = "Pascal (unit)", }, ["psf"] = { name1 = "pound per square foot", name2 = "pounds per square foot", symbol = "psf", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 47.880258980335839, default = "kPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["psi"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "psi", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa", }, ["Torr"] = { name1 = "torr", symbol = "Torr", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 133.32236842105263, default = "kPa", }, ["N/cm2"] = { per = { "N", "cm2" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "psi", }, ["N/m2"] = { per = { "N", "m2" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "psi", }, ["g/cm2"] = { per = { "g", "cm2" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["g/m2"] = { per = { "g", "m2" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/ha"] = { per = { "kg", "ha" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "lb/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/m2"] = { per = { "kg", "m2" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/1000sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "1000sqft" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/acre"] = { per = { "lb", "acre" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "kg/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "sqft" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqyd"] = { per = { "lb", "sqyd" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["LT/acre"] = { per = { "LT", "acre" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["MT/ha"] = { per = { "MT", "ha" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqft"] = { per = { "oz", "sqft" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqyd"] = { per = { "oz", "sqyd" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["ST/acre"] = { per = { "ST", "acre" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["t/ha"] = { per = { "t", "ha" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/acre"] = { per = { "tonne", "acre" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "tonne/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/ha"] = { per = { "tonne", "ha" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "tonne/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kgfpsqcm"] = { target = "kgf/cm2", }, ["kgpsqcm"] = { target = "kg/cm2", }, ["kN/m2"] = { target = "kPa", }, ["lb/in2"] = { target = "lbf/in2", }, ["torr"] = { target = "Torr", }, ["Bq"] = { _name1 = "becquerel", _symbol = "Bq", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "pCi", link = "Becquerel", }, ["Ci"] = { _name1 = "curie", _symbol = "Ci", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 3.7e10, prefixes = 1, default = "GBq", link = "Curie (unit)", }, ["Rd"] = { _name1 = "rutherford", _symbol = "Rd", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1e6, prefixes = 1, default = "MBq", link = "Rutherford (unit)", }, ["cm/h"] = { name1 = "centimetre per hour", name1_us = "centimeter per hour", name2 = "centimetres per hour", name2_us = "centimeters per hour", symbol = "cm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777775e-6, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/s"] = { name1 = "centimetre per second", name1_us = "centimeter per second", name2 = "centimetres per second", name2_us = "centimeters per second", symbol = "cm/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.01, default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/year"] = { name1 = "centimetre per year", name1_us = "centimeter per year", name2 = "centimetres per year", name2_us = "centimeters per year", symbol = "cm/year", utype = "speed", scale = 3.168873850681143e-10, default = "in/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["foot/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "foot per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", }, ["ft/min"] = { name1 = "foot per minute", name2 = "feet per minute", symbol = "ft/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.00508, default = "m/min", link = "Feet per second", }, ["ft/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "feet per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", link = "Feet per second", }, ["furlong per fortnight"] = { name2 = "furlongs per fortnight", symbol = "furlong per fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "speed", scale = 0.00016630952380952381, default = "km/h mph", link = "FFF system", }, ["in/h"] = { name1 = "inch per hour", name2 = "inches per hour", symbol = "in/h", utype = "speed", scale = 7.0555555555555559e-6, default = "cm/h", link = "Inch", }, ["in/s"] = { name1 = "inch per second", name2 = "inches per second", symbol = "in/s", utype = "speed", scale = 0.0254, default = "cm/s", link = "Inch", }, ["in/year"] = { name1 = "inch per year", name2 = "inches per year", symbol = "in/year", utype = "speed", scale = 8.0489395807301024e-10, default = "cm/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["isp"] = { name1 = "second", symbol = "s", utype = "speed", scale = 9.80665, default = "km/s", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["km/d"] = { name1 = "kilometre per day", name1_us = "kilometer per day", name2 = "kilometres per day", name2_us = "kilometers per day", symbol = "km/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.1574074074074074e-2, default = "mi/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["km/h"] = { name1 = "kilometre per hour", name1_us = "kilometer per hour", name2 = "kilometres per hour", name2_us = "kilometers per hour", symbol = "km/h", utype = "speed", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph", link = "Kilometres per hour", }, ["km/s"] = { name1 = "kilometre per second", name1_us = "kilometer per second", name2 = "kilometres per second", name2_us = "kilometers per second", symbol = "km/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "mi/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["kn"] = { name1 = "knot", symbol = "kn", utype = "speed", scale = 0.51444444444444448, default = "km/h mph", link = "Knot (unit)", }, ["kNs/kg"] = { name2 = "kN&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "kN&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1000, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["m/min"] = { name1 = "metre per minute", name1_us = "meter per minute", name2 = "metres per minute", name2_us = "meters per minute", symbol = "m/min", utype = "speed", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "ft/min", link = "Metre per second", }, ["m/s"] = { name1 = "metre per second", name1_us = "meter per second", name2 = "metres per second", name2_us = "meters per second", symbol = "m/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "ft/s", }, ["Mach"] = { name2 = "Mach", symbol = "Mach", utype = "speed", builtin = "mach", scale = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "km/h mph", link = "Mach number", }, ["mi/d"] = { name1 = "mile per day", name2 = "miles per day", symbol = "mi/d", utype = "speed", scale = 1.8626666666666667e-2, default = "km/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["mi/s"] = { name1 = "mile per second", name2 = "miles per second", symbol = "mi/s", utype = "speed", scale = 1609.344, default = "km/s", link = "Mile", }, ["mm/h"] = { name1 = "millimetre per hour", name1_us = "millimeter per hour", name2 = "millimetres per hour", name2_us = "millimeters per hour", symbol = "mm/h", utype = "speed", scale = 2.7777777777777781e-7, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["mph"] = { name1 = "mile per hour", name2 = "miles per hour", symbol = "mph", utype = "speed", scale = 0.44704, default = "km/h", link = "Miles per hour", }, ["Ns/kg"] = { name2 = "N&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "N&#8209;s/kg", utype = "speed", scale = 1, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["si tsfc"] = { name2 = "g/(kN⋅s)", symbol = "g/(kN⋅s)", utype = "speed", scale = 9.9999628621379242e-7, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["tsfc"] = { name2 = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", symbol = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", utype = "speed", scale = 2.832545036049801e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "si tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["cm/y"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["cm/yr"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["in/y"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["in/yr"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["knot"] = { target = "kn", }, ["knots"] = { target = "kn", }, ["kph"] = { target = "km/h", }, ["mi/h"] = { target = "mph", }, ["mm/s"] = { per = { "mm", "s" }, utype = "speed", default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["C"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius", name2 = "degrees Celsius", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = -273.15, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "F", link = "Celsius", }, ["F"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 32-273.15*(9/5), iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "C", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K"] = { _name1 = "kelvin", _symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, prefixes = 1, default = "C F", link = "Kelvin", }, ["keVT"] = { name1 = "kiloelectronvolt", symbol = "keV", utype = "temperature", scale = 11604518.121550081, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "MK", defkey = "keVT", linkey = "keVT", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["R"] = { name1 = "degree Rankine", name2 = "degrees Rankine", symbol = "°R", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "K F C", link = "Rankine scale", }, ["Celsius"] = { target = "C", }, ["°C"] = { target = "C", }, ["°F"] = { target = "F", }, ["°R"] = { target = "R", }, ["C-change"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius change", name2 = "degrees Celsius change", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Celsius", }, ["F-change"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit change", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit change", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 0.55555555555555558, default = "C-change", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K-change"] = { name1 = "kelvin change", name2 = "kelvins change", symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Kelvin", }, ["°C-change"] = { target = "C-change", }, ["°F-change"] = { target = "F-change", }, ["century"] = { name1 = "century", name2 = "centuries", symbol = "ha", utype = "time", scale = 3155760000, default = "Gs", }, ["d"] = { name1 = "day", symbol = "d", utype = "time", scale = 86400, default = "ks", }, ["decade"] = { name1 = "decade", symbol = "daa", utype = "time", scale = 315576000, default = "Ms", }, ["dog year"] = { name1 = "dog year", symbol = "dog yr", utype = "time", scale = 220903200, default = "years", link = "List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year", }, ["fortnight"] = { symbol = "fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 1209600, default = "week", }, ["h"] = { name1 = "hour", symbol = "h", utype = "time", scale = 3600, default = "ks", }, ["long billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["millennium"] = { name1 = "millennium", name2 = "millennia", symbol = "ka", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000, default = "Gs", }, ["milliard year"] = { name1 = "milliard years", name2 = "milliard years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["million year"] = { name1 = "million years", name2 = "million years", symbol = "Ma", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000, default = "Ts", link = "Annum", }, ["min"] = { name1 = "minute", symbol = "min", utype = "time", scale = 60, default = "s", }, ["month"] = { symbol = "month", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "Ms", }, ["months"] = { name1 = "month", symbol = "mo", utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "year", }, ["s"] = { _name1 = "second", _symbol = "s", utype = "time", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v < 7200 ! min ! h", link = "Second", }, ["short billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["short trillion year"] = { name1 = "trillion years", name2 = "trillion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["thousand million year"] = { name1 = "thousand million years", name2 = "thousand million years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["wk"] = { symbol = "week", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 604800, default = "Ms", }, ["year"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "a", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["years"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "yr", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["byr"] = { target = "short billion year", }, ["day"] = { target = "d", }, ["days"] = { target = "d", }, ["dog yr"] = { target = "dog year", }, ["Gyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["hour"] = { target = "h", }, ["hours"] = { target = "h", }, ["kMyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["long byr"] = { target = "long billion year", }, ["minute"] = { target = "min", }, ["minutes"] = { target = "min", }, ["mth"] = { target = "month", }, ["Myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["sec"] = { target = "s", }, ["second"] = { target = "s", }, ["seconds"] = { target = "s", }, ["tmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["tryr"] = { target = "short trillion year", }, ["tyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["week"] = { target = "wk", }, ["weeks"] = { target = "wk", }, ["yr"] = { target = "year", }, ["kg.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgf.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram force-metre", name1_us = "kilogram force-meter", symbol = "kgf⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgm"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kpm"] = { name1 = "kilopond metre", name1_us = "kilopond meter", symbol = "kp⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["lb-fft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.ft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.in"] = { name1 = "pound force-inch", symbol = "lb⋅in", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mN.m", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbfft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lbf⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbft"] = { name1 = "pound-foot", name2 = "pound-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["m.kg-f"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kg_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["m.kgf"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kgf", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["mN.m"] = { name1 = "millinewton-metre", name1_us = "millinewton-meter", symbol = "mN⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.001, default = "lb.in", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["Nm"] = { _name1 = "newton-metre", _name1_us= "newton-meter", _symbol = "N⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", alttype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lbfft", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["kN/m"] = { per = { "kN", "-m-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "lbf/in", }, ["lbf/in"] = { per = { "lbf", "-in-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "kN/m", }, ["lb-f.ft"] = { target = "lb-fft", }, ["lbf.ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lbf·ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lb·ft"] = { target = "lb.ft", }, ["mkg-f"] = { target = "m.kg-f", }, ["mkgf"] = { target = "m.kgf", }, ["N.m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["N·m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["ton-mile"] = { symbol = "ton-mile", usename = 1, utype = "transportation", scale = 1.4599723182105602, default = "tkm", }, ["tkm"] = { name1 = "tonne-kilometre", name1_us = "tonne-kilometer", symbol = "tkm", utype = "transportation", scale = 1, default = "ton-mile", }, ["-12USoz(mL)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USoz(ml)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "ml", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USozserve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["acre-foot"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-foot", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["acre-ft"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-feet", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["AUtbsp"] = { name1 = "Australian tablespoon", symbol = "AU&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000020, default = "ml", }, ["Bcuft"] = { name1 = "billion cubic foot", name2 = "billion cubic feet", symbol = "billion cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "Gl", link = "Cubic foot", }, ["bdft"] = { name1 = "board foot", name2 = "board feet", symbol = "bd&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board feet"] = { name2 = "board feet", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board foot"] = { name2 = "board foot", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["cc"] = { name1 = "cubic centimetre", name1_us = "cubic centimeter", symbol = "cc", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000001, default = "cuin", }, ["CID"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cc", link = "Cubic inch#Engine displacement", }, ["cord"] = { symbol = "cord", utype = "volume", scale = 3.624556363776, default = "m3", link = "Cord (unit)", }, ["cufoot"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic foot", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuft"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic feet", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuin"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cm3", }, ["cumi"] = { name1 = "cubic mile", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi", utype = "volume", scale = 4168181825.440579584, default = "km3", }, ["cuyd"] = { name1 = "cubic yard", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd", utype = "volume", scale = 0.764554857984, default = "m3", }, ["firkin"] = { symbol = "firkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.04091481, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Firkin (unit)", }, ["foot3"] = { target = "cufoot", }, ["Goilbbl"] = { name1 = "billion barrels", name2 = "billion barrels", symbol = "Gbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294.928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["gr water"] = { name1 = "grains water", name2 = "grains water", symbol = "gr H₂O", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00000006479891, default = "cm3", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["grt"] = { name1 = "gross register ton", symbol = "grt", utype = "volume", scale = 2.8316846592, default = "m3", link = "Gross register tonnage", }, ["impbbl"] = { name1 = "imperial barrel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.16365924, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["impbsh"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "L impgal USdrygal", }, ["impbu"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "m3", }, ["impgal"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00454609, default = "L USgal", }, ["impgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001420653125, default = "ml USoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["impkenning"] = { name1 = "imperial kenning", symbol = "kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01818436, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["impoz"] = { name1 = "imperial fluid ounce", symbol = "imp&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000284130625, default = "ml USoz", }, ["imppk"] = { name1 = "imperial peck", symbol = "pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00909218, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Peck", }, ["imppt"] = { name1 = "imperial pint", symbol = "imp&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00056826125, default = "L", }, ["impqt"] = { name1 = "imperial quart", symbol = "imp&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0011365225, default = "ml USoz", customary= 3, }, ["kilderkin"] = { symbol = "kilderkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.08182962, default = "L impgal USgal", }, ["koilbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "kbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["L"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "L", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["l"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["ll"] = { name1 = "litre", name1_us = "liter", symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, default = "impgal USgal", }, ["m3"] = { _name1 = "cubic metre", _name1_us= "cubic meter", _symbol = "m³", prefix_position= 7, utype = "volume", scale = 1, prefixes = 3, default = "cuft", link = "Cubic metre", }, ["Mbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MMoilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "MMbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["Moilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MTON"] = { name1 = "measurement ton", symbol = "MTON", utype = "volume", scale = 1.13267386368, default = "m3", }, ["MUSgal"] = { name1 = "million US gallons", name1_us = "million U.S. gallons", name2 = "million US gallons", name2_us = "million U.S. gallons", symbol = "million US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "million U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 3785.411784, default = "Ml", link = "US gallon", }, ["oilbbl"] = { name1 = "barrel", symbol = "bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.158987294928, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["stere"] = { symbol = "stere", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 1, default = "cuft", }, ["tmcft"] = { name2 = "tmcft", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", }, ["Tmcft"] = { name1 = "thousand million cubic feet", name2 = "thousand million cubic feet", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", link = "Tmcft", }, ["Toilbbl"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels", name2 = "trillion barrels", symbol = "Tbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["USbbl"] = { name1 = "US barrel", name1_us = "U.S. barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.119240471196, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbeerbbl"] = { name1 = "US beer barrel", name1_us = "U.S. beer barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.117347765304, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbsh"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bsh", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USbu"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bu", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USdrybbl"] = { name1 = "US dry barrel", name1_us = "U.S. dry barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.11562819898508, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USdrygal"] = { name1 = "US dry gallon", name1_us = "U.S. dry gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00440488377086, default = "L", link = "گئلن", }, ["USdrypt"] = { name1 = "US dry pint", name1_us = "U.S. dry pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0005506104713575, default = "ml", link = "Pint", }, ["USdryqt"] = { name1 = "US dry quart", name1_us = "U.S. dry quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001101220942715, default = "ml", link = "Quart", }, ["USflgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US fl gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", }, ["USgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001182941183, default = "ml impoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["USkenning"] = { name1 = "US kenning", name1_us = "U.S. kenning", symbol = "US&nbsp;kenning", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01761953508344, default = "L impgal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["USmin"] = { name1 = "US minim", name1_us = "U.S. minim", symbol = "US&nbsp;min", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;min", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000000061611519921875, default = "ml", link = "Minim (unit)", }, ["USoz"] = { name1 = "US fluid ounce", name1_us = "U.S. fluid ounce", symbol = "US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000295735295625, default = "ml", }, ["USpk"] = { name1 = "US peck", name1_us = "U.S. peck", symbol = "US&nbsp;pk", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00880976754172, default = "L impgal", link = "Peck", }, ["USpt"] = { name1 = "US pint", name1_us = "U.S. pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000473176473, default = "L imppt", link = "Pint", }, ["USqt"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml", link = "Quart", customary= 1, }, ["USquart"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml impoz", link = "Quart", }, ["UStbsp"] = { name1 = "US tablespoon", name1_us = "U.S. tablespoon", symbol = "US&nbsp;tbsp", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 1.4786764781250001e-5, default = "ml", }, ["winecase"] = { symbol = "case", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.009, default = "L", link = "Case (goods)", }, ["*U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["*U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["+USdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", customary= 1, }, ["+usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", link = "Fluid ounce", customary= 1, }, ["+USgal"] = { target = "USgal", customary= 1, }, ["+USoz"] = { target = "USoz", customary= 1, }, ["@impgal"] = { target = "impgal", link = "گئلن", customary= 3, }, ["acre feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre-feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre.foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre.ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre·ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["bushels"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["cid"] = { target = "CID", }, ["ft3"] = { target = "cuft", symbol = "ft³", }, ["gal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["گئلن"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})", }, ["gallons"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})", }, ["Gcuft"] = { target = "e9cuft", }, ["impfloz"] = { target = "impoz", }, ["Impgal"] = { target = "impgal", }, ["in3"] = { target = "cuin", symbol = "in³", }, ["hm³"] = { target = "hm3", }, ["kcuft"] = { target = "e3cuft", }, ["kcum"] = { target = "e3m3", }, ["km³"] = { target = "km3", }, ["liter"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["liters"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["litre"] = { target = "L", }, ["litres"] = { target = "L", }, ["Mcuft"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["Mcum"] = { target = "e6m3", }, ["Mft3"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["mi3"] = { target = "cumi", symbol = "mi³", }, ["m³"] = { target = "m3", }, ["Pcuft"] = { target = "e15cuft", }, ["pt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})", }, ["qt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})", }, ["Tcuft"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["Tft3"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["U.S.bbl"] = { target = "USbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.beerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.bsh"] = { target = "USbsh", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.bu"] = { target = "USbu", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.drybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.dryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.flgal"] = { target = "USflgal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.floz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["u.s.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["U.S.gi"] = { target = "USgi", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.kenning"] = { target = "USkenning", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.oz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pk"] = { target = "USpk", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pt"] = { target = "USpt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.qt"] = { target = "USqt", sp_us = true, default = "L impqt", customary= 2, }, ["usbbl"] = { target = "USbbl", }, ["usbeerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", }, ["usbsh"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["usbu"] = { target = "USbu", }, ["usdrybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", }, ["usdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", }, ["usdrypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", }, ["usdryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", }, ["USfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["USGAL"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgi"] = { target = "USgi", }, ["uskenning"] = { target = "USkenning", }, ["usoz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["uspk"] = { target = "USpk", }, ["uspt"] = { target = "USpt", }, ["usqt"] = { target = "USqt", }, ["yd3"] = { target = "cuyd", symbol = "yd³", }, ["cuft/sqmi"] = { per = { "cuft", "sqmi" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "m3/km2", }, ["m3/ha"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hectare", name1_us = "cubic meter per hectare", name2 = "cubic metres per hectare", name2_us = "cubic meters per hectare", symbol = "m³/ha", utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 0.0001, default = "USbu/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["m3/km2"] = { per = { "m3", "km2" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "cuft/sqmi", }, ["U.S.gal/acre"] = { per = { "U.S.gal", "acre" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "m3/km2", }, ["USbu/acre"] = { name2 = "US bushels per acre", symbol = "US bushel per acre", usename = 1, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 8.7077638761350888e-6, default = "m3/ha", link = "Bushel", }, ["USgal/acre"] = { per = { "USgal", "acre" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "m3/km2", }, ["cuyd/mi"] = { per = { "cuyd", "mi" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ڊيگھ", default = "m3/km", }, ["m3/km"] = { per = { "m3", "km" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ڊيگھ", default = "cuyd/mi", }, ["mich"] = { combination= { "ch", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michlk"] = { combination= { "chlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michainlk"] = { combination= { "chainlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["miyd"] = { combination= { "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["miydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["mift"] = { combination= { "ft", "mi" }, multiple = { 5280 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 12, 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydft"] = { combination= { "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["footin"] = { combination= { "in", "foot" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["handin"] = { combination= { "in", "hand" }, multiple = { 4 }, utype = "length", }, ["lboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb" }, multiple = { 16 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 16, 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["st and lb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["GN LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["LTf STf"] = { combination= { "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["STf LTf"] = { combination= { "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["L/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgUS"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["mpgimp L/100 km"] = { combination= { "mpgimp", "L/100 km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["LT ST t"] = { combination= { "lt", "-ST", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["LT t ST"] = { combination= { "lt", "t", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST LT t"] = { combination= { "-ST", "lt", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST t LT"] = { combination= { "-ST", "t", "lt" }, utype = "mass", }, ["t LT ST"] = { combination= { "t", "lt", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ton"] = { combination= { "LT", "ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["kPa kg/cm2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "kgf/cm2" }, utype = "دٻاء", }, ["kPa lb/in2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "-lb/in2" }, utype = "دٻاء", }, ["floz"] = { combination= { "impoz", "USoz" }, utype = "volume", }, } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local default_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation). ["cm²"] = "sqin", ["dm²"] = "sqin", ["e3acre"] = "km2", ["e3m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6acre"] = "km2", ["e6ha"] = "e6acre", ["e6km2"] = "e6sqmi", ["e6m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6sqft"] = "v * 9.290304 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2", ["e6sqmi"] = "e6km2", ["hm²"] = "acre", ["km²"] = "sqmi", ["mm²"] = "sqin", ["aJ"] = "eV", ["e3BTU"] = "ايم جَي", ["e6BTU"] = "GJ", ["EJ"] = "kWh", ["eV"] = "aJ", ["feV"] = "yJ", ["fJ"] = "keV", ["GeV"] = "nJ", ["GJ"] = "kWh", ["keV"] = "fJ", ["MeV"] = "پي جَي", ["meV"] = "zJ", ["ايم جَي"] = "kWh", ["neV"] = "yJ", ["PeV"] = "ايم جَي", ["peV"] = "yJ", ["پي جَي"] = "kWh", ["پي جَي"] = "MeV", ["TeV"] = "μJ", ["TJ"] = "kWh", ["YJ"] = "kWh", ["yJ"] = "μeV", ["ZJ"] = "kWh", ["zJ"] = "meV", ["μeV"] = "yJ", ["e12cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", ["e12cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d", ["e12m3/a"] = "Tcuft/a", ["e12m3/d"] = "Tcuft/d", ["e3cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e3cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", ["e3cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s", ["e3m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a", ["e3m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d", ["e3m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s", ["e3USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", ["e6cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s", ["e6m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a", ["e6m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d", ["e6m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s", ["e6USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e9cuft/a"] = "m3/a", ["e9cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d", ["e9m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a", ["e9m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d", ["e9m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s", ["e9USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", ["e9USgal/s"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s", ["nN"] = "gr-f", ["μN"] = "gr-f", ["mN"] = "oz-f", ["am"] = "in", ["cm"] = "in", ["dam"] = "ft", ["dm"] = "in", ["e12km"] = "e12mi", ["e12mi"] = "e12km", ["e3AU"] = "ly", ["e3km"] = "e3mi", ["e3mi"] = "e3km", ["e6km"] = "e6mi", ["e6mi"] = "e6km", ["e9km"] = "AU", ["e9mi"] = "e9km", ["Em"] = "mi", ["fm"] = "in", ["Gm"] = "mi", ["hm"] = "ft", ["km"] = "mi", ["mm"] = "in", ["Mm"] = "mi", ["nm"] = "in", ["Pm"] = "mi", ["pm"] = "in", ["Tm"] = "mi", ["Ym"] = "mi", ["ym"] = "in", ["Zm"] = "mi", ["zm"] = "in", ["μm"] = "in", ["e12lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! Mt ! Gt", ["e3lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3ozt"] = "v * 0.311034768 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3t"] = "LT ST", ["e6carat"] = "t", ["e6lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! t ! kilotonne", ["e6ozt"] = "lb kg", ["e6ST"] = "Mt", ["e6t"] = "LT ST", ["e9lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt", ["e9t"] = "LT ST", ["Gg"] = "lb", ["kg"] = "lb", ["mg"] = "gr", ["Mg"] = "LT ST", ["ng"] = "gr", ["μg"] = "gr", ["mBq"] = "fCi", ["kBq"] = "nCi", ["MBq"] = "μCi", ["GBq"] = "mCi", ["TBq"] = "Ci", ["PBq"] = "kCi", ["EBq"] = "kCi", ["fCi"] = "mBq", ["pCi"] = "Bq", ["nCi"] = "Bq", ["μCi"] = "kBq", ["mCi"] = "MBq", ["kCi"] = "TBq", ["MCi"] = "PBq", ["ns"] = "μs", ["μs"] = "ms", ["ms"] = "s", ["ks"] = "h", ["Ms"] = "week", ["Gs"] = "decade", ["Ts"] = "millennium", ["Ps"] = "million year", ["Es"] = "thousand million year", ["MK"] = "keVT", ["cL"] = "impoz usoz", ["cl"] = "impoz usoz", ["cm³"] = "cuin", ["dL"] = "impoz usoz", ["dl"] = "impoz usoz", ["mm³"] = "cuin", ["dm³"] = "cuin", ["e12cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", ["e12impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft", ["e12U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e15cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3", ["e15m3"] = "Pcuft", ["e3bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e3cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3", ["e3impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft", ["e3U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e6bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuyd"] = "v * 7.64554857984 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6L"] = "USgal", ["e6m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft", ["e6U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e9bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft", ["e9U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["GL"] = "cuft", ["Gl"] = "cuft", ["kL"] = "cuft", ["kl"] = "cuft", ["km³"] = "cumi", ["mL"] = "impoz usoz", ["ml"] = "impoz usoz", ["Ml"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["ML"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["TL"] = "cumi", ["Tl"] = "cumi", ["μL"] = "cuin", ["μl"] = "cuin", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local link_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode). ["mm²"] = "Square millimetre", ["cm²"] = "Square centimetre", ["dm²"] = "Square decimetre", ["km²"] = "Square kilometre", ["kJ"] = "Kilojoule", ["ايم جَي"] = "Megajoule", ["GJ"] = "Gigajoule", ["TJ"] = "Terajoule", ["fm"] = "Femtometre", ["pm"] = "Picometre", ["nm"] = "Nanometre", ["μm"] = "Micrometre", ["mm"] = "Millimetre", ["cm"] = "Centimetre", ["dm"] = "Decimetre", ["dam"] = "Decametre", ["hm"] = "Hectometre", ["km"] = "Kilometre", ["Mm"] = "Megametre", ["Gm"] = "Gigametre", ["Tm"] = "Terametre", ["Pm"] = "Petametre", ["Em"] = "Exametre", ["Zm"] = "Zettametre", ["Ym"] = "Yottametre", ["μg"] = "Microgram", ["mg"] = "Milligram", ["kg"] = "Kilogram", ["Mg"] = "Tonne", ["yW"] = "Yoctowatt", ["zW"] = "Zeptowatt", ["aW"] = "Attowatt", ["fW"] = "Femtowatt", ["pW"] = "Picowatt", ["nW"] = "Nanowatt", ["μW"] = "Microwatt", ["mW"] = "Milliwatt", ["kW"] = "Kilowatt", ["MW"] = "Megawatt", ["GW"] = "Gigawatt", ["TW"] = "Terawatt", ["PW"] = "Petawatt", ["EW"] = "Exawatt", ["ZW"] = "Zettawatt", ["YW"] = "Yottawatt", ["as"] = "Attosecond", ["fs"] = "Femtosecond", ["ps"] = "Picosecond", ["ns"] = "Nanosecond", ["μs"] = "Microsecond", ["ms"] = "Millisecond", ["ks"] = "Kilosecond", ["Ms"] = "Megasecond", ["Gs"] = "Gigasecond", ["Ts"] = "Terasecond", ["Ps"] = "Petasecond", ["Es"] = "Exasecond", ["Zs"] = "Zettasecond", ["Ys"] = "Yottasecond", ["mm³"] = "Cubic millimetre", ["cm³"] = "Cubic centimetre", ["dm³"] = "Cubic decimetre", ["dam³"] = "Cubic decametre", ["km³"] = "Cubic kilometre", ["μL"] = "Microlitre", ["μl"] = "Microlitre", ["mL"] = "Millilitre", ["ml"] = "Millilitre", ["cL"] = "Centilitre", ["cl"] = "Centilitre", ["dL"] = "Decilitre", ["dl"] = "Decilitre", ["daL"] = "Decalitre", ["dal"] = "Decalitre", ["hL"] = "Hectolitre", ["hl"] = "Hectolitre", ["kL"] = "ڪلولٽر", ["kl"] = "ڪلولٽر", ["ML"] = "ميگالٽر", ["Ml"] = "ميگالٽر", ["GL"] = "گيگالٽر", ["Gl"] = "گيگالٽر", ["TL"] = "ٽيرالٽر", ["Tl"] = "ٽيرالٽر", ["PL"] = "پيٽالٽر", ["Pl"] = "پيٽالٽر", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local per_unit_fixups = { -- Automatically created per units of form "x/y" may have their unit type -- changed, for example, "length/time" is changed to "speed". -- Other adjustments can also be specified. ["/area"] = "per unit area", ["/volume"] = "per unit volume", ["area/area"] = "area per unit area", ["energy/length"] = "energy per unit length", ["energy/mass"] = "energy per unit mass", ["energy/time"] = { utype = "power", link = "Power (physics)" }, ["energy/volume"] = "energy per unit volume", ["force/area"] = { utype = "دٻاء", link = "دٻاء" }, ["length/length"] = { utype = "gradient", link = "Grade (slope)" }, ["length/time"] = { utype = "speed", link = "Speed" }, ["length/time/time"] = { utype = "تيزي", link = "تيزي" }, ["مايو/ايراضي"] = { utype = "دٻاء", multiplier = 9.80665 }, ["مايو/ڊيگھ"] = "خطي ڪثافت", ["مايو/مايو"] = "ارتڪاز", ["مايو/طاقت"] = "مايو في يونٽ طاقت", ["مايو/وقت"] = "مايو في يونٽ وقت", ["مايو/حجم"] = { utype = "ڪثافت", link = "ڪثافت" }, ["طاقت/مايو"] = "طاقت في يونٽ مايو", ["طاقت/حجم"] = { link = "طاقتي ڪثافت" }, ["دٻاء/ڊيگھ"] = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", ["رفتار/وقت"] = { utype = "تيزي", link = "تيزي" }, ["حجم/ايراضي"] = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", ["حجم/ڊيگھ"] = "حجم في يونٽ ڊيگھ", ["حجم/وقت"] = "وھڪرو", } return { all_units = all_units, default_exceptions = default_exceptions, link_exceptions = link_exceptions, per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups, } 6w47g0xu7mwbzpnowkyhuofsn3yyjga 377727 377726 2026-05-15T23:03:54Z Intisar Ali 8681 377727 Scribunto text/plain -- [[Module:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ وارو ڊيٽا، جيڪو mw.loadData() استعمال ڪري ٿو -- ھن ماڊيول تائين فقط پڙھڻ واري رسائي لاءِ، جيئن ھر صفحي تي ھي صرف ھڪ ڀيرو لوڊ ٿئي. -- ٻي وڪي تي نقل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] ڏسو. -- -- ھيٺيان ڊيٽا ٽيبلون شامل آھن: -- all_units ڪنھن به يونٽ جون سڀئي خاصيتون، ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ سميت -- default_exceptions ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جا ڊفالٽ مختلف آھن) -- link_exceptions ڳنڍڻين جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جون ڳنڍڻيون مختلف آھن) -- -- ھي ٽيبلون ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿين ٿيون، جيڪو ھڪ صفحي جي وڪي متن کي پڙھي ٿو -- جيڪو ھر يونٽ جي گھربل خاصيتن جي دستاويزڪاري ڪري ٿو؛ [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]] ڏسو. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ھن ٽيبل جي ڊيٽا ۾ تبديلي نه ڪريو ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اھا ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿئي ٿي -- -- جيڪو وڪي صفحي مان وڪي متن پڙھي ٿو (مٿيون نوٽ ڏسو). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local all_units = { ["Gy"] = { _name1 = "گِرَي", _symbol = "Gy", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "رَيڊ", link = "گِرَي (ايڪو)", }, ["رَيڊ"] = { _name1 = "رَيڊ", _symbol = "رَيڊ", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Gy", link = "رَيڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["cm/سيڪنڊ 2"] = { name1 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "cm/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.01, default = "ft/s2", link = "گئل (ايڪو)", }, ["فٽ/s2"] = { name1 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ft/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s2", }, ["g0"] = { name1 = "معياري ڪشش ثقل", name2 = "معياري ڪشش ثقلون", symbol = "''g''₀", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", }, ["g-فورس"] = { name2 = "''g''", symbol = "''g''", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", link = "g-فورس", }, ["ڪ م/hs"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ڪ م/(h⋅s)", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/s2"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "km/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1000, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ميٽر/s2"] = { name1 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "m/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1, default = "ft/s2", }, ["mph/سيڪنڊ"] = { name1 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "mph/سيڪنڊ", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.44704, default = "ڪ م/hs", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/h/s"] = { target = "ڪ م/hs", }, ["معياري ڪشش ثقل"] = { target = "g0", }, ["1000چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", name2 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", symbol = "1000 چ.فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 92.90304, default = "m2", link = "چورس فٽ", }, ["a"] = { _name1 = "ايراضي", _symbol = "a", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 100, prefixes = 1, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "ھيڪٽر#ايڪڙ", }, ["ايڪڙ"] = { symbol = "ايڪڙ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 4046.8564224, default = "ha", subdivs = { ["رُوڊ"] = { 4, default = "ha" }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { 160, default = "ha" } }, }, ["اَيڪَڙُ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آرپينٽ"] = { symbol = "آرپينٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3418.89, default = "ha", }, ["cda"] = { name1 = "ڪويردا", symbol = "cda", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3930.395625, default = "ha ايڪڙ", }, ["daa"] = { name1 = "ڊَيڪَر", symbol = "daa", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دونم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", link = "دُونَم", }, ["ha"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["هَيڪٽَر"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آئرش ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "آئرش ايڪڙ", symbol = "آئرش&nbsp;اَيڪَڙَ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 6555.2385024, default = "ha", link = "ايڪڙ (آئرش)", }, ["m2"] = { _name1 = "چورس ميٽر", _name1_us= "چورس ميٽر", _symbol = "m²", prefix_position= 8, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1, prefixes = 2, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "چورس ميٽر", }, ["پَونڊِيمَاٽُ"] = { name1 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", name2 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽَ", symbol = "پونڊ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3674.363358816, default = "ميٽر2", link = ":nl:پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["پِيَونگ"] = { name2 = "پِيَونگ", symbol = "پِيَونگ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["رائي"] = { name2 = "رائي", symbol = "رائي", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1600, default = "ميٽر2", link = "رائي (ايڪو)", }, ["رُوڊ"] = { symbol = "رُوڊ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1011.7141056, default = "چ.فٽ چ.ميٽر", subdivs = { ["چ.پرچ"] = { 40, default = "m2" } }, link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["چ .فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ", name2 = "چورس فٽ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فُٽُ", name2 = "چورس فُٽَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ. انچ"] = { name1 = "چورس اِنچُ", name2 = "چورس اِنچَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.00064516, default = "2سينٽي ميٽر", }, ["چ .ميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;ميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 2589988.110336, default = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["sqnميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;nميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3429904, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { name2 = "پَرچَ", symbol = "پَرچُ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 25.29285264, default = "m2", link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)#ايراضي ۽ حجم", }, ["چ. ويرسٽ"] = { symbol = "چورس ويرسٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1138062.24, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ويرسٽ", }, ["چ. گز"] = { name1 = "چورس گز", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;گز", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.83612736, default = "چ.ميل", }, ["ٽُسُوبَو"] = { name2 = "ٽُسُوبَو", symbol = "ٽُسُوبَو", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "چ.ميل", link = "جپاني ماپ جو ايڪو#ايراصي", }, ["اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["are"] = { target = "a", }, ["ڊيڪر"] = { target = "daa", }, ["چ. فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", symbol = "فٽ²", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { target = "چ.انچ", symbol = "انچ²", }, ["ڪ م²"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ. ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", symbol = "ميل²", }, ["ملين ايڪڙ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين ھيڪٽر"] = { target = "e6ھيڪٽر", }, ["ميل²"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["nميل2"] = { target = "چورسnميل", }, ["پونڊ"] = { target = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["چ. آرپ"] = { target = "آرپينٽ", }, ["چ.ڪ م"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["چورس ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { target = "چ.گز", symbol = "گز²", }, ["چ.ميٽر/ھيڪٽر"] = { name1 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name1_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", symbol = "ميٽر²/ھيڪٽر", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 0.0001, default = "چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", name2 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ/ايڪڙ", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 2.295684113865932e-5, default = "m2/ھيڪٽر", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["سينٽ"] = { name1 = "سينٽ", symbol = "¢", utype = "سينٽ", scale = 1, default = "سينٽ", link = "سينٽ (ڪرنسي)", }, ["¢"] = { target = "سينٽ", }, ["A.h"] = { name1 = "ايمپيئر ڪلاڪ", symbol = "A⋅h", utype = "چارج", scale = 3600, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["ڪولمب"] = { _name1 = "ڪولمب", _symbol = "C", utype = "چارج", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "e", link = "ڪولمب", }, ["e"] = { name1 = "ايليميٽري چارج", symbol = "''e''", utype = "چارج", scale = 1.602176634e-19, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["g-مول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "g&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gمول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "gمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kمول"] = { name1 = "ڪلومول", symbol = "kمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1000, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["lb-مول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lb&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["lbمول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lbمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["مول"] = { name1 = "مول", symbol = "مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", name2 ="ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام(CO₂)/L", utype = "co2 يونٽ حجم", scale = 1000, default = "lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائُونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائُونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lbCO2/آمريڪي&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "co2 حجم ايڪو", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["اونس/پائونڊ"] = { per = { "اونس", "پائونڊ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "م.گ/ڪ.گ", }, ["م.گ/ڪ.گ"] = { per = { "م.گ", "ڪ.گ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "اونس/پائونڊ", }, ["g/dm3"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "گرام/ڊيسي ميٽر³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "ڪ گ/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "گرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/mL"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/mL", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/ml"] = { name1 = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/ml", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/dm3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/dm³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/ميٽر3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/m³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 16.018463373960142, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ گز"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ گز", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ گز", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;گز", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.5932764212577829, default = "ڪلوگرام/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/امپيريل گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في امپيريل گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في امپيريل گئلن", symbol = "lb/امپيريل&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 99.776372663101697, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/انچ3"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي بشيل"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي بشيل", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي بشيل", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;بشيل", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 12.871859780974471, default = "ڪلوگرام/m3", link = "بشيل", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["مليگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "mg/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "اونسُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "اونسَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1729.9940443876951, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/cm3"] = { per = { "گرام", "cm3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["Mملي گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["ملي گرام/لٽر"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/dL"] = { per = { "μg", "dL" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/لٽر"] = { per = { "μg", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["پائونڊ/فٽ3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["پائونڊ/گز3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ گز", }, ["lbm/انچ3"] = { target = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["mcg/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["اونس/انچ3"] = { target = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["ug/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["ug/لٽر"] = { target = "μg/لٽر", }, ["بِي.او.ٽِي.يُو."] = { name1 = "بورڊ آف ٽريڊ يونٽ", symbol = "بِي.او.ٽي.يُو.", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["بِي بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بي ٽي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽي يو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "انرجي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بي ٽي يُو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ترمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -ISO"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (ISO)", name2 = "British thermal units (ISO)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_ISO", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.056, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO"] = { target = "بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -IT"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (آء ٽي)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (آء ٽي)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-آء ٽي"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (آء ٽي)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (آء ٽي)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_{آء ٽي}", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["پي ٽي يُو-مِين"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (مِين)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (مِين)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_مِين", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-مِين"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (مِين)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (مِين)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_مِين", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal يونٽَ (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (thermochemical)", name2 = "British thermal يونٽَ (thermochemical)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["Cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "Cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", }, ["Cal-15"] = { name1 = "Calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-15"] = { name1 = "calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1858, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-IT"] = { name1 = "Calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-IT"] = { name1 = "calorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-th"] = { name1 = "Calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "Cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-th"] = { name1 = "calorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CHU-IT"] = { name1 = "Celsius heat unit (International Table)", name2 = "Celsius heat units (International Table)", symbol = "CHU_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1899.100534716, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cufootnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic foot of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cuftnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic feet of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["Eh"] = { name1 = "Hartree", symbol = "''E''_h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.35974417e-18, default = "eV", }, ["erg"] = { symbol = "erg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000001, default = "μJ", }, ["eV"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.602176634e-19, prefixes = 1, default = "aJ", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["foe"] = { symbol = "foe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e44, default = "YJ", link = "Foe (unit)", }, ["ftlb"] = { name1 = "foot-pound", symbol = "ft⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlb-f"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftlbf"] = { name1 = "foot-pound force", name2 = "foot-pounds force", symbol = "ft⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["ftpdl"] = { name1 = "foot-poundal", symbol = "ft⋅pdl", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0421401100938048, default = "جَي", }, ["gTNT"] = { name2 = "grams of TNT", symbol = "gram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Gtoe"] = { name1 = "gigatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "gigatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Gtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e19, default = "EJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["GtonTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatons of TNT", symbol = "gigaton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GtTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatonnes of TNT", symbol = "gigatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "EJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["GW.h"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["GWh"] = { name1 = "gigawatt-hour", symbol = "GWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "TJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["hph"] = { name1 = "horsepower-hour", symbol = "hp⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2684519.537696172792, default = "kWh", link = "Horsepower", }, ["inlb"] = { name1 = "inch-pound", symbol = "in⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlb-f"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inlbf"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inoz-f"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅oz_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["inozf"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅ozf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Foot-pound (energy)", }, ["J"] = { _name1 = "جول" , _symbol = "جَي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "cal", link = "جول" , }, ["kBOE"] = { name1 = "kilo barrel of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilo barrels of oil equivalent", symbol = "kBOE", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6.1178632e12, default = "TJ", link = "Barrel of oil equivalent", }, ["kcal"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie", symbol = "kcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-15"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (15°C)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "kcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-IT"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "kcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-th"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "kcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kerg"] = { name1 = "kiloerg", symbol = "kerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0001, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Erg", }, ["kgTNT"] = { name2 = "kilograms of TNT", symbol = "kilogram of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", name1_us = "kiloton", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktoe"] = { name1 = "kilotonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilotonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "ktoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e13, default = "TJ", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["ktonTNT"] = { name1 = "kiloton of TNT", name2 = "kilotons of TNT", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["kW.h"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["kWh"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour", symbol = "kWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["Mcal"] = { name1 = "megacalorie", symbol = "Mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal"] = { name1 = "millicalorie", symbol = "mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-15"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (15°C)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-15"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (15°C)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041858, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "Mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (International Steam Table)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (International Steam Table)", symbol = "mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041868, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-th"] = { name1 = "megacalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "megaڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "Mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-th"] = { name1 = "millicalorie (thermochemical)", name2 = "milliڪيلوريون (thermochemical)", symbol = "mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Merg"] = { name1 = "megaerg", symbol = "Merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.1, default = "جَي", link = "Erg", }, ["merg"] = { name1 = "millierg", symbol = "merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "μJ", link = "Erg", }, ["MMBtu"] = { name1 = "million British thermal units", name2 = "million British thermal units", symbol = "MMBtu", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055852.62, default = "GJ", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["Mt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "megatonne", name1_us = "megaton", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["Mtoe"] = { name1 = "megatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "megatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Mtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e16, default = "پي جَي", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT"] = { name1 = "megaton of TNT", name2 = "megatons of TNT", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtonTNT"] = { name2 = "millitons of TNT", symbol = "milliton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT", symbol = "megatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["mtTNT"] = { name2 = "millitonnes of TNT", symbol = "millitonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MW.h"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mW.h"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["MWh"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "GJ", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["mWh"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["PSh"] = { name1 = "Pferdestärkenstunde", symbol = "PSh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2647795.5, default = "kWh", }, ["quad"] = { name1 = "quadrillion British thermal units", name2 = "quadrillion British thermal units", symbol = "quad", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.054804e18, default = "EJ", link = "Quad (unit)", }, ["Ry"] = { name1 = "rydberg", symbol = "Ry", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2.1798741e-18, default = "eV", link = "Rydberg constant", }, ["scf"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic feet", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["scfoot"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic foot", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["t(TNT)"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "ton", symbol = "t", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["th"] = { name1 = "thermie", symbol = "th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["thm-EC"] = { name1 = "therm (EC)", name2 = "therms (EC)", symbol = "thm (EC)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105506000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-UK"] = { name1 = "therm (UK)", name2 = "therms (UK)", symbol = "thm (UK)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105505585.257348, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-US"] = { name1 = "therm (US)", name1_us = "therm (U.S.)", name2 = "therms (US)", name2_us = "therms (U.S.)", symbol = "thm (US)", sym_us = "thm (U.S.)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105480400, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["toe"] = { name1 = "tonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "tonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "toe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 41868000000, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["tonTNT"] = { name2 = "tons of TNT", symbol = "ton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["tTNT"] = { name2 = "tonnes of TNT", symbol = "tonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtonTNT"] = { name2 = "teratons of TNT", symbol = "teraton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TtTNT"] = { name2 = "teratonnes of TNT", symbol = "teratonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TW.h"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["TWh"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["W.h"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "W⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["Wh"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "Wh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μerg"] = { name1 = "microerg", symbol = "μerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e-13, default = "nJ", link = "Erg", }, ["μW.h"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["μWh"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["-kW.h"] = { target = "kW.h", link = "Kilowatt hour", }, ["btu"] = { target = "BTU", }, ["ڪيلوري"] = { target = "Cal", }, ["ft.lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["ft·lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["g-cal-15"] = { target = "cal-15", }, ["g-cal-IT"] = { target = "cal-IT", }, ["g-cal-th"] = { target = "cal-th", }, ["g-kcal-15"] = { target = "kcal-15", }, ["g-kcal-IT"] = { target = "kcal-IT", }, ["g-kcal-th"] = { target = "kcal-th", }, ["g-Mcal-15"] = { target = "Mcal-15", }, ["g-mcal-15"] = { target = "mcal-15", }, ["g-Mcal-IT"] = { target = "Mcal-IT", }, ["g-mcal-IT"] = { target = "mcal-IT", }, ["g-Mcal-th"] = { target = "Mcal-th", }, ["g-mcal-th"] = { target = "mcal-th", }, ["GW-h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["GW·h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["Hartree"] = { target = "Eh", }, ["hp.h"] = { target = "hph", }, ["in.lb-f"] = { target = "inlb-f", }, ["in.lbf"] = { target = "inlbf", }, ["in.oz-f"] = { target = "inoz-f", }, ["in.ozf"] = { target = "inozf", }, ["kbboe"] = { target = "kBOE", symbol = "kbboe", }, ["kg-cal-15"] = { target = "Cal-15", }, ["kg-cal-IT"] = { target = "Cal-IT", }, ["kg-cal-th"] = { target = "Cal-th", }, ["kW-h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["kW·h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["MW-h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["mW-h"] = { target = "mW.h", }, ["MW·h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["TW-h"] = { target = "TW.h", }, ["uerg"] = { target = "μerg", }, ["uW-h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uW.h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uWh"] = { target = "μWh", }, ["W-h"] = { target = "W.h", }, ["eVpar"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy per chemical amount", scale = 96485.332123310014, prefixes = 1, default = "kcal/mol", defkey = "eVpar", linkey = "eVpar", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["kcal/mol"] = { per = { "kcal", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "ڪي جَي/mol", link = "Kilocalorie per mole", }, ["ڪي جَي/mol"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "kcal/mol", link = "Joule per mole", }, ["kWh/100 km"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 36, default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", link = "Kilowatt-hour", }, ["kWh/100 mi"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 miles", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 miles", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;mi", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 22.3694, default = "mpge", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["MJ/100 km"] = { name1 = "megajoule per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "megajoule per 100 kilometers", name2 = "megajoules per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "megajoules per 100 kilometers", symbol = "ايم جَي/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 10, default = "BTU/mi", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["mpge"] = { name1 = "mile per gallon gasoline equivalent", name2 = "miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", symbol = "mpg&#8209;e", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 1.3263314048360777e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "kWh/100 mi", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["BTU/mi"] = { per = { "BTU", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "v > 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km", }, ["ڪي جَي/km"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["kWh/km"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", }, ["kWh/mi"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "kWh/km ايم جَي/km", }, ["ايم جَي/km"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "km" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["mpg-e"] = { target = "mpge", }, ["BTU/lb"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit per pound", name2 = "British thermal units per pound", symbol = "BTU/lb", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 2326, default = "ڪي جَي/kg", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["cal/g"] = { name1 = "calorie per gram", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "cal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184, default = "J/g", }, ["جِي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "gigajoule per kilogram", name2 = "gigajoules per kilogram", symbol = "جِي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e9, default = "ktTNT/t", link = "Specific energy", }, ["J/g"] = { name1 = "joule per gram", name2 = "joules per gram", symbol = "J/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["kcal/g"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per gram", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "kcal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000, default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["ڪي جَي/g"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per gram", name2 = "kilojoules per gram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ڪي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per kilogram", name2 = "kilojoules per kilogram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "BTU/lb", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ktonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "kilotons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "kiloton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["ktTNT/t"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "megaton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["MtTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "megatonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "megatonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "TNT equivalent", }, ["TJ/kg"] = { name1 = "terajoule per kilogram", name2 = "terajoules per kilogram", symbol = "TJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e12, default = "MtTNT/MT", link = "Specific energy", }, ["Cal/g"] = { per = { "Cal", "g" }, utype = "energy per unit mass", default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["BTU/cuft"] = { per = { "BTU", "cuft" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(mL)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(mL)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(ml)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(ml)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/l", }, ["Cal/12USozserve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USozserve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/USoz"] = { per = { "Cal", "USoz" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/ml", }, ["ڪي جَي/L"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "L" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["ڪي جَي/l"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "ll" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["kJ/ml"] = { per = { "kJ", "ml" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "Cal/USoz", }, ["MJ/m3"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "m3" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["Sv"] = { _name1 = "sievert", _symbol = "Sv", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "rem", link = "Sievert", }, ["rem"] = { _name1 = "rem", _symbol = "rem", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Sv", link = "Roentgen equivalent man", }, ["g/km"] = { name1 = "gram per kilometre", name1_us = "gram per kilometer", name2 = "grams per kilometre", name2_us = "grams per kilometer", symbol = "g/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "oz/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["g/mi"] = { name1 = "gram per mile", name2 = "grams per mile", symbol = "g/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "g/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["gCO2/ڪ م"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "gram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "grams of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "g(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "ozCO2/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["gCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "g(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "gCO2/ڪ م", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["kg/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms per kilometer", symbol = "kg/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["kgCO2/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "kg(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lbCO2/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lb/mi"] = { name1 = "pound per mile", name2 = "pounds per mile", symbol = "lb/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kg/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "pound of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "pounds of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "lb(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kgCO2/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["oz/mi"] = { name1 = "اونس في ميل", name2 = "ounces per mile", symbol = "oz/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "g/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["ozCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "ounces of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "oz(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "gCO2/ڪ م", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["cuft/a"] = { name1 = "ڪيوبڪ فٽ في سال", name2 = "cubic feet per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 8.9730672142368242e-10, default = "m3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/d"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per day", name2 = "cubic feet per day", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 3.2774128000000003e-7, default = "m3/d", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/h"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per hour", name2 = "cubic feet per hour", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 7.8657907200000004e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/min"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per minute", name2 = "cubic feet per minute", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00047194744319999999, default = "m3/min", }, ["cuft/s"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per second", name2 = "cubic feet per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 28316846592e-12, default = "m3/s", }, ["cumi/a"] = { name1 = "cubic mile per annum", name2 = "cubic miles per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 132.08171170940057, default = "km3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/h"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per hour", name2 = "cubic yards per hour", symbol = "cuyd/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00021237634944000001, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/s"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per second", name2 = "cubic yards per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.76455485798400002, default = "m3/s", }, ["Goilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "billion barrels per year", name2 = "billion barrels per year", symbol = "Gbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933836, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["impgal/h"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per hour", name2 = "imperial gallons per hour", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.2628027777777779e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", }, ["impgal/min"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per minute", name2 = "imperial gallons per minute", symbol = "imp gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 7.5768166666666671e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["impgal/s"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per second", name2 = "imperial gallons per second", symbol = "impgal/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00454609, default = "m3/s", link = "Imperial gallons per second", }, ["km3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per annum", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per annum", name2 = "cubic kilometres per annum", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per annum", symbol = "km³/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 31.68808781402895, default = "cumi/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["km3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per day", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per day", name2 = "cubic kilometres per day", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per day", symbol = "km³/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 11574.074074074075, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["koilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per year", name2 = "thousand barrels per year", symbol = "kbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-6, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["koilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per day", name2 = "thousand barrels per day", symbol = "kbbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.0018401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["L/h"] = { name1 = "litre per hour", name1_us = "liter per hour", name2 = "litres per hour", name2_us = "liters per hour", symbol = "L/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 2.7777777777777776e-7, default = "impgal/h USgal/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/min"] = { name1 = "litre per minute", name1_us = "liter per minute", name2 = "litres per minute", name2_us = "liters per minute", symbol = "L/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.6666666666666667e-5, default = "impgal/min USgal/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/s"] = { name1 = "litre per second", name1_us = "liter per second", name2 = "litres per second", name2_us = "liters per second", symbol = "L/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.001, default = "cuft/s", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per annum", name1_us = "cubic meter per annum", name2 = "cubic metres per annum", name2_us = "cubic meters per annum", symbol = "m³/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 3.1688087814028947e-8, default = "cuft/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per day", name1_us = "cubic meter per day", name2 = "cubic metres per day", name2_us = "cubic meters per day", symbol = "m³/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/h"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hour", name1_us = "cubic meter per hour", name2 = "cubic metres per hour", name2_us = "cubic meters per hour", symbol = "m³/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "cuft/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/min"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per minute", name1_us = "cubic meter per minute", name2 = "cubic metres per minute", name2_us = "cubic meters per minute", symbol = "m³/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "cuft/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/s"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per second", name1_us = "cubic meter per second", name2 = "cubic metres per second", name2_us = "cubic meters per second", symbol = "m³/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1, default = "cuft/s", }, ["Moilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "million barrels per year", name2 = "million barrels per year", symbol = "Mbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.0050380033629933837, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["Moilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "million barrels per day", name2 = "million barrels per day", symbol = "Mbbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.8401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "barrel per year", name2 = "barrels per year", symbol = "bbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-9, default = "m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "barrel per day", name2 = "barrels per day", symbol = "bbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.8401307283333336e-6, default = "m3/d", }, ["Toilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels per year", name2 = "trillion barrels per year", symbol = "Tbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5038.0033629933832, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["U.S.gal/d"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per day", name2 = "U.S. gallons per day", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", customary= 1, }, ["U.S.gal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", customary= 2, }, ["U.S.gal/min"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per minute", name2 = "U.S. gallons per minute", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal/a"] = { name1 = "US gallon per year", name2 = "US gallons per year", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.1995246102365199e-10, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/d"] = { name1 = "US gallon per day", name2 = "US gallons per day", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", customary= 1, }, ["USgal/min"] = { name1 = "US gallon per minute", name2 = "US gallons per minute", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal/s"] = { name1 = "US gallon per second", name1_us = "U.S. gallon per second", name2 = "US gallons per second", name2_us = "U.S. gallons per second", symbol = "USgal/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "m3/s", link = "US gallons per second", }, ["ft3/a"] = { target = "cuft/a", }, ["ft3/d"] = { target = "cuft/d", }, ["ft3/h"] = { target = "cuft/h", }, ["ft3/s"] = { target = "cuft/s", }, ["Gcuft/a"] = { target = "e9cuft/a", }, ["Gcuft/d"] = { target = "e9cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/a"] = { target = "e3cuft/a", }, ["kcuft/d"] = { target = "e3cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/s"] = { target = "e3cuft/s", }, ["Mcuft/a"] = { target = "e6cuft/a", }, ["Mcuft/d"] = { target = "e6cuft/d", }, ["Mcuft/s"] = { target = "e6cuft/s", }, ["m³/s"] = { target = "m3/s", }, ["Tcuft/a"] = { target = "e12cuft/a", }, ["Tcuft/d"] = { target = "e12cuft/d", }, ["u.s.gal/min"] = { target = "U.S.gal/min", }, ["usgal/min"] = { target = "USgal/min", }, ["-LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["-STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["dyn"] = { name1 = "dyne", symbol = "dyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00001, default = "gr-f", }, ["g-f"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "g_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gf"] = { name1 = "gram-force", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "gf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN ozf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["gr-f"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "gr_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["grf"] = { name1 = "grain-force", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "grf", utype = "force", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["kdyn"] = { name1 = "kilodyne", symbol = "kdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.01, default = "oz-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["kg-f"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kg_f", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", }, ["kgf"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kgf", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lbf", }, ["kp"] = { name1 = "kilopond", symbol = "kp", utype = "force", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["L/T-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["L/Tf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "L/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["lb-f"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lb_f", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lbf"] = { name1 = "pound-force", name2 = "pounds-force", symbol = "lbf", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["lb(f)"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "force", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["LT-f"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LT_f", utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["LTf"] = { name1 = "long ton-force", name2 = "long tons-force", symbol = "LTf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["Mdyn"] = { name1 = "megadyne", symbol = "Mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 10, default = "lb-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mdyn"] = { name1 = "millidyne", symbol = "mdyn", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000001, default = "gr-f", link = "Dyne", }, ["mg-f"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mg_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mgf"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mgf", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN grf", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["Mp"] = { name1 = "megapond", symbol = "Mp", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["mp"] = { name1 = "millipond", symbol = "mp", utype = "force", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["N"] = { _name1 = "newton", _symbol = "N", utype = "force", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lb-f", link = "Newton (unit)", }, ["oz-f"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "oz_f", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["ozf"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "ozf", utype = "force", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "Pound (force)", }, ["p"] = { name1 = "pond", symbol = "p", utype = "force", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["pdl"] = { name1 = "poundal", symbol = "pdl", utype = "force", scale = 0.138254954376, default = "N", }, ["S/T-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/T_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["S/Tf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/Tf", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["ST-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "ST_f", utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", usename = 1, utype = "force", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["t-f"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "t_f", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["tf"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "tf", utype = "force", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LTf STf", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["dyne"] = { target = "dyn", }, ["newtons"] = { target = "N", }, ["poundal"] = { target = "pdl", }, ["tonne-force"] = { target = "tf", }, ["impgal/mi"] = { per = { "@impgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km USgal/mi", }, ["km/L"] = { per = { "km", "L" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["km/l"] = { per = { "km", "ll" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["L/100 km"] = { per = { "L", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["l/100 km"] = { per = { "ll", "100km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["L/km"] = { per = { "L", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["l/km"] = { per = { "ll", "km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["mi/impqt"] = { per = { "mi", "impqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/U.S.qt"] = { per = { "mi", "U.S.qt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/USqt"] = { per = { "mi", "USqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/usqt"] = { per = { "mi", "usqt" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mpgimp"] = { per = { "mi", "@impgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;imp", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]}", }, ["mpgus"] = { per = { "mi", "+USgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;US", utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgimp", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]}", }, ["U.S.gal/mi"] = { per = { "*U.S.gal", "mi" }, sp_us = true, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["usgal/mi"] = { per = { "+USgal", "mi" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["L/100km"] = { target = "L/100 km", }, ["l/100km"] = { target = "l/100 km", }, ["mpg"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})", }, ["mpgU.S."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgu.s."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgUS"] = { target = "mpgus", }, ["USgal/mi"] = { target = "usgal/mi", }, ["kPa/m"] = { per = { "kPa", "-m-frac" }, utype = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", default = "psi/ft", }, ["psi/ft"] = { per = { "psi", "-ft-frac" }, utype = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", default = "kPa/m", }, ["cm/km"] = { name1 = "centimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "centimeter per kilometer", name2 = "centimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "centimeters per kilometer", symbol = "cm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/mi"] = { name1 = "foot per mile", name2 = "feet per mile", symbol = "ft/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00018939393939393939, default = "v < 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["ft/nmi"] = { name1 = "foot per nautical mile", name2 = "feet per nautical mile", symbol = "ft/nmi", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.00016457883369330455, default = "v < 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/ft"] = { name1 = "inch per foot", name2 = "inches per foot", symbol = "in/ft", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.083333333333333329, default = "mm/m", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["in/mi"] = { name1 = "inch per mile", name2 = "inches per mile", symbol = "in/mi", utype = "gradient", scale = 1.5782828282828283e-5, default = "v < 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["m/km"] = { name1 = "metre per kilometre", name1_us = "meter per kilometer", name2 = "metres per kilometre", name2_us = "meters per kilometer", symbol = "m/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "ft/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/km"] = { name1 = "millimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "millimeter per kilometer", name2 = "millimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "millimeters per kilometer", symbol = "mm/km", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.000001, default = "in/mi", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["mm/m"] = { name1 = "millimetre per metre", name1_us = "millimeter per meter", name2 = "millimetres per metre", name2_us = "millimeters per meter", symbol = "mm/m", utype = "gradient", scale = 0.001, default = "in/ft", link = "Grade (slope)", }, ["admi"] = { name1 = "admiralty mile", symbol = "nmi&nbsp;(admiralty)", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["AU"] = { name1 = "astronomical unit", symbol = "AU", utype = "length", scale = 149597870700, default = "km mi", }, ["Brnmi"] = { name1 = "British nautical mile", symbol = "(Brit)&nbsp;nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["bu"] = { name2 = "bu", symbol = "bu", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0030303030303030303, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["ch"] = { name1 = "chain", symbol = "ch", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chlk"] = { name1 = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|ch]]", utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["chain"] = { symbol = "chain", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["yd"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chainlk"] = { symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["dpcm"] = { name2 = "dot/cm", symbol = "dot/cm", utype = "length", scale = 100, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "dpi", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["dpi"] = { name2 = "DPI", symbol = "DPI", utype = "length", scale = 39.370078740157481, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["fathom"] = { symbol = "fathom", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1.8288, default = "ft m", }, ["foot"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "foot", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["ft"] = { name1 = "foot", name2 = "feet", symbol = "ft", utype = "length", scale = 0.3048, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["furlong"] = { symbol = "furlong", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 201.168, default = "ft m", }, ["Gly"] = { name1 = "gigalight-year", symbol = "Gly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e24, default = "Mpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Gpc"] = { name1 = "gigaparsec", symbol = "Gpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e25, default = "Gly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["hand"] = { name1 = "hand", symbol = "h", utype = "length", builtin = "hand", scale = 0.1016, iscomplex= true, default = "in cm", link = "Hand (unit)", }, ["in"] = { name1 = "inch", name2 = "inches", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, exception= "subunit_more_precision", default = "mm", }, ["inabbreviated"] = { name2 = "in", symbol = "in", utype = "length", scale = 0.0254, default = "mm", link = "Inch", }, ["kly"] = { name1 = "kilolight-year", symbol = "kly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e18, default = "pc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["kpc"] = { name1 = "kiloparsec", symbol = "kpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e19, default = "kly", link = "Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs", }, ["LD"] = { name1 = "lunar distance", symbol = "LD", utype = "length", scale = 384403000, default = "km mi", link = "Lunar distance (astronomy)", }, ["league"] = { symbol = "league", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 4828.032, default = "km", link = "League (unit)", }, ["ly"] = { name1 = "light-year", symbol = "ly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e15, default = "AU", }, ["m"] = { _name1 = "metre", _name1_us= "meter", _symbol = "m", utype = "length", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v > 0 and v < 3 ! ftin ! ft", link = "Metre", }, ["mi"] = { name1 = "mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["ch"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["chainlk"] = { 80, default = "km" }, ["ft"] = { 5280, default = "km" }, ["furlong"] = { 8, default = "km" }, ["yd"] = { 1760, default = "km" } }, }, ["mil"] = { symbol = "mil", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["Mly"] = { name1 = "megalight-year", symbol = "Mly", utype = "length", scale = 9.4607304725808e21, default = "kpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Mpc"] = { name1 = "megaparsec", symbol = "Mpc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e22, default = "Mly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["NM"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "NM", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["nmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUKnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUSnmi"] = { name1 = "nautical mile", symbol = "nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", }, ["pc"] = { name1 = "parsec", symbol = "pc", utype = "length", scale = 3.0856775814671916e16, default = "ly", }, ["perch"] = { name2 = "perches", symbol = "perch", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pitch"] = { name2 = "μm", symbol = "μm", utype = "length", scale = 1e-6, default = "dpi", defkey = "pitch", linkey = "pitch", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["pole"] = { symbol = "pole", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["pre1954U.S.nmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["pre1954USnmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;US) nautical mile", name1_us = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;US) nmi", sym_us = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "length", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "Nautical mile", }, ["rd"] = { name1 = "rod", symbol = "rd", utype = "length", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "Rod (unit)", }, ["royal cubit"] = { name1 = "royal cubit", symbol = "cu", utype = "length", scale = 0.524, default = "mm", }, ["rtkm"] = { name1 = "route kilometre", name1_us = "route kilometer", symbol = "km", utype = "length", scale = 1000, default = "mi", link = "Kilometre", }, ["rtmi"] = { name1 = "route mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", link = "Mile", }, ["shaku"] = { name2 = "shaku", symbol = "shaku", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.30303030303030304, default = "m", link = "Shaku (unit)", }, ["sm"] = { name1 = "smoot", symbol = "sm", utype = "length", scale = 1.70180, default = "m", link = "Smoot (unit)", }, ["smi"] = { name1 = "statute mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "length", scale = 1609.344, default = "km", subdivs = { ["chain"] = { 80, default = "km" } }, }, ["solar radius"] = { name1 = "solar radius", name2 = "solar radii", symbol = "''R''_☉", utype = "length", scale = 695700e3, default = "km", }, ["sun"] = { name2 = "sun", symbol = "sun", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.030303030303030304, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["thou"] = { name2 = "thou", symbol = "thou", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["verst"] = { symbol = "verst", usename = 1, utype = "length", scale = 1066.8, default = "km mi", }, ["yd"] = { name1 = "yard", symbol = "yd", utype = "length", scale = 0.9144, default = "m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 3, default = "m" } }, }, ["μin"] = { name1 = "microinch", name2 = "microinches", symbol = "μin", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000254, default = "nm", link = "SI prefix#Non-metric units", }, ["Å"] = { name1 = "ångström", symbol = "Å", utype = "length", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "in", }, ["Hz"] = { _name1 = "hertz", _name2 = "hertz", _symbol = "Hz", utype = "length", scale = 3.3356409519815204e-9, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, prefixes = 1, default = "m", link = "Hertz", }, ["rpm"] = { name1 = "revolution per minute", name2 = "revolutions per minute", symbol = "rpm", utype = "length", scale = 5.5594015866358675e-11, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "Hz", link = "Revolutions per minute", }, ["-ft-frac"] = { target = "ft", link = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", }, ["-in-stiff"] = { target = "in", link = "Stiffness", }, ["-m-frac"] = { target = "m", link = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", }, ["-m-stiff"] = { target = "m", link = "Stiffness", }, ["100km"] = { target = "km", multiplier= 100, }, ["100mi"] = { target = "mi", multiplier= 100, }, ["100miles"] = { target = "mi", symbol = "miles", multiplier= 100, }, ["admiralty nmi"] = { target = "oldUKnmi", }, ["angstrom"] = { target = "Å", }, ["au"] = { target = "AU", symbol = "au", }, ["feet"] = { target = "ft", }, ["hands"] = { target = "hand", }, ["inch"] = { target = "in", }, ["inches"] = { target = "in", }, ["light-year"] = { target = "ly", }, ["meter"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["meters"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["metre"] = { target = "m", }, ["metres"] = { target = "m", }, ["micrometre"] = { target = "μm", }, ["micron"] = { target = "μm", default = "μin", }, ["mile"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["miles"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["parsec"] = { target = "pc", }, ["rod"] = { target = "rd", }, ["smoot"] = { target = "sm", }, ["uin"] = { target = "μin", }, ["yard"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yards"] = { target = "yd", }, ["yds"] = { target = "yd", }, ["dtex"] = { name1 = "decitex", name2 = "decitex", symbol = "dtex", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 1e-7, default = "lb/yd", link = "Units of textile measurement#Units", }, ["kg/cm"] = { name1 = "kilogram per centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 100, default = "lb/yd", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["kg/m"] = { name1 = "kilogram per metre", name1_us = "kilogram per meter", name2 = "kilograms per metre", name2_us = "kilograms per meter", symbol = "kg/m", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/yd", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ft"] = { name1 = "pound per foot", name2 = "pounds per foot", symbol = "lb/ft", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 1.4881639435695539, default = "kg/m", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["lb/yd"] = { name1 = "pound per yard", name2 = "pounds per yard", symbol = "lb/yd", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 0.49605464785651798, default = "kg/m", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["G"] = { _name1 = "gauss", _name2 = "gauss", _symbol = "G", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 0.0001, prefixes = 1, default = "T", link = "Gauss (unit)", }, ["T"] = { _name1 = "tesla", _symbol = "T", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "G", link = "Tesla (unit)", }, ["A/m"] = { name1 = "ampere per metre", name1_us = "ampere per meter", name2 = "amperes per metre", name2_us = "amperes per meter", symbol = "A/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1, default = "Oe", }, ["kA/m"] = { name1 = "kiloampere per metre", name1_us = "kiloampere per meter", name2 = "kiloamperes per metre", name2_us = "kiloamperes per meter", symbol = "kA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1000, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["MA/m"] = { name1 = "megaampere per metre", name1_us = "megaampere per meter", name2 = "megaamperes per metre", name2_us = "megaamperes per meter", symbol = "MA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1e6, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["Oe"] = { _name1 = "oersted", _symbol = "Oe", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 79.5774715, prefixes = 1, default = "kA/m", link = "Oersted", }, ["-Lcwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", }, ["-Scwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", }, ["-ST"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "ST", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["carat"] = { symbol = "carat", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.0002, default = "g", link = "Carat (mass)", }, ["Da"] = { _name1 = "dalton", _symbol = "Da", utype = "mass", scale = 1.66053906892e-27, prefixes = 1, default = "kg", link = "Dalton (unit)", }, ["drachm"] = { name1_us = "dram", symbol = "drachm", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.001771845195, default = "g", link = "Dram (unit)", }, ["dram"] = { target = "drachm", }, ["dwt"] = { name1 = "pennyweight", symbol = "dwt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00155517384, default = "oz g", }, ["DWton"] = { symbol = "deadweight ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "DWtonne", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["DWtonne"] = { name1_us = "deadweight metric ton", symbol = "deadweight tonne", sym_us = "~deadweight metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "DWton", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["g"] = { _name1 = "gram", _symbol = "g", utype = "mass", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "oz", link = "Gram", }, ["gr"] = { name1 = "grain", symbol = "gr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.00006479891, default = "g", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["Gt"] = { name1 = "gigatonne", symbol = "Gt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["impgalh2o"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon of water", name2 = "imperial gallons of water", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 4.5359236999999499, default = "lb kg", link = "Imperial gallon", }, ["kt"] = { name1 = "kilotonne", symbol = "kt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["lb"] = { name1 = "pound", symbol = "lb", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "kg", subdivs = { ["oz"] = { 16, default = "kg" } }, link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["Lcwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "Lcwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" }, ["st"] = { 8, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long cwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "long&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "kg" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long qtr"] = { name1 = "long quarter", symbol = "long&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", }, ["LT"] = { symbol = "long ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["lt"] = { name1 = "long ton", symbol = "LT", utype = "mass", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["metric ton"] = { symbol = "metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "long ton", link = "Tonne", }, ["MT"] = { name1 = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["Mt"] = { name1 = "megatonne", symbol = "Mt", utype = "mass", scale = 1000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "Tonne", }, ["oz"] = { name1 = "ounce", symbol = "oz", utype = "mass", scale = 0.028349523125, default = "g", }, ["ozt"] = { name1 = "troy ounce", symbol = "ozt", utype = "mass", scale = 0.0311034768, default = "oz g", }, ["pdr"] = { name1 = "pounder", symbol = "pdr", utype = "mass", scale = 0.45359237, default = "kg", link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["qtr"] = { name1 = "quarter", symbol = "qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 28, default = "kg" } }, link = "Long quarter", }, ["Scwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "Scwt", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short cwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "short&nbsp;cwt", utype = "mass", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb kg", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short qtr"] = { name1 = "short quarter", symbol = "short&nbsp;qtr", utype = "mass", scale = 11.33980925, default = "lb kg", }, ["ST"] = { symbol = "short ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Scwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Scwt" } }, }, ["shtn"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "sh&nbsp;tn", utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["shton"] = { symbol = "ton", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["solar mass"] = { name1 = "solar mass", name2 = "solar masses", symbol = "''M''_☉", utype = "mass", scale = 1.98855e30, default = "kg", }, ["st"] = { name1 = "stone", name2 = "stone", symbol = "st", utype = "mass", scale = 6.35029318, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 14, default = "kg lb" } }, link = "Stone (unit)", }, ["t"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", }, ["tonne"] = { name1 = "tonne", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "mass", scale = 1000, default = "shton", }, ["troy pound"] = { symbol = "troy pound", usename = 1, utype = "mass", scale = 0.3732417216, default = "lb kg", link = "Troy weight", }, ["usgalh2o"] = { name1 = "US gallon of water", name1_us = "U.S. gallon of water", name2 = "US gallons of water", name2_us = "U.S. gallons of water", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "mass", scale = 3.7776215836051126, default = "lb kg", link = "United States customary units#Fluid volume", }, ["viss"] = { name2 = "viss", symbol = "viss", utype = "mass", scale = 1.632932532, default = "kg", link = "Myanmar units of measurement#Mass", }, ["billion tonne"] = { target = "e9t", }, ["grain"] = { target = "gr", }, ["kilogram"] = { target = "kg", }, ["kilotonne"] = { target = "kt", }, ["lbs"] = { target = "lb", }, ["lbt"] = { target = "troy pound", }, ["lcwt"] = { target = "Lcwt", }, ["long ton"] = { target = "LT", }, ["mcg"] = { target = "μg", }, ["million tonne"] = { target = "e6t", }, ["scwt"] = { target = "Scwt", }, ["short ton"] = { target = "ST", }, ["stone"] = { target = "st", }, ["thousand tonne"] = { target = "e3t", }, ["tonnes"] = { target = "t", }, ["kg/kW"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilowatt", name2 = "kilograms per kilowatt", symbol = "kg/kW", utype = "مايو في يونٽ طاقت", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/hp", link = "Kilowatt", }, ["lb/hp"] = { name1 = "pound per horsepower", name2 = "pounds per horsepower", symbol = "lb/hp", utype = "مايو في يونٽ طاقت", scale = 0.00060827738784176115, default = "kg/kW", link = "Horsepower", }, ["kg/h"] = { per = { "kg", "h" }, utype = "مايو في يونٽ وقت", default = "lb/h", }, ["lb/h"] = { per = { "lb", "h" }, utype = "مايو في يونٽ وقت", default = "kg/h", }, ["g-mol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "g-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["g-mol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "gmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "gmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "gmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "gmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["gmol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "gmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lbmol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/d"] = { name1 = "kilomole per day", name2 = "kilomoles per day", symbol = "kmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/h"] = { name1 = "kilomole per hour", name2 = "kilomoles per hour", symbol = "kmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["kmol/min"] = { name1 = "kilomole per minute", name2 = "kilomoles per minute", symbol = "kmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 16.666666666666668, default = "mol/s", link = "Kilomole (unit)", }, ["kmol/s"] = { name1 = "kilomole per second", name2 = "kilomoles per second", symbol = "kmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1000, default = "lb-mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["lb-mol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lbmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lbmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lbmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lbmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["mmol/s"] = { name1 = "millimole per second", name2 = "millimoles per second", symbol = "mmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/d"] = { name1 = "mole per day", name2 = "moles per day", symbol = "mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/h"] = { name1 = "mole per hour", name2 = "moles per hour", symbol = "mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/min"] = { name1 = "mole per minute", name2 = "moles per minute", symbol = "mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "mol/s", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["mol/s"] = { name1 = "mole per second", name2 = "moles per second", symbol = "mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["μmol/s"] = { name1 = "micromole per second", name2 = "micromoles per second", symbol = "μmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.000001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "Mole (unit)", }, ["umol/s"] = { target = "μmol/s", }, ["/acre"] = { name1 = "per acre", name2 = "per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["/ha"] = { name1 = "per hectare", name2 = "per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 100e-6, default = "/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["/sqcm"] = { name1 = "per square centimetre", name1_us = "per square centimeter", name2 = "per square centimetre", name2_us = "per square centimeter", symbol = "/cm²", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 1e4, default = "/sqin", link = "Square centimetre", }, ["/sqin"] = { name1 = "per square inch", name2 = "per square inch", symbol = "/in²", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 1550.0031000062002, default = "/sqcm", link = "Square inch", }, ["/sqkm"] = { name1 = "per square kilometre", name1_us = "per square kilometer", name2 = "per square kilometre", name2_us = "per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 1e-6, default = "/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["/sqmi"] = { name1 = "per square mile", name2 = "per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["PD/acre"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per acre", name2 = "inhabitants per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "PD/ha", link = "Acre", }, ["PD/ha"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per hectare", name2 = "inhabitants per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 100e-6, default = "PD/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["PD/sqkm"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square kilometre", name1_us = "inhabitant per square kilometer", name2 = "inhabitants per square kilometre", name2_us = "inhabitants per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 1e-6, default = "PD/sqmi", link = "Square kilometre", }, ["PD/sqmi"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square mile", name2 = "inhabitants per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "PD/sqkm", link = "Square mile", }, ["/cm2"] = { target = "/sqcm", }, ["/in2"] = { target = "/sqin", }, ["/km2"] = { target = "/sqkm", }, ["pd/acre"] = { target = "PD/acre", }, ["pd/ha"] = { target = "PD/ha", }, ["PD/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["PD/km²"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqkm"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqmi"] = { target = "PD/sqmi", }, ["/l"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/l", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/L"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/L", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "Litre", }, ["/USgal"] = { name1 = "per gallon", name2 = "per gallon", symbol = "/gal", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 264.172052, default = "/L", link = "US gallon", customary= 2, }, ["/usgal"] = { target = "/USgal", }, ["bhp"] = { name1 = "brake horsepower", name2 = "brake horsepower", symbol = "bhp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Brake horsepower", }, ["Cal/d"] = { name1 = "large calorie per day", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per day", symbol = "Cal/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.048425925925925928, default = "kJ/d", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal/h"] = { name1 = "large calorie per hour", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "Cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kJ/h", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal/h"] = { name1 = "calorie per hour", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "cal/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.0011622222222222223, default = "W", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CV"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "CV", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hk"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hk", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hp"] = { name1 = "horsepower", name2 = "horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", }, ["hp-electric"] = { name1 = "electric horsepower", name2 = "electric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-electrical"] = { name1 = "electrical horsepower", name2 = "electrical horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-metric"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["ihp"] = { name1 = "indicated horsepower", name2 = "indicated horsepower", symbol = "ihp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Indicated horsepower", }, ["kcal/h"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per hour", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "kcal/h", utype = "power", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kW", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kJ/d"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per day", name2 = "kilojoules per day", symbol = "kJ/d", utype = "power", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "Cal/d", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["kJ/h"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per hour", name2 = "kilojoules per hour", symbol = "kJ/h", utype = "power", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "W", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["PS"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "PS", utype = "power", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["shp"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower", name2 = "shaft horsepower", symbol = "shp", utype = "power", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Shaft horsepower", }, ["W"] = { _name1 = "watt", _symbol = "W", utype = "power", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "hp", link = "Watt", }, ["BTU/h"] = { per = { "BTU", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["Btu/h"] = { per = { "Btu", "h" }, utype = "power", default = "W", }, ["BHP"] = { target = "bhp", }, ["btu/h"] = { target = "BTU/h", }, ["HP"] = { target = "hp", }, ["Hp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp-mechanical"] = { target = "hp", }, ["IHP"] = { target = "ihp", }, ["SHP"] = { target = "shp", }, ["whp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp/lb"] = { name1 = "horsepower per pound", name2 = "horsepower per pound", symbol = "hp/lb", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/LT"] = { name1 = "horsepower per long ton", name2 = "horsepower per long ton", symbol = "hp/LT", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.73392268125000004, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/ST"] = { name1 = "horsepower per short ton", name2 = "horsepower per short ton", symbol = "hp/ST", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.821993403, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/t"] = { name1 = "horsepower per tonne", name2 = "horsepower per tonne", symbol = "hp/t", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.74569987158227022, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/kg"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per kilogram", name2 = "kilowatts per kilogram", symbol = "kW/kg", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1000, default = "hp/lb", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/t"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per tonne", name2 = "kilowatts per tonne", symbol = "kW/t", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1, default = "PS/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["PS/t"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower per tonne", name2 = "metric horsepower per tonne", symbol = "PS/t", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.73549875, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["shp/lb"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower per pound", name2 = "shaft horsepower per pound", symbol = "shp/lb", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/tonne"] = { target = "hp/t", symbol = "hp/tonne", default = "kW/tonne", }, ["kW/tonne"] = { target = "kW/t", symbol = "kW/tonne", }, ["-lb/in2"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "lb/in²", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["atm"] = { name1 = "standard atmosphere", symbol = "atm", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 101325, default = "kPa", link = "Atmosphere (unit)", }, ["Ba"] = { name1 = "barye", symbol = "Ba", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 0.1, default = "Pa", }, ["bar"] = { symbol = "bar", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 100000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["dbar"] = { name1 = "decibar", symbol = "dbar", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 10000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["inHg"] = { name1 = "inch of mercury", name2 = "inches of mercury", symbol = "inHg", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 3386.388640341, default = "kPa", }, ["kBa"] = { name1 = "kilobarye", symbol = "kBa", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Barye", }, ["kg-f/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kg_f/cm²", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kg/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per square centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm²", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["kgf/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kgf/cm²", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "Kilogram-force", }, ["ksi"] = { name1 = "kilopound per square inch", name2 = "kilopounds per square inch", symbol = "ksi", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 6894757.2931683613, default = "MPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["lbf/in2"] = { name1 = "pound-force per square inch", name2 = "pounds-force per square inch", symbol = "lbf/in²", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["mb"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mb", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mbar"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mbar", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mmHg"] = { name1 = "millimetre of mercury", name1_us = "millimeter of mercury", name2 = "millimetres of mercury", name2_us = "millimeters of mercury", symbol = "mmHg", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 133.322387415, default = "kPa", }, ["Pa"] = { _name1 = "pascal", _symbol = "Pa", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "psi", link = "Pascal (unit)", }, ["psf"] = { name1 = "pound per square foot", name2 = "pounds per square foot", symbol = "psf", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 47.880258980335839, default = "kPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["psi"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "psi", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa", }, ["Torr"] = { name1 = "torr", symbol = "Torr", utype = "دٻاء", scale = 133.32236842105263, default = "kPa", }, ["N/cm2"] = { per = { "N", "cm2" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "psi", }, ["N/m2"] = { per = { "N", "m2" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "psi", }, ["g/cm2"] = { per = { "g", "cm2" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["g/m2"] = { per = { "g", "m2" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/ha"] = { per = { "kg", "ha" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "lb/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/m2"] = { per = { "kg", "m2" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/1000sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "1000sqft" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/acre"] = { per = { "lb", "acre" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "kg/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "sqft" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqyd"] = { per = { "lb", "sqyd" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["LT/acre"] = { per = { "LT", "acre" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["MT/ha"] = { per = { "MT", "ha" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqft"] = { per = { "oz", "sqft" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqyd"] = { per = { "oz", "sqyd" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["ST/acre"] = { per = { "ST", "acre" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["t/ha"] = { per = { "t", "ha" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/acre"] = { per = { "tonne", "acre" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "tonne/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/ha"] = { per = { "tonne", "ha" }, utype = "دٻاء", default = "tonne/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kgfpsqcm"] = { target = "kgf/cm2", }, ["kgpsqcm"] = { target = "kg/cm2", }, ["kN/m2"] = { target = "kPa", }, ["lb/in2"] = { target = "lbf/in2", }, ["torr"] = { target = "Torr", }, ["Bq"] = { _name1 = "becquerel", _symbol = "Bq", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "pCi", link = "Becquerel", }, ["Ci"] = { _name1 = "curie", _symbol = "Ci", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 3.7e10, prefixes = 1, default = "GBq", link = "Curie (unit)", }, ["Rd"] = { _name1 = "rutherford", _symbol = "Rd", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1e6, prefixes = 1, default = "MBq", link = "Rutherford (unit)", }, ["cm/h"] = { name1 = "centimetre per hour", name1_us = "centimeter per hour", name2 = "centimetres per hour", name2_us = "centimeters per hour", symbol = "cm/h", utype = "رفتار", scale = 2.7777777777777775e-6, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/s"] = { name1 = "centimetre per second", name1_us = "centimeter per second", name2 = "centimetres per second", name2_us = "centimeters per second", symbol = "cm/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.01, default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/year"] = { name1 = "centimetre per year", name1_us = "centimeter per year", name2 = "centimetres per year", name2_us = "centimeters per year", symbol = "cm/year", utype = "رفتار", scale = 3.168873850681143e-10, default = "in/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["foot/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "foot per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", }, ["ft/min"] = { name1 = "foot per minute", name2 = "feet per minute", symbol = "ft/min", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.00508, default = "m/min", link = "Feet per second", }, ["ft/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "feet per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", link = "Feet per second", }, ["furlong per fortnight"] = { name2 = "furlongs per fortnight", symbol = "furlong per fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.00016630952380952381, default = "km/h mph", link = "FFF system", }, ["in/h"] = { name1 = "inch per hour", name2 = "inches per hour", symbol = "in/h", utype = "رفتار", scale = 7.0555555555555559e-6, default = "cm/h", link = "Inch", }, ["in/s"] = { name1 = "inch per second", name2 = "inches per second", symbol = "in/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.0254, default = "cm/s", link = "Inch", }, ["in/year"] = { name1 = "inch per year", name2 = "inches per year", symbol = "in/year", utype = "رفتار", scale = 8.0489395807301024e-10, default = "cm/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["isp"] = { name1 = "second", symbol = "s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 9.80665, default = "km/s", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["km/d"] = { name1 = "kilometre per day", name1_us = "kilometer per day", name2 = "kilometres per day", name2_us = "kilometers per day", symbol = "km/d", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1.1574074074074074e-2, default = "mi/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["km/h"] = { name1 = "kilometre per hour", name1_us = "kilometer per hour", name2 = "kilometres per hour", name2_us = "kilometers per hour", symbol = "km/h", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph", link = "Kilometres per hour", }, ["km/s"] = { name1 = "kilometre per second", name1_us = "kilometer per second", name2 = "kilometres per second", name2_us = "kilometers per second", symbol = "km/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1000, default = "mi/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["kn"] = { name1 = "knot", symbol = "kn", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.51444444444444448, default = "km/h mph", link = "Knot (unit)", }, ["kNs/kg"] = { name2 = "kN&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "kN&#8209;s/kg", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1000, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["m/min"] = { name1 = "metre per minute", name1_us = "meter per minute", name2 = "metres per minute", name2_us = "meters per minute", symbol = "m/min", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "ft/min", link = "Metre per second", }, ["m/s"] = { name1 = "metre per second", name1_us = "meter per second", name2 = "metres per second", name2_us = "meters per second", symbol = "m/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1, default = "ft/s", }, ["Mach"] = { name2 = "Mach", symbol = "Mach", utype = "رفتار", builtin = "mach", scale = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "km/h mph", link = "Mach number", }, ["mi/d"] = { name1 = "mile per day", name2 = "miles per day", symbol = "mi/d", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1.8626666666666667e-2, default = "km/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["mi/s"] = { name1 = "mile per second", name2 = "miles per second", symbol = "mi/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1609.344, default = "km/s", link = "Mile", }, ["mm/h"] = { name1 = "millimetre per hour", name1_us = "millimeter per hour", name2 = "millimetres per hour", name2_us = "millimeters per hour", symbol = "mm/h", utype = "رفتار", scale = 2.7777777777777781e-7, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["mph"] = { name1 = "mile per hour", name2 = "miles per hour", symbol = "mph", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.44704, default = "km/h", link = "Miles per hour", }, ["Ns/kg"] = { name2 = "N&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "N&#8209;s/kg", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["si tsfc"] = { name2 = "g/(kN⋅s)", symbol = "g/(kN⋅s)", utype = "رفتار", scale = 9.9999628621379242e-7, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["tsfc"] = { name2 = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", symbol = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", utype = "رفتار", scale = 2.832545036049801e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "si tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["cm/y"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["cm/yr"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["in/y"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["in/yr"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["knot"] = { target = "kn", }, ["knots"] = { target = "kn", }, ["kph"] = { target = "km/h", }, ["mi/h"] = { target = "mph", }, ["mm/s"] = { per = { "mm", "s" }, utype = "رفتار", default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["C"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius", name2 = "degrees Celsius", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = -273.15, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "F", link = "Celsius", }, ["F"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 32-273.15*(9/5), iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "C", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K"] = { _name1 = "kelvin", _symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, prefixes = 1, default = "C F", link = "Kelvin", }, ["keVT"] = { name1 = "kiloelectronvolt", symbol = "keV", utype = "temperature", scale = 11604518.121550081, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "MK", defkey = "keVT", linkey = "keVT", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["R"] = { name1 = "degree Rankine", name2 = "degrees Rankine", symbol = "°R", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "K F C", link = "Rankine scale", }, ["Celsius"] = { target = "C", }, ["°C"] = { target = "C", }, ["°F"] = { target = "F", }, ["°R"] = { target = "R", }, ["C-change"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius change", name2 = "degrees Celsius change", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Celsius", }, ["F-change"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit change", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit change", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 0.55555555555555558, default = "C-change", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K-change"] = { name1 = "kelvin change", name2 = "kelvins change", symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Kelvin", }, ["°C-change"] = { target = "C-change", }, ["°F-change"] = { target = "F-change", }, ["century"] = { name1 = "century", name2 = "centuries", symbol = "ha", utype = "time", scale = 3155760000, default = "Gs", }, ["d"] = { name1 = "day", symbol = "d", utype = "time", scale = 86400, default = "ks", }, ["decade"] = { name1 = "decade", symbol = "daa", utype = "time", scale = 315576000, default = "Ms", }, ["dog year"] = { name1 = "dog year", symbol = "dog yr", utype = "time", scale = 220903200, default = "years", link = "List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year", }, ["fortnight"] = { symbol = "fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 1209600, default = "week", }, ["h"] = { name1 = "hour", symbol = "h", utype = "time", scale = 3600, default = "ks", }, ["long billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["millennium"] = { name1 = "millennium", name2 = "millennia", symbol = "ka", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000, default = "Gs", }, ["milliard year"] = { name1 = "milliard years", name2 = "milliard years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["million year"] = { name1 = "million years", name2 = "million years", symbol = "Ma", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000, default = "Ts", link = "Annum", }, ["min"] = { name1 = "minute", symbol = "min", utype = "time", scale = 60, default = "s", }, ["month"] = { symbol = "month", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "Ms", }, ["months"] = { name1 = "month", symbol = "mo", utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "year", }, ["s"] = { _name1 = "second", _symbol = "s", utype = "time", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v < 7200 ! min ! h", link = "Second", }, ["short billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["short trillion year"] = { name1 = "trillion years", name2 = "trillion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["thousand million year"] = { name1 = "thousand million years", name2 = "thousand million years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["wk"] = { symbol = "week", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 604800, default = "Ms", }, ["year"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "a", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["years"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "yr", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["byr"] = { target = "short billion year", }, ["day"] = { target = "d", }, ["days"] = { target = "d", }, ["dog yr"] = { target = "dog year", }, ["Gyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["hour"] = { target = "h", }, ["hours"] = { target = "h", }, ["kMyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["long byr"] = { target = "long billion year", }, ["minute"] = { target = "min", }, ["minutes"] = { target = "min", }, ["mth"] = { target = "month", }, ["Myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["sec"] = { target = "s", }, ["second"] = { target = "s", }, ["seconds"] = { target = "s", }, ["tmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["tryr"] = { target = "short trillion year", }, ["tyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["week"] = { target = "wk", }, ["weeks"] = { target = "wk", }, ["yr"] = { target = "year", }, ["kg.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgf.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram force-metre", name1_us = "kilogram force-meter", symbol = "kgf⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgm"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kpm"] = { name1 = "kilopond metre", name1_us = "kilopond meter", symbol = "kp⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["lb-fft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.ft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.in"] = { name1 = "pound force-inch", symbol = "lb⋅in", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mN.m", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbfft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lbf⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbft"] = { name1 = "pound-foot", name2 = "pound-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["m.kg-f"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kg_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["m.kgf"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kgf", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["mN.m"] = { name1 = "millinewton-metre", name1_us = "millinewton-meter", symbol = "mN⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.001, default = "lb.in", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["Nm"] = { _name1 = "newton-metre", _name1_us= "newton-meter", _symbol = "N⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", alttype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lbfft", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["kN/m"] = { per = { "kN", "-m-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "lbf/in", }, ["lbf/in"] = { per = { "lbf", "-in-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "kN/m", }, ["lb-f.ft"] = { target = "lb-fft", }, ["lbf.ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lbf·ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lb·ft"] = { target = "lb.ft", }, ["mkg-f"] = { target = "m.kg-f", }, ["mkgf"] = { target = "m.kgf", }, ["N.m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["N·m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["ton-mile"] = { symbol = "ton-mile", usename = 1, utype = "transportation", scale = 1.4599723182105602, default = "tkm", }, ["tkm"] = { name1 = "tonne-kilometre", name1_us = "tonne-kilometer", symbol = "tkm", utype = "transportation", scale = 1, default = "ton-mile", }, ["-12USoz(mL)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USoz(ml)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "ml", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USozserve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["acre-foot"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-foot", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["acre-ft"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-feet", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["AUtbsp"] = { name1 = "Australian tablespoon", symbol = "AU&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000020, default = "ml", }, ["Bcuft"] = { name1 = "billion cubic foot", name2 = "billion cubic feet", symbol = "billion cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "Gl", link = "Cubic foot", }, ["bdft"] = { name1 = "board foot", name2 = "board feet", symbol = "bd&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board feet"] = { name2 = "board feet", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board foot"] = { name2 = "board foot", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["cc"] = { name1 = "ڪيوبڪ سينٽي ميٽر", name1_us = "cubic centimeter", symbol = "cc", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000001, default = "cuin", }, ["CID"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cc", link = "Cubic inch#Engine displacement", }, ["cord"] = { symbol = "cord", utype = "volume", scale = 3.624556363776, default = "m3", link = "Cord (unit)", }, ["cufoot"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic foot", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuft"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic feet", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuin"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cm3", }, ["cumi"] = { name1 = "cubic mile", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi", utype = "volume", scale = 4168181825.440579584, default = "km3", }, ["cuyd"] = { name1 = "cubic yard", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd", utype = "volume", scale = 0.764554857984, default = "m3", }, ["firkin"] = { symbol = "firkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.04091481, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Firkin (unit)", }, ["foot3"] = { target = "cufoot", }, ["Goilbbl"] = { name1 = "billion barrels", name2 = "billion barrels", symbol = "Gbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294.928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["gr water"] = { name1 = "grains water", name2 = "grains water", symbol = "gr H₂O", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00000006479891, default = "cm3", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["grt"] = { name1 = "gross register ton", symbol = "grt", utype = "volume", scale = 2.8316846592, default = "m3", link = "Gross register tonnage", }, ["impbbl"] = { name1 = "imperial barrel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.16365924, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["impbsh"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "L impgal USdrygal", }, ["impbu"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "m3", }, ["impgal"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00454609, default = "L USgal", }, ["impgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001420653125, default = "ml USoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["impkenning"] = { name1 = "imperial kenning", symbol = "kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01818436, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["impoz"] = { name1 = "imperial fluid ounce", symbol = "imp&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000284130625, default = "ml USoz", }, ["imppk"] = { name1 = "imperial peck", symbol = "pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00909218, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Peck", }, ["imppt"] = { name1 = "imperial pint", symbol = "imp&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00056826125, default = "L", }, ["impqt"] = { name1 = "imperial quart", symbol = "imp&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0011365225, default = "ml USoz", customary= 3, }, ["kilderkin"] = { symbol = "kilderkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.08182962, default = "L impgal USgal", }, ["koilbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "kbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["L"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "L", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["l"] = { _name1 = "litre", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "Litre", }, ["ll"] = { name1 = "litre", name1_us = "liter", symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, default = "impgal USgal", }, ["m3"] = { _name1 = "cubic metre", _name1_us= "cubic meter", _symbol = "m³", prefix_position= 7, utype = "volume", scale = 1, prefixes = 3, default = "cuft", link = "Cubic metre", }, ["Mbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MMoilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "MMbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["Moilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MTON"] = { name1 = "measurement ton", symbol = "MTON", utype = "volume", scale = 1.13267386368, default = "m3", }, ["MUSgal"] = { name1 = "million US gallons", name1_us = "million U.S. gallons", name2 = "million US gallons", name2_us = "million U.S. gallons", symbol = "million US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "million U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 3785.411784, default = "Ml", link = "US gallon", }, ["oilbbl"] = { name1 = "barrel", symbol = "bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.158987294928, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["stere"] = { symbol = "stere", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 1, default = "cuft", }, ["tmcft"] = { name2 = "tmcft", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", }, ["Tmcft"] = { name1 = "thousand million cubic feet", name2 = "thousand million cubic feet", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", link = "Tmcft", }, ["Toilbbl"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels", name2 = "trillion barrels", symbol = "Tbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["USbbl"] = { name1 = "US barrel", name1_us = "U.S. barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.119240471196, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbeerbbl"] = { name1 = "US beer barrel", name1_us = "U.S. beer barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.117347765304, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbsh"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bsh", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USbu"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bu", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USdrybbl"] = { name1 = "US dry barrel", name1_us = "U.S. dry barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.11562819898508, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USdrygal"] = { name1 = "US dry gallon", name1_us = "U.S. dry gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00440488377086, default = "L", link = "گئلن", }, ["USdrypt"] = { name1 = "US dry pint", name1_us = "U.S. dry pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0005506104713575, default = "ml", link = "Pint", }, ["USdryqt"] = { name1 = "US dry quart", name1_us = "U.S. dry quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001101220942715, default = "ml", link = "Quart", }, ["USflgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US fl gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal"] = { name1 = "US gallon", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", }, ["USgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001182941183, default = "ml impoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["USkenning"] = { name1 = "US kenning", name1_us = "U.S. kenning", symbol = "US&nbsp;kenning", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01761953508344, default = "L impgal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["USmin"] = { name1 = "US minim", name1_us = "U.S. minim", symbol = "US&nbsp;min", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;min", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000000061611519921875, default = "ml", link = "Minim (unit)", }, ["USoz"] = { name1 = "US fluid ounce", name1_us = "U.S. fluid ounce", symbol = "US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000295735295625, default = "ml", }, ["USpk"] = { name1 = "US peck", name1_us = "U.S. peck", symbol = "US&nbsp;pk", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00880976754172, default = "L impgal", link = "Peck", }, ["USpt"] = { name1 = "US pint", name1_us = "U.S. pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000473176473, default = "L imppt", link = "Pint", }, ["USqt"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml", link = "Quart", customary= 1, }, ["USquart"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml impoz", link = "Quart", }, ["UStbsp"] = { name1 = "US tablespoon", name1_us = "U.S. tablespoon", symbol = "US&nbsp;tbsp", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 1.4786764781250001e-5, default = "ml", }, ["winecase"] = { symbol = "case", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.009, default = "L", link = "Case (goods)", }, ["*U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["*U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["+USdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", customary= 1, }, ["+usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", link = "Fluid ounce", customary= 1, }, ["+USgal"] = { target = "USgal", customary= 1, }, ["+USoz"] = { target = "USoz", customary= 1, }, ["@impgal"] = { target = "impgal", link = "گئلن", customary= 3, }, ["acre feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre-feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre.foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre.ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre·ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["bushels"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["cid"] = { target = "CID", }, ["ft3"] = { target = "cuft", symbol = "ft³", }, ["gal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["گئلن"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})", }, ["gallons"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})", }, ["Gcuft"] = { target = "e9cuft", }, ["impfloz"] = { target = "impoz", }, ["Impgal"] = { target = "impgal", }, ["in3"] = { target = "cuin", symbol = "in³", }, ["hm³"] = { target = "hm3", }, ["kcuft"] = { target = "e3cuft", }, ["kcum"] = { target = "e3m3", }, ["km³"] = { target = "km3", }, ["liter"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["liters"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["litre"] = { target = "L", }, ["litres"] = { target = "L", }, ["Mcuft"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["Mcum"] = { target = "e6m3", }, ["Mft3"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["mi3"] = { target = "cumi", symbol = "mi³", }, ["m³"] = { target = "m3", }, ["Pcuft"] = { target = "e15cuft", }, ["pt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})", }, ["qt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})", }, ["Tcuft"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["Tft3"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["U.S.bbl"] = { target = "USbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.beerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.bsh"] = { target = "USbsh", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.bu"] = { target = "USbu", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.drybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.dryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.flgal"] = { target = "USflgal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.floz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["u.s.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["U.S.gi"] = { target = "USgi", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.kenning"] = { target = "USkenning", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.oz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pk"] = { target = "USpk", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pt"] = { target = "USpt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.qt"] = { target = "USqt", sp_us = true, default = "L impqt", customary= 2, }, ["usbbl"] = { target = "USbbl", }, ["usbeerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", }, ["usbsh"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["usbu"] = { target = "USbu", }, ["usdrybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", }, ["usdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", }, ["usdrypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", }, ["usdryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", }, ["USfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["USGAL"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgi"] = { target = "USgi", }, ["uskenning"] = { target = "USkenning", }, ["usoz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["uspk"] = { target = "USpk", }, ["uspt"] = { target = "USpt", }, ["usqt"] = { target = "USqt", }, ["yd3"] = { target = "cuyd", symbol = "yd³", }, ["cuft/sqmi"] = { per = { "cuft", "sqmi" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "m3/km2", }, ["m3/ha"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hectare", name1_us = "cubic meter per hectare", name2 = "cubic metres per hectare", name2_us = "cubic meters per hectare", symbol = "m³/ha", utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 0.0001, default = "USbu/acre", link = "Hectare", }, ["m3/km2"] = { per = { "m3", "km2" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "cuft/sqmi", }, ["U.S.gal/acre"] = { per = { "U.S.gal", "acre" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "m3/km2", }, ["USbu/acre"] = { name2 = "US bushels per acre", symbol = "US bushel per acre", usename = 1, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 8.7077638761350888e-6, default = "m3/ha", link = "Bushel", }, ["USgal/acre"] = { per = { "USgal", "acre" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "m3/km2", }, ["cuyd/mi"] = { per = { "cuyd", "mi" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ڊيگھ", default = "m3/km", }, ["m3/km"] = { per = { "m3", "km" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ڊيگھ", default = "cuyd/mi", }, ["mich"] = { combination= { "ch", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michlk"] = { combination= { "chlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["michainlk"] = { combination= { "chainlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "length", }, ["miyd"] = { combination= { "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["miydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd", "mi" }, multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 }, utype = "length", }, ["mift"] = { combination= { "ft", "mi" }, multiple = { 5280 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 12, 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ydft"] = { combination= { "ft", "yd" }, multiple = { 3 }, utype = "length", }, ["ftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["footin"] = { combination= { "in", "foot" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "length", }, ["handin"] = { combination= { "in", "hand" }, multiple = { 4 }, utype = "length", }, ["lboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb" }, multiple = { 16 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["stlboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 16, 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["st and lb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "mass", }, ["GN LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["GN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["kN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["LTf STf"] = { combination= { "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf" }, utype = "force", }, ["MN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["STf LTf"] = { combination= { "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "force", }, ["L/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgUS"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["L/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["l/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["mpgimp L/100 km"] = { combination= { "mpgimp", "L/100 km" }, utype = "fuel efficiency", }, ["LT ST t"] = { combination= { "lt", "-ST", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["LT t ST"] = { combination= { "lt", "t", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST LT t"] = { combination= { "-ST", "lt", "t" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ST t LT"] = { combination= { "-ST", "t", "lt" }, utype = "mass", }, ["t LT ST"] = { combination= { "t", "lt", "-ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["ton"] = { combination= { "LT", "ST" }, utype = "mass", }, ["kPa kg/cm2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "kgf/cm2" }, utype = "دٻاء", }, ["kPa lb/in2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "-lb/in2" }, utype = "دٻاء", }, ["floz"] = { combination= { "impoz", "USoz" }, utype = "volume", }, } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local default_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation). ["cm²"] = "sqin", ["dm²"] = "sqin", ["e3acre"] = "km2", ["e3m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6acre"] = "km2", ["e6ha"] = "e6acre", ["e6km2"] = "e6sqmi", ["e6m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6sqft"] = "v * 9.290304 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2", ["e6sqmi"] = "e6km2", ["hm²"] = "acre", ["km²"] = "sqmi", ["mm²"] = "sqin", ["aJ"] = "eV", ["e3BTU"] = "ايم جَي", ["e6BTU"] = "GJ", ["EJ"] = "kWh", ["eV"] = "aJ", ["feV"] = "yJ", ["fJ"] = "keV", ["GeV"] = "nJ", ["GJ"] = "kWh", ["keV"] = "fJ", ["MeV"] = "پي جَي", ["meV"] = "zJ", ["ايم جَي"] = "kWh", ["neV"] = "yJ", ["PeV"] = "ايم جَي", ["peV"] = "yJ", ["پي جَي"] = "kWh", ["پي جَي"] = "MeV", ["TeV"] = "μJ", ["TJ"] = "kWh", ["YJ"] = "kWh", ["yJ"] = "μeV", ["ZJ"] = "kWh", ["zJ"] = "meV", ["μeV"] = "yJ", ["e12cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", ["e12cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d", ["e12m3/a"] = "Tcuft/a", ["e12m3/d"] = "Tcuft/d", ["e3cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e3cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", ["e3cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s", ["e3m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a", ["e3m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d", ["e3m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s", ["e3USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", ["e6cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s", ["e6m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a", ["e6m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d", ["e6m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s", ["e6USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e9cuft/a"] = "m3/a", ["e9cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d", ["e9m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a", ["e9m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d", ["e9m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s", ["e9USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", ["e9USgal/s"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s", ["nN"] = "gr-f", ["μN"] = "gr-f", ["mN"] = "oz-f", ["am"] = "in", ["cm"] = "in", ["dam"] = "ft", ["dm"] = "in", ["e12km"] = "e12mi", ["e12mi"] = "e12km", ["e3AU"] = "ly", ["e3km"] = "e3mi", ["e3mi"] = "e3km", ["e6km"] = "e6mi", ["e6mi"] = "e6km", ["e9km"] = "AU", ["e9mi"] = "e9km", ["Em"] = "mi", ["fm"] = "in", ["Gm"] = "mi", ["hm"] = "ft", ["km"] = "mi", ["mm"] = "in", ["Mm"] = "mi", ["nm"] = "in", ["Pm"] = "mi", ["pm"] = "in", ["Tm"] = "mi", ["Ym"] = "mi", ["ym"] = "in", ["Zm"] = "mi", ["zm"] = "in", ["μm"] = "in", ["e12lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! Mt ! Gt", ["e3lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3ozt"] = "v * 0.311034768 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3t"] = "LT ST", ["e6carat"] = "t", ["e6lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! t ! kilotonne", ["e6ozt"] = "lb kg", ["e6ST"] = "Mt", ["e6t"] = "LT ST", ["e9lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt", ["e9t"] = "LT ST", ["Gg"] = "lb", ["kg"] = "lb", ["mg"] = "gr", ["Mg"] = "LT ST", ["ng"] = "gr", ["μg"] = "gr", ["mBq"] = "fCi", ["kBq"] = "nCi", ["MBq"] = "μCi", ["GBq"] = "mCi", ["TBq"] = "Ci", ["PBq"] = "kCi", ["EBq"] = "kCi", ["fCi"] = "mBq", ["pCi"] = "Bq", ["nCi"] = "Bq", ["μCi"] = "kBq", ["mCi"] = "MBq", ["kCi"] = "TBq", ["MCi"] = "PBq", ["ns"] = "μs", ["μs"] = "ms", ["ms"] = "s", ["ks"] = "h", ["Ms"] = "week", ["Gs"] = "decade", ["Ts"] = "millennium", ["Ps"] = "million year", ["Es"] = "thousand million year", ["MK"] = "keVT", ["cL"] = "impoz usoz", ["cl"] = "impoz usoz", ["س ميٽر³"] = "cuin", ["dL"] = "impoz usoz", ["dl"] = "impoz usoz", ["mm³"] = "cuin", ["dm³"] = "cuin", ["e12cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", ["e12impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft", ["e12U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e15cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3", ["e15m3"] = "Pcuft", ["e3bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e3cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3", ["e3impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft", ["e3U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e6bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuyd"] = "v * 7.64554857984 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6L"] = "USgal", ["e6m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft", ["e6U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e9bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft", ["e9U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["GL"] = "cuft", ["Gl"] = "cuft", ["kL"] = "cuft", ["kl"] = "cuft", ["ڪ م³"] = "cumi", ["mL"] = "impoz usoz", ["ml"] = "impoz usoz", ["Ml"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["ML"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["TL"] = "cumi", ["Tl"] = "cumi", ["μL"] = "cuin", ["μl"] = "cuin", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local link_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode). ["mm²"] = "Square millimetre", ["cm²"] = "Square centimetre", ["dm²"] = "Square decimetre", ["km²"] = "Square kilometre", ["kJ"] = "Kilojoule", ["ايم جَي"] = "Megajoule", ["GJ"] = "Gigajoule", ["TJ"] = "Terajoule", ["fm"] = "Femtometre", ["pm"] = "Picometre", ["nm"] = "Nanometre", ["μm"] = "Micrometre", ["mm"] = "Millimetre", ["cm"] = "Centimetre", ["dm"] = "Decimetre", ["dam"] = "Decametre", ["hm"] = "Hectometre", ["km"] = "Kilometre", ["Mm"] = "Megametre", ["Gm"] = "Gigametre", ["Tm"] = "Terametre", ["Pm"] = "Petametre", ["Em"] = "Exametre", ["Zm"] = "Zettametre", ["Ym"] = "Yottametre", ["μg"] = "Microgram", ["mg"] = "Milligram", ["kg"] = "Kilogram", ["Mg"] = "Tonne", ["yW"] = "Yoctowatt", ["zW"] = "Zeptowatt", ["aW"] = "Attowatt", ["fW"] = "Femtowatt", ["pW"] = "Picowatt", ["nW"] = "Nanowatt", ["μW"] = "Microwatt", ["mW"] = "Milliwatt", ["kW"] = "Kilowatt", ["MW"] = "Megawatt", ["GW"] = "Gigawatt", ["TW"] = "Terawatt", ["PW"] = "Petawatt", ["EW"] = "Exawatt", ["ZW"] = "Zettawatt", ["YW"] = "Yottawatt", ["as"] = "Attosecond", ["fs"] = "Femtosecond", ["ps"] = "پيڪو سيڪنڊ", ["ns"] = "نينو سيڪنڊ", ["μs"] = "مائڪرو سيڪنڊ", ["ms"] = "ملي سيڪنڊ", ["ks"] = "ڪلو سيڪنڊ", ["Ms"] = "ميگا سيڪنڊ", ["Gs"] = "گيگا سيڪنڊ", ["Ts"] = "ٽيرا سيڪنڊ", ["Ps"] = "پيٽا سيڪنڊ", ["Es"] = "ايگزا سيڪنڊ", ["Zs"] = "زيٽا سيڪنڊ", ["Ys"] = "يوٽا سيڪنڊ", ["mm³"] = "ڪيوبڪ مليميٽر", ["س ميٽر³"] = "ڪيوبڪ سينٽي ميٽر", ["dm³"] = "ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", ["dam³"] = "ڪيوبڪ ڊيڪاميٽر", ["ڪ م³"] = "ڪيوبڪ ڪلوميٽر", ["μL"] = "مائڪرولٽر", ["μl"] = "مائڪرولٽر", ["mL"] = "ملي لٽر", ["ml"] = "ملي لٽر", ["cL"] = "سينٽي لٽر", ["cl"] = "سينٽي لٽر", ["dL"] = "ڊيسي لٽر", ["dl"] = "ڊيسي لٽر", ["daL"] = "ڊيڪاليٽر", ["dal"] = "ڊيڪاليٽر", ["hL"] = "ھيڪٽولٽر", ["hl"] = "ھيڪٽولٽر", ["kL"] = "ڪلولٽر", ["kl"] = "ڪلولٽر", ["ML"] = "ميگالٽر", ["Ml"] = "ميگالٽر", ["GL"] = "گيگالٽر", ["Gl"] = "گيگالٽر", ["TL"] = "ٽيرالٽر", ["Tl"] = "ٽيرالٽر", ["PL"] = "پيٽالٽر", ["Pl"] = "پيٽالٽر", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local per_unit_fixups = { -- Automatically created per units of form "x/y" may have their unit type -- changed, for example, "length/time" is changed to "رفتار". -- Other adjustments can also be specified. ["/ايراضي"] = "في يونٽ ايراضي", ["/volume"] = "per unit volume", ["area/area"] = "area per unit area", ["energy/length"] = "energy per unit length", ["energy/mass"] = "energy per unit mass", ["energy/time"] = { utype = "power", link = "Power (physics)" }, ["energy/volume"] = "energy per unit volume", ["force/area"] = { utype = "دٻاء", link = "دٻاء" }, ["length/length"] = { utype = "gradient", link = "Grade (slope)" }, ["length/time"] = { utype = "رفتار", link = "رفتار" }, ["length/time/time"] = { utype = "تيزي", link = "تيزي" }, ["مايو/ايراضي"] = { utype = "دٻاء", multiplier = 9.80665 }, ["مايو/ڊيگھ"] = "خطي ڪثافت", ["مايو/مايو"] = "ارتڪاز", ["مايو/طاقت"] = "مايو في يونٽ طاقت", ["مايو/وقت"] = "مايو في يونٽ وقت", ["مايو/حجم"] = { utype = "ڪثافت", link = "ڪثافت" }, ["طاقت/مايو"] = "طاقت في يونٽ مايو", ["طاقت/حجم"] = { link = "طاقتي ڪثافت" }, ["دٻاء/ڊيگھ"] = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", ["رفتار/وقت"] = { utype = "تيزي", link = "تيزي" }, ["حجم/ايراضي"] = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", ["حجم/ڊيگھ"] = "حجم في يونٽ ڊيگھ", ["حجم/وقت"] = "وھڪرو", } return { all_units = all_units, default_exceptions = default_exceptions, link_exceptions = link_exceptions, per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups, } cethn83oyu7c9ueakuclmlrddhbs99q 377728 377727 2026-05-16T01:14:42Z Intisar Ali 8681 377728 Scribunto text/plain -- [[Module:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ وارو ڊيٽا، جيڪو mw.loadData() استعمال ڪري ٿو -- ھن ماڊيول تائين فقط پڙھڻ واري رسائي لاءِ، جيئن ھر صفحي تي ھي صرف ھڪ ڀيرو لوڊ ٿئي. -- ٻي وڪي تي نقل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] ڏسو. -- -- ھيٺيان ڊيٽا ٽيبلون شامل آھن: -- all_units ڪنھن به يونٽ جون سڀئي خاصيتون، ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ سميت -- default_exceptions ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جا ڊفالٽ مختلف آھن) -- link_exceptions ڳنڍڻين جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جون ڳنڍڻيون مختلف آھن) -- -- ھي ٽيبلون ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿين ٿيون، جيڪو ھڪ صفحي جي وڪي متن کي پڙھي ٿو -- جيڪو ھر يونٽ جي گھربل خاصيتن جي دستاويزڪاري ڪري ٿو؛ [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]] ڏسو. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ھن ٽيبل جي ڊيٽا ۾ تبديلي نه ڪريو ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اھا ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿئي ٿي -- -- جيڪو وڪي صفحي مان وڪي متن پڙھي ٿو (مٿيون نوٽ ڏسو). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local all_units = { ["Gy"] = { _name1 = "گِرَي", _symbol = "Gy", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "رَيڊ", link = "گِرَي (ايڪو)", }, ["رَيڊ"] = { _name1 = "رَيڊ", _symbol = "رَيڊ", utype = "جذب ٿيل شعاعڪاري مقدار", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Gy", link = "رَيڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["cm/سيڪنڊ 2"] = { name1 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "سينٽي ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "cm/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.01, default = "ft/s2", link = "گئل (ايڪو)", }, ["فٽ/s2"] = { name1 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "فٽ في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ft/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s2", }, ["g0"] = { name1 = "معياري ڪشش ثقل", name2 = "معياري ڪشش ثقلون", symbol = "''g''₀", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", }, ["g-فورس"] = { name2 = "''g''", symbol = "''g''", utype = "تيزي", scale = 9.80665, default = "m/s2", link = "g-فورس", }, ["ڪ م/hs"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "ڪ م/(h⋅s)", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/s2"] = { name1 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ڪلوميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "km/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1000, default = "mph/s", link = "تيزي", }, ["ميٽر/s2"] = { name1 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name1_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", name2_us = "ميٽر في چورس سيڪنڊ", symbol = "m/s²", utype = "تيزي", scale = 1, default = "ft/s2", }, ["mph/سيڪنڊ"] = { name1 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", name2 = "ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ", symbol = "mph/سيڪنڊ", utype = "تيزي", scale = 0.44704, default = "ڪ م/hs", link = "تيزي", }, ["ڪ م/h/s"] = { target = "ڪ م/hs", }, ["معياري ڪشش ثقل"] = { target = "g0", }, ["1000چ.فٽ"] = { name1 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", name2 = "ھزار چورس فٽ", symbol = "1000 چ.فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 92.90304, default = "m2", link = "چورس فٽ", }, ["a"] = { _name1 = "ايراضي", _symbol = "a", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 100, prefixes = 1, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "ھيڪٽر#ايڪڙ", }, ["ايڪڙ"] = { symbol = "ايڪڙ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 4046.8564224, default = "ha", subdivs = { ["رُوڊ"] = { 4, default = "ha" }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { 160, default = "ha" } }, }, ["اَيڪَڙُ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آرپينٽ"] = { symbol = "آرپينٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3418.89, default = "ha", }, ["cda"] = { name1 = "ڪويردا", symbol = "cda", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3930.395625, default = "ha ايڪڙ", }, ["daa"] = { name1 = "ڊَيڪَر", symbol = "daa", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دونم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", }, ["دُونَم"] = { symbol = "دُونَم", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1000, default = "ڪ م2 چورس ميل", link = "دُونَم", }, ["ha"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["هَيڪٽَر"] = { name1 = "هَيڪٽَر", symbol = "ha", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 10000, default = "ايڪڙ", }, ["آئرش ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "آئرش ايڪڙ", symbol = "آئرش&nbsp;اَيڪَڙَ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 6555.2385024, default = "ha", link = "ايڪڙ (آئرش)", }, ["m2"] = { _name1 = "چورس ميٽر", _name1_us= "چورس ميٽر", _symbol = "m²", prefix_position= 8, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1, prefixes = 2, default = "چ.فٽ", link = "چورس ميٽر", }, ["پَونڊِيمَاٽُ"] = { name1 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", name2 = "پَونڊِيمَاٽَ", symbol = "پونڊ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3674.363358816, default = "ميٽر2", link = ":nl:پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["پِيَونگ"] = { name2 = "پِيَونگ", symbol = "پِيَونگ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["رائي"] = { name2 = "رائي", symbol = "رائي", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1600, default = "ميٽر2", link = "رائي (ايڪو)", }, ["رُوڊ"] = { symbol = "رُوڊ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1011.7141056, default = "چ.فٽ چ.ميٽر", subdivs = { ["چ.پرچ"] = { 40, default = "m2" } }, link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["چ .فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ", name2 = "چورس فٽ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ فٽ"] = { name1 = "چورس فُٽُ", name2 = "چورس فُٽَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.09290304, default = "ميٽر2", }, ["چ. انچ"] = { name1 = "چورس اِنچُ", name2 = "چورس اِنچَ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.00064516, default = "2سينٽي ميٽر", }, ["چ .ميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;ميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 2589988.110336, default = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["sqnميل"] = { name1 = "چورس ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;nميل", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3429904, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["چ.پرچ"] = { name2 = "پَرچَ", symbol = "پَرچُ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 25.29285264, default = "m2", link = "رُوڊ (ايڪو)#ايراضي ۽ حجم", }, ["چ. ويرسٽ"] = { symbol = "چورس ويرسٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 1138062.24, default = "چ.ڪ م چ.ميل", link = "ويرسٽ", }, ["چ. گز"] = { name1 = "چورس گز", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;گز", utype = "ايراضي", scale = 0.83612736, default = "چ.ميل", }, ["ٽُسُوبَو"] = { name2 = "ٽُسُوبَو", symbol = "ٽُسُوبَو", usename = 1, utype = "ايراضي", scale = 3.3057851239669422, default = "چ.ميل", link = "جپاني ماپ جو ايڪو#ايراصي", }, ["اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "ايڪڙ", }, ["are"] = { target = "a", }, ["ڊيڪر"] = { target = "daa", }, ["چ. فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", }, ["چ.فٽ"] = { target = "چ.فٽ", symbol = "فٽ²", }, ["چ.انچ"] = { target = "چ.انچ", symbol = "انچ²", }, ["ڪ م²"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ. ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", symbol = "ميل²", }, ["ملين ايڪڙ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين اَيڪَڙَ"] = { target = "e6ايڪڙ", }, ["ملين ھيڪٽر"] = { target = "e6ھيڪٽر", }, ["ميل²"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["nميل2"] = { target = "چورسnميل", }, ["پونڊ"] = { target = "پَونڊِيمَاٽُ", }, ["چ. آرپ"] = { target = "آرپينٽ", }, ["چ.ڪ م"] = { target = "چ.ڪ م", }, ["چ.ميل"] = { target = "چ.ميل", }, ["چورس ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.ويرسٽ"] = { target = "چ.ويرسٽ", }, ["چ.گز"] = { target = "چ.گز", symbol = "گز²", }, ["چ.ميٽر/ھيڪٽر"] = { name1 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name1_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2 = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", name2_us = "چورس ميٽر في ھيڪٽر", symbol = "ميٽر²/ھيڪٽر", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 0.0001, default = "چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["چ.فٽ/ايڪڙ"] = { name1 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", name2 = "چورس فٽ في ايڪڙ", symbol = "چ.&nbsp;فٽ/ايڪڙ", utype = "ايراضي في يونٽ پکيڙ", scale = 2.295684113865932e-5, default = "m2/ھيڪٽر", link = "باسل ايراضي", }, ["سينٽ"] = { name1 = "سينٽ", symbol = "¢", utype = "سينٽ", scale = 1, default = "سينٽ", link = "سينٽ (ڪرنسي)", }, ["¢"] = { target = "سينٽ", }, ["A.h"] = { name1 = "ايمپيئر ڪلاڪ", symbol = "A⋅h", utype = "چارج", scale = 3600, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["ڪولمب"] = { _name1 = "ڪولمب", _symbol = "C", utype = "چارج", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "e", link = "ڪولمب", }, ["e"] = { name1 = "ايليميٽري چارج", symbol = "''e''", utype = "چارج", scale = 1.602176634e-19, default = "ڪولمب", }, ["g-مول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "g&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gمول"] = { name1 = "گرام-مول", symbol = "gمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kمول"] = { name1 = "ڪلومول", symbol = "kمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1000, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["lb-مول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lb&#8209;مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["lbمول"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-مول", symbol = "lbمول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 453.59237, default = "مول", }, ["مول"] = { name1 = "مول", symbol = "مول", utype = "ڪيميائي مقدار", scale = 1, default = "lbمول", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", name2 ="ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪلوگرام في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام(CO₂)/L", utype = "co2 يونٽ حجم", scale = 1000, default = "lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائُونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائُونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lbCO2/آمريڪي&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "co2 حجم ايڪو", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرامCO2/لٽر", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["اونس/پائونڊ"] = { per = { "اونس", "پائونڊ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "م.گ/ڪ.گ", }, ["م.گ/ڪ.گ"] = { per = { "م.گ", "ڪ.گ" }, utype = "ارتڪاز", default = "اونس/پائونڊ", }, ["g/dm3"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "گرام/ڊيسي ميٽر³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "ڪ گ/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "گرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/mL"] = { name1 = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرامُ في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/mL", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/ml"] = { name1 = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name1_us = "گرام في ملي لٽر", name2 = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", name2_us = "گرامَ في ملي لٽر", symbol = "گرام/ml", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/dm3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/dm³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪلوگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1000, default = "lb/آمريڪي گئلن", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["ڪِلوگِرامُ/ميٽر3"] = { name1 = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name1_us = "ڪِلوگِرامُ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2 = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", name2_us = "ڪِلوگِرامَ في ڪيوبڪ ميٽر", symbol = "ڪِلوگِرامُ/m³", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ فٽ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;فٽ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 16.018463373960142, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ڪيوبڪ گز"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ گز", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ گز", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;گز", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.5932764212577829, default = "ڪلوگرام/ميٽر3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/امپيريل گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في امپيريل گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في امپيريل گئلن", symbol = "lb/امپيريل&nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 99.776372663101697, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/انچ3"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lb/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lb/آمريڪي بشيل"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي بشيل", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي بشيل", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;بشيل", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 12.871859780974471, default = "ڪلوگرام/m3", link = "بشيل", }, ["lb/آمريڪي گئلن"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ في آمريڪي گئلن", name2 = "پَائونڊَ في آمريڪي گئلن", symbol = "lb/آمريڪي &nbsp;گئلن", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 119.82642731689663, default = "ڪلوگرام/لٽر", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "پَائونڊُ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "پَائونڊَ ماس في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ&thinsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 27679.904710203122, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["مليگرام/لٽر"] = { name1 = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name1_us = "مِلِي گِرامُ في لٽر", name2 = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", name2_us = "مِلِي گِرامَ في لٽر", symbol = "mg/لٽر", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ"] = { name1 = "اونسُ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", name2 = "اونسَ في ڪيوبڪ انچ", symbol = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ&nbsp;انچ", utype = "ڪثافت", scale = 1729.9940443876951, default = "گرام/cm3", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["گرام/cm3"] = { per = { "گرام", "cm3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ گز", link = "ڪثافت", }, ["Mملي گرام/ميٽر3"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ميٽر3" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "lb/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["ملي گرام/لٽر"] = { per = { "ملي گرام", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/dL"] = { per = { "μg", "dL" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["μg/لٽر"] = { per = { "μg", "ll" }, utype = "ڪثافت", default = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["پائونڊ/فٽ3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ فٽ", }, ["پائونڊ/گز3"] = { target = "پائونڊ/ڪيوبڪ گز", }, ["lbm/انچ3"] = { target = "lbm/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["mcg/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["اونس/انچ3"] = { target = "اونس/ڪيوبڪ انچ", }, ["ug/dL"] = { target = "μg/dL", }, ["ug/لٽر"] = { target = "μg/لٽر", }, ["بِي.او.ٽِي.يُو."] = { name1 = "بورڊ آف ٽريڊ يونٽ", symbol = "بِي.او.ٽي.يُو.", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["بِي بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي او اِي"] = { name1 = "بيرل آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", name2 = "بيرلس آف آئل ايڪويلنٽ", symbol = "بِي او اِي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6117863200, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽِي يُو"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "بي ٽي يُو", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["بي ٽي يو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "انرجي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بي ٽي يُو-39F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (39°F)", name2 = "برٽش ترمل يونٽس (39°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_39°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1059.67, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽِي يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽِي يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-59F"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (59°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_59°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.804, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-60F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (60°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (60°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_60°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.68, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63 F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-63F"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (63°F)", name2 = "British thermal units (63°F)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_63°F", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.6, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -ISO"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (ISO)", name2 = "British thermal units (ISO)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_ISO", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.056, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO"] = { target = "بِي ٽيِ يُو-ISO", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -IT"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (آء ٽي)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (آء ٽي)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-آء ٽي"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (آء ٽي)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (آء ٽي)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_{آء ٽي}", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.05585262, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["پي ٽي يُو-مِين"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (مِين)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽس (مِين)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_مِين", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-مِين"] = { name1 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ (مِين)", name2 = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽَ (مِين)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_مِين", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055.87, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو -th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", name2 = "British thermal يونٽَ (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["بِي ٽيِ يُو-th"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", name2 = "British thermal يونٽَ (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", symbol = "بِي ٽيِ يُو_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1054.35026444, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["Cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "Cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", }, ["cal"] = { name1 = "ڪيلوري", symbol = "cal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", }, ["Cal-15"] = { name1 = "Calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-15"] = { name1 = "calorie (15°C)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "cal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1858, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-IT"] = { name1 = "Calorie (انٽرنيشنل اسٽيم ٽيبل)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (انٽرنيشنل اسٽيم ٽيبل)", symbol = "Cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-IT"] = { name1 = "calorie (انٽرنيشنل اسٽيم ٽيبل)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (انٽرنيشنل اسٽيم ٽيبل)", symbol = "cal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal-th"] = { name1 = "Calorie (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", symbol = "Cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal-th"] = { name1 = "calorie (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", name2 = "ڪيلوريون (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", symbol = "cal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184, default = "جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CHU-IT"] = { name1 = "Celsius heat unit (International Table)", name2 = "Celsius heat units (International Table)", symbol = "CHU_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1899.100534716, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cufootnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic foot of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["cuftnaturalgas"] = { name1 = "cubic foot of natural gas", name2 = "cubic feet of natural gas", symbol = "cuftnaturalgas", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055.85262, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["Eh"] = { name1 = "Hartree", symbol = "''E''_h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.35974417e-18, default = "eV", }, ["ارگ"] = { symbol = "ارگ", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000001, default = "μJ", }, ["eV"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.602176634e-19, prefixes = 1, default = "aJ", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["foe"] = { symbol = "foe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e44, default = "YJ", link = "Foe (unit)", }, ["ftlb"] = { name1 = "فٽ-پائونڊ ", symbol = "ft⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "فٽ-پائونڊ (توانائي)", }, ["ftlb-f"] = { name1 = "فٽ-پائونڊ force", name2 = "فٽ-پائونڊ s force", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "J", link = "فٽ-پائونڊ (توانائي)", }, ["ftlbf"] = { name1 = "فٽ-پائونڊ force", name2 = "فٽ-پائونڊ s force", symbol = "ft⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "جَي", link = "فٽ-پائونڊ (توانائي)", }, ["ftpdl"] = { name1 = "فٽ-پائونڊ al", symbol = "ft⋅pdl", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0421401100938048, default = "جَي", }, ["gTNT"] = { name2 = "ٽي اين ٽي جا گرام", symbol = "ٽي اين ٽي جو گرام", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["Gtoe"] = { name1 = "gigatonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "gigatonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Gtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e19, default = "اِي جَي", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["GtonTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatons of TNT", symbol = "gigaton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "اِي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["GtTNT"] = { name2 = "gigatonnes of TNT", symbol = "gigatonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e18, default = "اِي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["GW.h"] = { name1 = "گيگا واٽ-ڪلاڪ", symbol = "GW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "ٽي جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["GWh"] = { name1 = "گيگا واٽ-ڪلاڪ", symbol = "GWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e12, default = "ٽي جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["hph"] = { name1 = "ھارس پاور-ڪلاڪ", symbol = "hp⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2684519.537696172792, default = "kWh", link = "ھارس پاور", }, ["inlb"] = { name1 = "انچ-پائونڊ", symbol = "in⋅lb", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "فٽ-پائونڊ (توانائي)", }, ["inlb-f"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lb_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "فٽ-پائونڊ (توانائي)", }, ["inlbf"] = { name1 = "inch-pound force", name2 = "inch-pounds force", symbol = "in⋅lbf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "ايم جَي", link = "فٽ-پائونڊ (توانائي)", }, ["inoz-f"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅oz_f", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "فٽ-پائونڊ (توانائي)", }, ["inozf"] = { name1 = "انچ-اونس فورس" , name2 = "انچ-اونسَ فورس", symbol = "in⋅ozf", utype = "توانائي", alttype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.00706155181422604375, default = "ايم جَي", link = "فٽ-پائونڊ (توانائي)", }, ["J"] = { _name1 = "جول" , _symbol = "جَي", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "cal", link = "جول" , }, ["kBOE"] = { name1 = "kilo barrel of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilo barrels of oil equivalent", symbol = "kBOE", utype = "توانائي", scale = 6.1178632e12, default = "ٽي جَي", link = "Barrel of oil equivalent", }, ["kcal"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie", symbol = "kcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-15"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (15°C)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "kcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-IT"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (انٽرنيشنل اسٽيم ٽيبل)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (انٽرنيشنل اسٽيم ٽيبل)", symbol = "kcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186.8, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kcal-th"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", symbol = "kcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184, default = "ڪَي جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kerg"] = { name1 = "ڪلو ارگ", symbol = "kerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0001, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ارگ", }, ["kgTNT"] = { name2 = "ٽي اين ٽي جا ڪلوگرام", symbol = "ٽي اين ٽي جو ڪلوگرام", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["kt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "ڪلو ٽن", name1_us = "ڪلو ٽن", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "ٽي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["ktoe"] = { name1 = "kilotonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "kilotonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "ktoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e13, default = "ٽي جَي", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["ktonTNT"] = { name1 = "kiloton of TNT", name2 = "kilotons of TNT", symbol = "kt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "ٽي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["ktTNT"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e12, default = "ٽي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["kW.h"] = { name1 = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", symbol = "kW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["kWh"] = { name1 = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", symbol = "kWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000, default = "ايم جَي", }, ["Mcal"] = { name1 = "ميگا ڪيلوري", symbol = "Mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal"] = { name1 = "ملي ڪيلوري", symbol = "mcal", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-15"] = { name1 = "ميگا ڪيلوري (15°C)", name2 = "ميگا ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "Mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4185800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-15"] = { name1 = "ملي ڪيلوري (15°C)", name2 = "ملي ڪيلوريون (15°C)", symbol = "mcal₁₅", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041858, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "ميگا ڪيلوري (انٽرنيشنل اسٽيم ٽيبل)", name2 = "ميگا ڪيلوريون (انٽرنيشنل اسٽيم ٽيبل)", symbol = "Mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-IT"] = { name1 = "ملي ڪيلوري (انٽرنيشنل اسٽيم ٽيبل)", name2 = "ملي ڪيلوريون (انٽرنيشنل اسٽيم ٽيبل)", symbol = "mcal_IT", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0041868, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Mcal-th"] = { name1 = "ميگا ڪيلوري (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", name2 = "ميگا ڪيلوريون (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", symbol = "Mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["mcal-th"] = { name1 = "ملي ڪيلوري (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", name2 = "ملي ڪيلوريون (ٿرمو ڪيميڪل)", symbol = "mcal_th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.004184, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Merg"] = { name1 = "ميگا ارگ", symbol = "Merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.1, default = "جَي", link = "ارگ", }, ["merg"] = { name1 = "millierg", symbol = "merg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "μJ", link = "ارگ", }, ["MMBtu"] = { name1 = "ملين برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", name2 = "ملين برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "MMBtu", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1055055852.62, default = "جِي جَي", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["Mt(TNT)"] = { name1 = "ميگا ٽن", name1_us = "ميگا ٽن", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["Mtoe"] = { name1 = "ميگا ٽنne of oil equivalent", name2 = "ميگا ٽنnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "Mtoe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.1868e16, default = "پي جَي", link = "Tonne of oil equivalent", }, ["MtonTNT"] = { name1 = "ميگا ٽن جو ٽي اين ٽي", name2 = "ميگا ٽن جا ٽي اين ٽي", symbol = "Mt", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["mtonTNT"] = { name2 = "millitons of TNT", symbol = "milliton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["MtTNT"] = { name2 = "ميگا ٽنnes of TNT", symbol = "ميگا ٽنne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["mtTNT"] = { name2 = "millitonnes of TNT", symbol = "millitonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["MW.h"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["mW.h"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["MWh"] = { name1 = "megawatt-hour", symbol = "MWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["mWh"] = { name1 = "milliwatt-hour", symbol = "mWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6, default = "J", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["PSh"] = { name1 = "Pferdestärkenstunde", symbol = "PSh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2647795.5, default = "kWh", }, ["quad"] = { name1 = "ڪئاڊرلين برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", name2 = "ڪئاڊرلين برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", symbol = "quad", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1.054804e18, default = "اِي جَي", link = "Quad (unit)", }, ["Ry"] = { name1 = "rydberg", symbol = "Ry", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2.1798741e-18, default = "eV", link = "Rydberg constant", }, ["scf"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic feet", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["scfoot"] = { name1 = "standard cubic foot", name2 = "standard cubic foot", symbol = "scf", utype = "توانائي", scale = 2869.2044809344, default = "kJ", }, ["t(TNT)"] = { name1 = "ٽن", name1_us = "ٽن", symbol = "t", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["th"] = { name1 = "thermie", symbol = "th", utype = "توانائي", scale = 4186800, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Conversion of units#Energy", }, ["thm-EC"] = { name1 = "therm (EC)", name2 = "therms (EC)", symbol = "thm (EC)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105506000, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-UK"] = { name1 = "therm (UK)", name2 = "therms (UK)", symbol = "thm (UK)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105505585.257348, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["thm-US"] = { name1 = "therm (US)", name1_us = "therm (U.S.)", name2 = "therms (US)", name2_us = "therms (U.S.)", symbol = "thm (US)", sym_us = "thm (U.S.)", utype = "توانائي", scale = 105480400, default = "ايم جَي", link = "Therm", }, ["toe"] = { name1 = "tonne of oil equivalent", name2 = "tonnes of oil equivalent", symbol = "toe", utype = "توانائي", scale = 41868000000, default = "جِي جَي", }, ["tonTNT"] = { name2 = "tons of TNT", symbol = "ton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["tTNT"] = { name2 = "tonnes of TNT", symbol = "tonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["TtonTNT"] = { name2 = "teratons of TNT", symbol = "teraton of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["TtTNT"] = { name2 = "teratonnes of TNT", symbol = "teratonne of TNT", usename = 1, utype = "توانائي", scale = 4.184e21, default = "زي جَي", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["TW.h"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["TWh"] = { name1 = "terawatt-hour", symbol = "TWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3.6e15, default = "پي جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["W.h"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "W⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["Wh"] = { name1 = "watt-hour", symbol = "Wh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 3600, default = "ڪي جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["μerg"] = { name1 = "microerg", symbol = "μerg", utype = "توانائي", scale = 1e-13, default = "nJ", link = "ارگ", }, ["μW.h"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μW⋅h", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["μWh"] = { name1 = "microwatt-hour", symbol = "μWh", utype = "توانائي", scale = 0.0036, default = "ايم جَي", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["-kW.h"] = { target = "kW.h", link = "Kilowatt hour", }, ["btu"] = { target = "BTU", }, ["ڪيلوري"] = { target = "Cal", }, ["ft.lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["ft·lbf"] = { target = "ftlbf", }, ["g-cal-15"] = { target = "cal-15", }, ["g-cal-IT"] = { target = "cal-IT", }, ["g-cal-th"] = { target = "cal-th", }, ["g-kcal-15"] = { target = "kcal-15", }, ["g-kcal-IT"] = { target = "kcal-IT", }, ["g-kcal-th"] = { target = "kcal-th", }, ["g-Mcal-15"] = { target = "Mcal-15", }, ["g-mcal-15"] = { target = "mcal-15", }, ["g-Mcal-IT"] = { target = "Mcal-IT", }, ["g-mcal-IT"] = { target = "mcal-IT", }, ["g-Mcal-th"] = { target = "Mcal-th", }, ["g-mcal-th"] = { target = "mcal-th", }, ["GW-h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["GW·h"] = { target = "GW.h", }, ["Hartree"] = { target = "Eh", }, ["hp.h"] = { target = "hph", }, ["in.lb-f"] = { target = "inlb-f", }, ["in.lbf"] = { target = "inlbf", }, ["in.oz-f"] = { target = "inoz-f", }, ["in.ozf"] = { target = "inozf", }, ["kbboe"] = { target = "kBOE", symbol = "kbboe", }, ["kg-cal-15"] = { target = "Cal-15", }, ["kg-cal-IT"] = { target = "Cal-IT", }, ["kg-cal-th"] = { target = "Cal-th", }, ["kW-h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["kW·h"] = { target = "kW.h", }, ["MW-h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["mW-h"] = { target = "mW.h", }, ["MW·h"] = { target = "MW.h", }, ["TW-h"] = { target = "TW.h", }, ["uerg"] = { target = "μerg", }, ["uW-h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uW.h"] = { target = "μW.h", }, ["uWh"] = { target = "μWh", }, ["W-h"] = { target = "W.h", }, ["eVpar"] = { _name1 = "electronvolt", _symbol = "eV", utype = "energy per chemical amount", scale = 96485.332123310014, prefixes = 1, default = "kcal/mol", defkey = "eVpar", linkey = "eVpar", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["kcal/mol"] = { per = { "kcal", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "ڪي جَي/mol", link = "Kilocalorie per mole", }, ["ڪي جَي/mol"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "mol" }, utype = "energy per chemical amount", default = "kcal/mol", link = "Joule per mole", }, ["kWh/100 km"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 36, default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", link = "ڪلوواٽ-ڪلاڪ", }, ["kWh/100 mi"] = { name1 = "kilowatt-hour per 100 miles", name2 = "kilowatt-hours per 100 miles", symbol = "kW⋅h/100&nbsp;mi", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 22.3694, default = "mpge", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["MJ/100 km"] = { name1 = "megajoule per 100 kilometres", name1_us = "megajoule per 100 kilometers", name2 = "megajoules per 100 kilometres", name2_us = "megajoules per 100 kilometers", symbol = "ايم جَي/100&nbsp;km", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 10, default = "BTU/mi", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["mpge"] = { name1 = "mile per gallon gasoline equivalent", name2 = "miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", symbol = "mpg&#8209;e", utype = "energy per unit length", scale = 1.3263314048360777e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "kWh/100 mi", link = "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent", }, ["BTU/mi"] = { per = { "BTU", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "v > 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km", }, ["ڪي جَي/km"] = { per = {"ڪي جَي", "ڪ م" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["kWh/km"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "ڪ م" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "ايم جَي/km kWh/mi", }, ["kWh/mi"] = { per = { "-kW.h", "mi" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "kWh/km ايم جَي/km", }, ["ايم جَي/km"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "ڪ م" }, utype = "energy per unit length", default = "BTU/mi", }, ["mpg-e"] = { target = "mpge", }, ["BTU/lb"] = { name1 = "British thermal unit per pound", name2 = "British thermal units per pound", symbol = "BTU/lb", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 2326, default = "ڪي جَي/kg", link = "برٽش ٿرمل يونٽ", }, ["cal/g"] = { name1 = "calorie per gram", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "cal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184, default = "J/g", }, ["جِي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "gigajoule per kilogram", name2 = "gigajoules per kilogram", symbol = "جِي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e9, default = "ktTNT/t", link = "Specific energy", }, ["J/g"] = { name1 = "joule per gram", name2 = "joules per gram", symbol = "J/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["kcal/g"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per gram", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per gram", symbol = "kcal/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000, default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["ڪي جَي/g"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per gram", name2 = "kilojoules per gram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/g", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000000, default = "kcal/g", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ڪي جَي/kg"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per kilogram", name2 = "kilojoules per kilogram", symbol = "ڪي جَي/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1000, default = "BTU/lb", link = "Specific energy", }, ["ktonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "kilotons of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "kiloton of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["ktTNT/t"] = { name2 = "kilotonnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "kilotonne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4184000000, default = "جِي جَي/kg", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["MtonTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "ميگا ٽنs of TNT per metric ton", symbol = "ميگا ٽن of TNT per metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["MtTNT/MT"] = { name2 = "ميگا ٽنnes of TNT per tonne", symbol = "ميگا ٽنne of TNT per tonne", usename = 1, utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 4.184e12, default = "TJ/kg", link = "ٽي اين ٽي ايڪويلنٽ", }, ["TJ/kg"] = { name1 = "terajoule per kilogram", name2 = "terajoules per kilogram", symbol = "TJ/kg", utype = "energy per unit mass", scale = 1e12, default = "MtTNT/MT", link = "Specific energy", }, ["Cal/g"] = { per = { "Cal", "g" }, utype = "energy per unit mass", default = "ڪي جَي/g", }, ["BTU/cuft"] = { per = { "BTU", "cuft" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(mL)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(mL)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/12USoz(ml)serve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USoz(ml)serve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/l", }, ["Cal/12USozserve"] = { per = { "Cal", "-12USozserve" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/L", }, ["Cal/USoz"] = { per = { "Cal", "USoz" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "ڪي جَي/ml", }, ["ڪي جَي/L"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "L" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["ڪي جَي/l"] = { per = { "ڪي جَي", "ll" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["kJ/ml"] = { per = { "kJ", "ml" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "Cal/USoz", }, ["MJ/m3"] = { per = { "ايم جَي", "m3" }, utype = "energy per unit volume", default = "BTU/cuft", }, ["Sv"] = { _name1 = "sievert", _symbol = "Sv", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "rem", link = "Sievert", }, ["rem"] = { _name1 = "rem", _symbol = "rem", utype = "equivalent radiation dose", scale = 0.01, prefixes = 1, default = "Sv", link = "Roentgen equivalent man", }, ["g/km"] = { name1 = "gram per kilometre", name1_us = "gram per kilometer", name2 = "grams per kilometre", name2_us = "grams per kilometer", symbol = "g/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "oz/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["g/mi"] = { name1 = "gram per mile", name2 = "grams per mile", symbol = "g/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "g/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["gCO2/ڪ م"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "gram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "grams of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "g(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1e-6, default = "ozCO2/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["gCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "gram of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "grams of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "g(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 6.2137119223733397e-7, default = "gCO2/ڪ م", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["kg/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms per kilometer", symbol = "kg/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["kgCO2/km"] = { name1 = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometre", name1_us = "kilogram of CO₂ per kilometer", name2 = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometre", name2_us = "kilograms of CO₂ per kilometer", symbol = "kg(CO₂)/km", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.001, default = "lbCO2/mi", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lb/mi"] = { name1 = "pound per mile", name2 = "pounds per mile", symbol = "lb/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kg/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["lbCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "pound of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "pounds of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "lb(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 0.00028184923173665794, default = "kgCO2/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["oz/mi"] = { name1 = "اونس في ميل", name2 = "ounces per mile", symbol = "oz/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "g/km", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["ozCO2/mi"] = { name1 = "ounce of CO₂ per mile", name2 = "ounces of CO₂ per mile", symbol = "oz(CO₂)/mi", utype = "exhaust emission", scale = 1.7615576983541121e-5, default = "gCO2/ڪ م", link = "اخراجي گيس", }, ["cuft/a"] = { name1 = "ڪيوبڪ فٽ في سال", name2 = "cubic feet per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 8.9730672142368242e-10, default = "m3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/d"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per day", name2 = "cubic feet per day", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 3.2774128000000003e-7, default = "m3/d", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/h"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per hour", name2 = "cubic feet per hour", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 7.8657907200000004e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuft/min"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per minute", name2 = "cubic feet per minute", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00047194744319999999, default = "m3/min", }, ["cuft/s"] = { name1 = "cubic foot per second", name2 = "cubic feet per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 28316846592e-12, default = "m3/s", }, ["cumi/a"] = { name1 = "cubic mile per annum", name2 = "cubic miles per annum", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 132.08171170940057, default = "km3/a", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/h"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per hour", name2 = "cubic yards per hour", symbol = "cuyd/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00021237634944000001, default = "m3/h", link = "Cubic foot per second", }, ["cuyd/s"] = { name1 = "cubic yard per second", name2 = "cubic yards per second", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.76455485798400002, default = "m3/s", }, ["Goilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "billion barrels per year", name2 = "billion barrels per year", symbol = "Gbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933836, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["impgal/h"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per hour", name2 = "imperial gallons per hour", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.2628027777777779e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", }, ["impgal/min"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per minute", name2 = "imperial gallons per minute", symbol = "imp gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 7.5768166666666671e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["impgal/s"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon per second", name2 = "imperial gallons per second", symbol = "impgal/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00454609, default = "m3/s", link = "Imperial gallons per second", }, ["km3/a"] = { name1 = "ڪيوبڪ ڪلوميٽر في سال", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per annum", name2 = "cubic kilometres per annum", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per annum", symbol = "km³/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 31.68808781402895, default = "cumi/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["km3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic kilometre per day", name1_us = "cubic kilometer per day", name2 = "cubic kilometres per day", name2_us = "cubic kilometers per day", symbol = "km³/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 11574.074074074075, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["koilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per year", name2 = "thousand barrels per year", symbol = "kbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-6, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["koilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels per day", name2 = "thousand barrels per day", symbol = "kbbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.0018401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["L/h"] = { name1 = "litre per hour", name1_us = "liter per hour", name2 = "litres per hour", name2_us = "liters per hour", symbol = "L/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 2.7777777777777776e-7, default = "impgal/h USgal/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/min"] = { name1 = "litre per minute", name1_us = "liter per minute", name2 = "litres per minute", name2_us = "liters per minute", symbol = "L/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.6666666666666667e-5, default = "impgal/min USgal/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["L/s"] = { name1 = "litre per second", name1_us = "liter per second", name2 = "litres per second", name2_us = "liters per second", symbol = "L/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.001, default = "cuft/s", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/a"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per annum", name1_us = "cubic meter per annum", name2 = "cubic metres per annum", name2_us = "cubic meters per annum", symbol = "m³/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 3.1688087814028947e-8, default = "cuft/a", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/d"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per day", name1_us = "cubic meter per day", name2 = "cubic metres per day", name2_us = "cubic meters per day", symbol = "m³/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "cuft/d", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/h"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hour", name1_us = "cubic meter per hour", name2 = "cubic metres per hour", name2_us = "cubic meters per hour", symbol = "m³/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "cuft/h", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/min"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per minute", name1_us = "cubic meter per minute", name2 = "cubic metres per minute", name2_us = "cubic meters per minute", symbol = "m³/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "cuft/min", link = "Cubic metre per second", }, ["m3/s"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per second", name1_us = "cubic meter per second", name2 = "cubic metres per second", name2_us = "cubic meters per second", symbol = "m³/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1, default = "cuft/s", }, ["Moilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "million barrels per year", name2 = "million barrels per year", symbol = "Mbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.0050380033629933837, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["Moilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "million barrels per day", name2 = "million barrels per day", symbol = "Mbbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.8401307283333335, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "barrel per year", name2 = "barrels per year", symbol = "bbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5.0380033629933841e-9, default = "m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["oilbbl/d"] = { name1 = "barrel per day", name2 = "barrels per day", symbol = "bbl/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.8401307283333336e-6, default = "m3/d", }, ["Toilbbl/a"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels per year", name2 = "trillion barrels per year", symbol = "Tbbl/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 5038.0033629933832, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", link = "Barrel per day", }, ["U.S.gal/d"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per day", name2 = "U.S. gallons per day", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", customary= 1, }, ["U.S.gal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", customary= 2, }, ["U.S.gal/min"] = { name1 = "U.S. gallon per minute", name2 = "U.S. gallons per minute", symbol = "U.S.&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal/a"] = { name1 = "US gallon per year", name2 = "US gallons per year", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/a", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.1995246102365199e-10, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/d"] = { name1 = "US gallon per day", name2 = "US gallons per day", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/d", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 4.3812636388888893e-8, default = "m3/s", }, ["USgal/h"] = { name1 = "gallon per hour", name2 = "gallons per hour", symbol = "gal/h", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 1.0515032733333334e-6, default = "m3/h", link = "گئلن", customary= 1, }, ["USgal/min"] = { name1 = "US gallon per minute", name2 = "US gallons per minute", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal/min", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 6.3090196400000003e-5, default = "m3/s", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal/s"] = { name1 = "US gallon per second", name1_us = "U.S. gallon per second", name2 = "US gallons per second", name2_us = "U.S. gallons per second", symbol = "USgal/s", utype = "وھڪرو", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "m3/s", link = "US gallons per second", }, ["ft3/a"] = { target = "cuft/a", }, ["ft3/d"] = { target = "cuft/d", }, ["ft3/h"] = { target = "cuft/h", }, ["ft3/s"] = { target = "cuft/s", }, ["Gcuft/a"] = { target = "e9cuft/a", }, ["Gcuft/d"] = { target = "e9cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/a"] = { target = "e3cuft/a", }, ["kcuft/d"] = { target = "e3cuft/d", }, ["kcuft/s"] = { target = "e3cuft/s", }, ["Mcuft/a"] = { target = "e6cuft/a", }, ["Mcuft/d"] = { target = "e6cuft/d", }, ["Mcuft/s"] = { target = "e6cuft/s", }, ["m³/s"] = { target = "m3/s", }, ["Tcuft/a"] = { target = "e12cuft/a", }, ["Tcuft/d"] = { target = "e12cuft/d", }, ["u.s.gal/min"] = { target = "U.S.gal/min", }, ["usgal/min"] = { target = "USgal/min", }, ["-LTf"] = { name1 = "لانگ ٽن-فورس", name2 = "لانگ ٽن-فورس", symbol = "LTf", utype = "فورس", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["-STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", utype = "فورس", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["dyn"] = { name1 = "ڊائين", symbol = "dyn", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.00001, default = "gr-f", }, ["g-f"] = { name1 = "گرام-فورس", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "g_f", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", }, ["gf"] = { name1 = "گرام-فورس", name2 = "grams-force", symbol = "gf", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN ozf", link = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", }, ["gr-f"] = { name1 = "گرين-فورس", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "gr_f", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "پائونڊ (فورس)", }, ["grf"] = { name1 = "گرين-فورس", name2 = "grains-force", symbol = "grf", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.0006354602307515, default = "μN", link = "پائونڊ (فورس)", }, ["kdyn"] = { name1 = "kilodyne", symbol = "kdyn", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.01, default = "oz-f", link = "ڊائين", }, ["kg-f"] = { name1 = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kg_f", utype = "فورس", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", }, ["kgf"] = { name1 = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", name2 = "kilograms-force", symbol = "kgf", utype = "فورس", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lbf", }, ["kp"] = { name1 = "ڪلو پانڊ", symbol = "kp", utype = "فورس", scale = 9.80665, default = "N lb-f", link = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", }, ["L/T-f"] = { name1 = "لانگ ٽن-فورس", name2 = "لانگ ٽن-فورس", symbol = "L/T_f", utype = "فورس", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["L/Tf"] = { name1 = "لانگ ٽن-فورس", name2 = "لانگ ٽن-فورس", symbol = "L/Tf", utype = "فورس", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["lb-f"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-فورس", name2 = "پائونڊ-فورس", symbol = "lb_f", utype = "فورس", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "پائونڊ (فورس)", }, ["lbf"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ-فورس", name2 = "پائونڊ-فورس", symbol = "lbf", utype = "فورس", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "پائونڊ (فورس)", }, ["lb(f)"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ", symbol = "lb", utype = "فورس", scale = 4.4482216152605, default = "N", link = "پائونڊ (فورس)", }, ["LT-f"] = { name1 = "لانگ ٽن-فورس", name2 = "لانگ ٽن-فورس", symbol = "LT_f", utype = "فورس", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["LTf"] = { name1 = "لانگ ٽن-فورس", name2 = "لانگ ٽن-فورس", symbol = "LTf", usename = 1, utype = "فورس", scale = 9964.01641818352, default = "kN", }, ["Mdyn"] = { name1 = "megadyne", symbol = "Mdyn", utype = "فورس", scale = 10, default = "lb-f", link = "ڊائين", }, ["mdyn"] = { name1 = "millidyne", symbol = "mdyn", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.00000001, default = "gr-f", link = "ڊائين", }, ["mg-f"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mg_f", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", }, ["mgf"] = { name1 = "milligram-force", name2 = "milligrams-force", symbol = "mgf", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN grf", link = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", }, ["Mp"] = { name1 = "megapond", symbol = "Mp", utype = "فورس", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", }, ["mp"] = { name1 = "ملي پائونڊ", symbol = "mp", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.00000980665, default = "μN gr-f", link = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", }, ["N"] = { _name1 = "newton", _symbol = "N", utype = "فورس", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lb-f", link = "نيوٽن (ايڪو)", }, ["oz-f"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "oz_f", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "پائونڊ (فورس)", }, ["ozf"] = { name1 = "ounce-force", name2 = "ounces-force", symbol = "ozf", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.2780138203095378125, default = "mN", link = "پائونڊ (فورس)", }, ["p"] = { name1 = "پانڊ", symbol = "p", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.00980665, default = "mN oz-f", link = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", }, ["pdl"] = { name1 = "پائونڊل", symbol = "pdl", utype = "فورس", scale = 0.138254954376, default = "N", }, ["S/T-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/T_f", utype = "فورس", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["S/Tf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "S/Tf", utype = "فورس", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["ST-f"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "ST_f", utype = "فورس", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["STf"] = { name1 = "short ton-force", name2 = "short tons-force", symbol = "STf", usename = 1, utype = "فورس", scale = 8896.443230521, default = "kN", }, ["t-f"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "t_f", utype = "فورس", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LT-f ST-f", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["tf"] = { name1 = "tonne-force", name2 = "tonnes-force", symbol = "tf", utype = "فورس", scale = 9806.65, default = "kN LTf STf", link = "Ton-force#Tonne-force", }, ["ڊائين"] = { target = "dyn", }, ["newtons"] = { target = "N", }, ["پائونڊل"] = { target = "pdl", }, ["tonne-force"] = { target = "tf", }, ["impgal/mi"] = { per = { "@impgal", "mi" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km USgal/mi", }, ["km/L"] = { per = { "ڪ م", "L" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["km/l"] = { per = { "ڪ م", "ll" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["L/100 km"] = { per = { "L", "100km" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["l/100 km"] = { per = { "ll", "100km" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&nbsp;km]]", }, ["L/km"] = { per = { "L", "ڪ م" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["l/km"] = { per = { "ll", "ڪ م" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "mpgimp mpgus", }, ["mi/impqt"] = { per = { "mi", "impqt" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/U.S.qt"] = { per = { "mi", "U.S.qt" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/USqt"] = { per = { "mi", "USqt" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mi/usqt"] = { per = { "mi", "usqt" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "km/L", }, ["mpgimp"] = { per = { "mi", "@impgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;imp", utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgus", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]}", }, ["mpgus"] = { per = { "mi", "+USgal" }, symbol = "mpg_&#8209;US", utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/100 km+mpgimp", symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]}", }, ["U.S.gal/mi"] = { per = { "*U.S.gal", "mi" }, sp_us = true, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["usgal/mi"] = { per = { "+USgal", "mi" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", invert = 1, iscomplex= true, default = "L/km impgal/mi", }, ["L/100km"] = { target = "L/100 km", }, ["l/100km"] = { target = "l/100 km", }, ["mpg"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})", }, ["mpgU.S."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgu.s."] = { target = "mpgus", symbol = "mpg_&#8209;U.S.", sp_us = true, symlink = "[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]_{&#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]}", }, ["mpgUS"] = { target = "mpgus", }, ["USgal/mi"] = { target = "usgal/mi", }, ["kPa/m"] = { per = { "kPa", "-m-frac" }, utype = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", default = "psi/ft", }, ["psi/ft"] = { per = { "psi", "-ft-frac" }, utype = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", default = "kPa/m", }, ["cm/km"] = { name1 = "centimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "centimeter per kilometer", name2 = "centimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "centimeters per kilometer", symbol = "cm/km", utype = "گريڊيئنٽ", scale = 0.00001, default = "ft/mi", link = "گريڊ (سلوپ)", }, ["ft/mi"] = { name1 = "فٽ في ميل", name2 = "فٽ في ميل", symbol = "ft/mi", utype = "گريڊيئنٽ", scale = 0.00018939393939393939, default = "v < 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "گريڊ (سلوپ)", }, ["ft/nmi"] = { name1 = "foot per nautical mile", name2 = "feet per nautical mile", symbol = "ft/nmi", utype = "گريڊيئنٽ", scale = 0.00016457883369330455, default = "v < 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km", link = "گريڊ (سلوپ)", }, ["in/ft"] = { name1 = "انچ في فٽ", name2 = "انچ في فٽ", symbol = "in/ft", utype = "گريڊيئنٽ", scale = 0.083333333333333329, default = "mm/m", link = "گريڊ (سلوپ)", }, ["in/mi"] = { name1 = "inch per mile", name2 = "inches per mile", symbol = "in/mi", utype = "گريڊيئنٽ", scale = 1.5782828282828283e-5, default = "v < 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km", link = "گريڊ (سلوپ)", }, ["m/km"] = { name1 = "metre per kilometre", name1_us = "meter per kilometer", name2 = "metres per kilometre", name2_us = "meters per kilometer", symbol = "m/km", utype = "گريڊيئنٽ", scale = 0.001, default = "ft/mi", link = "گريڊ (سلوپ)", }, ["mm/km"] = { name1 = "millimetre per kilometre", name1_us = "millimeter per kilometer", name2 = "millimetres per kilometre", name2_us = "millimeters per kilometer", symbol = "mm/km", utype = "گريڊيئنٽ", scale = 0.000001, default = "in/mi", link = "گريڊ (سلوپ)", }, ["mm/m"] = { name1 = "millimetre per metre", name1_us = "millimeter per meter", name2 = "millimetres per metre", name2_us = "millimeters per meter", symbol = "mm/m", utype = "گريڊيئنٽ", scale = 0.001, default = "in/ft", link = "گريڊ (سلوپ)", }, ["admi"] = { name1 = "admiralty mile", symbol = "nmi&nbsp;(admiralty)", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["AU"] = { name1 = "فلڪياتي يونٽ", symbol = "AU", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 149597870700, default = "km mi", }, ["Brnmi"] = { name1 = "British nautical mile", symbol = "(Brit)&nbsp;nmi", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["bu"] = { name2 = "bu", symbol = "bu", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.0030303030303030303, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["ch"] = { name1 = "زنجير", symbol = "ch", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["گز"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chlk"] = { name1 = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|ch]]", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["زنجير"] = { symbol = "زنجير", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 66, default = "m" }, ["گز"] = { 22, default = "m" } }, link = "Chain (unit)", }, ["chainlk"] = { symbol = "[[Chain (unit)|chain]]", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 20.1168, default = "ft m", link = "", }, ["dpcm"] = { name2 = "dot/cm", symbol = "dot/cm", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 100, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "dpi", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["dpi"] = { name2 = "DPI", symbol = "DPI", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 39.370078740157481, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "پچ", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["fathom"] = { symbol = "fathom", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1.8288, default = "ft m", }, ["فٽ"] = { name1 = "فٽ", name2 = "فٽ", symbol = "ft", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.3048, default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "فٽ (ايڪو)", }, ["ft"] = { name1 = "فٽ", name2 = "فُٽَ", symbol = "ft", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.3048, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "m", subdivs = { ["in"] = { 12, default = "m" } }, link = "Foot (unit)", }, ["فرلانگ"] = { symbol = "فرلانگ", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 201.168, default = "ft m", }, ["Gly"] = { name1 = "gigalight-year", symbol = "Gly", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 9.4607304725808e24, default = "Mpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Gpc"] = { name1 = "gigaparsec", symbol = "Gpc", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 3.0856775814671916e25, default = "Gly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["ھٿ"] = { name1 = "ھٿ", symbol = "h", utype = "ڊيگھ", builtin = "ھٿ", scale = 0.1016, iscomplex= true, default = "in cm", link = "Hand (unit)", }, ["in"] = { name1 = "انچ", name2 = "انچ", symbol = "in", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.0254, exception= "subunit_more_precision", default = "mm", }, ["inabbreviated"] = { name2 = "in", symbol = "in", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.0254, default = "mm", link = "انچ", }, ["kly"] = { name1 = "kilolight-year", symbol = "kly", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 9.4607304725808e18, default = "pc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["kpc"] = { name1 = "kiloparsec", symbol = "kpc", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 3.0856775814671916e19, default = "kly", link = "Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs", }, ["LD"] = { name1 = "lunar distance", symbol = "LD", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 384403000, default = "km mi", link = "Lunar distance (astronomy)", }, ["ليگ"] = { symbol = "ليگ", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 4828.032, default = "ڪ م", link = "ليگ (ايڪو)", }, ["ly"] = { name1 = "نوري-سال", symbol = "ly", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 9.4607304725808e15, default = "AU", }, ["ميٽرُ"] = { _name1 = "ميٽر", _name1_us= "ميٽر", _symbol = "m", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v > 0 and v < 3 ! ftin ! ft", link = "ميٽر", }, ["mi"] = { name1 = "ميل", symbol = "mi", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1609.344, default = "ڪ م", subdivs = { ["ch"] = { 80, default = "ڪ م" }, ["chlk"] = { 80, default = "ڪ م" }, ["زنجير"] = { 80, default = "ڪ م" }, ["chainlk"] = { 80, default = "ڪ م" }, ["ft"] = { 5280, default = "ڪ م" }, ["فرلانگ"] = { 8, default = "ڪ م" }, ["گز"] = { 1760, default = "ڪ م" } }, }, ["mil"] = { symbol = "mil", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["Mly"] = { name1 = "megalight-year", symbol = "Mly", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 9.4607304725808e21, default = "kpc", link = "Light-year#Definitions", }, ["Mpc"] = { name1 = "megaparsec", symbol = "Mpc", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 3.0856775814671916e22, default = "Mly", link = "Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs", }, ["NM"] = { name1 = "ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "NM", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["nmi"] = { name1 = "ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "nmi", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1852, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUKnmi"] = { name1 = "ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "nmi", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1853.184, default = "km mi", }, ["oldUSnmi"] = { name1 = "ناٽيڪل ميل", symbol = "nmi", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", }, ["pc"] = { name1 = "parsec", symbol = "pc", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 3.0856775814671916e16, default = "ly", }, ["پرچ"] = { name2 = "پرچ", symbol = "پرچ", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "راڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["پچ"] = { name2 = "μm", symbol = "μm", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1e-6, default = "dpi", defkey = "پچ", linkey = "پچ", link = "Dots per inch", }, ["پول"] = { symbol = "پول", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "راڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["pre1954U.S.nmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["pre1954USnmi"] = { name1 = "(pre-1954&nbsp;US) nautical mile", name1_us = "(pre-1954&nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile", symbol = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;US) nmi", sym_us = "(pre&#8209;1954&nbsp;U.S.) nmi", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1853.24496, default = "km mi", link = "ناٽيڪل ميل", }, ["rd"] = { name1 = "راڊ", symbol = "rd", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 5.0292, default = "ft m", link = "راڊ (ايڪو)", }, ["رايل ڪيوبٽ"] = { name1 = "رايل ڪيوبٽ", symbol = "cu", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.524, default = "mm", }, ["rtkm"] = { name1 = "route kilometre", name1_us = "route kilometer", symbol = "ڪ م", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1000, default = "mi", link = "ڪلوميٽر", }, ["rtmi"] = { name1 = "route mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1609.344, default = "ڪ م", link = "ميل", }, ["شاڪو"] = { name2 = "شاڪو", symbol = "شاڪو", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.30303030303030304, default = "m", link = "شاڪو (ايڪو)", }, ["sm"] = { name1 = "سموٽ", symbol = "sm", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1.70180, default = "m", link = "سموٽ (ايڪو)", }, ["smi"] = { name1 = "statute mile", symbol = "mi", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1609.344, default = "ڪ م", subdivs = { ["زنجير"] = { 80, default = "ڪ م" } }, }, ["سولر ريڊئيس"] = { name1 = "سولر ريڊئيس", name2 = "solar radii", symbol = "''R''_☉", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 695700e3, default = "ڪ م", }, ["سج"] = { name2 = "سج", symbol = "سج", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.030303030303030304, default = "mm", link = "Japanese units of measurement#Length", }, ["thou"] = { name2 = "thou", symbol = "thou", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.0000254, default = "mm", link = "Thousandth of an inch", }, ["ويرسٽ"] = { symbol = "ويرسٽ", usename = 1, utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 1066.8, default = "km mi", }, ["yd"] = { name1 = "گز", symbol = "گز", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.9144, default = "m", subdivs = { ["ft"] = { 3, default = "m" } }, }, ["μin"] = { name1 = "microinch", name2 = "microinches", symbol = "μin", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.0000000254, default = "nm", link = "SI prefix#Non-metric units", }, ["Å"] = { name1 = "ångström", symbol = "Å", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 0.0000000001, default = "in", }, ["Hz"] = { _name1 = "hertz", _name2 = "hertz", _symbol = "Hz", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 3.3356409519815204e-9, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, prefixes = 1, default = "m", link = "Hertz", }, ["rpm"] = { name1 = "revolution per minute", name2 = "revolutions per minute", symbol = "rpm", utype = "ڊيگھ", scale = 5.5594015866358675e-11, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "Hz", link = "Revolutions per minute", }, ["-ft-frac"] = { target = "ft", link = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", }, ["-in-stiff"] = { target = "in", link = "Stiffness", }, ["-m-frac"] = { target = "m", link = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", }, ["-m-stiff"] = { target = "m", link = "Stiffness", }, ["100km"] = { target = "ڪ م", multiplier= 100, }, ["100mi"] = { target = "mi", multiplier= 100, }, ["100miles"] = { target = "mi", symbol = "ميلَ", multiplier= 100, }, ["admiralty nmi"] = { target = "oldUKnmi", }, ["angstrom"] = { target = "Å", }, ["au"] = { target = "AU", symbol = "au", }, ["فُٽَ"] = { target = "ft", }, ["hands"] = { target = "ھٿ", }, ["انچ"] = { target = "in", }, ["اِنچَ"] = { target = "in", }, ["نوري-سال"] = { target = "ly", }, ["m"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["metre"] = { target = "m", sp_us = true, }, ["ميٽر"] = { target = "m", }, ["ميٽرَ"] = { target = "m", }, ["micrometre"] = { target = "μm", }, ["micron"] = { target = "μm", default = "μin", }, ["ميل"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["ميلَ"] = { target = "mi", usename = 1, }, ["parsec"] = { target = "pc", }, ["راڊ"] = { target = "rd", }, ["سموٽ"] = { target = "sm", }, ["uin"] = { target = "μin", }, ["گز"] = { target = "گز", }, ["yards"] = { target = "گز", }, ["yds"] = { target = "گز", }, ["dtex"] = { name1 = "decitex", name2 = "decitex", symbol = "dtex", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 1e-7, default = "lb/yd", link = "Units of textile measurement#Units", }, ["kg/cm"] = { name1 = "kilogram per centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 100, default = "lb/yd", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["kg/m"] = { name1 = "kilogram per metre", name1_us = "kilogram per meter", name2 = "kilograms per metre", name2_us = "kilograms per meter", symbol = "kg/m", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 1, default = "lb/yd", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["lb/ft"] = { name1 = "pound per foot", name2 = "pounds per foot", symbol = "lb/ft", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 1.4881639435695539, default = "kg/m", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["lb/yd"] = { name1 = "pound per yard", name2 = "pounds per yard", symbol = "lb/yd", utype = "خطي ڪثافت", scale = 0.49605464785651798, default = "kg/m", link = "خطي ڪثافت", }, ["G"] = { _name1 = "gauss", _name2 = "gauss", _symbol = "G", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 0.0001, prefixes = 1, default = "T", link = "Gauss (unit)", }, ["T"] = { _name1 = "tesla", _symbol = "T", utype = "magnetic field strength", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "G", link = "Tesla (unit)", }, ["A/m"] = { name1 = "ampere per metre", name1_us = "ampere per meter", name2 = "amperes per metre", name2_us = "amperes per meter", symbol = "A/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1, default = "Oe", }, ["kA/m"] = { name1 = "kiloampere per metre", name1_us = "kiloampere per meter", name2 = "kiloamperes per metre", name2_us = "kiloamperes per meter", symbol = "kA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1000, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["MA/m"] = { name1 = "megaampere per metre", name1_us = "megaampere per meter", name2 = "megaamperes per metre", name2_us = "megaamperes per meter", symbol = "MA/m", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 1e6, default = "kOe", link = "Ampere per metre", }, ["Oe"] = { _name1 = "oersted", _symbol = "Oe", utype = "magnetizing field", scale = 79.5774715, prefixes = 1, default = "kA/m", link = "Oersted", }, ["-Lcwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "ماس", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", }, ["-Scwt"] = { name1 = "hundredweight", name2 = "hundredweight", symbol = "cwt", utype = "ماس", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", }, ["-ST"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "ST", utype = "ماس", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["قيراط"] = { symbol = "قيراط", usename = 1, utype = "ماس", scale = 0.0002, default = "g", link = "قيراط (ماس)", }, ["Da"] = { _name1 = "ڊالٽن", _symbol = "Da", utype = "ماس", scale = 1.66053906892e-27, prefixes = 1, default = "ڪ.گ", link = "Dalton (unit)", }, ["drachm"] = { name1_us = "ڊرام", symbol = "drachm", usename = 1, utype = "ماس", scale = 0.001771845195, default = "g", link = "ڊرام (ايڪو)", }, ["ڊرام"] = { target = "drachm", }, ["dwt"] = { name1 = "pennyweight", symbol = "dwt", utype = "ماس", scale = 0.00155517384, default = "oz g", }, ["DWton"] = { symbol = "deadweight ton", usename = 1, utype = "ماس", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "DWtonne", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["DWtonne"] = { name1_us = "deadweight metric ton", symbol = "deadweight tonne", sym_us = "~deadweight metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "ماس", scale = 1000, default = "DWton", link = "Deadweight tonnage", }, ["g"] = { _name1 = "گرام", _symbol = "g", utype = "ماس", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "oz", link = "گرام", }, ["gr"] = { name1 = "گرئن", symbol = "gr", utype = "ماس", scale = 0.00006479891, default = "g", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["Gt"] = { name1 = "gigatonne", symbol = "Gt", utype = "ماس", scale = 1000000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "ٽن", }, ["impgalh2o"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon of water", name2 = "imperial gallons of water", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "ماس", scale = 4.5359236999999499, default = "lb kg", link = "Imperial gallon", }, ["kt"] = { name1 = "ڪلو ٽن", symbol = "kt", utype = "ماس", scale = 1000000, default = "LT ST", link = "ٽن", }, ["lb"] = { name1 = "پائونڊ", symbol = "lb", utype = "ماس", scale = 0.45359237, exception= "integer_more_precision", default = "ڪ.گ", subdivs = { ["oz"] = { 16, default = "ڪ.گ" } }, link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["Lcwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "Lcwt", usename = 1, utype = "ماس", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "ڪ.گ" }, ["st"] = { 8, default = "ڪ.گ" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long cwt"] = { name1 = "long hundredweight", name2 = "long hundredweight", symbol = "long&nbsp;cwt", utype = "ماس", scale = 50.80234544, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["qtr"] = { 4, default = "ڪ.گ" } }, link = "Hundredweight", }, ["long qtr"] = { name1 = "long quarter", symbol = "long&nbsp;qtr", utype = "ماس", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", }, ["LT"] = { symbol = "long ton", usename = 1, utype = "ماس", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["lt"] = { name1 = "long ton", symbol = "LT", utype = "ماس", scale = 1016.0469088, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Lcwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Lcwt" } }, }, ["metric ton"] = { symbol = "metric ton", usename = 1, utype = "ماس", scale = 1000, default = "long ton", link = "ٽن", }, ["MT"] = { name1 = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "ماس", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", link = "ٽن", }, ["Mt"] = { name1 = "ميگا ٽن", symbol = "Mt", utype = "ماس", scale = 1000000000, default = "LT ST", link = "ٽن", }, ["oz"] = { name1 = "اونس", symbol = "oz", utype = "ماس", scale = 0.028349523125, default = "g", }, ["ozt"] = { name1 = "troy ounce", symbol = "ozt", utype = "ماس", scale = 0.0311034768, default = "oz g", }, ["pdr"] = { name1 = "pounder", symbol = "pdr", utype = "ماس", scale = 0.45359237, default = "ڪ.گ", link = "Pound (mass)", }, ["qtr"] = { name1 = "ڪوارٽر", symbol = "qtr", utype = "ماس", scale = 12.70058636, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 28, default = "ڪ.گ" } }, link = "Long quarter", }, ["Scwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "Scwt", usename = 1, utype = "ماس", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short cwt"] = { name1 = "short hundredweight", name2 = "short hundredweight", symbol = "short&nbsp;cwt", utype = "ماس", scale = 45.359237, default = "lb kg", link = "Hundredweight", }, ["short qtr"] = { name1 = "short quarter", symbol = "short&nbsp;qtr", utype = "ماس", scale = 11.33980925, default = "lb kg", }, ["ST"] = { symbol = "short ton", usename = 1, utype = "ماس", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", subdivs = { ["Scwt"] = { 20, default = "t", unit = "-Scwt" } }, }, ["shtn"] = { name1 = "short ton", symbol = "sh&nbsp;tn", utype = "ماس", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["shton"] = { symbol = "ٽن", usename = 1, utype = "ماس", scale = 907.18474, default = "t", }, ["solar mass"] = { name1 = "solar mass", name2 = "solar masses", symbol = "''M''_☉", utype = "ماس", scale = 1.98855e30, default = "ڪ.گ", }, ["st"] = { name1 = "اسٽون", name2 = "اسٽون", symbol = "st", utype = "ماس", scale = 6.35029318, default = "lb kg", subdivs = { ["lb"] = { 14, default = "kg lb" } }, link = "اسٽون (ايڪو)", }, ["t"] = { name1 = "ٽن", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "ماس", scale = 1000, default = "LT ST", }, ["ٽَن"] = { name1 = "ٽن", name1_us = "metric ton", symbol = "t", utype = "ماس", scale = 1000, default = "shton", }, ["troy pound"] = { symbol = "troy pound", usename = 1, utype = "ماس", scale = 0.3732417216, default = "lb kg", link = "Troy weight", }, ["usgalh2o"] = { name1 = "US gallon of water", name1_us = "U.S. gallon of water", name2 = "US gallons of water", name2_us = "U.S. gallons of water", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal H₂O", utype = "ماس", scale = 3.7776215836051126, default = "lb kg", link = "United States customary units#Fluid volume", }, ["viss"] = { name2 = "viss", symbol = "viss", utype = "ماس", scale = 1.632932532, default = "ڪ.گ", link = "Myanmar units of measurement#Mass", }, ["billion tonne"] = { target = "e9t", }, ["گرئن"] = { target = "gr", }, ["kilogram"] = { target = "ڪ.گ", }, ["ڪلو ٽن"] = { target = "kt", }, ["lbs"] = { target = "lb", }, ["lbt"] = { target = "troy pound", }, ["lcwt"] = { target = "Lcwt", }, ["long ton"] = { target = "LT", }, ["mcg"] = { target = "μg", }, ["million tonne"] = { target = "e6t", }, ["scwt"] = { target = "Scwt", }, ["short ton"] = { target = "ST", }, ["اسٽون"] = { target = "st", }, ["thousand tonne"] = { target = "e3t", }, ["tonnes"] = { target = "t", }, ["kg/kW"] = { name1 = "kilogram per kilowatt", name2 = "kilograms per kilowatt", symbol = "kg/kW", utype = "مايو في يونٽ طاقت", scale = 0.001, default = "lb/hp", link = "Kilowatt", }, ["lb/hp"] = { name1 = "pound per horsepower", name2 = "pounds per horsepower", symbol = "lb/hp", utype = "مايو في يونٽ طاقت", scale = 0.00060827738784176115, default = "kg/kW", link = "ھارس پاور", }, ["kg/h"] = { per = { "ڪ.گ", "h" }, utype = "مايو في يونٽ وقت", default = "lb/h", }, ["lb/h"] = { per = { "lb", "h" }, utype = "مايو في يونٽ وقت", default = "kg/h", }, ["g-mol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["g-mol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["g-mol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "g-mol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["g-mol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "g&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gmol/d"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per day", name2 = "gram-moles per day", symbol = "gmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gmol/h"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per hour", name2 = "gram-moles per hour", symbol = "gmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gmol/min"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per minute", name2 = "gram-moles per minute", symbol = "gmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "gmol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["gmol/s"] = { name1 = "gram-mole per second", name2 = "gram-moles per second", symbol = "gmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lbmol/min", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kmol/d"] = { name1 = "kilomole per day", name2 = "kilomoles per day", symbol = "kmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "mmol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kmol/h"] = { name1 = "kilomole per hour", name2 = "kilomoles per hour", symbol = "kmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["kmol/min"] = { name1 = "kilomole per minute", name2 = "kilomoles per minute", symbol = "kmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 16.666666666666668, default = "mol/s", link = "Kilomole (unit)", }, ["kmol/s"] = { name1 = "kilomole per second", name2 = "kilomoles per second", symbol = "kmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1000, default = "lb-mol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["lb-mol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lb-mol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lb&#8209;mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/d"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per day", name2 = "pound-moles per day", symbol = "lbmol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.0052499116898148141, default = "mmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/h"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per hour", name2 = "pound-moles per hour", symbol = "lbmol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.12599788055555555, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/min"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per minute", name2 = "pound-moles per minute", symbol = "lbmol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 7.5598728333333334, default = "mol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["lbmol/s"] = { name1 = "pound-mole per second", name2 = "pound-moles per second", symbol = "lbmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 453.59237, default = "kmol/s", link = "Pound-mole", }, ["mmol/s"] = { name1 = "millimole per second", name2 = "millimoles per second", symbol = "mmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["mol/d"] = { name1 = "mole per day", name2 = "moles per day", symbol = "mol/d", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1.1574074074074073e-5, default = "μmol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["mol/h"] = { name1 = "mole per hour", name2 = "moles per hour", symbol = "mol/h", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.00027777777777777778, default = "mmol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["mol/min"] = { name1 = "mole per minute", name2 = "moles per minute", symbol = "mol/min", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "mol/s", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["mol/s"] = { name1 = "mole per second", name2 = "moles per second", symbol = "mol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 1, default = "lb-mol/min", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["μmol/s"] = { name1 = "micromole per second", name2 = "micromoles per second", symbol = "μmol/s", utype = "molar rate", scale = 0.000001, default = "lb-mol/d", link = "مول (ايڪو)", }, ["umol/s"] = { target = "μmol/s", }, ["/acre"] = { name1 = "per acre", name2 = "per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "/ha", link = "ايڪڙ", }, ["/ha"] = { name1 = "per hectare", name2 = "per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 100e-6, default = "/acre", link = "ھيڪٽر ", }, ["/sqcm"] = { name1 = "per square centimetre", name1_us = "per square centimeter", name2 = "per square centimetre", name2_us = "per square centimeter", symbol = "/cm²", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 1e4, default = "/sqin", link = "Square centimetre", }, ["/sqin"] = { name1 = "per square inch", name2 = "per square inch", symbol = "/in²", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 1550.0031000062002, default = "/sqcm", link = "چورس انچ", }, ["/sqkm"] = { name1 = "per square kilometre", name1_us = "per square kilometer", name2 = "per square kilometre", name2_us = "per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 1e-6, default = "/sqmi", link = "چورس ڪلوميٽر", }, ["/sqmi"] = { name1 = "per square mile", name2 = "per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "/sqkm", link = "چورس ميل", }, ["PD/acre"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per acre", name2 = "inhabitants per acre", symbol = "/acre", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 0.00024710538146716532, default = "PD/ha", link = "ايڪڙ", }, ["PD/ha"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per hectare", name2 = "inhabitants per hectare", symbol = "/ha", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 100e-6, default = "PD/acre", link = "ھيڪٽر", }, ["PD/sqkm"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square kilometre", name1_us = "inhabitant per square kilometer", name2 = "inhabitants per square kilometre", name2_us = "inhabitants per square kilometer", symbol = "/km²", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 1e-6, default = "PD/sqmi", link = "چورس ڪلوميٽر", }, ["PD/sqmi"] = { name1 = "inhabitant per square mile", name2 = "inhabitants per square mile", symbol = "/sq&nbsp;mi", utype = "في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 3.8610215854244582e-7, default = "PD/sqkm", link = "چورس ميل", }, ["/cm2"] = { target = "/sqcm", }, ["/in2"] = { target = "/sqin", }, ["/km2"] = { target = "/sqkm", }, ["pd/acre"] = { target = "PD/acre", }, ["pd/ha"] = { target = "PD/ha", }, ["PD/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/km2"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["PD/km²"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqkm"] = { target = "PD/sqkm", }, ["pd/sqmi"] = { target = "PD/sqmi", }, ["/l"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/l", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "لٽر", }, ["/L"] = { name1 = "per litre", name1_us = "per liter", name2 = "per litre", name2_us = "per liter", symbol = "/L", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 1000, default = "/usgal", link = "لٽر", }, ["/USgal"] = { name1 = "per gallon", name2 = "per gallon", symbol = "/gal", utype = "per unit volume", scale = 264.172052, default = "/L", link = "آمريڪي گئلن", customary= 2, }, ["/usgal"] = { target = "/USgal", }, ["bhp"] = { name1 = "brake horsepower", name2 = "brake horsepower", symbol = "bhp", utype = "پاور", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Brake horsepower", }, ["Cal/d"] = { name1 = "large calorie per day", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per day", symbol = "Cal/d", utype = "پاور", scale = 0.048425925925925928, default = "kJ/d", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["Cal/h"] = { name1 = "large calorie per hour", name2 = "large ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "Cal/h", utype = "پاور", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kJ/h", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["cal/h"] = { name1 = "calorie per hour", name2 = "ڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "cal/h", utype = "پاور", scale = 0.0011622222222222223, default = "W", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["CV"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "CV", utype = "پاور", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hk"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hk", utype = "پاور", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["hp"] = { name1 = "ھارس پاور", name2 = "ھارس پاور", symbol = "hp", utype = "پاور", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", }, ["hp-electric"] = { name1 = "electric horsepower", name2 = "electric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "پاور", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-electrical"] = { name1 = "electrical horsepower", name2 = "electrical horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "پاور", scale = 746, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Electrical horsepower", }, ["hp-metric"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "hp", utype = "پاور", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["ihp"] = { name1 = "indicated horsepower", name2 = "indicated horsepower", symbol = "ihp", utype = "پاور", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Indicated horsepower", }, ["kcal/h"] = { name1 = "kilocalorie per hour", name2 = "kiloڪيلوريون per hour", symbol = "kcal/h", utype = "پاور", scale = 1.1622222222222223, default = "kW", link = "ڪيلوري", }, ["kJ/d"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per day", name2 = "kilojoules per day", symbol = "kJ/d", utype = "پاور", scale = 0.011574074074074073, default = "Cal/d", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["kJ/h"] = { name1 = "kilojoule per hour", name2 = "kilojoules per hour", symbol = "kJ/h", utype = "پاور", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "W", link = "Kilojoule", }, ["PS"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower", name2 = "metric horsepower", symbol = "PS", utype = "پاور", scale = 735.49875, default = "kW", }, ["shp"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower", name2 = "shaft horsepower", symbol = "shp", utype = "پاور", scale = 745.69987158227022, default = "kW", link = "Horsepower#Shaft horsepower", }, ["W"] = { _name1 = "watt", _symbol = "W", utype = "پاور", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "hp", link = "Watt", }, ["BTU/h"] = { per = { "BTU", "h" }, utype = "پاور", default = "W", }, ["Btu/h"] = { per = { "Btu", "h" }, utype = "پاور", default = "W", }, ["BHP"] = { target = "bhp", }, ["btu/h"] = { target = "BTU/h", }, ["HP"] = { target = "hp", }, ["Hp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp-mechanical"] = { target = "hp", }, ["IHP"] = { target = "ihp", }, ["SHP"] = { target = "shp", }, ["whp"] = { target = "hp", }, ["hp/lb"] = { name1 = "horsepower per pound", name2 = "horsepower per pound", symbol = "hp/lb", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/LT"] = { name1 = "horsepower per long ton", name2 = "horsepower per long ton", symbol = "hp/LT", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.73392268125000004, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/ST"] = { name1 = "horsepower per short ton", name2 = "horsepower per short ton", symbol = "hp/ST", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.821993403, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/t"] = { name1 = "horsepower per tonne", name2 = "horsepower per tonne", symbol = "hp/t", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.74569987158227022, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/kg"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per kilogram", name2 = "kilowatts per kilogram", symbol = "kW/kg", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1000, default = "hp/lb", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["kW/t"] = { name1 = "kilowatt per tonne", name2 = "kilowatts per tonne", symbol = "kW/t", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1, default = "PS/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["PS/t"] = { name1 = "metric horsepower per tonne", name2 = "metric horsepower per tonne", symbol = "PS/t", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 0.73549875, default = "kW/t", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["shp/lb"] = { name1 = "shaft horsepower per pound", name2 = "shaft horsepower per pound", symbol = "shp/lb", utype = "طاقت في يونٽ ماس", scale = 1643.986806, default = "kW/kg", link = "Power-to-weight ratio", }, ["hp/tonne"] = { target = "hp/t", symbol = "hp/tonne", default = "kW/tonne", }, ["kW/tonne"] = { target = "kW/t", symbol = "kW/tonne", }, ["-lb/in2"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "lb/in²", utype = "پريشر", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["atm"] = { name1 = "standard atmosphere", symbol = "atm", utype = "پريشر", scale = 101325, default = "kPa", link = "Atmosphere (unit)", }, ["Ba"] = { name1 = "barye", symbol = "Ba", utype = "پريشر", scale = 0.1, default = "Pa", }, ["bar"] = { symbol = "bar", utype = "پريشر", scale = 100000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["dbar"] = { name1 = "decibar", symbol = "dbar", utype = "پريشر", scale = 10000, default = "kPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["inHg"] = { name1 = "inch of mercury", name2 = "inches of mercury", symbol = "inHg", utype = "پريشر", scale = 3386.388640341, default = "kPa", }, ["kBa"] = { name1 = "kilobarye", symbol = "kBa", utype = "پريشر", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Barye", }, ["kg-f/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kg_f/cm²", utype = "پريشر", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", }, ["kg/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms per square centimeter", symbol = "kg/cm²", utype = "پريشر", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", }, ["kgf/cm2"] = { name1 = "kilogram-force per square centimetre", name1_us = "kilogram-force per square centimeter", name2 = "kilograms-force per square centimetre", name2_us = "kilograms-force per square centimeter", symbol = "kgf/cm²", utype = "پريشر", scale = 98066.5, default = "psi", link = "ڪلوگرام-فورس", }, ["ksi"] = { name1 = "kilopound per square inch", name2 = "kilopounds per square inch", symbol = "ksi", utype = "پريشر", scale = 6894757.2931683613, default = "MPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["lbf/in2"] = { name1 = "pound-force per square inch", name2 = "pounds-force per square inch", symbol = "lbf/in²", utype = "پريشر", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa kgf/cm2", }, ["mb"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mb", utype = "پريشر", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mbar"] = { name1 = "millibar", symbol = "mbar", utype = "پريشر", scale = 100, default = "hPa", link = "Bar (unit)", }, ["mmHg"] = { name1 = "millimetre of mercury", name1_us = "millimeter of mercury", name2 = "millimetres of mercury", name2_us = "millimeters of mercury", symbol = "mmHg", utype = "پريشر", scale = 133.322387415, default = "kPa", }, ["Pa"] = { _name1 = "پاسڪل", _symbol = "Pa", utype = "پريشر", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "psi", link = "پاسڪل (يونٽ)", }, ["psf"] = { name1 = "pound per square foot", name2 = "pounds per square foot", symbol = "psf", utype = "پريشر", scale = 47.880258980335839, default = "kPa", link = "Pound per square inch", }, ["psi"] = { name1 = "pound per square inch", name2 = "pounds per square inch", symbol = "psi", utype = "پريشر", scale = 6894.7572931683608, default = "kPa", }, ["Torr"] = { name1 = "torr", symbol = "Torr", utype = "پريشر", scale = 133.32236842105263, default = "kPa", }, ["N/cm2"] = { per = { "N", "cm2" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "psi", }, ["N/m2"] = { per = { "N", "m2" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "psi", }, ["g/cm2"] = { per = { "g", "cm2" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["g/m2"] = { per = { "g", "m2" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/ha"] = { per = { "ڪ.گ", "ha" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "lb/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kg/m2"] = { per = { "ڪ.گ", "m2" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "lb/sqft", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/1000sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "1000sqft" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/acre"] = { per = { "lb", "ايڪڙ" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "kg/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqft"] = { per = { "lb", "sqft" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["lb/sqyd"] = { per = { "lb", "sqyd" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "kg/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["LT/acre"] = { per = { "LT", "ايڪڙ" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["MT/ha"] = { per = { "MT", "ha" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqft"] = { per = { "oz", "sqft" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["oz/sqyd"] = { per = { "oz", "sqyd" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "g/m2", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["ST/acre"] = { per = { "ST", "ايڪڙ" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "t/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["t/ha"] = { per = { "t", "ha" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "LT/acre ST/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/acre"] = { per = { "ٽن", "ايڪڙ" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "tonne/ha", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["tonne/ha"] = { per = { "ٽن", "ha" }, utype = "پريشر", default = "tonne/acre", multiplier= 9.80665, }, ["kgfpsqcm"] = { target = "kgf/cm2", }, ["kgpsqcm"] = { target = "kg/cm2", }, ["kN/m2"] = { target = "kPa", }, ["lb/in2"] = { target = "lbf/in2", }, ["torr"] = { target = "Torr", }, ["Bq"] = { _name1 = "becquerel", _symbol = "Bq", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "pCi", link = "Becquerel", }, ["Ci"] = { _name1 = "curie", _symbol = "Ci", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 3.7e10, prefixes = 1, default = "GBq", link = "Curie (unit)", }, ["Rd"] = { _name1 = "rutherford", _symbol = "Rd", utype = "radioactivity", scale = 1e6, prefixes = 1, default = "MBq", link = "Rutherford (unit)", }, ["cm/h"] = { name1 = "centimetre per hour", name1_us = "centimeter per hour", name2 = "centimetres per hour", name2_us = "centimeters per hour", symbol = "cm/h", utype = "رفتار", scale = 2.7777777777777775e-6, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/s"] = { name1 = "centimetre per second", name1_us = "centimeter per second", name2 = "centimetres per second", name2_us = "centimeters per second", symbol = "cm/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.01, default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["cm/year"] = { name1 = "centimetre per year", name1_us = "centimeter per year", name2 = "centimetres per year", name2_us = "centimeters per year", symbol = "cm/year", utype = "رفتار", scale = 3.168873850681143e-10, default = "in/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["foot/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "foot per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", }, ["ft/min"] = { name1 = "foot per minute", name2 = "feet per minute", symbol = "ft/min", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.00508, default = "m/min", link = "Feet per second", }, ["ft/s"] = { name1 = "foot per second", name2 = "feet per second", symbol = "ft/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.3048, default = "m/s", link = "Feet per second", }, ["furlong per fortnight"] = { name2 = "furlongs per fortnight", symbol = "furlong per fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.00016630952380952381, default = "km/h mph", link = "FFF system", }, ["in/h"] = { name1 = "inch per hour", name2 = "inches per hour", symbol = "in/h", utype = "رفتار", scale = 7.0555555555555559e-6, default = "cm/h", link = "انچ", }, ["in/s"] = { name1 = "inch per second", name2 = "inches per second", symbol = "in/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.0254, default = "cm/s", link = "انچ", }, ["in/year"] = { name1 = "inch per year", name2 = "inches per year", symbol = "in/year", utype = "رفتار", scale = 8.0489395807301024e-10, default = "cm/year", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["isp"] = { name1 = "second", symbol = "s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 9.80665, default = "km/s", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["km/d"] = { name1 = "kilometre per day", name1_us = "kilometer per day", name2 = "kilometres per day", name2_us = "kilometers per day", symbol = "km/d", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1.1574074074074074e-2, default = "mi/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["km/h"] = { name1 = "kilometre per hour", name1_us = "kilometer per hour", name2 = "kilometres per hour", name2_us = "kilometers per hour", symbol = "km/h", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.27777777777777779, default = "mph", link = "Kilometres per hour", }, ["km/s"] = { name1 = "kilometre per second", name1_us = "kilometer per second", name2 = "kilometres per second", name2_us = "kilometers per second", symbol = "km/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1000, default = "mi/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["kn"] = { name1 = "knot", symbol = "kn", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.51444444444444448, default = "km/h mph", link = "Knot (unit)", }, ["kNs/kg"] = { name2 = "kN&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "kN&#8209;s/kg", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1000, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["m/min"] = { name1 = "metre per minute", name1_us = "meter per minute", name2 = "metres per minute", name2_us = "meters per minute", symbol = "m/min", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.016666666666666666, default = "ft/min", link = "Metre per second", }, ["m/s"] = { name1 = "metre per second", name1_us = "meter per second", name2 = "metres per second", name2_us = "meters per second", symbol = "m/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1, default = "ft/s", }, ["Mach"] = { name2 = "Mach", symbol = "Mach", utype = "رفتار", builtin = "mach", scale = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "km/h mph", link = "Mach number", }, ["mi/d"] = { name1 = "mile per day", name2 = "miles per day", symbol = "mi/d", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1.8626666666666667e-2, default = "km/d", link = "Orders of magnitude (speed)", }, ["mi/s"] = { name1 = "mile per second", name2 = "miles per second", symbol = "mi/s", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1609.344, default = "km/s", link = "ميل", }, ["mm/h"] = { name1 = "millimetre per hour", name1_us = "millimeter per hour", name2 = "millimetres per hour", name2_us = "millimeters per hour", symbol = "mm/h", utype = "رفتار", scale = 2.7777777777777781e-7, default = "in/h", link = "Metre per second", }, ["mph"] = { name1 = "mile per hour", name2 = "miles per hour", symbol = "mph", utype = "رفتار", scale = 0.44704, default = "km/h", link = "Miles per hour", }, ["Ns/kg"] = { name2 = "N&#8209;s/kg", symbol = "N&#8209;s/kg", utype = "رفتار", scale = 1, default = "isp", link = "Specific impulse", }, ["si tsfc"] = { name2 = "g/(kN⋅s)", symbol = "g/(kN⋅s)", utype = "رفتار", scale = 9.9999628621379242e-7, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["tsfc"] = { name2 = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", symbol = "lb/(lbf⋅h)", utype = "رفتار", scale = 2.832545036049801e-5, invert = -1, iscomplex= true, default = "si tsfc", link = "Thrust specific fuel consumption", }, ["cm/y"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["cm/yr"] = { target = "cm/year", }, ["in/y"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["in/yr"] = { target = "in/year", }, ["knot"] = { target = "kn", }, ["knots"] = { target = "kn", }, ["kph"] = { target = "km/h", }, ["mi/h"] = { target = "mph", }, ["mm/s"] = { per = { "mm", "s" }, utype = "رفتار", default = "in/s", link = "Metre per second", }, ["C"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius", name2 = "degrees Celsius", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = -273.15, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "F", link = "Celsius", }, ["F"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 32-273.15*(9/5), iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "C", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K"] = { _name1 = "kelvin", _symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 1, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, prefixes = 1, default = "C F", link = "Kelvin", }, ["keVT"] = { name1 = "kiloelectronvolt", symbol = "keV", utype = "temperature", scale = 11604518.121550081, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, default = "MK", defkey = "keVT", linkey = "keVT", link = "Electronvolt", }, ["R"] = { name1 = "degree Rankine", name2 = "degrees Rankine", symbol = "°R", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature", scale = 0.55555555555555558, offset = 0, iscomplex= true, istemperature= true, default = "K F C", link = "Rankine scale", }, ["Celsius"] = { target = "C", }, ["°C"] = { target = "C", }, ["°F"] = { target = "F", }, ["°R"] = { target = "R", }, ["C-change"] = { name1 = "degree Celsius change", name2 = "degrees Celsius change", symbol = "°C", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Celsius", }, ["F-change"] = { name1 = "degree Fahrenheit change", name2 = "degrees Fahrenheit change", symbol = "°F", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 0.55555555555555558, default = "C-change", link = "Fahrenheit", }, ["K-change"] = { name1 = "kelvin change", name2 = "kelvins change", symbol = "K", usesymbol= 1, utype = "temperature change", scale = 1, default = "F-change", link = "Kelvin", }, ["°C-change"] = { target = "C-change", }, ["°F-change"] = { target = "F-change", }, ["century"] = { name1 = "century", name2 = "centuries", symbol = "ha", utype = "time", scale = 3155760000, default = "Gs", }, ["d"] = { name1 = "day", symbol = "d", utype = "time", scale = 86400, default = "ks", }, ["decade"] = { name1 = "decade", symbol = "daa", utype = "time", scale = 315576000, default = "Ms", }, ["dog year"] = { name1 = "dog year", symbol = "dog yr", utype = "time", scale = 220903200, default = "years", link = "List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year", }, ["fortnight"] = { symbol = "fortnight", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 1209600, default = "week", }, ["h"] = { name1 = "hour", symbol = "h", utype = "time", scale = 3600, default = "ks", }, ["long billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["millennium"] = { name1 = "millennium", name2 = "millennia", symbol = "ka", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000, default = "Gs", }, ["milliard year"] = { name1 = "milliard years", name2 = "milliard years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["million year"] = { name1 = "million years", name2 = "million years", symbol = "Ma", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000, default = "Ts", link = "Annum", }, ["min"] = { name1 = "minute", symbol = "min", utype = "time", scale = 60, default = "s", }, ["month"] = { symbol = "month", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "Ms", }, ["months"] = { name1 = "month", symbol = "mo", utype = "time", scale = 2629800, default = "year", }, ["s"] = { _name1 = "second", _symbol = "s", utype = "time", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "v < 7200 ! min ! h", link = "Second", }, ["short billion year"] = { name1 = "billion years", name2 = "billion years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["short trillion year"] = { name1 = "trillion years", name2 = "trillion years", symbol = "Ta", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000000, default = "Es", link = "Annum", }, ["thousand million year"] = { name1 = "thousand million years", name2 = "thousand million years", symbol = "Ga", utype = "time", scale = 31557600000000000, default = "Ps", link = "Annum", }, ["wk"] = { symbol = "week", usename = 1, utype = "time", scale = 604800, default = "Ms", }, ["year"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "a", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["years"] = { name1 = "year", symbol = "yr", utype = "time", scale = 31557600, default = "Ms", link = "Annum", }, ["byr"] = { target = "short billion year", }, ["day"] = { target = "d", }, ["days"] = { target = "d", }, ["dog yr"] = { target = "dog year", }, ["Gyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["hour"] = { target = "h", }, ["hours"] = { target = "h", }, ["kMyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["kyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["long byr"] = { target = "long billion year", }, ["minute"] = { target = "min", }, ["minutes"] = { target = "min", }, ["mth"] = { target = "month", }, ["Myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["myr"] = { target = "million year", }, ["sec"] = { target = "s", }, ["second"] = { target = "s", }, ["seconds"] = { target = "s", }, ["tmyr"] = { target = "thousand million year", }, ["tryr"] = { target = "short trillion year", }, ["tyr"] = { target = "millennium", }, ["week"] = { target = "wk", }, ["weeks"] = { target = "wk", }, ["yr"] = { target = "year", }, ["kg.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgf.m"] = { name1 = "kilogram force-metre", name1_us = "kilogram force-meter", symbol = "kgf⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kgm"] = { name1 = "kilogram metre", name1_us = "kilogram meter", symbol = "kg⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["kpm"] = { name1 = "kilopond metre", name1_us = "kilopond meter", symbol = "kp⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["lb-fft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "ft⋅lb_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.ft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lb.in"] = { name1 = "pound force-inch", symbol = "lb⋅in", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.1129848290276167, default = "mN.m", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbfft"] = { name1 = "pound force-foot", name2 = "pound force-feet", symbol = "lbf⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["lbft"] = { name1 = "pound-foot", name2 = "pound-feet", symbol = "lb⋅ft", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 1.3558179483314004, default = "Nm", link = "Pound-foot (torque)", }, ["m.kg-f"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kg_f", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["m.kgf"] = { name1 = "metre kilogram-force", name1_us = "meter kilogram-force", name2 = "metre kilograms-force", name2_us = "meter kilograms-force", symbol = "m⋅kgf", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 9.80665, default = "Nm lbfft", link = "Kilogram metre (torque)", }, ["mN.m"] = { name1 = "millinewton-metre", name1_us = "millinewton-meter", symbol = "mN⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", scale = 0.001, default = "lb.in", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["Nm"] = { _name1 = "newton-metre", _name1_us= "newton-meter", _symbol = "N⋅m", utype = "ٽارڪ", alttype = "توانائي", scale = 1, prefixes = 1, default = "lbfft", link = "Newton-metre", }, ["kN/m"] = { per = { "kN", "-m-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "lbf/in", }, ["lbf/in"] = { per = { "lbf", "-in-stiff" }, utype = "ٽارڪ", default = "kN/m", }, ["lb-f.ft"] = { target = "lb-fft", }, ["lbf.ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lbf·ft"] = { target = "lbfft", }, ["lb·ft"] = { target = "lb.ft", }, ["mkg-f"] = { target = "m.kg-f", }, ["mkgf"] = { target = "m.kgf", }, ["N.m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["N·m"] = { target = "Nm", }, ["ton-mile"] = { symbol = "ton-mile", usename = 1, utype = "transportation", scale = 1.4599723182105602, default = "tkm", }, ["tkm"] = { name1 = "tonne-kilometre", name1_us = "tonne-kilometer", symbol = "tkm", utype = "transportation", scale = 1, default = "ton-mile", }, ["-12USoz(mL)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;mL) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USoz(ml)serve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz (355&nbsp;ml) serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "ml", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["-12USozserve"] = { name1_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", symbol = "12&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", sym_us = "12&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz serving", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00035488235475000004, default = "mL", link = "Beverage can#Standard sizes", }, ["acre-foot"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-foot", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["acre-ft"] = { name1 = "acre-foot", name2 = "acre-feet", symbol = "acre⋅ft", utype = "volume", scale = 1233.48183754752, default = "m3", }, ["AUtbsp"] = { name1 = "Australian tablespoon", symbol = "AU&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000020, default = "ml", }, ["Bcuft"] = { name1 = "billion cubic foot", name2 = "billion cubic feet", symbol = "billion cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "Gl", link = "Cubic foot", }, ["bdft"] = { name1 = "board foot", name2 = "board feet", symbol = "bd&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board feet"] = { name2 = "board feet", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["board foot"] = { name2 = "board foot", symbol = "board foot", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.0023597372167, default = "m3", }, ["cc"] = { name1 = "ڪيوبڪ سينٽي ميٽر", name1_us = "cubic centimeter", symbol = "cc", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000001, default = "cuin", }, ["CID"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cc", link = "Cubic inch#Engine displacement", }, ["cord"] = { symbol = "cord", utype = "volume", scale = 3.624556363776, default = "m3", link = "Cord (unit)", }, ["cufoot"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic foot", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuft"] = { name1 = "cubic foot", name2 = "cubic feet", symbol = "cu&nbsp;ft", utype = "volume", scale = 0.028316846592, default = "m3", }, ["cuin"] = { name1 = "cubic inch", name2 = "cubic inches", symbol = "cu&nbsp;in", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000016387064, default = "cm3", }, ["cumi"] = { name1 = "cubic mile", symbol = "cu&nbsp;mi", utype = "volume", scale = 4168181825.440579584, default = "km3", }, ["cuyd"] = { name1 = "cubic yard", symbol = "cu&nbsp;yd", utype = "volume", scale = 0.764554857984, default = "m3", }, ["firkin"] = { symbol = "firkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.04091481, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Firkin (unit)", }, ["foot3"] = { target = "cufoot", }, ["Goilbbl"] = { name1 = "billion barrels", name2 = "billion barrels", symbol = "Gbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294.928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["gr water"] = { name1 = "grains water", name2 = "grains water", symbol = "gr H₂O", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00000006479891, default = "cm3", link = "Grain (unit)", }, ["grt"] = { name1 = "gross register ton", symbol = "grt", utype = "volume", scale = 2.8316846592, default = "m3", link = "Gross register tonnage", }, ["impbbl"] = { name1 = "imperial barrel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.16365924, default = "L impgal USgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["impbsh"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "L impgal USdrygal", }, ["impbu"] = { name1 = "imperial bushel", symbol = "imp&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03636872, default = "m3", }, ["impgal"] = { name1 = "imperial gallon", symbol = "imp&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00454609, default = "L USgal", }, ["impgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001420653125, default = "ml USoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["impkenning"] = { name1 = "imperial kenning", symbol = "kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01818436, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["impoz"] = { name1 = "imperial fluid ounce", symbol = "imp&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000284130625, default = "ml USoz", }, ["imppk"] = { name1 = "imperial peck", symbol = "pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00909218, default = "L USdrygal", link = "Peck", }, ["imppt"] = { name1 = "imperial pint", symbol = "imp&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00056826125, default = "L", }, ["impqt"] = { name1 = "imperial quart", symbol = "imp&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0011365225, default = "ml USoz", customary= 3, }, ["kilderkin"] = { symbol = "kilderkin", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.08182962, default = "L impgal USgal", }, ["koilbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "kbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! ! e3 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["L"] = { _name1 = "لٽر", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "L", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "لٽر", }, ["l"] = { _name1 = "لٽر", _name1_us= "liter", _symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, prefixes = 1, default = "impgal USgal", link = "لٽر", }, ["ll"] = { name1 = "لٽر", name1_us = "liter", symbol = "l", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001, default = "impgal USgal", }, ["m3"] = { _name1 = "cubic metre", _name1_us= "cubic meter", _symbol = "m³", prefix_position= 7, utype = "volume", scale = 1, prefixes = 3, default = "cuft", link = "Cubic metre", }, ["Mbbl"] = { name1 = "thousand barrels", name2 = "thousand barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158.987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MMoilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "MMbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["Moilbbl"] = { name1 = "million barrels", name2 = "million barrels", symbol = "Mbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987.294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["MTON"] = { name1 = "measurement ton", symbol = "MTON", utype = "volume", scale = 1.13267386368, default = "m3", }, ["MUSgal"] = { name1 = "million US gallons", name1_us = "million U.S. gallons", name2 = "million US gallons", name2_us = "million U.S. gallons", symbol = "million US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "million U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 3785.411784, default = "Ml", link = "آمريڪي گئلن", }, ["oilbbl"] = { name1 = "barrel", symbol = "bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.158987294928, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["stere"] = { symbol = "stere", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 1, default = "cuft", }, ["tmcft"] = { name2 = "tmcft", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", }, ["Tmcft"] = { name1 = "thousand million cubic feet", name2 = "thousand million cubic feet", symbol = "tmcft", utype = "volume", scale = 28316846.592, default = "km3", link = "Tmcft", }, ["Toilbbl"] = { name1 = "trillion barrels", name2 = "trillion barrels", symbol = "Tbbl", utype = "volume", scale = 158987294928, default = "v * 1.58987294928 < 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", link = "Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel", }, ["USbbl"] = { name1 = "US barrel", name1_us = "U.S. barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.119240471196, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbeerbbl"] = { name1 = "US beer barrel", name1_us = "U.S. beer barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.117347765304, default = "L USgal impgal", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USbsh"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bsh", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bsh", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USbu"] = { name1 = "US bushel", name1_us = "U.S. bushel", symbol = "US&nbsp;bu", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;bu", utype = "volume", scale = 0.03523907016688, default = "L USdrygal impgal", link = "Bushel", }, ["USdrybbl"] = { name1 = "US dry barrel", name1_us = "U.S. dry barrel", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;bbl", utype = "volume", scale = 0.11562819898508, default = "m3", link = "Barrel (unit)", }, ["USdrygal"] = { name1 = "US dry gallon", name1_us = "U.S. dry gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00440488377086, default = "L", link = "گئلن", }, ["USdrypt"] = { name1 = "US dry pint", name1_us = "U.S. dry pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0005506104713575, default = "ml", link = "Pint", }, ["USdryqt"] = { name1 = "US dry quart", name1_us = "U.S. dry quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;dry&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.001101220942715, default = "ml", link = "Quart", }, ["USflgal"] = { name1 = "آمريڪي گئلن", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US fl gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", link = "گئلن", }, ["USgal"] = { name1 = "آمريڪي گئلن", name1_us = "U.S. gallon", symbol = "US&nbsp;gal", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;gal", utype = "volume", scale = 0.003785411784, default = "L impgal", }, ["USgi"] = { name1 = "gill", symbol = "gi", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0001182941183, default = "ml impoz", link = "Gill (unit)", }, ["USkenning"] = { name1 = "US kenning", name1_us = "U.S. kenning", symbol = "US&nbsp;kenning", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;kenning", utype = "volume", scale = 0.01761953508344, default = "L impgal", link = "Kenning (unit)", }, ["USmin"] = { name1 = "US minim", name1_us = "U.S. minim", symbol = "US&nbsp;min", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;min", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000000061611519921875, default = "ml", link = "Minim (unit)", }, ["USoz"] = { name1 = "US fluid ounce", name1_us = "U.S. fluid ounce", symbol = "US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz", utype = "volume", scale = 0.0000295735295625, default = "ml", }, ["USpk"] = { name1 = "US peck", name1_us = "U.S. peck", symbol = "US&nbsp;pk", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pk", utype = "volume", scale = 0.00880976754172, default = "L impgal", link = "Peck", }, ["USpt"] = { name1 = "US pint", name1_us = "U.S. pint", symbol = "US&nbsp;pt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;pt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000473176473, default = "L imppt", link = "Pint", }, ["USqt"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml", link = "Quart", customary= 1, }, ["USquart"] = { name1 = "US quart", name1_us = "U.S. quart", symbol = "US&nbsp;qt", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;qt", utype = "volume", scale = 0.000946352946, default = "ml impoz", link = "Quart", }, ["UStbsp"] = { name1 = "US tablespoon", name1_us = "U.S. tablespoon", symbol = "US&nbsp;tbsp", sym_us = "U.S.&nbsp;tbsp", utype = "volume", scale = 1.4786764781250001e-5, default = "ml", }, ["winecase"] = { symbol = "case", usename = 1, utype = "volume", scale = 0.009, default = "L", link = "Case (goods)", }, ["*U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["*U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, customary= 2, }, ["+USdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", customary= 1, }, ["+usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", link = "Fluid ounce", customary= 1, }, ["+USgal"] = { target = "USgal", customary= 1, }, ["+USoz"] = { target = "USoz", customary= 1, }, ["@impgal"] = { target = "impgal", link = "گئلن", customary= 3, }, ["acre feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre-feet"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre.foot"] = { target = "acre-foot", }, ["acre.ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["acre·ft"] = { target = "acre-ft", }, ["bushels"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["cid"] = { target = "CID", }, ["ft3"] = { target = "cuft", symbol = "ft³", }, ["gal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["گئلن"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})", }, ["gallons"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})", }, ["Gcuft"] = { target = "e9cuft", }, ["impfloz"] = { target = "impoz", }, ["Impgal"] = { target = "impgal", }, ["in3"] = { target = "cuin", symbol = "in³", }, ["hm³"] = { target = "hm3", }, ["kcuft"] = { target = "e3cuft", }, ["kcum"] = { target = "e3m3", }, ["km³"] = { target = "km3", }, ["liter"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["liters"] = { target = "L", sp_us = true, }, ["لٽر"] = { target = "L", }, ["litres"] = { target = "L", }, ["Mcuft"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["Mcum"] = { target = "e6m3", }, ["Mft3"] = { target = "e6cuft", }, ["mi3"] = { target = "cumi", symbol = "mi³", }, ["m³"] = { target = "m3", }, ["Pcuft"] = { target = "e15cuft", }, ["pt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})", }, ["qt"] = { shouldbe = "Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})", }, ["Tcuft"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["Tft3"] = { target = "e12cuft", }, ["U.S.bbl"] = { target = "USbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.beerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.gal impgal", }, ["U.S.bsh"] = { target = "USbsh", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.bu"] = { target = "USbu", sp_us = true, default = "L U.S.drygal impgal", }, ["U.S.drybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.drypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.dryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.flgal"] = { target = "USflgal", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.floz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["u.s.gal"] = { target = "USgal", sp_us = true, link = "U.S. gallon", }, ["U.S.gi"] = { target = "USgi", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.kenning"] = { target = "USkenning", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.oz"] = { target = "USoz", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pk"] = { target = "USpk", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.pt"] = { target = "USpt", sp_us = true, }, ["U.S.qt"] = { target = "USqt", sp_us = true, default = "L impqt", customary= 2, }, ["usbbl"] = { target = "USbbl", }, ["usbeerbbl"] = { target = "USbeerbbl", }, ["usbsh"] = { target = "USbsh", }, ["usbu"] = { target = "USbu", }, ["usdrybbl"] = { target = "USdrybbl", }, ["usdrygal"] = { target = "USdrygal", }, ["usdrypt"] = { target = "USdrypt", }, ["usdryqt"] = { target = "USdryqt", }, ["USfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["usfloz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["USGAL"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgal"] = { target = "USgal", }, ["usgi"] = { target = "USgi", }, ["uskenning"] = { target = "USkenning", }, ["usoz"] = { target = "USoz", }, ["uspk"] = { target = "USpk", }, ["uspt"] = { target = "USpt", }, ["usqt"] = { target = "USqt", }, ["yd3"] = { target = "cuyd", symbol = "yd³", }, ["cuft/sqmi"] = { per = { "cuft", "sqmi" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "m3/km2", }, ["m3/ha"] = { name1 = "cubic metre per hectare", name1_us = "cubic meter per hectare", name2 = "cubic metres per hectare", name2_us = "cubic meters per hectare", symbol = "m³/ha", utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 0.0001, default = "USbu/acre", link = "ھيڪٽر ", }, ["m3/km2"] = { per = { "m3", "km2" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "cuft/sqmi", }, ["U.S.gal/acre"] = { per = { "U.S.gal", "ايڪڙ" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "m3/km2", }, ["USbu/acre"] = { name2 = "US bushels per acre", symbol = "US bushel per acre", usename = 1, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", scale = 8.7077638761350888e-6, default = "m3/ha", link = "Bushel", }, ["USgal/acre"] = { per = { "USgal", "ايڪڙ" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", default = "m3/km2", }, ["cuyd/mi"] = { per = { "cuyd", "mi" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ڊيگھ", default = "m3/km", }, ["m3/km"] = { per = { "m3", "ڪ م" }, utype = "حجم في يونٽ ڊيگھ", default = "cuyd/mi", }, ["mich"] = { combination= { "ch", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "ڊيگھ", }, ["michlk"] = { combination= { "chlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "ڊيگھ", }, ["michainlk"] = { combination= { "chainlk", "mi" }, multiple = { 80 }, utype = "ڊيگھ", }, ["miyd"] = { combination= { "گز", "mi" }, multiple = { 1760 }, utype = "ڊيگھ", }, ["miydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "گز", "mi" }, multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 }, utype = "ڊيگھ", }, ["mift"] = { combination= { "ft", "mi" }, multiple = { 5280 }, utype = "ڊيگھ", }, ["ydftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft", "گز" }, multiple = { 12, 3 }, utype = "ڊيگھ", }, ["ydft"] = { combination= { "ft", "گز" }, multiple = { 3 }, utype = "ڊيگھ", }, ["ftin"] = { combination= { "in", "ft" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "ڊيگھ", }, ["footin"] = { combination= { "in", "فٽ" }, multiple = { 12 }, utype = "ڊيگھ", }, ["handin"] = { combination= { "in", "ھٿ" }, multiple = { 4 }, utype = "ڊيگھ", }, ["lboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb" }, multiple = { 16 }, utype = "ماس", }, ["stlb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "ماس", }, ["stlboz"] = { combination= { "oz", "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 16, 14 }, utype = "ماس", }, ["st and lb"] = { combination= { "lb", "st" }, multiple = { 14 }, utype = "ماس", }, ["GN LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["GN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["GN STf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["GN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "GN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["kN LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["kN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["kN STf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["kN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "kN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["LTf STf"] = { combination= { "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["MN LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["MN LTf STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-LTf", "-STf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["MN STf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["MN STf LTf"] = { combination= { "MN", "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["STf LTf"] = { combination= { "-STf", "-LTf" }, utype = "فورس", }, ["L/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", }, ["l/100 km mpgimp"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgimp" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", }, ["L/100 km mpgUS"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", }, ["L/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "L/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", }, ["l/100 km mpgus"] = { combination= { "l/100 km", "mpgus" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", }, ["mpgimp L/100 km"] = { combination= { "mpgimp", "L/100 km" }, utype = "ٻارڻ جي ڪارڪردگي", }, ["LT ST t"] = { combination= { "lt", "-ST", "t" }, utype = "ماس", }, ["LT t ST"] = { combination= { "lt", "t", "-ST" }, utype = "ماس", }, ["ST LT t"] = { combination= { "-ST", "lt", "t" }, utype = "ماس", }, ["ST t LT"] = { combination= { "-ST", "t", "lt" }, utype = "ماس", }, ["t LT ST"] = { combination= { "t", "lt", "-ST" }, utype = "ماس", }, ["ٽن"] = { combination= { "LT", "ST" }, utype = "ماس", }, ["kPa kg/cm2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "kgf/cm2" }, utype = "پريشر", }, ["kPa lb/in2"] = { combination= { "kPa", "-lb/in2" }, utype = "پريشر", }, ["floz"] = { combination= { "impoz", "USoz" }, utype = "volume", }, } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local default_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation). ["cm²"] = "sqin", ["dm²"] = "sqin", ["e3acre"] = "km2", ["e3m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6acre"] = "km2", ["e6ha"] = "e6acre", ["e6km2"] = "e6sqmi", ["e6m2"] = "e6sqft", ["e6sqft"] = "v * 9.290304 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2", ["e6sqmi"] = "e6km2", ["hm²"] = "ايڪڙ", ["km²"] = "sqmi", ["mm²"] = "sqin", ["aJ"] = "eV", ["e3BTU"] = "ايم جَي", ["e6BTU"] = "جِي جَي", ["اِي جَي"] = "kWh", ["eV"] = "aJ", ["feV"] = "yJ", ["fJ"] = "keV", ["GeV"] = "nJ", ["جِي جَي"] = "kWh", ["keV"] = "fJ", ["MeV"] = "پي جَي", ["meV"] = "zJ", ["ايم جَي"] = "kWh", ["neV"] = "yJ", ["PeV"] = "ايم جَي", ["peV"] = "yJ", ["P J"] = "kWh", ["پي جَي"] = "MeV", ["TeV"] = "μJ", ["ٽي جَي"] = "kWh", ["YJ"] = "kWh", ["yJ"] = "μeV", ["ZJ"] = "kWh", ["zJ"] = "meV", ["μeV"] = "yJ", ["e12cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a", ["e12cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d", ["e12m3/a"] = "Tcuft/a", ["e12m3/d"] = "Tcuft/d", ["e3cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e3cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d", ["e3cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s", ["e3m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a", ["e3m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d", ["e3m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s", ["e3USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/a"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e6cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d", ["e6cuft/s"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s", ["e6m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a", ["e6m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d", ["e6m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s", ["e6USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a", ["e9cuft/a"] = "m3/a", ["e9cuft/d"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d", ["e9m3/a"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a", ["e9m3/d"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d", ["e9m3/s"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s", ["e9USgal/a"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a", ["e9USgal/s"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s", ["nN"] = "gr-f", ["μN"] = "gr-f", ["mN"] = "oz-f", ["am"] = "in", ["cm"] = "in", ["dam"] = "ft", ["dm"] = "in", ["e12km"] = "e12mi", ["e12mi"] = "e12km", ["e3AU"] = "ly", ["e3km"] = "e3mi", ["e3mi"] = "e3km", ["e6km"] = "e6mi", ["e6mi"] = "e6km", ["e9km"] = "AU", ["e9mi"] = "e9km", ["Em"] = "mi", ["fm"] = "in", ["Gm"] = "mi", ["hm"] = "ft", ["ڪ م"] = "mi", ["mm"] = "in", ["Mm"] = "mi", ["nm"] = "in", ["Pm"] = "mi", ["pm"] = "in", ["Tm"] = "mi", ["Ym"] = "mi", ["ym"] = "in", ["Zm"] = "mi", ["zm"] = "in", ["μm"] = "in", ["e12lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! Mt ! Gt", ["e3lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3ozt"] = "v * 0.311034768 < 10 ! kg ! t", ["e3t"] = "LT ST", ["e6carat"] = "t", ["e6lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! t ! kilotonne", ["e6ozt"] = "lb kg", ["e6ST"] = "Mt", ["e6t"] = "LT ST", ["e9lb"] = "v * 4.5359237 < 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt", ["e9t"] = "LT ST", ["Gg"] = "lb", ["ڪ.گ"] = "lb", ["mg"] = "gr", ["Mg"] = "LT ST", ["ng"] = "gr", ["μg"] = "gr", ["mBq"] = "fCi", ["kBq"] = "nCi", ["MBq"] = "μCi", ["GBq"] = "mCi", ["TBq"] = "Ci", ["PBq"] = "kCi", ["EBq"] = "kCi", ["fCi"] = "mBq", ["pCi"] = "Bq", ["nCi"] = "Bq", ["μCi"] = "kBq", ["mCi"] = "MBq", ["kCi"] = "TBq", ["MCi"] = "PBq", ["ns"] = "μs", ["μs"] = "ms", ["ms"] = "s", ["ks"] = "h", ["Ms"] = "week", ["Gs"] = "decade", ["Ts"] = "millennium", ["Ps"] = "million year", ["Es"] = "thousand million year", ["MK"] = "keVT", ["cL"] = "impoz usoz", ["cl"] = "impoz usoz", ["س ميٽر³"] = "cuin", ["dL"] = "impoz usoz", ["dl"] = "impoz usoz", ["mm³"] = "cuin", ["dm³"] = "cuin", ["e12cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3", ["e12impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft", ["e12U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e12USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! T ! P ! l", ["e15cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3", ["e15m3"] = "Pcuft", ["e3bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e3cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! ! e3 ! m3", ["e3impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft", ["e3U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e3USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! k ! M ! l", ["e6bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6cuyd"] = "v * 7.64554857984 < 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3", ["e6impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6L"] = "USgal", ["e6m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft", ["e6U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e6USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! M ! G ! l", ["e9bdft"] = "v * 0.23597372167 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9cuft"] = "v * 2.8316846592 < 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3", ["e9impgal"] = "v * 4.54609 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9m3"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft", ["e9U.S.gal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["e9USgal"] = "v * 3.785411784 < 1000 ! G ! T ! l", ["GL"] = "cuft", ["Gl"] = "cuft", ["kL"] = "cuft", ["kl"] = "cuft", ["ڪ م³"] = "cumi", ["mL"] = "impoz usoz", ["ml"] = "impoz usoz", ["Ml"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["ML"] = "v < 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft", ["TL"] = "cumi", ["Tl"] = "cumi", ["μL"] = "cuin", ["μl"] = "cuin", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local link_exceptions = { -- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit. -- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode). ["mm²"] = "Square millimetre", ["cm²"] = "Square centimetre", ["dm²"] = "Square decimetre", ["km²"] = "چورس ڪلوميٽر", ["kJ"] = "Kilojoule", ["ايم جَي"] = "Megajoule", ["جِي جَي"] = "Gigajoule", ["ٽي جَي"] = "Terajoule", ["fm"] = "Femtometre", ["pm"] = "Picometre", ["nm"] = "Nanometre", ["μm"] = "Micrometre", ["mm"] = "Millimetre", ["cm"] = "Centimetre", ["dm"] = "Decimetre", ["dam"] = "Decametre", ["hm"] = "Hectometre", ["ڪ م"] = "ڪلوميٽر", ["Mm"] = "Megametre", ["Gm"] = "Gigametre", ["Tm"] = "Terametre", ["Pm"] = "Petametre", ["Em"] = "Exametre", ["Zm"] = "Zettametre", ["Ym"] = "Yottametre", ["μg"] = "Microgram", ["mg"] = "Milligram", ["ڪ.گ"] = "Kilogram", ["Mg"] = "ٽن", ["yW"] = "Yoctowatt", ["zW"] = "Zeptowatt", ["aW"] = "Attowatt", ["fW"] = "Femtowatt", ["pW"] = "Picowatt", ["nW"] = "Nanowatt", ["μW"] = "Microwatt", ["mW"] = "Milliwatt", ["kW"] = "Kilowatt", ["MW"] = "Megawatt", ["GW"] = "Gigawatt", ["TW"] = "Terawatt", ["PW"] = "Petawatt", ["EW"] = "Exawatt", ["ZW"] = "Zettawatt", ["YW"] = "Yottawatt", ["as"] = "Attosecond", ["fs"] = "Femtosecond", ["ps"] = "پيڪو سيڪنڊ", ["ns"] = "نينو سيڪنڊ", ["μs"] = "مائڪرو سيڪنڊ", ["ms"] = "ملي سيڪنڊ", ["ks"] = "ڪلو سيڪنڊ", ["Ms"] = "ميگا سيڪنڊ", ["Gs"] = "گيگا سيڪنڊ", ["Ts"] = "ٽيرا سيڪنڊ", ["Ps"] = "پيٽا سيڪنڊ", ["Es"] = "ايگزا سيڪنڊ", ["Zs"] = "زيٽا سيڪنڊ", ["Ys"] = "يوٽا سيڪنڊ", ["mm³"] = "ڪيوبڪ مليميٽر", ["س ميٽر³"] = "ڪيوبڪ سينٽي ميٽر", ["dm³"] = "ڪيوبڪ ڊيسي ميٽر", ["dam³"] = "ڪيوبڪ ڊيڪاميٽر", ["ڪ م³"] = "ڪيوبڪ ڪلوميٽر", ["μL"] = "مائڪرولٽر", ["μl"] = "مائڪرولٽر", ["mL"] = "ملي لٽر", ["ml"] = "ملي لٽر", ["cL"] = "سينٽي لٽر", ["cl"] = "سينٽي لٽر", ["dL"] = "ڊيسي لٽر", ["dl"] = "ڊيسي لٽر", ["daL"] = "ڊيڪاليٽر", ["dal"] = "ڊيڪاليٽر", ["hL"] = "ھيڪٽولٽر", ["hl"] = "ھيڪٽولٽر", ["kL"] = "ڪلولٽر", ["kl"] = "ڪلولٽر", ["ML"] = "ميگالٽر", ["Ml"] = "ميگالٽر", ["GL"] = "گيگالٽر", ["Gl"] = "گيگالٽر", ["TL"] = "ٽيرالٽر", ["Tl"] = "ٽيرالٽر", ["PL"] = "پيٽالٽر", ["Pl"] = "پيٽالٽر", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running -- -- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above). -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local per_unit_fixups = { -- Automatically created per units of form "x/y" may have their unit type -- changed, for example, "length/time" is changed to "رفتار". -- Other adjustments can also be specified. ["/ايراضي"] = "في يونٽ ايراضي", ["/volume"] = "per unit volume", ["area/area"] = "area per unit area", ["energy/length"] = "energy per unit length", ["energy/mass"] = "energy per unit mass", ["energy/time"] = { utype = "پاور", link = "Power (physics)" }, ["energy/volume"] = "energy per unit volume", ["force/area"] = { utype = "پريشر", link = "پريشر" }, ["length/length"] = { utype = "گريڊيئنٽ", link = "گريڊ (سلوپ)" }, ["length/time"] = { utype = "رفتار", link = "رفتار" }, ["length/time/time"] = { utype = "تيزي", link = "تيزي" }, ["مايو/ايراضي"] = { utype = "پريشر", multiplier = 9.80665 }, ["مايو/ڊيگھ"] = "خطي ڪثافت", ["مايو/مايو"] = "ارتڪاز", ["مايو/طاقت"] = "مايو في يونٽ طاقت", ["مايو/وقت"] = "مايو في يونٽ وقت", ["مايو/حجم"] = { utype = "ڪثافت", link = "ڪثافت" }, ["طاقت/مايو"] = "طاقت في يونٽ مايو", ["طاقت/حجم"] = { link = "پاور جي ڪثافت" }, ["دٻاء/ڊيگھ"] = "فريڪچر گريڊيئنٽ", ["رفتار/وقت"] = { utype = "تيزي", link = "تيزي" }, ["حجم/ايراضي"] = "حجم في يونٽ ايراضي", ["حجم/ڊيگھ"] = "حجم في يونٽ ڊيگھ", ["حجم/وقت"] = "وھڪرو", } return { all_units = all_units, default_exceptions = default_exceptions, link_exceptions = link_exceptions, per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups, } tj9oduhxjkcvzkebur71fauvmvnqcec 0 19145 377662 295066 2026-05-15T16:44:36Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 377662 wikitext text/x-wiki جڏهن [[پاڪستان]] وجود ۾ آيو ته -ٿوري- وقت لاءِ -ان- وقت جي سرڪاري ڏيتي ليتي رِزرو -بئنڪ- آف -پاڪستان- (Reserve Bank of Pakistan) ذريعي ٿيندي هئي، پر جيئن ته رِزرو -بئنڪ- هندستان جي ضابطي هيٺ هئي، -ان- ڪري -پاڪستان- لاءِ ضروري هو ته اقتصادي سرشتي کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ پنهنجي سرڪاري -بئنڪ- قائم ڪجي، -ان- مقصد کي سامهون رکي 1948ع ۾ هڪڙو قانون پاس ڪري -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان'>-اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان- جو بنياد وڌو ويو. -بئنڪ- کولڻ لاءِ -ٽن- ڪروڙ رپين جي موڙي منظور ڪئي وئي، جنهن کي -ٽن- لکن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو ۽ هر حصي (Share) جي قيمت هڪ سئو روپيا هئي. انهن -ٽن- لکن حصن مان 51 سيڪڙو حصا (Share) حڪومت پاڻ خريد ڪيا ۽ باقي 49 سيڪڙو حصا عوام کي خريد ڪرڻ لاءِ آڇيا. -بئنڪ- جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ هڪ مرڪزي ۽ ٽي علائقائي بورڊ يا انتظامي جماعتون قائم ڪيون ويون. علائقائي بورڊ ڪراچي، لاهور ۽ ڍاڪا ۾ مقرر ڪيا ويا. اهي بورڊ يا انتظامي جماعتون ئي اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جو ڪاروبار هلائينديون هيون. مرڪزي بورڊ ۾ هڪ گورنر، ڊپٽي گورنر ۽ ڪجهه ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ڪيا ويندا هئا، -جن- مان ڇهه ڊائريڪٽر حڪومت رکندي هئي مرڪزي. بورڊ سال ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڇهه دفعا گڏ ٿيندو هو، بورڊ طرفان وري هڪڙي انتظامي ڪاميٽي مقرر ٿيل هوندي هئي، جنهن ۾ گورنر، ڊپٽي گورنر ۽ ٽي چونڊيل ڊائريڪٽر هوندا هئا. جڏهن مرڪزي بورڊ ڪن سببن ڪري گڏ نه ٿي سگهندو هو ته -ان- جا سمورا ڪاروباري اختيار، اها انتظامي ڪاميٽي هلائيندي هئي. اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- قائم ٿيڻ مهل کيس ڪا بهتر عمارت مليل نه هئي، اُن ڪري هڪ پراڻي عمارت ۾ -بئنڪ- کولي وئي پر جلد ئي ڪراچيءَ ۾ اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جي ڏهه ماڙ عمارت ٺاهي وئي. -ان- کانسواءِ مختلف شهرن ۾ پڻ اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جون زبردست عمارتون ٺهيل آهن. اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جا ڪيترائي فرض ۽ اختياريون آهن، -جن- ۾: (1) -پاڪستان- سرڪار طرفان نوٽ -جاري- ڪرڻ جا اختيار صرف اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- کي مليل آهن. (2) سرڪاري ڏيتيون ليتيون اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جي ذمي آهن. -ان- ڪري هن کي سرڪاري -بئنڪ- به سڏيو وڃي ٿو. سرڪار جا سمورا خرچ ۽ آمدني اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- ذريعي عمل ۾ اچن ٿا. (3) اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ-، مُلڪ جي ٻين سمورين بئنڪن جي -بئنڪ- طور پڻ ڪم ڪري ٿي، ٻين بئنڪن کي -ترقي- ڏيارڻ ۽ انهن تي ضابطو رکڻ به اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جي اختيار ۾ آهي. (4) ملڪ جي پرڏيهي ناڻي جو ذخيرو اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- وٽ رهي ٿو ۽ پرڏيهي ناڻي جي مَٽا سٽا تي ضابطو به اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- رکي ٿي. پاڪستاني ناڻي جو پرڏيهي اگهه قائم رکڻ ۽ -ان- کي وڌائڻ لاءِ اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- پرڏيهي مٽا سٽا ۽ ضابطي (Forgein Exchange Control) جي رٿابندي پڻ ڪندي آهي. (5) سڀ کان اهم ڪم اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جو اِهو آهي ته اها ملڪ جي اقتصادي -اوسر- لاءِ ڪاروايون ڪندي رهي ٿي. ناڻي واري ڦيري ۽ ڏيتي ليتيءَ تي ضابطو نه هوندو ته اقتصادي حالتون بگڙي وينديون. ساڳيءَ طرح ملڪ جي ڪارپت جي سرشتي (Credit System) تي ضابطو نه هوندو ته ملڪ جون حالتون خراب ٿي وينديون، -ان- ڪري ملڪ جي اقتصادي صورتحال جي جائزي وٺڻ لاءِ اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- ضروري آهي. -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان'>-اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان-، مُلڪ جي ڄڻ ساهه واري رڳ آهي، جا مُلڪ جي اقتصادي نسن ۽ نبضن ۾ وقت به وقت صحيح -اوسر- لاءِ رت پهچائيندي رهي ٿي. -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان'>-اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان- جي افتتاحي تقريب ۾ خطاب ڪندي قائد اعظم محمد علي جناح چيو هو ته ”-بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان'>-اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان- آرڊر 1948ع مطابق نوٽ ڇاپيندي ۽ پيسي جي ڏيتي ليتي کي مستحڪم بڻائي، مُلڪ کي خود ڪفيل بڻائيندي“. اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- پنهنجي طرفان ڪيتريون بئنڪون پڻ کوليون آهن، -جن- ۾ زرعي ترقياتي -بئنڪ-، نيشنل -بئنڪ- آف -پاڪستان- ۽ ٻيون شامل آهن. هن وقت تائين -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان'>-اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان- جا هي گورنر رهيا آهن: (1) زاهد حسين 1948ع کان 1953ع (2) عبدالقادر 1953ع کان 1960ع (3) شجاعت علي حسيني 1960ع کان 1971ع (4) ماهُب بر راشد 1967ع کان 1971ع (5) شاڪرالله دراني -جنوري- 1971ع کان ڊسمبر 1971ع (6) غلام اسحاق خان 1971ع کان 1975ع (8) جي. اين قاضي 1978ع کان 1986ع (9) وي. اي -جعفري- 1986ع کان 1988ع (10) آءِ. اي حنفي 1988ع کان 1989ع (11) ڪشمر پاريک 1989ع کان 1990ع (12) آءِ. اي حنفي ( ٻيهر) 1990ع کان 1993ع (13) محمد يعقوب 1993ع کان 1999ع (14) عشرت حسين 1999ع کان 2005ع (15) شمشاد -اختر- ڏيٿو (عورت) 2006ع کان 2009ع (16) سيد سليم رضا 2009ع کان 2010ع (17) ياسين -انور- (چارج) 2010ع کان سيپٽمبر 2010ع (18) شاهد ڪاردار 2010ع کان 2011ع. هن وقت ياسين -انور- اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جو گورنر آهي.<ref>http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%BD%20%D8%A8%D8%A6%D9%86%DA%AA%20%D8%A2%D9%81%20%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ موجود ادارا]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جي معيشت]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ سرڪاري بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا سرڪاري ادارا]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا وفاقي ادارا ۽ گماشتگيري]] qxzwlkmdlbtc3b936qz1uanusr974jk 377664 377662 2026-05-15T16:47:02Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 377664 wikitext text/x-wiki جڏهن [[پاڪستان]] وجود ۾ آيو ته -ٿوري- وقت لاءِ -ان- وقت جي سرڪاري ڏيتي ليتي رِزرو -بئنڪ- آف -پاڪستان- (Reserve Bank of Pakistan) ذريعي ٿيندي هئي، پر جيئن ته رِزرو -بئنڪ- هندستان جي ضابطي هيٺ هئي، -ان- ڪري -پاڪستان- لاءِ ضروري هو ته اقتصادي سرشتي کي محفوظ رکڻ لاءِ پنهنجي سرڪاري -بئنڪ- قائم ڪجي، -ان- مقصد کي سامهون رکي 1948ع ۾ هڪڙو قانون پاس ڪري -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان'>-اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان- جو بنياد وڌو ويو. -بئنڪ- کولڻ لاءِ -ٽن- ڪروڙ رپين جي موڙي منظور ڪئي وئي، جنهن کي -ٽن- لکن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو ۽ هر حصي (Share) جي قيمت هڪ سئو روپيا هئي. انهن -ٽن- لکن حصن مان 51 سيڪڙو حصا (Share) حڪومت پاڻ خريد ڪيا ۽ باقي 49 سيڪڙو حصا عوام کي خريد ڪرڻ لاءِ آڇيا. -بئنڪ- جي انتظام هلائڻ لاءِ هڪ مرڪزي ۽ ٽي علائقائي بورڊ يا انتظامي جماعتون قائم ڪيون ويون. علائقائي بورڊ ڪراچي، لاهور ۽ ڍاڪا ۾ مقرر ڪيا ويا. اهي بورڊ يا انتظامي جماعتون ئي اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جو ڪاروبار هلائينديون هيون. مرڪزي بورڊ ۾ هڪ گورنر، ڊپٽي گورنر ۽ ڪجهه ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ڪيا ويندا هئا، -جن- مان ڇهه ڊائريڪٽر حڪومت رکندي هئي مرڪزي. بورڊ سال ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڇهه دفعا گڏ ٿيندو هو، بورڊ طرفان وري هڪڙي انتظامي ڪاميٽي مقرر ٿيل هوندي هئي، جنهن ۾ گورنر، ڊپٽي گورنر ۽ ٽي چونڊيل ڊائريڪٽر هوندا هئا. جڏهن مرڪزي بورڊ ڪن سببن ڪري گڏ نه ٿي سگهندو هو ته -ان- جا سمورا ڪاروباري اختيار، اها انتظامي ڪاميٽي هلائيندي هئي. اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- قائم ٿيڻ مهل کيس ڪا بهتر عمارت مليل نه هئي، اُن ڪري هڪ پراڻي عمارت ۾ -بئنڪ- کولي وئي پر جلد ئي ڪراچيءَ ۾ اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جي ڏهه ماڙ عمارت ٺاهي وئي. -ان- کانسواءِ مختلف شهرن ۾ پڻ اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جون زبردست عمارتون ٺهيل آهن. اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جا ڪيترائي فرض ۽ اختياريون آهن، -جن- ۾: (1) -پاڪستان- سرڪار طرفان نوٽ -جاري- ڪرڻ جا اختيار صرف اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- کي مليل آهن. (2) سرڪاري ڏيتيون ليتيون اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جي ذمي آهن. -ان- ڪري هن کي سرڪاري -بئنڪ- به سڏيو وڃي ٿو. سرڪار جا سمورا خرچ ۽ آمدني اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- ذريعي عمل ۾ اچن ٿا. (3) اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ-، مُلڪ جي ٻين سمورين بئنڪن جي -بئنڪ- طور پڻ ڪم ڪري ٿي، ٻين بئنڪن کي -ترقي- ڏيارڻ ۽ انهن تي ضابطو رکڻ به اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جي اختيار ۾ آهي. (4) ملڪ جي پرڏيهي ناڻي جو ذخيرو اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- وٽ رهي ٿو ۽ پرڏيهي ناڻي جي مَٽا سٽا تي ضابطو به اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- رکي ٿي. پاڪستاني ناڻي جو پرڏيهي اگهه قائم رکڻ ۽ -ان- کي وڌائڻ لاءِ اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- پرڏيهي مٽا سٽا ۽ ضابطي (Forgein Exchange Control) جي رٿابندي پڻ ڪندي آهي. (5) سڀ کان اهم ڪم اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جو اِهو آهي ته اها ملڪ جي اقتصادي -اوسر- لاءِ ڪاروايون ڪندي رهي ٿي. ناڻي واري ڦيري ۽ ڏيتي ليتيءَ تي ضابطو نه هوندو ته اقتصادي حالتون بگڙي وينديون. ساڳيءَ طرح ملڪ جي ڪارپت جي سرشتي (Credit System) تي ضابطو نه هوندو ته ملڪ جون حالتون خراب ٿي وينديون، -ان- ڪري ملڪ جي اقتصادي صورتحال جي جائزي وٺڻ لاءِ اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- ضروري آهي. -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان'>-اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان-، مُلڪ جي ڄڻ ساهه واري رڳ آهي، جا مُلڪ جي اقتصادي نسن ۽ نبضن ۾ وقت به وقت صحيح -اوسر- لاءِ رت پهچائيندي رهي ٿي. -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان'>-اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان- جي افتتاحي تقريب ۾ خطاب ڪندي قائد اعظم محمد علي جناح چيو هو ته ”-بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان'>-اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان- آرڊر 1948ع مطابق نوٽ ڇاپيندي ۽ پيسي جي ڏيتي ليتي کي مستحڪم بڻائي، مُلڪ کي خود ڪفيل بڻائيندي“. اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- پنهنجي طرفان ڪيتريون بئنڪون پڻ کوليون آهن، -جن- ۾ زرعي ترقياتي -بئنڪ-، نيشنل -بئنڪ- آف -پاڪستان- ۽ ٻيون شامل آهن. هن وقت تائين -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان'>-اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- آف پاڪستان- جا هي گورنر رهيا آهن: (1) زاهد حسين 1948ع کان 1953ع (2) عبدالقادر 1953ع کان 1960ع (3) شجاعت علي حسيني 1960ع کان 1971ع (4) ماهُب بر راشد 1967ع کان 1971ع (5) شاڪرالله دراني -جنوري- 1971ع کان ڊسمبر 1971ع (6) غلام اسحاق خان 1971ع کان 1975ع (8) جي. اين قاضي 1978ع کان 1986ع (9) وي. اي -جعفري- 1986ع کان 1988ع (10) آءِ. اي حنفي 1988ع کان 1989ع (11) ڪشمر پاريک 1989ع کان 1990ع (12) آءِ. اي حنفي ( ٻيهر) 1990ع کان 1993ع (13) محمد يعقوب 1993ع کان 1999ع (14) عشرت حسين 1999ع کان 2005ع (15) شمشاد -اختر- ڏيٿو (عورت) 2006ع کان 2009ع (16) سيد سليم رضا 2009ع کان 2010ع (17) ياسين -انور- (چارج) 2010ع کان سيپٽمبر 2010ع (18) شاهد ڪاردار 2010ع کان 2011ع. هن وقت ياسين -انور- اسٽيٽ -بئنڪ- جو گورنر آهي.<ref>http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%BD%20%D8%A8%D8%A6%D9%86%DA%AA%20%D8%A2%D9%81%20%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:اسٽيٽ بئنڪ آف پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ موجود ادارا]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جي معيشت]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ سرڪاري بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا سرڪاري ادارا]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا وفاقي ادارا ۽ گماشتگيري]] erz0vwmnut5mmi790zqfemal959g9q7 0 29416 377668 376235 2026-05-15T16:51:59Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 377668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[عڪس:HBL Plaza.jpg|thumb|کاٻو|حبيب بئبڪ پلازا، ڪراچي]] '''حبيب بئنڪ لميٽڊ''' ملڪ جي اوائلي بئنڪ آهي، جنهن جو هيڊڪوارٽر ڪراچيءَ ۾ آهي ۽ ان کي حبيب بئنڪ پلازا سڏجي ٿو. ==تاريخ== [[محمد علي جناح]] مسلم رياست ۾ معيشت جي ترقيءَ لاءِ سوچيندي. حبيب خاندان تي زور ڀريو ته هُو هڪ ڪمرشل بئنڪ قائم ڪن، جيڪا وقت جون معاشي تقاضائون پوريون ڪري سگهي. انهن حالتن کي ڏسندي، 1941ع ڌاري حبيب بئنڪ لميٽيڊ جو بنياد رکيو ويو. [[پاڪستان]] جي قيام کان اڳ حبيب بئنڪ خانگي شعبي طور هڪ لميٽيڊ ڪمپنيءَ جي حيثيت ۾ قائم ٿي. ==ڦهلاءُ== 1944ع ۾ هن بئنڪ جي پهرين شاخ بمبئيءَ کان ٻاهر قائم ٿي، بعد ۾ تيزيءَ سان هن بئنڪ جون شاخون ايشيا کنڊ جي مختلف شهرن ۾ قائم ٿيڻ لڳيون. پاڪستان تحريڪ جي اوج واري زماني ۾ هن بئنڪ کي اهو اعزاز حاصل هو ته هن بئنڪ ۾ قائداعظم رليف فنڊ، مسلم ليگ فنڊ جمع ٿيا. پاڪستان قائم ٿيڻ وقت هن بئنڪ جي رجسٽرڊ آفيس 17 آگسٽ 1947ع تي بمبئيءَ مان ڪراچيءَ منتقل ڪئي وئي ۽ تجارتي بئنڪ جي حيثيت سان سڀني ڪمن ۾ بئنڪاري شروع ٿي. هن بئنڪ جون شاخون پاڪستان سميت سڄيءَ دنيا ۾ قائم ٿيون. هن وقت سڄي ملڪ ۾ هن بئنڪ جون 1450 ۽ دنيا جي مختلف ملڪن ۾ 55 شاخون آهن. ==قوميائي ۽ نجڪاري== 1974ع ۾ [[ذوالفقار علي ڀٽو|ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽي]] جي حڪومت ۾ ٻين ڪمرشل بئنڪن وانگر هن بئنڪ کي به قومي ملڪيت ۾ ورتو ويو ۽ 1998ع ۾ حڪومت ٻيهر هن بئنڪ کي نجي ملڪيت ۾ ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. هيءَ بئنڪ پاڪستان ۾ نجڪاريءَ جي حوالي سان ۽ پنهنجي گراهڪن کي جديد سهولتون مهيا ڪرڻ ڪري وڏي اهميت رکي ٿي ۽ هن جو شمار پاڪستان جي وڏين بئنڪن ۾ ٿئي ٿو.<ref>ڪتاب: [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا سنڌيانا]]، جلد چوٿون، ڇپيندڙ: [[سنڌي ٻولي جو با اختيار ادارو|سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي]] (ISBN: 978-969-9098-80-2) سال: 2012</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:حبيب بينڪ]] [[زمرو:بئنڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ مالياتي ادارا]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نجي بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ مالياتي ادارا]] [[زمرو:ڪراچي ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] qe6v0feu1t4xlgwxra5166f51om5rh3 0 32049 377711 351662 2026-05-15T21:43:50Z Ibne maryam 17680 377711 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox geography vcard" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px;" | colspan="2" id="5" style="background-color:#F9F9F9; font-size: 125%; text-align: center" |<span class="fn org">'''ڪولڪتا (ڪلڪتو)'''</span> |- class="mergedtoprow" id="7" | colspan="2" id="8" style="text-align: center; background-color:#cddeff" |—&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<span class="category">ميٽرو شھر (ام البلاد)</span>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;— |- id="10" | colspan="2" id="11" | <center id="12"> <div id="13"> <div id="14" style="width: 250px; background: transparent"> <div id="15" style="position: relative; width: 250px">[[فائل:India-locator-map-blank.svg|alt=|border|292x292 عڪسلون|Map of اولھ بنگال&nbsp;showing location of ڪولڪتا (ڪلڪتو)]] <div id="18" style="position: absolute; top: 49.7808%; left: 70.2038%; height:0; width: 0; margin:0; padding: 0"> <div id="19" style="position: relative; top: -4px; left: -4px; width: 8px; text-align: center; z-index: 3">[[فائل:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=|6x6 عڪسلون]] </div> <div id="21" style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -1.45em; text-align: left; left: 0.50em; width: 12em">'''ڪولڪتا (ڪلڪتو)''' </div> </div> </div> </div><small>Location of ڪولڪتا (ڪلڪتو)<br> </small> <small> in اولھ بنگال</small></div></center> |- id="27" | id="28" | '''متناسق''' | id="31" | <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%81&params=22.5726723___N_88.3638815___E_type:landmark_region:IN-X <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°34′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°21′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.5726723°N 88.3638815°E</span>&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">22.5726723; 88.3638815</span></span>]</span><span id="coordinates">[[جاگرافيائي بيھڪ نظام|متناسق]]: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%81&params=22.5726723___N_88.3638815___E_type:landmark_region:IN-X <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°34′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°21′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.5726723°N 88.3638815°E</span>&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">22.5726723; 88.3638815</span></span>]</span></span> [[زمرو:وڪي ڊيٽا تي موجود مقانيت]] |- id="36" | id="37" | '''ملڪ''' | id="39" | <span class="flagicon">[[فائل:Flag_of_India.svg|link=|border|22x22 عڪسلون]]&nbsp;</span>[[ڀارت]] |- class="mergedrow" id="43" | id="44" | '''[[رياست]]''' | id="47" |اولھ بنگال |- class="mergedrow" id="51" | id="52" | '''ضلعو''' | id="55" |ڪولڪتا ^{<small>[[ڪلڪتو#Urban structure|'''†''']]</small>} |- id="65" | id="66" | '''شھردار''' | id="68" | بڪاس رنجن ڀٽاچاريہ |- id="82" style="white-space: nowrap" | id="83" | '''آبادي'''<br> • ڪثافت • Metro | id="89" | <small>5,080,519</small><small>&nbsp;(2009<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[//sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%81&action=edit &#x5B;update&#x5D;]</sup> [[زمرو:ممڪنہ طور تي تاريخي بيانن تي مشتمل تمام مضمون from 2009]] [[زمرو:سانچي ۾ غلط تاريخي ترميز سان گڏ مضمون]] [[زمرو:ممڪنہ طور تي تاريخي بيانن تي مشتمل سڀ مضمون]] )</small><br> • <small>27,462&nbsp;/km² (71,126&nbsp;/sq&nbsp;mi)</small> • <small>15,414,859</small> |- id="98" ! id="99" style="vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap" |دفتري ٻوليون | id="102" |[[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]] ، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] |- class="mergedrow" id="106" | id="107" | '''منطقۂ وقت''' | id="110" | IST (متناسق عالمي وقت+05:30) |- id="114" style="white-space: nowrap" | id="115" |'''ايراضي'''<br> • ارتفاع | id="121" | <small>185 square کلوmetre (71&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi)</small><br> • <small>9 ميٽر (30&nbsp;فٽ)</small> |- id="130" | colspan="2" id="131" | <div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="132" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> </div> |- id="157" | colspan="2" id="158" | <div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="159" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" id="160" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: right;">'''Footnotes'''</div> * <small>^'''†'''&nbsp;The Kolkata urban agglomeration also includes portions of North 24 Parganas , South 24 Parganas, ھاوڙا and Hooghly districts.</small> </div> |- id="169" | id="170" |'''ويب سرزمين''' | id="172" | <small>[http://www.kolkatamycity.com www.kolkatamycity.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004234833/http://www.kolkatamycity.com/ |date=2011-10-04 }}</small> |} '''ڪولڪتا''' (Kolkata) پراڻو نالو ڪلڪتو (Culcutta) [[ڀارت]] جي رياست اولھ بنگال جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ آھي.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://web.isical.ac.in/~theophys-07/calcutta.html|title=About Calcutta|website=web.isical.ac.in|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> ھي شھر ايراضي ۽ آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان وڏو مڃيو وڃي ٿو، ان ڪري ان جو نالو “گريٽر ڪلڪتو“ ڪوٺيو ويندو ھو. ھي شھر آبادي، صنعت ڪاري، فن ڪار، اداڪار ۽ فلمن جي لاءِ مشھور آھي. ڀارت ۾ فلمي صنعت ھتان کان شروع ٿي ھئي. اڄ ان جي آبادي ڏيڍ ڪروڙ کان بہ وڌيڪ آھي. ڀارت جي گھاٽي آبادي واري ميٽروپوليٽن شھرن ۾ ھڪ مڃيو وڃي ٿو. ھي شھر ھگلي درياھ جي ڪناري تي وسيل آھي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_DataTables11.pdf|format=PDF|title=World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 revision}}</ref> ==بڻ بنياد== ڪلڪتا شهر جو نالي هندو ديوي [[ڪالي]] تان ورتل آهي،<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kolkata|title=Kolkata {{!}} History, Population, Government, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.quora.com/How-did-kolkata-get-its-name|title=How did kolkata get its name? - Quora|website=www.quora.com|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://kolkatacitytours.com/calcutta-naming-of-the-city/,%20http://kolkatacitytours.com/calcutta-naming-of-the-city/|title=Calcutta – Naming Of the City {{!}} Kolkata City Tours|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> جيڪو اصلي نالو ڪاليڪشيترا آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ ڪالي جي جاءِ آهي.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/74713/very-name-kolkata-shrouded-mystery-confused-read-on/|title=The Very Name of Kolkata Is Shrouded in Mystery. Confused? Read on to Find out More|date=2016-11-28|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/jul/22/suzannegoldenberg|title=Calcutta becomes Kolkata as name-dropping spreads|date=1999-07-22|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ڪولڪتا]] [[زمرو:وڏا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:بندرگاهه وارا شهر]] [[زمرو:اولهه بنگال جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جا شهر بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ھندستان جا شھر، وسنديون ۽ واھڻ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا ڳاديءَ جا ھنڌ]] bogzdhbttrk0qolt0zb319mf5bl6yar 377712 377711 2026-05-15T21:46:25Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 377712 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox geography vcard" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px;" | colspan="2" id="5" style="background-color:#F9F9F9; font-size: 125%; text-align: center" |<span class="fn org">'''ڪولڪتا (ڪلڪتو)'''</span> |- class="mergedtoprow" id="7" | colspan="2" id="8" style="text-align: center; background-color:#cddeff" |—&nbsp;&nbsp;'''<span class="category">ميٽرو شھر (ام البلاد)</span>'''&nbsp;&nbsp;— |- id="10" | colspan="2" id="11" | <center id="12"> <div id="13"> <div id="14" style="width: 250px; background: transparent"> <div id="15" style="position: relative; width: 250px">[[فائل:India-locator-map-blank.svg|alt=|border|292x292 عڪسلون|Map of اولھ بنگال&nbsp;showing location of ڪولڪتا (ڪلڪتو)]] <div id="18" style="position: absolute; top: 49.7808%; left: 70.2038%; height:0; width: 0; margin:0; padding: 0"> <div id="19" style="position: relative; top: -4px; left: -4px; width: 8px; text-align: center; z-index: 3">[[فائل:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=|6x6 عڪسلون]] </div> <div id="21" style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -1.45em; text-align: left; left: 0.50em; width: 12em">'''ڪولڪتا (ڪلڪتو)''' </div> </div> </div> </div><small>Location of ڪولڪتا (ڪلڪتو)<br> </small> <small> in اولھ بنگال</small></div></center> |- id="27" | id="28" | '''متناسق''' | id="31" | <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%81&params=22.5726723___N_88.3638815___E_type:landmark_region:IN-X <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°34′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°21′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.5726723°N 88.3638815°E</span>&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">22.5726723; 88.3638815</span></span>]</span><span id="coordinates">[[جاگرافيائي بيھڪ نظام|متناسق]]: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%81&params=22.5726723___N_88.3638815___E_type:landmark_region:IN-X <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°34′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°21′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.5726723°N 88.3638815°E</span>&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">22.5726723; 88.3638815</span></span>]</span></span> [[زمرو:وڪي ڊيٽا تي موجود مقانيت]] |- id="36" | id="37" | '''ملڪ''' | id="39" | <span class="flagicon">[[فائل:Flag_of_India.svg|link=|border|22x22 عڪسلون]]&nbsp;</span>[[ڀارت]] |- class="mergedrow" id="43" | id="44" | '''[[رياست]]''' | id="47" |اولھ بنگال |- class="mergedrow" id="51" | id="52" | '''ضلعو''' | id="55" |ڪولڪتا ^{<small>[[ڪلڪتو#Urban structure|'''†''']]</small>} |- id="65" | id="66" | '''شھردار''' | id="68" | بڪاس رنجن ڀٽاچاريہ |- id="82" style="white-space: nowrap" | id="83" | '''آبادي'''<br> • ڪثافت • Metro | id="89" | <small>5,080,519</small><small>&nbsp;(2009<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[//sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%81&action=edit &#x5B;update&#x5D;]</sup> [[زمرو:ممڪنہ طور تي تاريخي بيانن تي مشتمل تمام مضمون from 2009]] [[زمرو:سانچي ۾ غلط تاريخي ترميز سان گڏ مضمون]] [[زمرو:ممڪنہ طور تي تاريخي بيانن تي مشتمل سڀ مضمون]] )</small><br> • <small>27,462&nbsp;/km² (71,126&nbsp;/sq&nbsp;mi)</small> • <small>15,414,859</small> |- id="98" ! id="99" style="vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap" |دفتري ٻوليون | id="102" |[[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]] ، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] |- class="mergedrow" id="106" | id="107" | '''منطقۂ وقت''' | id="110" | IST (متناسق عالمي وقت+05:30) |- id="114" style="white-space: nowrap" | id="115" |'''ايراضي'''<br> • ارتفاع | id="121" | <small>185 square کلوmetre (71&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi)</small><br> • <small>9 ميٽر (30&nbsp;فٽ)</small> |- id="130" | colspan="2" id="131" | <div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="132" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> </div> |- id="157" | colspan="2" id="158" | <div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="159" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" id="160" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: right;">'''Footnotes'''</div> * <small>^'''†'''&nbsp;The Kolkata urban agglomeration also includes portions of North 24 Parganas , South 24 Parganas, ھاوڙا and Hooghly districts.</small> </div> |- id="169" | id="170" |'''ويب سرزمين''' | id="172" | <small>[http://www.kolkatamycity.com www.kolkatamycity.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004234833/http://www.kolkatamycity.com/ |date=2011-10-04 }}</small> |} '''ڪولڪتا''' (Kolkata) پراڻو نالو ڪلڪتو (Culcutta) [[ڀارت]] جي رياست اولھ بنگال جي گاديءَ جو ھنڌ آھي.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://web.isical.ac.in/~theophys-07/calcutta.html|title=About Calcutta|website=web.isical.ac.in|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> ھي شھر ايراضي ۽ آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان وڏو مڃيو وڃي ٿو، ان ڪري ان جو نالو “گريٽر ڪلڪتو“ ڪوٺيو ويندو ھو. ھي شھر آبادي، صنعت ڪاري، فن ڪار، اداڪار ۽ فلمن جي لاءِ مشھور آھي. ڀارت ۾ فلمي صنعت ھتان کان شروع ٿي ھئي. اڄ ان جي آبادي ڏيڍ ڪروڙ کان بہ وڌيڪ آھي. ڀارت جي گھاٽي آبادي واري ميٽروپوليٽن شھرن ۾ ھڪ مڃيو وڃي ٿو. ھي شھر ھگلي درياھ جي ڪناري تي وسيل آھي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_DataTables11.pdf|format=PDF|title=World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 revision}}</ref> ==بڻ بنياد== ڪلڪتا شهر جو نالي هندو ديوي [[ڪالي]] تان ورتل آهي،<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kolkata|title=Kolkata {{!}} History, Population, Government, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.quora.com/How-did-kolkata-get-its-name|title=How did kolkata get its name? - Quora|website=www.quora.com|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://kolkatacitytours.com/calcutta-naming-of-the-city/,%20http://kolkatacitytours.com/calcutta-naming-of-the-city/|title=Calcutta – Naming Of the City {{!}} Kolkata City Tours|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> جيڪو اصلي نالو ڪاليڪشيترا آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ ڪالي جي جاءِ آهي.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/74713/very-name-kolkata-shrouded-mystery-confused-read-on/|title=The Very Name of Kolkata Is Shrouded in Mystery. Confused? Read on to Find out More|date=2016-11-28|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/jul/22/suzannegoldenberg|title=Calcutta becomes Kolkata as name-dropping spreads|date=1999-07-22|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> == حوالا == {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * [http://www.kolkataweb.com Kolkataweb, a guide to Kolkata] [[زمرو:ڪولڪتا]] [[زمرو:اولهه بنگال]] [[زمرو:وڏا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:بندرگاهه وارا شهر]] [[زمرو:اولهه بنگال جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جا شهر بلحاظ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڀارتي رياستن جون راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا ڳاديءَ جا ھنڌ]] [[زمرو:ھندستان جا شھر، وسنديون ۽ واھڻ]] 2pp6w367b1dm8w14f9w41xkx4phel5h 0 36580 377758 351897 2026-05-16T08:51:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 Ibne maryam صفحي [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا]] کي [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] ڏانھن چوريو 351897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Indian national administrative subdivisions}} {{Infobox subdivision type |name = ڀارت جي رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا |map =B |category = رياستون |territory = ڀارت |start_date = 26 جنوری، 1950ع |legislation_begin = ڀارت جو آئین |current_number = 28 رياستون<br> 8 اتحادي علائقا |number_date = 2024ع |population_range = '''States''': [[Sikkim]] – 610,577 (lowest) رياستون: [[سڪم|سِکِم]] - 6,10,577 (گهٽ ۾ گهٽ). * [[اتر پرديش]] - 19,98,12,341 (وڌ ۾وڌ)* يونين علائقا: * لڪشواديپ - 64,473 (گهٽ ۾ گهٽ). * [[دهلي]] - 1,67,87,941 (وڌ ۾ وڌ) <br />[[Uttar Pradesh]] – 199,812,341 (highest)<br /> '''Union Territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – 64,473 (lowest)<br />[[Delhi]] – 16,787,941 (highest) |area_range = '''رياستون''': [[گووا|گوآ]] - 3,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (1,429 چورس ميل) (سڀ کا ننڍي). * [[راجستان|راجهسٿان]] - 3,42,269 چورس ڪلوميٽر (1,32,151 چورس ميل) (سڀ کان وڏي) يونين علائقا: لڪشواديپ - 32 چورس ڪلوميٽر (12 چورس ميل) (سڀ کان ننڍو). * لداخ - 59,146 چورس ڪلوميٽر (22,836 چورس ميل) (سڀ کان وڏو) * ''': [[Goa]] – {{cvt|3702|km2|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br />[[Rajasthan]] – {{cvt|342269|km2|abbr=on}} (largest)<br /> '''Union territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – {{cvt|32|km2|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br />[[Ladakh]] – {{cvt|59146|km2|abbr=on}} (largest) |government = ڀارت جي حڪومت |government1 = رياستي حڪومتون |subdivision = ڊويزنون |subdivision1 =[[ضلعو|ضلعا]] |subdivision2 =[[تعلقو|تحصيلون]] |alt_name=States and Union Territories of India|imagesize=300px|alt_name4=Hindi|image=A|mapsize=300px|عبارت=U|type=رياستون|type1=يونين علائقا|type2=رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا}} ڀارت هڪ وفاقي اتحاد آهي جنهن ۾ اڻٽيھ رياستون ۽ ست اتحادي علائقا آهن. اهي رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا وري ضلعن ۾ ورهايل آهن. رياستون خود مختيارڪار انتظامي ڊويزنون آهن، جن مان هر هڪ جي رياستي حڪومت هوندي آهي. رياستن جي حڪومتي طاقتون رياستي حڪومت ۽ هندستان جي حڪومت جي وچ ۾ ورهايل آهن. يونين علائقا سڌي طرح يونين حڪومت جي طرفان سنڀاليا ويندا آهن جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه يونين علائقا انهن جي پنهنجي علائقائي حڪومت کي ڪجهه خودمختياري سان گڏ آهن. رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن لاء فريم ورڪ هندستان جي آئين طرفان قائم ڪيو ويو، جيڪو 26 جنوري، 1950ع تي نافذ ٿيو. هندستاني آئين جي مطابق، هندستان ۾ رياستن ۽ يونين علائقن جي حد بندي ڪرڻ جو اختيار صرف هندستان جي پارليامينٽ وٽ محفوظ آهي، جيڪي نيون رياستون/يونين علائقا ٺاهي سگهي ٿي، علائقا الڳ/ضم ڪري سگهي ٿي، موجوده رياست کان يا رياستن کي يونين علائقا ۾ تبديل ڪرن يا ان جي برعڪس ڪري سگهي ٿي. == ریاستون == {| class="wikitable" !رياست !گاديءَ جو هنڌ !سرڪاري ٻولي !وڏو شهر |- |[[آنڌرا پرديش]] |امراوتي |[[تيلگو ٻولي|تيلگو]] |وشاکاپٽنم |- |[[اروناچل پرديش]] |ایتانگر |[[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] |ایتانگر |- |[[آسام]] |دیساپور |آسامي |گوھاٽي |- |[[بِھار|بهار]] |پٽنه |[[ھندي|هندي]] |پٽنه |- |[[ڇتيس ڳڙھ]] |رائیپور |هندي |رائیپور |- |[[گووا|گوآ]] |پاجم |هندي |پاجم |- |[[گجرات]] |گانڌي نگر |[[گجراتي ٻولي|گجراتي]] |[[احمد آباد (انڊيا)|احمدآباد]] |- |[[هريانا|هرياڻا]] |[[چندي ڳڙھ|چندي‌ڳڙھ]] |هندي |فريدآباد |- |[[هماچل پرديش]] |ڌرم شالا |هندي |[[شمله]] |- |[[ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير]] |[[سرينگر]] |[[اردو]] |سري‌نگر |- |[[جهارکنڊ]] |رانچي |هندي |جمشيدپور |- |[[ڪرناٽڪا]] |[[بنگلورو]] |ڪنٽری |بنگلور |- |[[ڪيرالا]] |تریوندرم |[[ملايالم|مليالم]] |ڪوچي |- |[[مڌيا پرديش]] |[[ڀوپال]] |هندي |اِنڊور |- |[[مهاراشٽر]] |[[ممبئي]] |[[مراٺي ٻولي|مراٺي]] |ممبئي |- |[[مني پور]] |امڦال |مني پوري |امپھال |- |[[ميگهاليا|ميگھاليا]] |شیلونگ |خاصي | |- |[[ميزورام]] |ایزاوی |انگريزي، هندي، مِزو | |- |[[ناگالينڊ]] |کوھیما |انگريزي |دیماپور |- |[[اوڙيسا]] |ڀوڀنیشور |اوڙيا | |- |[[پنجاب، ڀارت|پنجاب]] |[[چندي ڳڙھ|چندي‌ڳڙھ]] |پنجابي |لُڌياڻا |- |[[راجستان|راجسٿان]] |جئي‌پور |هندي | |- |[[سڪم|سِڪِم]] | |انگريزي | |- |[[تامل ناڊو|تمِل ناڊُو]] |[[چنائي|چینائي]] |[[تمل ٻولي|تمِل]] |مدراس |- |[[تلنگانا|تِلنگانه]] |[[حيدرآباد]] |[[تيلگو ٻولي|تيلگو]] |حيدرآباد |- |[[تريپوره]] |[[اگرتلا]] |[[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]] |اگرتلا |- |[[اتر پرديش|اُتر پرديش]] |[[لکنئو|لکنؤ]] |هندي |ڪانپور |- |[[اتراکنڊ|اُترکنڊ]] |ڊيراڌون |هندي |دھرادون |- |[[اولهه بنگال|اولھ بنگال]] |[[ڪولڪتا]] |[[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]] |ڪلڪتو |} == اتحادي علائقا == {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;" |+ ! scope="col"|رياست/اتحادي علائقوe<ref name="SUT"/> ! scope="col"|ائي ايس او<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|title=ISO codes|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]}}</ref> ! scope="col"|[[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle <br/> code]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aptransport.org/html/registration-statecodes.html|title=Registration statecodes|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> ! scope="col"|زونe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/en/page/zonal-council|title=Zonal council|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> ! scope="col"|راڄڌاني pital<ref name="SUT">{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/states-uts/|title=State/UTs and capitals|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> ! scope="col"|سڀ کان وڏو شهر ty<ref>{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 with variation between 1901 and 2011 - Class I|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> ! scope="col"|قيام<ref name="State">{{cite report|url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/Research_notes/English/Re_org_English.pdf|title=States Reorganisation|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> ! scope="col"|آبادي <br/> ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref>{{cite report|title=State-wise population|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42555/download/46181/2011-IndiaState-0000.xlsx|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> ! scope="col"|پکيڙ (km²)<ref>{{cite report|url=https://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SelectedSocio-EconomicStatisticsIndia2017_27oct17.pdf|title=Socio-economic statistics|access-date=1 January 2019|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> ! scope="col"|سرڪاري ٻوليون<ref name="Lang">{{cite web|url=http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> ! scope="col"|Additional official <br/> languages<ref name="Lang"/> |- ! scope="row"|[[انڊيمان ۽ نڪوبار ٻيٽ]] | IN-AN | AN | [[ڏکڻ هندستان|ڏکڻ ڀارت]] | colspan=2|پورت بلیر | 1 November 1956 | 380,581 | 8,249 | [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] | — |- ! scope="row"|[[چندي ڳڙھ|چنديڳڙهه]] | IN-CH | CH | [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]] | colspan="2" | چندیگڑھ | 1 November 1966 | 1,055,450 | 114 | [[English language|English]] | — |- ! scope="row"|دادرا، نگر حویلي، دمن ۽ ديو | IN-DH | DD | [[Western Zonal Council|Western]] |دمن |سلواسا | 26 January 2020 | 587,106 | 603 | Hindi, English | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |- ! scope="row"|[[دهلي]] | IN-DL | DL | [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]] | [[New Delhi]] | دھلی | 1 November 1956 | 16,787,941 | 1,484 | [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] | [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[ڪشمير|جمو ء ڪشمير]] | IN-JK | JK | [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]] | [[Srinagar]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Jammu]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jkslsa.gov.in/states.php|title=Jammu and Kashmir capital|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Legal Services Authority}}</ref> | سرینگر | 31 October 2019 | 12,258,433 | 42,241 | [[Dogri language|Dogri]], English, Hindi, [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], Urdu | — |- ! scope="row" |[[لداخ]] | IN-LA | LA | [[Northern Zonal Council|Northern]] | [[Leh]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Kargil]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-ut-hqrs-head-of-police-to-have-sectts-at-both-leh-kargil-mathur/|title=LG, UT Hqrs, Head of Police to have Sectts at both Leh, Kargil: Mathur|work=Daily Excelsior|date=12 November 2019|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213231004/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lg-ut-hqrs-head-of-police-to-have-sectts-at-both-leh-kargil-mathur/|url-status=live}}</ref> | لیھہ | 31 October 2019 | 290,492 | 59,146 | [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] | — |- ! scope="row"|لڪشواديپ | IN-LD | LD | [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]] |کاواراتی |انڈروٹ | 1 November 1956 | 64,473 | 32 | [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] |- ! scope="row"|پانڊيچري | IN-PY | PY | [[Southern Zonal Council|Southern]] | colspan=2|پونڈیچری | 16 August 1962 | 1,247,953 | 479 | [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] | [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] |} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي رياستون]] [[زمرو:ايشيا سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]] [[زمرو:ملڪ جي لحاظ کان پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]] o26z3bf9rbqsim9s4zcgr3pjworicvz 14 43798 377654 370127 2026-05-15T16:34:16Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 377654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ادارا]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ قسم]] glxvriroezkmsyg247lme6r2yqfon8v 0 48531 377691 286448 2026-05-15T21:08:34Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 377691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = نیودھلي | native_name =New Delhi | settlement_type =گاديءَ جو هنڌ | image_skyline = NewDelhiMontage.png | image_alt = | image_caption = گھڙيالي چڪر وانگر مٿان کان هيٺ: سيڪريٽريٽ بلڊنگ، نيو دھلي; [[ڪوناٽ محل]]، نيو دھلي ؛ [[جنتر منتر]]، نيو دھلي; [[راشٽرپتي ڀون]]; [[انڊيا گيٽ]] | image_size = 300px | nickname = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Delhi#India#Asia | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = انڊيا جي شھر دھلي ۾ نيو دھلي جو مقام | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|50|N|77|12|32|E|type:city_region:IN-DL|display=it}} | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = [[يونين ٽيريٽري]] | subdivision_name1 [[دھلي|نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري، دھلي]] | established_title = قيام | established_date = 1911 | established_title1 = نئين گاديءَ جو افتتاح | established_date1 = 1931 | named_for = | government_type = ميونسپل ڪارپوريشن | governing_body = [[نئين دھلي ميونسپل ڪائونسل]] | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Metric| | total_type = [[گاديءَ جو هنڌ]]<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/od/indiamaps/a/new-delhi-geography.htm|title=Geography of New Delhi|author=Amanda Briney|work=About.com Education}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 42.7 | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 216 | population_total = 257,803<!--DO NOT CHANGE IT WITH DATA ABOUT WHOLE DELHI METROPOLIS--> | population_as_of = 2011 | population_footnotes = <ref name=2011city>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-delhi.php|title=Delhi (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|publisher=City Population|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2016) | population_blank1 = 26,454,000 | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2016">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2016|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|accessdate=4 March 2017|page=4|date=October 2016}}</ref> | population_rank = | population_demonym = دليئيٽ يا دلي وارا | population_note = | timezone1 = [[انڊين معياري وقت]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = 110xxx | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-11]] | registration_plate = DL-1x-x-xxxx to DL-14x-x-xxxx | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | website = {{URL|www.ndmc.gov.in}} | footnotes = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = }} '''نيو دھلي'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''New Delhi '''}} انڊيا جي [[دھلي|نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري]] جي شھر [[دھلي شھر|دھلي]] جو ھڪ حصو جيڪو انڊيا جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521152532}}</ref> ھن نئين شھر جو پيڙھ جو پٿر [[جارج پنجون (برطانيا) |جارج پنجين]] دھلي جي دوري دوران 1911 ۾ رکيو.<ref name="History New Delhi">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/08/one-of-historys-best-kept-secrets/|title=New Delhi: One of History’s Best-Kept Secrets|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=13 January 2012|first=Tripti|last=Lahiri}}</ref> ھن شھر جو نقشو برطانيا جي آرڪيٽيڪٽ [[ايڊون لچنس]] (Edwin Lutyens) ۽ [[ھربرٽ بيڪر]] ٺاھيو. ھن نئين گاديءَ جي ھنڌ جو افتتاح 13 فيبروري 1931 ۾ گورنر جنرل ۽ وائسراءِ [[لارڊ ارون]] (Lord Irwin) ڪيو.<ref name="India freedom capital">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/12/08/independence-through-a-womans-lens/|title=New Delhi becomes the capital of Independent India|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=11 December 2011|first=Margherita|last=Stancati|date=8 December 2011}}</ref> اڪثر [[دھلي شھر|دھلي]] ۽ نيو دھلي کي ماڻھو ساڳيو انڊيا جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ سمجھندا آھن پر حقيقت ۾ نيو دھلي [[دھلي شھر]] جو حصو ھوندي [[دھلي|نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري آف دھلي]] ۾ ھڪ الڳ حيثيت رکندڙ شھر آھي جيڪو انڊيا جي وفاق جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:نئين دھلي]] [[زمرو:ڀارت]] [[زمرو:راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ راجڌانيون]] 1ckxidrdrv2c6yf0gb30txjaimvv359 377706 377691 2026-05-15T21:34:08Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 377706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = نیودھلي | native_name =New Delhi | settlement_type =گاديءَ جو هنڌ | image_skyline = NewDelhiMontage.png | image_alt = | image_caption = گھڙيالي چڪر وانگر مٿان کان هيٺ: سيڪريٽريٽ بلڊنگ، نيو دھلي; [[ڪوناٽ محل]]، نيو دھلي ؛ [[جنتر منتر]]، نيو دھلي; [[راشٽرپتي ڀون]]; [[انڊيا گيٽ]] | image_size = 300px | nickname = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Delhi#India#Asia | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = انڊيا جي شھر دھلي ۾ نيو دھلي جو مقام | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | coordinates = {{coord|28|36|50|N|77|12|32|E|type:city_region:IN-DL|display=it}} | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = [[يونين ٽيريٽري]] | subdivision_name1 [[دھلي|نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري، دھلي]] | established_title = قيام | established_date = 1911 | established_title1 = نئين گاديءَ جو افتتاح | established_date1 = 1931 | named_for = | government_type = ميونسپل ڪارپوريشن | governing_body = [[نئين دھلي ميونسپل ڪائونسل]] | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Metric| | total_type = [[گاديءَ جو هنڌ]]<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/od/indiamaps/a/new-delhi-geography.htm|title=Geography of New Delhi|author=Amanda Briney|work=About.com Education}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 42.7 | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 216 | population_total = 257,803<!--DO NOT CHANGE IT WITH DATA ABOUT WHOLE DELHI METROPOLIS--> | population_as_of = 2011 | population_footnotes = <ref name=2011city>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-delhi.php|title=Delhi (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|publisher=City Population|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2016) | population_blank1 = 26,454,000 | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2016">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2016|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|accessdate=4 March 2017|page=4|date=October 2016}}</ref> | population_rank = | population_demonym = دليئيٽ يا دلي وارا | population_note = | timezone1 = [[انڊين معياري وقت]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = پوسٽل ڪوڊ | postal_code = 110xxx | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-11]] | registration_plate = DL-1x-x-xxxx to DL-14x-x-xxxx | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | website = {{URL|www.ndmc.gov.in}} | footnotes = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = }} '''نيو دھلي'''{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''New Delhi '''}} انڊيا جي [[دھلي|نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري]] جي شھر [[دھلي شھر|دھلي]] جو ھڪ حصو جيڪو انڊيا جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521152532}}</ref> ھن نئين شھر جو پيڙھ جو پٿر [[جارج پنجون (برطانيا) |جارج پنجين]] دھلي جي دوري دوران 1911 ۾ رکيو.<ref name="History New Delhi">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/08/one-of-historys-best-kept-secrets/|title=New Delhi: One of History’s Best-Kept Secrets|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=13 January 2012|first=Tripti|last=Lahiri}}</ref> ھن شھر جو نقشو برطانيا جي آرڪيٽيڪٽ [[ايڊون لچنس]] (Edwin Lutyens) ۽ [[ھربرٽ بيڪر]] ٺاھيو. ھن نئين گاديءَ جي ھنڌ جو افتتاح 13 فيبروري 1931 ۾ گورنر جنرل ۽ وائسراءِ [[لارڊ ارون]] (Lord Irwin) ڪيو.<ref name="India freedom capital">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/12/08/independence-through-a-womans-lens/|title=New Delhi becomes the capital of Independent India|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=11 December 2011|first=Margherita|last=Stancati|date=8 December 2011}}</ref> اڪثر [[دھلي شھر|دھلي]] ۽ نيو دھلي کي ماڻھو ساڳيو انڊيا جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ سمجھندا آھن پر حقيقت ۾ نيو دھلي [[دھلي شھر]] جو حصو ھوندي [[دھلي|نيشنل ڪيپيٽل ٽيريٽري آف دھلي]] ۾ ھڪ الڳ حيثيت رکندڙ شھر آھي جيڪو انڊيا جي وفاق جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:نئين دھلي]] [[زمرو:ڀارت]] [[زمرو:راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ راجڌانيون]] 1depy8lhwkgenfghqtrqcox026wl0dq 4 58008 377773 377187 2026-05-16T09:54:05Z ListeriaBot 10240 Wikidata list updated [V2] 377773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WikiProject COVID-19 tabs}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P509 wd:Q84263196 } |section= |sort=P39/Q15124404/P570 |sort_order=desc |columns=label:مضمون,وضاحت,P27:ڏيھُ,P39/Q15124404/P569:تاريخ پيدائش,P39/Q15124404/P570:تاريخ وفات,P18:فوٽو |thumb=128 |min_section=2 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! مضمون ! وضاحت ! ڏيھُ ! تاريخ پيدائش ! تاريخ وفات ! فوٽو |- | ''[[:d:Q2124|Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1975).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q26776|Momčilo Krajišnik]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]'' | | | [[فائل:Momcilo Krajisnik crop.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q44752|Angelo Sodano]]'' | | [[اٽلي]]<br/>[[ويٽيڪن سٽي]]<br/>''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]'' | | | [[فائل:Angelo Cardinal Sodano in 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q45495|Elmar Fischer]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57343|Pierre Nkurunziza]]'' | | [[برونڊي]] | | | [[فائل:Pierre Nkurunziza - World Economic Forum on Africa 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q57446|Pranab Mukherjee]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Secretary Tim Geithner and Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee 2010 crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q71823|George Bălan]]'' | | [[جرمني]]<br/>[[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75019|Aleksandr (Ishein)]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Александр (Ищеин).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q81758|Jan Niemiec]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Niemiec.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88876|Klaus Emmerich]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | [[فائل:2014 Klaus Emmerich (14274003686).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q92819|Edmund M. Clarke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Edmund Clarke FLoC 2006.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94333|Michael Laughlin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95926|Wilhelm Knabe]]'' | | [[جرمني]]<br/>''[[:d:Q713750|West Germany]]'' | | | [[فائل:Wilhelm Knabe (15782113727).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97616|Dan van Husen]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:DanvanHusenMar2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100419|Stefan Lippe]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:Stefan Lippe - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2010.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107319|Ferdinand Kinsky]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110986|Maggie Mae]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q117141|Marc-André Bédard]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Marc-André Bédard01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q117439|Ioannis Zizioulas]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:John Zizioulas at IOCS Westcott House.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q117448|Luigi Snozzi]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Snozzi 01m.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q118199|Flavio Cotti]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Dodis-P25146-F4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q118915|Isao Suzuki]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | [[فائل:Isao Suzuki.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q127219|Casimir Oyé-Mba]]'' | | [[گيبون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132193|Jožef Smej]]'' | | [[سلووينیا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[يوگوسلاويا جي بادشاهت]] | | | [[فائل:Smej.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q150851|Colin Powell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Colin Powell official Secretary of State photo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q152929|Meat Loaf]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Meatloaf 1971 (cropped).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q173923|Ilija Petković]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا]]<br/>[[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Ilija Petković in 2006.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q200015|Vladimir Zhirinovsky]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vladimir Zhirinovsky - Ldpr.ru (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q202807|Henrique Soares da Costa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Por Suas Chagas fomos Curados, D. Henrique Soares (Repare, SH Aju - Abril de 2014), cropped.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q212990|Kim Ki-duk]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] | | | [[فائل:Kim Ki-duk at the 69th Venice International Film Festival (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q213793|Phil Spector]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Phil Spector 2000.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q215351|Fidel Ramos]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Fidel Valdez Ramos Official Photo as President of the Philippines (1995).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q226030|Irena Veisaitė]]'' | | [[لٿوينيا]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Irena Veisaite 2009 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q249251|Sándor Puhl]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Plaque of association football referee Sándor Puhl, Eger.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q259722|Yuichiro Hata]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | [[فائل:Yūichirō Hata 20190516.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q268961|John Horton Conway]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:John H Conway 2005 (cropped) (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q269014|Milkha Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Milkha Singh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q283351|Selma Gürbüz]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Selma Gürbüz01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q296724|Mahmoud Jibril]]'' | | [[لبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Mahmoud Jibril - World Economic Forum Special Meeting on Economic Growth and Job Creation in the Arab World cropped GNC.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q299161|Javier Marías]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Javier Marías (Feria del Libro de Madrid, 31 de mayo de 2008).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q303293|Aarón Padilla Gutiérrez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Aarón Padilla Gutiérrez.jpg|center|128px]] |- | [[عبدالقدیر خان|عبدالقدير خان]] | | ''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]''<br/>[[ڀارت]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Abdul Qadeer Khan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q310886|Hissène Habré]]'' | | [[چاڊ]] | | | [[فائل:President Hissène Habré of Chad.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q314338|Stanisław Šuškievič]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Šuškievič bchd.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q316413|Ricardo Bofill]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Ricardo bofill levi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q318424|Abel Gabuza]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q319350|Enzo Mari]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Enzo Mari 1974b.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q323501|Adalberto Álvarez]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q324831|Dick Rutan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:DickRutan.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q326508|Matheus Shikongo]]'' | | [[نميبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q329644|Giuseppe Ros]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Giuseppe Ros 1973.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q334126|Luis Sepúlveda]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Luis Sepúlveda 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q336711|Irinej]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Патриарх Сербский Ириней 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q342045|Đorđe Balašević]]'' | | [[سربيا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q838261|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]'' | | | [[فائل:2010-11-03 Balašević Arena Zagreb.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q343378|Wallace Roney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Wallace Roney Pori Jazz 2012.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q348565|Mile Bogović]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bogovic mile biskup.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q349212|Adam Dyczkowski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Biskup Adam Dyczkowski (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q350075|Jan Nowicki]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Nowicki2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q351732|Sonny Chiba]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | [[فائل:Sonny Chiba 1961.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q352030|Jiří Menzel]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Jiří Menzel III (2017).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q353036|Henry Orenstein]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q360348|Toots Hibbert]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Toots Hibbert (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q367017|Kenneth Colley]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Kenneth Colley Gen SW 2010 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q370560|David Crosby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:CrosbyDavid1983 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q372086|Leopoldo Luque]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Leopoldo Luque 1978.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q373408|Raymond Cauchetier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Raymond Cauchetier.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q375290|Robert Hossein]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Hossein Cannes 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q380916|Pierre Buyoya]]'' | | [[برونڊي]] | | | [[فائل:Pierre Buyoya at Chatham House 2013 crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q384616|Petar Fajfrić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q386235|Dante Crippa]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Juventus FC (1962) - Salvadore, Crippa, Catella, Giordanetti.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q386550|Fausta Morganti]]'' | | [[سان مارينو|سان مرينو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q387953|Sadiq al-Mahdi]]'' | | [[سوڊان]] | | | [[فائل:Sadiq AlMahdi 12-06-2015.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q389831|Aga Mikolaj]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q401433|Ahmad Radhi]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | [[فائل:احمد راضي (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q403471|Muhammad Mustafa Mero]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q428966|Muharrem Fejzo]]'' | | [[البانيا]] | | | [[فائل:Dede Ahmeti (Baba Madhi).jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q430746|Norman Hunter]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Norman Hunter.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q432274|Robert L. Carroll]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q432916|Zoran Simjanović]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Zoran Simjanovic-mc.rs (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q434588|Gerardo Vera]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q436664|Ben Bova]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ben Bova at Minicon 8(1974).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q436869|Philip Tartaglia]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Philip Tartaglia1 (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q442768|Reanna Solomon]]'' | | [[نائورو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q443823|Antonio Sabàto]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Antonio Sabàto.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q445829|Manu Dibango]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:LesEscales2019ManuDibango 03 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q447509|Hal Willner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Hal Willner.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q450643|Ernest Vinberg]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:VinbergEB-wiki-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q451302|Nur Hassan Hussein]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | [[فائل:Nur Hassan Hussein.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q452606|Irina Antonova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Irina Antonova 03-06-2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q453393|Lee Konitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lee Konitz Bad Mergentheim.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q454927|Kenzō Takada]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Kenzo Takada cropped 2 Kenzo Takada 20170310.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q455728|Charles Konan Banny]]'' | | [[آئيوري ڪوسٽ]] | | | [[فائل:Visit by Charles Konan Banny, Ivorian Prime Minister, to the EC 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q458290|Barbara Shelley]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Rasputin the Mad Monk (1966) trailer - Barbara Shelley 3.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q459130|Ali Bozer]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Ali Bozer (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q460071|Hayko]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | [[فائل:ESC 2007 Armenia - Hayko.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q462276|Tahani al-Gebali]]'' | | [[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:تهاني الجبالي - مستشارة مصرية 2014.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q462990|Ion Mihai Pacepa]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ion Mihai Pacepa 1975cr.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q464186|Fatma Girik]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q469523|Samantha Fox]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q470007|Dawn Wells]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dawn Wells Gilligan's Island 1964.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q470463|Amfilohije Radović]]'' | | [[مونٽي نيگرو]] | | | [[فائل:Amfilohije Radovic-mc.rs (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q481801|Ambrosius of Dorostol]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Доростолски митрополит Амвросий.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q487043|Ellis Marsalis Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ellis Marsalis (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q487927|Anatoly Alyabyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q491019|Herman Cain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Herman Cain by Gage Skidmore 4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q498025|Segismundo Martínez Álvarez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q499944|João Alves Filho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:João Alves Filho governador Sergipe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q508497|Fernando Solanas]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Fernando Solanas, 1985.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q508658|Mauro Bellugi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Mauro Bellugi 1973.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q509775|Kadir Topbaş]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Kadir Topbas at 38th Istanbul Vodafone Marathon (2) cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q520296|John Prine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:John Prine by Ron Baker.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q520761|Florentín Giménez]]'' | | [[پيراگوئي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q523020|Peter Sutcliffe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q525806|Eric Wagner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Eric Wagner.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q527026|Vincent Malone]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q528421|Nelly Kaplan]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Nelly Kaplan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q530205|Oscar Cruz]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q532632|Jorge Liberato Urosa Savino]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:Jorge Liberato Urosa Savino.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q536199|Angelo Moreschi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q540134|Trini Lopez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Aankomst Trini Lopez op Schiphol voor bijwonen Grand Gala du Disque Aankomst T, Bestanddeelnr 915-6212 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q542162|Johnny Crawford]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Chuck Connors Johnny Crawford The Rifleman 1960.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q546817|José Freire Falcão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:José Freire Falcão.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q546904|Eusébio Scheid]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q553410|Romell Broom]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q556533|Mauro Aparecido dos Santos]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Mauro Aparecido cropped 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q558837|Lars Norén]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Lars Norén 2012-10-24 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q567965|Abdul Rehman Malik]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Foreign Secretary in Pakistan (4727720266) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q572992|Anthony Casso]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:AnthonyCassoNJmugshot.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q577242|Alfred Leslie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q579253|Jaime Murrell]]'' | | [[پاناما]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q582727|Uruguay Graffigna]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q587249|Lee McNeill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q592160|Antonio Ángel Algora Hernando]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Antonio Ángel Algora Hernando.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q596515|János Kóbor]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Kóbor János (Stekovics Gáspár).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q606354|Szilveszter Csollány]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q607219|Franco Marini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Franco Marini 4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q609559|Líviusz Gyulai]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Gyulai Líviusz 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q610544|Antón García Abril]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q642708|Giulio Giorello]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Giorello4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q658507|Jan Gałecki]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Galecki 1987.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q659494|Boris Chochiev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[ڏکڻ اوسيتيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q665951|J. R. Richard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:JR Richard.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q676051|Corey Yuen]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q679049|Vittorio Gregotti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Vittorio Gregotti - Festival Economia 2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q679377|Joseph Benz]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q693875|Arnie Robinson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Arnie Robinson 1972.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q699412|Otto Barić]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا]]<br/>[[ڪروشيا]]<br/>[[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q706629|Marko Radosavljević]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Артемије Радосављевић.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q710123|Arthur Keaveney]]'' | | [[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q712058|Christian Wiyghan Tumi]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | [[فائل:Wiyghan Tumi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q713358|Lewis Wolpert]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Lewis Wolpert.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q715328|Arturo Lona Reyes]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Mons. Arturo Lona Reyes en la Parroquia del Espinal Orizaba 2019 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q715633|Yevhen Marchuk]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Yevhen Marchuk.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q716656|Alfredo Lim]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Alfredo Lim at Mendiola.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q719759|Henry Grimes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Henry grimes 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q720068|Allen Daviau]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Deyellspielbergdaviau (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q726105|Vladimir Menshov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Владимир Меньшов 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q726615|Alex Kurzem]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q728029|Harold Budd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Harold Budd (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q729048|Olavo de Carvalho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Olavo de Carvalho em 2019 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q732062|Ali Mahdi Muhammad]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | [[فائل:Али Махди Мохамед 08 (2020).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q732608|Michel Kilo]]'' | | [[فرانس]]<br/>[[شام]] | | | [[فائل:Michel Kilo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q740411|Joachim Yhombi-Opango]]'' | | [[جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q750714|Sandor Zicherman]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Zicherman Sandor Robert.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q758097|Attila Horváth]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q768776|Phyllis Eisenstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Phyllis.eisenstein.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q778094|Fred Dean]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q782651|Michel Parisse]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Michel Parisse.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q789843|Ferenc Balázs]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Balázs Fecó fortepan 125621.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q798810|Badal Roy]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q809046|Barry Harris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Barry Harris 1981.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q809978|Bashkim Fino]]'' | | [[البانيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bashkim Fino 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q810460|Bassam Saba]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q826422|Chris Karrer]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q838648|Diána Igaly]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Igaly Diána 2017 RTG 3213.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q852791|György Bálint]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Bálint György.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q862274|Bill Mack]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q888222|Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:King Goodwill Zwelithini.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q889224|John Y. Brown Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:John Y. Brown Jr. (KY).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q890445|Bogdan Wojtuś]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Bogdan Wojtuś.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q893179|Bootsie Barnes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q893817|Borisav Jović]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا]] | | | [[فائل:Borisav Jović.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q897432|Géza Szőcs]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]]<br/>[[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Geza Szőcs (poet) - Transylvanian Hungarian politician.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q904365|Daniel S. Kemp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q909047|Dorce Gamalama]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Dorce Gamalama on Interview Halo Selebriti.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q914201|Tim Brooke-Taylor]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Tim Brooke-Taylor 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q923365|Khosrow Sinai]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Khosro Sinaei 1 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q927269|Yukhym Zvyahilskyi]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Yukhym Zvyahilsky 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q927918|Stephen Sulyk]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q928356|Miroslav Tuđman]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Miroslav Tuđman.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q928446|Reynaert]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q932204|Allen Garfield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q932779|Donald Machholz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Donald Machholz.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q943520|Karel Loprais]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Karel Loprais.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q944421|Dmitri Smirnov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Dmitri N Smirnov ©Kompozitor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q948295|Daviz Simango]]'' | | [[موزمبيق]] | | | [[فائل:Daviz Simango.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q957463|Peter M. Neumann]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Peter-Neumann.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q959434|Victoria Kovalchuk]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Wirawika.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q964474|Philippe Nahon]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Philippe Nahon, Porto, 1999.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q965475|John Richardson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:John Richardson (actor).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q969048|Yehoshua Kenaz]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q970706|Saeb Erekat]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Saeb Erekat December 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q973020|Víctor Víctor]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Victor Victor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q974836|Henryk Hoser]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Henryk Hoser 2009.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q983418|Kamala]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:KamalaWrestler2009Cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q987791|Egbert Mulder]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Scheidsrechter Mulder met gele kaart, Bestanddeelnr 932-4211 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q996436|Dénes Farkasfalvy]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q999960|Jean-Laurent Cochet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:IMG 20180508 154623 edit1 edit.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1000366|Bucky Pizzarelli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bucky Pizzarelli (14925973538) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1001162|Buddy Deppenschmidt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Buddy Deppenschmidt.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1008502|Josep Maria Benet i Jornet]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:BenetiJornet MAE 313002-2.tif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1029381|Dobby Dobson]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1033478|György Handel]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1040340|Paul Nihill]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Paul Nihill, Abdon Pamich, Ingvar Pettersson 1964.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1043133|Carlos Pedro Zilli]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1062335|Leonid Potapov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Potapov in 2004.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1066772|Charley Pride]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Charley-Pride 1981.JPEG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1067412|Lorenzo Sanz]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:LorenzoSanz.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1086279|Christophe]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Festival des Vieilles Charrues 2014 - Christophe - 027.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1088901|Abdullahi Ibrahim]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | [[فائل:Abdullahi Ibrahim (died 24 January 2021).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1089108|Chuck Deardorf]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1093350|Germano Celant]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1106138|Csaba Kelemen]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1124093|Mehrdad Minavand]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Mehrdad Minavand 139410121224417216831434.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1133900|Benito Boldi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1135233|Corrado Olmi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Corrado Olmi 74.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1139415|André Leon Talley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Andre Leon Talley at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1149821|Cástor Oswaldo Azuaje Pérez]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1165610|Gábor Maros]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Maros Gábor egy Seress Rezső-emlékkoncerten, a slágerszerző szerepében.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1172509|Giovanni Sacco]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Juventus FC 1967-1968 Giovanni Sacco.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1174220|David Dias Pimentel]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1193243|John Houghton]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:John Houghton High Wycombe 20050226.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1196262|Fou Ts'ong]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[چين]]<br/>[[جمھوريا چين (1912ء–1949ء)]] | | | [[فائل:Fou Ts'ong 1965b.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1216185|Michel Host]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1218992|Reginald Foster]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Reginald Foster in Arpinum (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1232708|Dmitry Kovtun]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1237349|Jiří Toman]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1240022|Donald Kennedy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Donald Kennedy photo.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1240701|Donato Bilancia]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Donato Bilancia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1240726|Donato Sabia]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Donato Sabia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1241220|Juan Francisco Sarasti Jaramillo]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1248209|Harvey Goldstein]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1249194|Juan del Río Martín]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Mons. del Rio (30279527124).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1249774|Ivan Klajn]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Ivan Klajn.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1250218|Ismael Ivo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:AW BU TAN 4690-9 1609.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1260657|Aldo Giordano]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Aldo Giordano par Claude Truong-Ngoc juin 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1261293|Tarcísio Meira]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Tarcísio Meira, sem data.tif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1267921|Igor Zhelezovski]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Igor Zjelezovski.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1285622|József Sas]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Sas Jozsef 2007.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1287084|Tom Seaver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Tom Seaver 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1287976|Júlia Sigmond]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]]<br/>[[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1291091|Eduardo Mirás]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:EVM.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1295235|Edén Pastora]]'' | | [[نڪاراگوا]] | | | [[فائل:Edén Pastora en 2020.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1320080|Ken Shimura]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1327911|Elena Pulcini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1337533|Emilio S. Allué]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1338254|Emmanuel Félémou]]'' | | [[گني|گائينا]] | | | [[فائل:Emmanuel Félémou.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1340521|Henri Weber]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Henri Weber.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1344922|Yvon Douis]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Yvon Douis (1966).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1349129|Robert Opron]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1355980|Alijan Ibragimov]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]]<br/>[[قازقستان|قازڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1356172|Ernemann Sander]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:ErnemannSANDER.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1360086|Rafael Albrecht]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Rafael Albrecht.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1361912|Viačasław Kiebič]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Вячеслав Францевич Кебич.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1362757|Alber Elbaz]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1363756|Paul Goma]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q842794|Socialist Republic of Romania]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q203493|Kingdom of Romania]]'' | | | [[فائل:Placa memorială Paul Goma din s.Mana.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1370390|Alfredo Bosi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1372228|Marc Ferro]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Historian Marc Ferro.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1373340|Eugenio Scarpellini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1379110|Tulio Manuel Chirivella Varela]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1379351|Eva Maria Pracht]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:EPseoul1988.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1380592|Krzysztof Krawczyk]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Krawczyk 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1381158|Gustavo Peña]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Gustavo Peña.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1381809|Hamed Karoui]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | [[فائل:Hamed karoui (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1382152|Joël Robert]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:MX Spanish GP 250cc 19730408 Joel Robert (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1382825|Fausto Gresini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Fausto Gresini 1992 Japanese GP.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1383590|Patrick Devedjian]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:UMP regional elections IlM 2010-02-18 n04.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1392426|Philaret]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Mitrapalit Filaret 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1393978|Mohamed El Ouafa]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | [[فائل:Mohamed Louafa (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1398571|Luis Eduardo Aute]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Aute recogida premio.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1401982|Anikó Varsányi]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1402238|Gábor Vass]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Vass Gábor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1406740|Fernando Mario Chávez Ruvalcaba]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Fernando Chávez Ruvalcaba (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1411944|Jaroslav Mostecký]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1423970|Juan Guillermo López Soto]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Monseñor Juan Guillermo López Soto en la Catedral de Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1426480|Manuel Felguérez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:EL MAESTRO FELGUEREZ Y SANTIAGO POLVOS..jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1427902|Frank Klötzli]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:ETH-BIB-Klötzli, Frank (1934-2020)-Portr 16637.tif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1433175|Giovanni D’Alise]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1441576|Francis Rapp]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Francis Rapp par Claude Truong-Ngoc février 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1441997|Francisco Haghenbeck]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Haghenbeckfoto.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1442590|Franco Giraldi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]]<br/>''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1453045|Armando Manzanero]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Bustos de Armando Manzanero (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1475741|Juraj Filas]]'' | | [[سلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1485817|Tarcísio Padilha]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Tarcísio Padilha.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1509146|Georgi Ananiev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Georgi Ananiev.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1528752|Giuseppi Logan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Giuseppi Logan 2010.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1531997|Marco Dino Brogi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1545256|Goyo Benito]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Goyo Benito.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1558046|Atanasije Jevtić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bishop Atanasije (Jevtić) crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1559010|Gérard Mulumba Kalemba]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1562744|Milutin Knežević]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bishop Milutin (Knežević) photo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1565285|Predrag Živković Tozovac]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Predrag Zivkovic Tozovac crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1565966|Gordon Forbes]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1566335|Terrence McNally]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Terrence McNally.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1576705|Vlastimil Zábranský]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1585971|Haroldo Rodas]]'' | | [[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | [[فائل:Haroldo Rodas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1603952|Helmut Nanz]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1610862|Juventino Kestering]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1625817|James Cross]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1634290|Walter Hooper]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1653757|Moses M. Costa]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1665644|Ryszard Ronczewski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Ryszard Ronczewski.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1667744|Oscar Rizzato]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Oscar Rizzato (cropped, 2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1680315|James E. Humphreys]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1680463|James Gordon, Baron Gordon of Strathblane]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Official portrait of Lord Gordon of Strathblane crop 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1682267|Jan Szarek]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Szarek (ur. 1936).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1688700|Marcus Lamb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1691384|Joe Diffie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Joe Diffie 10-14-17 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1699253|John Baptist Kaggwa]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | [[فائل:John Baptist Kaggwa Bischof Uganda Masaka Besuch Pfarrei Hannberg Deutschland 2018 Foto Stefan Reinmann.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1700895|John Lutz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lutz, John (WGA).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1701415|John Pfahl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1703488|Vadim Abdrashitov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Вадим Абдрашитов (19-09-2020) (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1709139|José Daniel Falla Robles]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1709264|José Isidro Guerrero Macías]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1709475|Suhaila Seddiqi]]'' | | [[افغانستان]] | | | [[فائل:Sohaila sediq.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1709485|José María de la Torre Martín]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1709519|José Murilo de Carvalho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Josemurilo tvbrasil.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1710489|Juan Giménez]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Juan Giménez, dibuixant de còmic (2006).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1730056|Karl-Josef Neukirchen]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1733939|Rémy Julienne]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Rémy Julienne 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1738072|Keith Nichols]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1738970|Michel Murr]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1753869|Silas Silvius Njiru]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1770882|Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1771679|Vadim Kapranov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1787758|Onésimo Cepeda]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Onésimo Cepeda Silva.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1789955|Carlos Lessa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Lessa economist.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1791614|Duda Mendonça]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:DudaMendonca117188.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1805539|Marc Meneau]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1814289|Martin Ros]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Martin Ros.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1818693|Leo Panitch]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Leo Panitch.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1824877|Cléber Arado]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1850695|Ahmed Patel]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Shri Ahmed Patel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1860698|Sergei Shmatko]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Sergei Shmatko.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1868688|Mark Blum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1869884|Khalil el-Moumni]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]''<br/>[[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1872988|Zaccaria Cometti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1874119|Pierluigi Consonni]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1876296|Luis Adriano Piedrahita Sandoval]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1876339|Luis Armando Bambarén Gastelumendi]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1876397|Luis Feito]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1890518|Aldo Moser]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Aldo Moser 1964.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1893368|Marcelo Angiolo Melani]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1898700|Mario Cecchini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1903976|Willy Kuijpers]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1933279|Mike Longo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1937666|Ricardo Brennand]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Ricardo Brennand, Armando Monteiro e Jarbas Vasconcelos (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1968297|Soumitra Chatterjee]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Soumitra Chatterjee - Kolkata 2011-05-09 2856.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1973622|Necdet Üruğ]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1975824|Danilo Lim]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:D LIM.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1985869|Joe Williams]]'' | | [[نيوزيلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Joe Williams 7 April 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2016538|José Luis Cruz]]'' | | [[هونڊورس|هنڊوراس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2034293|Osman Öcalan]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Osman Öcalan (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2035589|Sven Wollter]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Sven Wollter (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2045019|Alexander Vedernikov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Alexander Vedernikov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2049688|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2061560|Paul Oscher]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2068950|Guy N. Smith]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2069522|Bart de Vries]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2092123|Harmoko]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Harmoko, The DPR-RI Stance on the Reform Process and the Resignation of President Soeharto, p39.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2093605|Pierre Lacroix]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2147327|Reşit Karabacak]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2154782|Marijke Harberts]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2157518|Robert Hellwarth]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2212292|Ot Louw]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Ot louw-1676624202 (cropped).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2221582|Sanford Clark]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2243275|Dirk Mudge]]'' | | [[نميبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2252474|Frits Flinkevleugel]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Frits Flinkevleugel (1965).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2268878|Bob Lazier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bob-Lazier-SVRA-IMS-2018-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2328723|Anto Kovačević]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2332562|Tatyana Lolova]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Tatyana-Lolova-20101208-cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2343159|Loris Dominissini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2348185|Renê Weber]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2360635|Anatoly Kvashnin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Kvashnin (2007-05-15).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2369235|Pyotr Mamonov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Pyotr Mamonov, April 2019-6.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2371573|Milenko Savović]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q37024|Serbia and Montenegro]]''<br/>[[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2376704|Olexander Omelchenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Олександр Омельченко.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2378031|Bram van der Vlugt]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Bram van der Vlugt (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2386112|Marcel Moreau]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Portrait Moreau brouillons wik.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2394296|Tarek El-Bishry]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2405235|Marc Wilmore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2421842|Marco Maciel]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Marco Maciel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2427354|Gennady Yukhtin]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2434130|Tim Lester]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2439627|Tom Dempsey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Tom Dempsey 1975.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2441262|Tomás Osvaldo González Morales]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Monseñor Tomás González.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2444480|Vlasta Velisavljević]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Vlasta Velisavljević (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2450102|Dave Greenfield]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Dave-Greenfield (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2458606|Nadhum Shaker]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2462506|Ty]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2470863|Porfirio Betancourt]]'' | | [[هونڊورس|هنڊوراس]] | | | [[فائل:Armando betancourt iu 1981 750.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2484956|Vincent Logan]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2512048|Howard Finkel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Howard Finkel WrestleMania 28.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2521512|Alfons Verplaetse]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:Fons verplaetse-1602852523.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2524068|Vigolvino Wanderley Mariz]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2524635|Elsa Joubert]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2530501|Nadeem-Shravan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Shravan Kumar at the special screening of 'Bol Bachchan' 20.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2567189|James Forbes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2570032|Viktor Zimin]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Viktor Zimin.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2579054|William H. Gerdts]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2580286|William R. Fey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2586848|Wittko Francke]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:Wittko Francke.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2587259|Vladimir Fortov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Science talk (2016-04-27) 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2602273|Yves Ramousse]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Mgr Yves Ramousse 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2609597|Charles Siebert]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Charles Siebert, 2006 (b&w).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2626298|Vasily Lanovoy]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:LanovoiV2001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2629787|Yevgeny Shaposhnikov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Shaposhnikov170.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2640005|Yevgeny Nesterenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:EENesterenko.PNG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2640500|Aldo Andretti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Andretti pre-flight 070713-F-1234N-003 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2655701|Harry Aarts]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Tweede Kamer, CV ontwikkelingssamenwerking, voorzitter Aarts, Bestanddeelnr 933-2539 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2658232|Cristina Calderón]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Cristina Calderón (8639878993) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2682651|Claes Borgström]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Claes Borgström 2012-06-05 001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2705740|Suleiman Mahmoud]]'' | | [[لبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2717789|Dzyanis Kowba]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Denis Kovba 2007.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2727991|Luc Versteylen]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2746785|Claude Goasguen]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Claude Goasguen, gymnase Japy 2008 02 27 n7.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2750504|Linda de Suza]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Linda De Suza en 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2756943|Chetan Chauhan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:The Union Minister for Textiles, Smt. Smriti Irani lighting the lamp at the convocation ceremony of the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), in New Delhi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2777120|Hasu Yajnik]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Hasu Yagnik.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2784407|Hans Prade]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Hans Prade (1981).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2784436|Hasan al-Lawzi]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2798280|Ing Yoe Tan]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2821111|Abdelkhalek Louzani]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2821348|Abdoul Aziz Mbaye]]'' | | [[سينيگال]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2824007|Adam Schlesinger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Adam-Schlesinger-(in-Tinted-Windows).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2830175|Alain Pluchet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2830569|Alan Pastrana]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Alan Pastrana.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2831441|Alberto Carpani]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2848905|Andréa Guiot]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2850116|Anis al-Naqqash]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:Anis Al-Naqash.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2862088|Armando Romero Manríquez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2863379|Arnold Sowinski]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2871915|Aurlus Mabélé]]'' | | [[جمهوريا ڪانگو]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2886724|Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Catholicos Patriarch H.H. Baselius MarThoma Paulose II.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2894948|Leib Groner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ahron Daum Schneerson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2896274|Meshulam Dovid Soloveitchik]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:רבי משולם דוד הלוי סולובייצ'יק.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2898193|Carlos Escudé]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]]<br/>[[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos escude.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2907092|Nawaf Massalha]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:Nawaf Massalha, 1993 Dan Hadani Archive.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2909679|Yehuda Barkan]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:Dan Hadani collection (990044478710205171).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2915906|Teruyuki Okazaki]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Teruyuki Okazaki 2006 07 17.gif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2915985|Denis MacEoin]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2918270|Alan Merrill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Alan Merrill 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2919712|Víctor Crisólogo]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2920357|Otar Patsatsia]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[جارجيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2926450|Bruce Myers]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2929679|Béchir Ben Yahmed]]'' | | [[فرانس]]<br/>''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | [[فائل:PortraitBechirBenYahmedAvril1984.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2949959|Lev Shcheglov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2961945|Chedly Ayari]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | [[فائل:Chadly ayari.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2964883|Chris Trousdale]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2977352|Claude Evrard]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Identite-ClaudeEvrard-1974-Sacem.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3002872|Cristina]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3013834|Daniel Cauchy]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Daniel Cauchy.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3015089|Danilo Barozzi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3032232|Paul Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Paul Johnson 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3032943|Djibril Tamsir Niane]]'' | | [[گني|گائينا]]<br/>[[سينيگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3047247|Eddie Borysewicz]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Eddie "Eddie B" Borysewicz.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3048569|Edward Jay Epstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Edward Jay Epstein (32802723452) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3050992|Elijah Moshinsky]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3051483|Ellinah Wamukoya]]'' | | [[اسواتيني|سوازي لينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Ellinah Wamukoya.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3054705|Enrique Múgica]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Enrique Múgica en la rueda de prensa posterior al Consejo de Ministros.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3081861|Francisco Hernando Contreras]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Francisco Hernando en Alcalá de Henares.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3084441|Steve Dalkowski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3093517|Gabi Luncă]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3100743|Genival Lacerda]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Genival Lacerda (2017).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3104996|Ghyslain Tremblay]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Ghyslain Tremblay.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3111408|Gosaku Ota]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3121597|Guy Brice Parfait Kolélas]]'' | | [[جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3121620|Guy Camberabero]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Guy Camberabero (1971).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3121642|Guy Chaty]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Guy-chaty.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3124154|Gérard Mannoni]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Gerard Mannoni.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3124366|Gérard Voulouzan]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Voulouzan.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3126373|Hamdi Benani]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3131533|Henri Madelin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Henri Madelin-FIG 2002.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3131915|Henri Richelet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:RicheletAutoportrait.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3132075|Henri Tincq]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3144732|Hélène Châtelain]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3157537|Jacob Desvarieux]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jacob DESVARIEUX 2012.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3158941|Jacques Frémontier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3159292|Jacques Le Brun]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3159696|Jacques Oudin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jacques Oudin-IMG 3689.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3159726|Jacques Pellen]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jacques Pellen - Festival de Cornouaille 2018 - 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3159913|Jacques Rosny]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3165934|Jean-François Voguet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jean-François Voguet.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3166986|Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jean-louis Servan-Schreiber.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3167959|Jean-Michel Boris]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3169816|Jean-Pierre Vincent]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jean-Pierre Vincent - portrait de Fernand Michaud - btv1b10329544j.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3172048|Jean Fontaine]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3173461|Jean Matouk]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3173769|Jean Obeid]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:Jean Obeid - 1988.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3173832|Jean Panisse]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3179571|Joan Dougherty]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3180252|Joel M. Reed]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Joel M. Reed at his apartment December 2018.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3180277|Joeli Vidiri]]'' | | [[فجي]]<br/>[[نيوزيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3180917|Ebrahim Amini]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Ebrahim Amini in Ministry of Interior 1394.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3187822|Juan de Dios Castro Lozano]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3189161|Julie Bennett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Julie Bennett.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3191682|Kabran Appiah]]'' | | [[آئيوري ڪوسٽ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3192352|Kambuzia Partovi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Kamboziya Partovi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3216625|Lambert Amon Tanoh]]'' | | [[آئيوري ڪوسٽ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3219186|Laurent Dona Fologo]]'' | | [[آئيوري ڪوسٽ]] | | | [[فائل:Fologo1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3229123|Lehlohonolo Ledwaba]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3265068|Waldir Lucas Pereira]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3265525|Lucien Gourong]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Lucien Gourong.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3265723|Lucien Sève]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3282984|Koos van den Berg]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Koos van den Berg.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3285700|Mangala Samaraweera]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Mangala Samaraweera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3288102|Marc Hamilton]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3289453|Marcel Uderzo]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Marcel Uderzo - Salon du livre de Paris 2010 bis.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3289573|Marcelle Ranson-Hervé]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3290692|Marguerite Aucouturier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3297752|Massimo Cuttitta]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:MausCuttitta.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3300367|Maurice Barrier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3303356|Franciszek Kokot]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3306991|Messaoud Nedjahi]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Messaoud Nedjahi et le groupe Iwal (espoire) 1.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3308616|Mikhail Studenetsky]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3310166|Michel Lelong]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3310736|Michel Robin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Michel Robin - portrait de Fernand Michaud - btv1b10329519j.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3312928|Miguel Angel Castellini]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Castellini-Perez-Galindez-10DIC1976.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3313368|Mike Huckaby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3318485|Mohand Cherif Hannachi]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3326196|Moussa Benhamadi]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3339641|Hassan Firouzabadi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q107258515|Pahlavi Iran]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Hassan Firouzabadi 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3340026|Nicolas Alfonsi]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3348270|Obren Joksimović]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3349343|Tarun Gogoi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Tarun Gogoi - Kolkata 2013-02-10 4885.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3355833|Adam Alsing]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Adam Alsing 2015-09-17 001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3356966|Oscar Castro]]'' | | [[چلي]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Óscar Castro Ramírez (25966264435) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3362625|Paolo Giordano]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3362634|Paolo Graziosi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Paolo Graziosi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3362788|Pape Diouf]]'' | | [[فرانس]]<br/>[[سينيگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3379373|Philippe Bodson]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3380286|Philippe Malaurie]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3386032|Pierre Lumbi Okongo]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | [[فائل:MONUSCO Headquarters, Kinshasa, RD Congo- president of the G7, Pierre Lumbi. (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3386113|Pierre Marcotte]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Les Tannants Brossard.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3390432|Benito Joanet]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3399496|Justo Jorge Padrón]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3421020|Raymond Lévesque]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Raymond Lévesque, Laurent Gascon, 2011. (50808482641).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3427126|Renée Claude]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Renée Claude.tif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3430000|Riad Ismat]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | [[فائل:Riad Ismat.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3433512|Joe Long]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Joe Long musician (1966) (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3434303|Tommy DeVito]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Tommy DeVito (musician) (1966) (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3434789|Robert Chaudenson]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3435833|Roviros Manthoulis]]'' | | [[يونان]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3436216|Robert Saint-Cricq]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3443079|Jens Erik Fenstad]]'' | | [[ناروي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3453638|Ruth Roberta de Souza]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3471309|Samvel Gasparov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3473390|Sarah Maldoror]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Sarah Maldoror.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3479678|Sergio Onofre Jarpa]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Sergio Onofre Jarpa (1965) cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3491740|Soumaïla Cissé]]'' | | [[مالي]] | | | [[فائل:Soumaïla Cissé 2013 Portrait.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3498879|Steve Carver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3513750|Marina Tucaković]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3515979|Tasso Adamopoulos]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Tasso Adamopoulos.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3532513|K. V. Anand]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:KV Anand at MovieBuff First Clap Awards Function (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3533955|Touriya Jabrane]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | [[فائل:Touriya Jabrane.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3547896|Ezio Vendrame]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Ezio Vendrame.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3551677|Victor Wood]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3569608|Abraham J. Twerski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Twerski (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3570660|Xavier Dor]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Dr Xavier Dor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3572419|Santiago Lanzuela]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:(Santiago Lanzuela) José María Aznar recibe al presidente de la Diputación General de Aragón. Pool Moncloa. 16 de mayo de 1996 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3575702|Zoltan Sabo]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا]]<br/>[[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3592141|Étienne Draber]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3593648|Óscar Chávez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Óscar Chávez en el Zócalo 2016 - 6.JPG|center|128px]] |- | [[وحيدالدين خان|مولانا وحيدالدين]] | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Maulanawahiduddin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3608395|Alberto Malavasi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Alberto Malavasi Palermo.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3615732|Andrea Galasso]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Andrea Galasso.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3615807|Andrea Lo Vecchio]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3618360|Ansley Truitt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3622555|Juan Carlos Copes]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Juan Carlos Copes Día del Tango.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3634905|Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Raghuvansh Prasad Singh briefing the press about various achievements of Total Sanitation Campaign highlighting the revised unit cost norms under TSC, in New Delhi on August 22, 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3645774|Bruno Ghedina]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Bruno Ghedina 1970.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3645814|Bruno Longhi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3651544|Camillo Milli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Amore in 4 dimensioni - Giuffré Milli.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3656048|Leonid Bujor]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | [[فائل:Leonid Bujor (crop).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3659617|Carlo Meliciani]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Carlo Meliciani.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3659902|Carlo Tognoli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Carlo Tognoli.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3664107|Cecilia Fusco]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Cecilia Fusco - collezione Tino Barindelli.tif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3680239|Claudio Sorrentino]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3694250|Corrado Lamberti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:CorradoLamberti.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3700324|Piotr Machalica]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Piotr Machalica2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3703087|David Anthony Kraft]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3706229|Detto Mariano]]'' | | [[اٽلي]]<br/>''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]'' | | | [[فائل:Detto Mariano.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3731997|Ermes Polli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3732244|Ernesto Galli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3732324|Ernesto Ros]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3737689|Fabio Enzo]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3743804|Ferruccio Pisoni]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Ferruccio Pisoni daticamera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3745178|Umbu Landu Paranggi]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3749916|Francesco Di Carlo]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Francesco di carlo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3750130|Francesco La Rosa]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3751683|Raghunath Mohapatra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Raghunath Mohapatra.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3753357|Carlos Seco Serrano]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3757094|Gaetano Rampin]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Gaetano Rampin 1.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3758095|Gangchen Tulku Rinpoche]]'' | | [[چين]]<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Lama Tulku Gangchen Rimpoche.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3761230|Geronimo Meynier]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Totò, Fabrizi e i giovani d'oggi 05.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3762524|Giampiero Grevi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3762585|Gian Battista Odone]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3762710|Gian Mario Bravo]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3764085|Gigi Dall'Aglio]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3766838|Giovanni Blandino]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3772436|Gloria Piedimonte]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3788117|Héctor Luis Silva]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Hector silva pumas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3798974|Innocenzo Donina]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3804395|Italo De Zan]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Italo de Zan 1946.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3810475|José Luis Capón]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3816656|Rodolfo González Rissotto]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3817497|Kurt Stettler]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Kurt-stettler.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3829209|Lea Vergine]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Lea Vergine 1974.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3832043|Lidia Menapace]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Lidia Menapace (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3836866|Lorenzo Acquarone]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Lorenzo Acquarone.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3837545|Lou A. Kouvaris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3838576|Luciano Federici]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3845680|Federico Roncoroni]]'' | | [[اٽلي]]<br/>''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]'' | | | [[فائل:Federico Roncoroni 1989.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3845853|Marcio Veloz Maggiolo]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | [[فائل:MARCIO vELOZ mAGGIOLO.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3846460|Marco Santagata]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3848217|Marino Quaresimin]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Marino Quaresimin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3848323|Mario Benedetti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3849205|Mario Valdemarin]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Nata di marzo 5 (Mario Valdemarin).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3852649|Maurizio Mattei]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3852820|Mauro Favilla]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Mauro Favilla datisenato 1987.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3854273|Melo Mafali]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Melo Mafali.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3857269|Miguel Jones]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3858870|Mirko Pavinato]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Bologna FC - 1961 Mitropa Cup - Renato Dall'Ara, Mirko Pavinato.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3892458|Ron Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:1985 Nashville Ron Johnson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3894504|Paolo Taggi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3903362|Piero Schlesinger]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3905292|Pino Scaccia]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3920003|Roman Viktiuk]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207272|Second Polish Republic]]''<br/>[[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Roman Viktuk 2-1 by Alexey Nikishin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3929115|Raffaele Masto]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3930163|Raoul Casadei]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Raoul Casadei.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3938207|Robert Beck]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Lee Beck 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3938263|Robert Durst]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Alan Durst.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3938637|Roberto Brivio]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3938885|Roberto Lavorenti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3939577|Rocco Filippini]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Rocco Filippini ©Cosimo Filippini 2009.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3941597|Rossana Di Bello]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3956022|Sergio Bassi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:SergioBassi2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3956296|Sergio Staino]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Sergio Staino - Lucca Comics & Games 2016 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3960891|Silvio Lega]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Silvio Lega daticamera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3972445|Stefano D'Orazio]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Stefano (primo priano).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3981101|Tarcisio Stramare]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3993232|Tony Fuochi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4006322|Urano Navarrini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4059734|Hakob Hakobyan]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4067585|Nikolay Antoshkin]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:2019 Nikolay Antoshkin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4069097|Gregory Areshian]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آرمينيا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:GEA istanbul.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4072594|Anatoly Afanasyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4073544|Baloğlan Əşrəfov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4074396|Valeriy Babych]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:НДУ 3 Бабич Валерій Георгійович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4084007|Maurice Berger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Maurice Berger PR (centré).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4095066|Patricia Bosworth]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4095606|Douglas Bravo]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:Douglas Bravo 1.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4100792|Bhakti Charu Swami]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Bhakti Charu Swami at Santiago de Compostela.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4104601|Dmitry Vasilyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4107168|Beniamin]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4112721|Anatoly Vishnevsky]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Anatoly Vishnevsky.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4114833|Anastasia Voznesenskaya]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4121380|Sol Tolchinsky]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4128446|Alexander Vustin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vustin2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4135231|Vladimir Gendlin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4148136|Boris Grachevsky]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Boris Grachevskiy 2018.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4152147|Sven Gundlakh]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4152247|Seyfaddin Gurbanov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4162412|Sixto Brillantes]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Sixto Brillantes (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4167363|Yury Dokhoian]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Yury Dokhoian 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4173011|Eulogius (Smirnov)]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Eulogius (Smirnov).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4173593|Gurgen Yeghiazaryan]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | [[فائل:Gurgen Yeghiazaryan 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4183618|Yevgeniy Zagorulko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4195359|Aydin Ibrahimov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4197538|Mikhail Ignatyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Mikhail Ignatyev (2013-10-30).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4219061|Gulnazar Keldi]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[تاجڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Gulnazar Keldi 03.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4219653|Hennadiy Kernes]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Кернес Геннадий.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4221830|Vladimir Kirsanov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vladimir Kirsanov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4232862|Vladimir Korenev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Владимир Коренев 01 (13-04-2019) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4233774|Caesar Korolenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Короленко Цезарь Петрович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4234678|Irina Koryukina]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Корюкина Ирина Петровна.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4236363|Ryszard Kotys]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Ryszard Kotys 2009.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4249854|Gennady Kutsev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4262971|Farida Pasha]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4264242|Viktor Likhonosov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Viktor Likhonosov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4264879|Martin Lovett]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:AmadeusQuartet1.gif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4267240|Vladimir Loskot]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4269192|Anatoly Lukyanov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Anatoly Evgenievich Lukyanov.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4272534|Lyudmila Lyadova]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Lyudmila Lyadova.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4273958|Arif Musa oğlu Məhərrəmov]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4276406|Nikolay Maksyuta]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Nikolay Maksyuta 007.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4281196|Vitaly Margelov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vitaliy Margelov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4284352|Ben Masters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ben masters.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4290811|Viktor Merezhko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Viktor Merezhko.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4302604|Nicette Bruno]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Nicette Bruno.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4319727|Viktor Nikitin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4322836|Vyacheslav Novitsky]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4334832|Chylgychy Ondar]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Chylgychy Ondar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4355718|Maria Piątkowska]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:MariaPiatkowska.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4356594|Scott Erskine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Scott T. Erskine 2001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4357649|Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:R. L. Bhatia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4365356|Boris Plotnikov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Борис Плотников 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4382246|Tatyana Protsenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4404372|Kenzhegaly A. Sagadiyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[قازقستان|قازڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4416595|Seraphim (Glushakov)]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4420621|Sergey Sinyakin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4422543|Anatoly Skripkin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4442473|Alexander Stefanovich]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4443470|Gennady Strakhov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4464627|Anatoly Trushkin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Trushkin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4468157|Billie Lee Turner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4477044|Andreï Ouritski]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Andrey Uritsky.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4517602|Marietta Chudakova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Mariehtta Chudakova 2017 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4525695|William Schmidt]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Шмидт В. В.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4527351|Viktor Shudegov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Viktor Shudegov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4528002|Valentin Shurchanov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Valentin Shurchanov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4540413|Abd as-Sattar Qasm]]'' | | [[اردن]]<br/>[[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4662382|Aaron Rubashkin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4669126|Abraham Palatnik]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Abraham palatnik cni.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4669133|Avrohom Pinter]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Rabbi Avrohom Pinter Z’L.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4681741|Adelaide João]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4683852|Adnan Abdallat]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4684841|Adrian Barber]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4687771|Aeneas Chigwedere]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4695942|Ahmed Mumin Warfa]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | [[فائل:Ahmed Mumin Warfa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4699805|Ajit Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Ajit Singh at press conference.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4703486|Al Angrisani]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4710395|Albert Hale]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1783171|Navajo Nation]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4713827|Aldir Blanc]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4720226|Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4722019|Alfonso Cortina]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4724658|Ali Ansarian]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Ali Ansarian.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4738568|Aly Zaker]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Aly-Zaker.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4746478|Aminu Isa Kontagora]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4757445|Andrew Jack]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Andrew Jack, Dialect Coach.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4760733|Andy Gray]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Andy Gray, Perth born Actor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4764670|Anil Panachooran]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4765474|Anisuzzaman]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:আনিসুজ্জামান ২০১০.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4768323|Anne Feeney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4769295|Annie Glenn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Annie Glenn in 1965.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4770680|Anshuman Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4776555|Antonio Cuenco]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Rep. Antonio V. Cuenco (8th Congress).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4776662|Antonio Giménez-Rico]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4776961|Antonio Sanchez]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Antonio Sanchez Politician 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4792170|Arlene Saunders]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4794109|S. I. Padmavati]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Si-padmavati.webp|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4795016|Arnold Demain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4804549|Ashalata Wabgaonkar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4808284|Hasan Muratović]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا]]<br/>[[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | [[فائل:HasanMuratovic.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4822123|Haydar Baş]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Prof. Dr. Haydar Baş.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4831235|Ayhan Ulubelen]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Ayhan Ulubelen during her 60 years.pdf|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4832169|Azam Khan]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4838863|Bachi Singh Rawat]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4841138|Badruddin Shaikh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4889708|J. Bennett Johnston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:John Bennett Johnston.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4893517|Bernard P. Randolph]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bernard P Randolph.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4900648|Bhagirathi Majhi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4900699|Bhagwati Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4900762|Nirmal Singh Khalsa]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Nirmal Singh Khalsa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4907449|Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Kanwarpal Bikramjit.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4910396|Bill Olner]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4910565|Bill Pursell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4928876|Frank Mdlalose]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4932376|Bob Enyart]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4934739|Bobby Ball]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Bobby Ball.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4941401|Ingamay Bylund]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4949186|Rosita Sokou]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4960104|Annette Kullenberg]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4966749|Bridget Rowe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4977068|Rita Sargsyan]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | [[فائل:Rita Sargsyan nimg.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5000739|Burt Wilson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Burt Wilson 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5015068|C M Chang]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5026605|Camilla Wicks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:25806 Camilla Wicks.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5043614|Carmen Vázquez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Carmen Vasquez.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5057941|Celestino Bonifacio Bacale]]'' | | [[ايڪوئٽوريل گني|استوائي جيني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5067804|Chaim Dov Keller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5069439|Chaman Lal Gupta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5071333|Robert M. Laughlin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5071476|Chandrawati]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5082746|Charles Stuart Bowyer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5103384|Cho Se-hui]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5104483|Abla al-Kahlawi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5105543|Chowdhury Kamal Ibne Yusuf]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5112720|Christopher Lee]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5121945|Ciro Pessoa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Ciro Pessoa 2010.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5128707|Claude Beauchamp]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5128778|Claude Crabb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5162670|Conrado Miranda]]'' | | [[ايل سيلويڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5171422|Cornelius Mwalwanda]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5172694|Corra Dirksen]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5173979|Cosmas Magaya]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | [[فائل:Cosmas-Magaya-Zim2010.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5181398|Craig Ruddy]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | [[فائل:Craig Ruddy.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5181443|Craig Shergold]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5212769|Damodar Barku Shingada]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5213280|Dan Collins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5213508|Dan Foster]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5219264|Daniele Cioni]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5228272|Dave Bacuzzi]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5231508|David Boe]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5231741|David Bright]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5232007|David Driskell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:David C. Driskell.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5233307|David Egerton]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5234349|David Green]]'' | | [[نڪاراگوا]] | | | [[فائل:David Greenwiki 1983.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5237631|David Mixner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:15.DavidMixner.NEM.Rally.USC.WDC.11October2009 (53581387587) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5239194|David Romero Ellner]]'' | | [[هونڊورس|هنڊوراس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5248630|Debu Chaudhuri]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Pandit debu chaudhuri 2014-06-24 10-36.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5253272|Henk Overgoor]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Henk Overgoor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5273153|Dick Lucas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5274838|Diego Verdaguer]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Diego Verdaguer en junio de 2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5276823|Dilipkumar Mansukhlal Gandhi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5294991|Donald Perry Polsky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5295091|Donald Rowe]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dee Rowe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5300456|Doug Ericksen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Doug Ericksen in 2021.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5300613|Doug Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Doug Jones Indians.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5304908|Dragan Vučić]]'' | | [[اتر مقدونيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5305018|Dragoljub Đuričić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Dragoljub Đuričić.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5336214|Eddie Large]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Eddie Large.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5336223|Eddie Lee Jackson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5350512|Eknath Gaikwad]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5362050|Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5362067|Eliyantha White]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dr-eliyantha-white-treats-sachin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5367651|Elsimar Coutinho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Dr.Elsimar Coutinho.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5379762|Enrique Molina]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | [[فائل:Enrique Molina4 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5386649|Eric Hall]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5435227|Fariborz Raisdana]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5441062|Federico Salas]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5444074|Fereshteh Taerpour]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Fereshteh Taerpour.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5470446|Forrest Compton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5476150|Luisa Molina]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5484875|Frank A. Howard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Frank Howard 1956.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5485058|Frank Arok]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5493306|Mohammad Shahabuddin]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Mohammad shahabuddin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5495767|Fred Levin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Fred Levin - Pensacola, Florida - 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5496221|Fred Sasakamoose]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5497310|Frederick B. Chary]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5498180|Frederick K. C. Price]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5512123|G. Anand]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5531217|Gene Fraise]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Gene Fraise - Official Portrait - 84th GA.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5531445|Gene Shay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5531517|Gene Ward Smith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5534035|Geoff Barnett]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:GeoffBarnett1972.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5540004|George H. Carley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5542916|George Nock]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5543953|George Robertson]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:GeoRobertson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5549047|Daniel Velázquez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Daniel Velázquez (1975).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5549344|Gerald Locklin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5561073|Gilbert Centina]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Authorgilbertluisrcentinaiii.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5562310|Gillian Wise]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5569175|Glenn Wheatley]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5569181|Erik Belfrage]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5574061|Isael Villa Villa]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5576708|Ramón Martínez]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:RAMON MARTINEZ.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5586441|Hassan Brijany]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5596280|Grant Jackson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Grant Jackson Orioles.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5618246|Heherson Alvarez]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Heherson Alvarez.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5628238|H. G. Carrillo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5628624|H. Vasanthakumar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:H. Vasanthakumar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5644603|Hamid Jasemian]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Hamid Jasemian 139209021934598431597814.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5650308|Hans Knudsen]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q756617|Kingdom of Denmark]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5657289|Haribhau Jawale]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5662859|Alberto Canapino]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Alberto Canapino (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5663596|Alberto Szpunberg]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Alberto Szpunberg.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5665087|Alejandro Guzmán Brito]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5670811|Harry M. Rosenfeld]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5679000|Riay Tatary]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:(Riay Tatary) El Arzobispado de Valencia y la Comisión Islámica colaboran en la atención de refugiados (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5697713|Antonio Alcántara]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5702560|Helen Jones Woods]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5703827|Helène Aylon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Helene Aylon (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5710392|Kioumars Derambakhsh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Kioumars Derambakhsh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5710665|Khosrow Seif]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Khosrow Seif 2006-09-13 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5711988|Aurelio Iragorri Hormaza]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Aurelio Iragorri Hormaza.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5717242|Balfre Vargas Cortéz]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5728387|Henry Slaughter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5728685|Henry Stephen]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5736171|Herbin Hoyos]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Herbin Hoyos ceremony.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5744458|Hershel Shanks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5749726|Carlos Armando Biebrich]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5750208|Carlos Eduardo Enríquez Maya]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5757661|Csaba Szabó]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Szabó Csaba.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5760952|Hilary Dwyer]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Hilary Dwyer.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5791581|Cristián Cuturrufo]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Cristián Cuturrufo - 2247945022 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5798779|Daniel Vélez]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5799587|Darío Vivas]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:Darío Vivas, Vicepresidente de la Asamblea Legislativa de Venezuela y miembro del Grupo Geopolítico de Latinoamérica y el Caribe (GRULAC), en compañía de José Gavidia, diputado de Venezuela e (8486684250) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5808715|Manuel Dammert]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Manuel Dammert Ego Aguirre.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5830829|Emilia Currás]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5833760|Enrique Rodríguez Galindo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5836757|Ernesto Contreras]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Ernesto Contreras - El Gráfico 1942.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5846421|Rinat Ibragimov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5848817|Estanislao de Grandes]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Estanislao de Grandes Pascual (13423607215).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5865148|Francisco Aritmendi]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5865636|Ezzatollah Mehravaran]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Ezzat-mehravaran.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5879998|Gino Renni]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Gino Renni (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5886305|Esmail Shangaleh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Esmaeil Shengeleh 3476646.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5888565|Guillermo Galeote Jiménez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5896244|Hernán Pinto]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Hernán Pinto (2009) 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5902375|Horacio González]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Horacio gonzález.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5904665|Hugo Stuven Cangas de Onís]]'' | | [[اسپين]]<br/>[[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Hugostuven2012.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5906851|Abbas Saffari]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:عباس صفاری.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5908946|Hossam Mohammed Amin]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5918706|Houshang Seddigh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Houshang Seddigh-Official photo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5922098|Howie Pyro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5922865|Israel Beltrán Montes]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5930117|Jesús Fichamba]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | [[فائل:Jesús Fichamba.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5932104|Hugh Newell Jacobsen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Hugh Newell Jacobsen.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5937444|Gunnar Larsson]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5938530|Changiz Jalilvand]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Changiz Jalilvand 13920408.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5939731|José Folgado]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:José Folgado 2015 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5939778|José Francisco Gallardo Rodríguez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5940793|José Joaquín Puig de la Bellacasa]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5941462|Siamak Atlasi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Siamak Atlasi (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5942704|José María Calleja]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Presentación del libro ‘Cómo informar sobre violencia machista’.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5943690|Parviz PoorHosseini]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q107258515|Pahlavi Iran]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:1828481-parviz pour hoseini.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5945510|Badr al-Zaman Gharib]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Badrzaman Gharib 139610041445358512884434.jpg|center|128px]] |- | [[فاطما رهبر]] | | ''[[:d:Q107258515|Pahlavi Iran]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Fatemeh Rahbar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5950619|Kambiz Derambakhsh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:کامبیز درمبخش - Kambiz Derambakhsh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5955737|Hassan Zare Dehnavi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5966302|Mats Lundegård]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5971996|Lazarus Takawira]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5973562|Stig Malm]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5976814|Sigvard Marjasin]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5979729|Roger Matthews]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5997337|Ildegarda Taffra]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5999378|Marissa Garrido]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Marisa Garrido 2011 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6001514|Ilya Shtemler]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6009560|Allan Nilsson]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6019655|Olle Nygren]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Olle Nygren.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6026759|Ayla Karaca]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6027175|Indu Jain]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Indu-jain.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6042168|İrfan Gürpınar]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6044824|Norberto Oyarbide]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Norberto Oyarbide.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6051778|Yılmaz Atadeniz]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6055650|Ayten Erman]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6059131|Tuncay Mataracı]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6063093|Haydar Dümen]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6065858|Ülkü Azrak]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6068274|Pedro Bastidas]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:Pedro Bastidas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6070306|Iris M. Zavala]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Iris Zavala.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6073889|Luran Ahmeti]]'' | | [[اتر مقدونيا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6074227|Irvin Baxter Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6089269|Aytaç Yalman]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6096528|Iván Izquierdo]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]]<br/>[[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:IvanIzquierdo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6097742|Rafael Navarro González]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6097749|Burhanettin Uysal]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6104592|J. Anbazhagan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6105727|René Juárez Cisneros]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Rene Juarez Cisneros 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6117269|Jackson Mthembu]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6120010|Sandro Cohen]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6120818|Jacques Puisais]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6120996|Santiago Manuin Valera]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Santiago Manuín Valera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6122347|Jagdish Singh Rana]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6140367|Yukio Okamoto]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | [[فائل:Yukio Okamoto 2002.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6148664|Tomás Vidiella]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Tomás Vidiella 2000.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6150166|Jan Waszkiewicz]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6165767|Víctor Valencia de los Santos]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Victorvalenciadelossantos.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6166387|Jay Benedict]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6166776|Jay Johnstone]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jay Johnstone Dodgers.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6169679|Jean-Michel Bokamba-Yangouma]]'' | | [[جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6182507|Jerold Ottley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6183301|Jerry Brandt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6195534|Jim Henderson]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6197321|Jim Pace]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6210297|Joe Hernandez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6214060|Thorleif Torstensson]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6220532|John Bangsund]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6240700|Kay Wiestål]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Kay Wiestål, IFK Holmsund 1960 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6243015|John Keston]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6244212|John Laws]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Lord Justice Laws 2012.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6246730|Jhon Mario Ramírez]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6248589|John Meyer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6251147|John Ogilvie]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6267108|Johnny Leeze]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6268369|Johnson Mlambo]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6278435|Jorge Oñate]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jorge Oñate.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6285854|Joseph Nyagah]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6293085|José Maranhão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:José Maranhão.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6297452|Joyce Davidson]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6300926|Juan Roldán]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Juan Perón 1946.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6324079|K. T. Oslin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:K.T. Oslin 1987 Promo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6324114|K. Thangavel]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6344324|Kabori Sarwar]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Sarah Begum Kabori Receives Lifetime Achievement Award National Film Awards Dhaka 2013-04-04 (PID-0060031) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6356800|Kamen Tchanev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Kamen Chanev.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6373666|Karuna Shukla]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6388519|Ken Snow]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6389975|Kenneth Church]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6390090|Ken Farnum]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6396195|Kevin Duffy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Kevin Duffy (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6408465|Kim Chernin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Kimchernin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6414812|Kiran Maheshwari]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6416282|Kirunda Kivejinja]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6416528|Kishan Rungta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6419024|Kiyoko Ono]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]''<br/>[[جاپان]] | | | [[فائل:Kiyoko Ono 1964d.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6444091|Kumutha Rahman]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6445132|Kunwar Bechain]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Dr Kunwar Bechain.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6455079|Kōbō Kenichi]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6474309|Lajim Ukin]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6480359|Lalit Behl]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6480683|Lam Quang Thi]]'' | | [[ويٽنام]] | | | [[فائل:General Lâm Quang Thi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6490204|Larry Dixon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6491294|Larry Willoughby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6517024|Lefteris Hapsiadis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:LefterisHapsiadisNew.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6520721|Leland Christensen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6524568|Leon Claire Metz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6550228|Linah Mohohlo]]'' | | [[بوٽسوانا]] | | | [[فائل:Linah Mohohlo - Closing Plenary- Africa's Next Chapter - World Economic Forum on Africa 2011 crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6552990|Lindy McDaniel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lindy McDaniel Yankees.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6555796|Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani 2160728.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6557470|Rahnaward Zaryab]]'' | | [[افغانستان]] | | | [[فائل:Rahnaward Zaryab (2016, cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6587520|Yitzchok Scheiner]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:הרב יצחק שיינר.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6711768|Lệ Thu]]'' | | [[ويٽنام]] | | | [[فائل:Lệ Thu.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6733203|Maharaj Krishan Kaushik]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6733563|Mahaveer Bhagora]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6733859|Mahesh Kumar Kanodia]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6752754|Manuel Morato]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6756606|Marcelo Peralta]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6757838|Marcos Cruz Molina]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6762954|Hassan Abdullah al-Sharafi]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | [[فائل:الشاعر حسن عبدالله الشرفي- من اليمن.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6766164|Marjan Lazovski]]'' | | [[اتر مقدونيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6769832|Mark Steiner]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6771327|Shamsur Rahman Faruqi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Shamsur Rahman Farooqi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6776522|Martin Sandoval]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6778086|Marv Luster]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Marv Luster - Southern Campus 1960.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6781944|María Colombo de Acevedo]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:María Colombo de Acevedo - Diputados.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6791209|Matthew Seligman]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Matthew Seligman, Alexandra Arms, Cambridge, UK (April 2018).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6793091|Nazem Naim]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6814633|Abdul Hadi Majali]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6817775|Meor Aziddin Yusof]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6830619|Michael Gilkes]]'' | | [[گيانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6831484|David Refael ben Ami]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:דדי בן עמי 1.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6832740|Michael McKinnell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6834517|Michael Sorkin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Michael Sorkin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6835123|Elias Rahbani]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:Elias Rahbani.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6844641|Miguel Lifschitz]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Miguel Lifschitz en conferencia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6845046|Mihai Cotorobai]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6851247|Milena Jelinek]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6853968|Muhammad Tariq Al-Khadra]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6885751|Mluleki George]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6893246|Mohammed Nasim]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:Mohammed Nasim in New Delhi on April 13, 2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6893292|Mohammed Sabila]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6909686|Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6917707|Motilal Vora]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Motilal Vora.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6939760|Murtoza Bashir]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Mortaza Bashir.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6944629|Mwalimu Masudi Mwahima]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6947701|Itzhak Ilan]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:יצחק אילן.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6957551|Nader Dastneshan]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Nader Dastneshan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6963057|Nancy Walker Bush]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6963293|Nandi Yellaiah]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6965785|Narendra Kohli]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Narendra Kohli (Dec. 2008).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6965830|Naresh Kanodia]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6980389|Natty Hollmann]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6986729|Neela Satyanarayanan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7000421|Omar Pirrera]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Omar-Maria.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7035671|Nikola Spasov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Nikola spasov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7044225|Itzhak Jacky Edry]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:גקי אדרי.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7045291|Noach Dear]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7046976|Noel Guzmán Boffil Rojas]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | [[فائل:Noel Guzmán Boffil Rojas.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7063903|Noureddine Saâdi]]'' | | [[الجزائر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7070307|Nurul Islam Babul]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:Nurul Islam Babul, Jamuna Group.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7085856|Olle Holmquist]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7106297|Oscar W. McConkie, Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7121484|Paatje Phefferkorn]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Paatje Phefferkorn.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7143415|Pat Dye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Pat Dye on His Homestead Before Christmas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7151698|Paul Karslake]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7154144|Paul Varelans]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7155119|Paulinho Paiakan]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7167845|Perence Shiri]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7173124|Peter C. Clapman]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7173657|Peter DiFronzo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:DiFronzo Pete.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7173914|Peter F. Secchia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Peter F. Secchia & Gerald Ford.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7174885|Peter J. N. Sinclair]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7174966|Peter Jenkins]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7177692|Peter Whiteside]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7181551|Phi Nhung]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ويٽنام]] | | | [[فائل:Phi Nhung (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7182506|Phil Valentine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Phil Valentine in 2019.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7184198|Philip Paul]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Philip Paul at The Cincinnatian Hotel in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7184510|Philip Voss]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7193787|Pilar Pellicer]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Pilar Pellicer publicity photo (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7225858|Pollycarpus Priyanto]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7228895|Poovachal Khader]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Poovachal-Khader.jpg.image.845.440.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7262061|Kakhi Kavsadze]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[جارجيا]] | | | [[فائل:Kakhi Kavsadze in R. Harwood's "Quartet" 2003.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7277337|Aleksandr Dubyansky]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Dubyansky1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7279488|Rachhpal Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7282307|Rafael Roncagliolo]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Rafael roncagliolo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7283319|Rahat Indori]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Rahat Saab At Ahmedabad.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7287844|Ralph McGehee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7292463|Randy Tate]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Randy Tate Mets.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7294844|Rasheed Masood]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7295860|Ratnakar Matkari]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:A still of Shri Ratnakar Ramakrishna Matkari Rest.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7302790|Abdul Ghani Gilong]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7322819|Ricardo Silva Elizondo]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Ricardo Silva en 2014.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7324359|Richard L. Brodsky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7325646|Richard Fenno]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7331216|Rick Baldwin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Rick Baldwin 1978.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7333210|Rifat Chadirji]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | [[فائل:Rifaat-jaderji.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7347307|Robert Mandell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Mandell American Conductor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7352565|Robin Jackman]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7364094|Ron Lurie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7369214|Ross Browner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7373072|Roy Lester]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Roy Lester 1969.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7373430|Roy Torrens]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7395978|Sabbam Hari]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7399497|Sahara Khatun]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Ms. Sahara Khatun in New Delhi on 24 February 2012.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7403307|Sal Rocca]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Sal Rocca.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7404974|Salleh Abas]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7406368|Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7407423|Sam Domoni]]'' | | [[فجي]] | | | [[فائل:PNC2010 (40).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7408775|Samar Banerjee]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Samar Badru Banerjee.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7423706|Sardar Muhammad Aslam]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7423826|Sardool Sikander]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7426286|Satish Kaul]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7426298|Satish Prasad Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7438419|Siti Sarah]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7442806|Sebouh Chouldjian]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | [[فائل:BishopSebouh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7446652|Seif Sharif Hamad]]'' | | [[تنزانيا]] | | | [[فائل:Seif Sharif Hamad.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7461426|Shahadat Hossain Khan]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7462294|Shahrum Kashani]]'' | | [[ايران]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Shahrum Kashani.webp|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7488743|Shankha Ghosh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Sankha Ghosh - Kolkata 2011-05-09 2833.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7505951|Shyama Charan Gupta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7508832|Sidik Mia]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | [[فائل:Sidik Mia 2010 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7518233|Simon Barrington-Ward]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Simon Barrington-Ward 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7557756|Soli Sorabjee]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Soli Sorabjee lecture (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7562042|Sonny Fox]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Sonny-fox.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7599168|Stanisław Kogut]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Stanisław Kogut Kancelaria Senatu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7609172|Stephen F. Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Stephen Fain Williams.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7612166|Steve Carter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7612907|Steve Ingle]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7613158|Steve Lightle]]'' | | | | | |- | [[اسٽيو ولھائيٽ]] | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7635072|Sugathakumari]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Sugathakumari.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7635151|Sugrib Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7635912|Sukumar Hansda]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7645674|Surendra Prakash Goyal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7645718|Suresh Angadi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Ambigara chouwdayya jayanti procession mp suresh angadi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | [[سید منور حسن]] | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7660970|Sylvia Murphy]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7666107|Sérgio Sant'Anna]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Feira de Frankfurt 2013 (10276676994).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7679487|Talib Jauhari]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7804179|Tim Robinson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Tim Robinson photo by John Drever.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7814981|Tom Blackwell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7816000|Tom Green]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7816917|Tom Moody]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7822149|Tony Curcillo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Football player Tony Curcillo, no. 99 Le joueur de football Tony Curcillo, no 99.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7822625|Tony Ingle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7824296|Tootie Robbins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7827796|Toshiro Kandagawa]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | [[فائل:Toshiro Kandagawa famous Japanese Cook 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7916745|Vasilis Botinos]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7924918|Vic Stelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Vic Stelly (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7931761|Vincent Di Maio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7932723|Vinod Dua]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Vinod Dua.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7938377|Vladimir Ivanov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7945731|W. J. M. Lokubandara]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | [[فائل:WJM Lokubandara.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7966917|Wambali Mkandawire]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | [[فائل:Wambali Mkandawire in 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7970391|Warren Mitchell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Warren Mitchell basketball.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8003575|Willem Konjore]]'' | | [[نميبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q8009341|William Frankland]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Dr Bill Frankland.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8018795|William Stern]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q8040173|Wynn Handman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Wynn Handman Studio photo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8046301|Yaakov Perlow]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:הרב מנובומינסק.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8053832|Yisa Sofoluwe]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q8059945|Yu Lihua]]'' | | [[جمھوريا چين (1912ء–1949ء)]]<br/>[[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q8061948|Yusuf Grillo]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | [[فائل:Yusuf Grillo, 'Yoruba Bride'.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8066134|Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Zanele KaMagwaza Msibi (NFP President).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8201895|Antonio Álvarez Solís]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Antonio Alvarez Solis 2012an.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8353446|Daisy Lúcidi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Daisy Lucidi cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9012220|Joaquín Carbonell]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Joaquín Carbonell cantando en el acto de recogida medalla de oro de los amantes CITT Teruel 2020 -primer plano (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9012935|Jorge Trías Sagnier]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9015433|Juan Cotino]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Juan Cotino.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9025128|Luis Ibero]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9026939|Maguito Vilela]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:ELEIÇÕES- MAGUITO VILELA FALA SOBRE PLANO DE GOVERNO.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9055167|Papaléo Paes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Papaléo Paes em 2015.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9066796|Raymundo Capetilo]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Raymundo Capetillo (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9139800|Adam Kopczyński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9147802|Alfred Rzegocki]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9152862|Andrzej Maryniarczyk]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9179979|Bronisława Kowalska]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Bronisława Kowalska w swoim biurze poselskim 1997.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9200218|Célio Taveira Filho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9202000|Dariusz Gnatowski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Dariusz Gnatowski 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9250881|Edward Gnat]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9319012|Yaghoub Zoroofchi]]'' | | [[ايران]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9324836|Ryszard Miazek]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9341835|Stanisław Dulias]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9375799|Witold Paszt]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Witold paszt.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9376370|Wojciech Borowik]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9388447|Zbigniew Zysk]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9621049|Antônio Bivar]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9630040|Arolde de Oliveira]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Arolde de Oliveira em abril de 2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9631197|Artenir Werner]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9674168|Calane da Silva]]'' | | [[موزمبيق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9697014|Carlos Eduardo Cadoca]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9697147|Carlos José Ramos dos Santos]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10263911|Daniel Azulay]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Lançamento da cartilha do artista Daniel Azulay “Juntos, dizemos não ao crack e outras drogas”.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10267669|Djalma Bastos de Morais]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Placa Correio (Altos).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10270686|Eduardo Galvão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Eduardo Galvão cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10278098|Euclides Scalco]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Aécio Neves - Caminhada em Curitiba - 02 08 2014 (14625368348).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10278404|Evaldo Gouveia]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:00 evaldo gouvea bsb.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10280059|Farid Abrahão David]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Neguinho da Beija-Flor and Farid Abrahão David.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10285766|Frederico Campos]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Frederico Campos.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10286851|Fábio Campana]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10287856|Gabriel Donato de Andrade]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10289133|Gerardo Juraci Campelo Leite]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10293304|Gésio Amadeu]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10293637|Hamilton Carvalhido]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Hamilton carvalhido.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10293964|Haroldo Lima]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Haroldo Lima ANP.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10294485|Helenês Cândido]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Crédito Obrigatório-Carlos Costa da ALEGO.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10294895|Henrique do Rego Almeida]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10303554|Irani Barbosa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Iranibarbosa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10304355|Ivair Nogueira do Pinho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10306865|Jesús Martín-Barbero]]'' | | [[اسپين]]<br/>[[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jesús Martín Barbero & Manuel Ángel Vázquez Medel (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10306940|Jimy Raw]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10308683|José Adauto Bezerra]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Adauto Bezerra.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10310137|José Mentor]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Mentor141122.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10310270|José Paulo de Andrade]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10312042|João Peixoto]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Dom João Câncio Peixoto.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10320776|Luiz Humberto Carneiro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10321916|Irmão Lázaro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Cantor evangélico Lazáro.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10321989|Líber Gadelha]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10325015|Marcelino da Mata]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | [[فائل:Marcelino da Mata.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10325178|Marcelo Veiga]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Marcelo Veiga (2019).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10326164|Maria de Sousa]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | [[فائل:Maria de Sousa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10326942|Martinho Lutero Galati]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Luther kingw.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10336064|Nelson Bornier]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Nelson Bornier 2016.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10336108|Nelson Proença]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10336785|Nicolau dos Santos Neto]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10340557|Olga Savary]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10341534|Orlando Duarte]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10346369|Paulinho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Paulinho.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10346618|Paulo Gustavo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Paulo Gustavo em novembro de 2019 no Humor Multishow (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10346700|Paulo Medina]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:João Paulo Medina, presidente do conselho e fundador da Universidade do Futebol.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10346832|Paulo Stein]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10347522|Pedro Ivo Ferreira Caminhas]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10349697|Pietro Mário]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10358966|Reinaldo Rayol]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10359396|Renato de Jesus]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10361058|Ricardo Akinobu Yamauti]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10361074|Ricardo Archer]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10363213|Robert de Almendra Freitas]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10363935|Rodrigo Rodrigues]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10364607|Roseli Machado]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10365459|Ruy Scarpino]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10370805|Severiano Mário Porto]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10371761|Simão Sessim]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Simão Sessim em novembro de 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10390246|Vicente Fialho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10393782|Wilson Braga]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10395021|Zenóbio Toscano]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10515493|Ian Palmer]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10554334|John Rowlands]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10857537|Zdeněk Hoření]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Horení foto z pohrbu (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10920570|Zhou Qingjun]]'' | | [[جمھوريا چين (1912ء–1949ء)]]<br/>[[چين]]<br/>[[تائيوان]] | | | [[فائل:周慶峻.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10951750|Sunnam Rajaiah]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10964510|Myoma Myint Kywe]]'' | | [[ميانمار]] | | | [[فائل:Myoma Myint Kywe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10999909|Dalal Abdel Aziz]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11101097|Yang Xiaobo]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11154007|Ragaa Al Geddawy]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:Ragaa El Geddawy 1960s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11299490|Gurbanmuhammet Kasymow]]'' | | [[ترڪمانستان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11417946|Shū Wada]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11423265|Takashi Tsuchiya]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11437791|Fujio Ōmaki]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11451301|Sanechika Andō]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11460203|Hideo Kojima]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11467981|Tsutomu Yamazaki]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | [[فائل:Yamazaki Tsutomu (Parliamentary Secretary).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11473366|Kumiko Okae]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11605203|Yukio Beniyama]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11632964|Tomoichi Tanimura]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11685350|Alfred Kucharczyk]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11685938|Andrzej Koprowski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Andrzej Koprowski SJ.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11686026|Andrzej Owczarek]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Andrzej Owczarek 2015.08.24.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11699820|Gildardo García]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Gildardo Garcia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11720447|Janusz Sanocki]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Janusz Sanocki Sejm 2016.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11724981|Jerzy Limon]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jerzy Limon.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11765368|Maciej Grubski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Maciej Grubski VII kadencja Kancelaria Senatu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11779890|Mieczysław Morański]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11865551|Jaakko Syrjä]]'' | | [[فنلينڊ|فن لينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jaakko Syrjä (1958) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11912441|Carles Trullols i Clemente]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11915238|Vlastimil Marek]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | [[فائل:AutoportretWiki.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11928824|Josep Mussons i Mata]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:JosepMussons.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11952113|Toni Coromina]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11954665|Vicenç Capdevila]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12017014|František Filip]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12017274|František Lízna]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | [[فائل:Frantisek Lizna 2009.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12022755|Jan Křen]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jan-Křen-(2014).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12023229|Jan Vodňanský]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Vodnansky 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12023238|Jan Vrba]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12023387|Jana Andresíková]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12024163|Jaroslav Šaroun]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12026421|Josef Nekl]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12032649|Ladislav Štaidl]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | [[فائل:L.Štaidl.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12036766|Michal Mejstřík]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | [[فائل:Michal Mejstřík (1952-2021).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12036789|Michal Polák]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Brno, Šelepka, Synkopy 61 (02).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12040463|Naďa Urbánková]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Nada Urbankova 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12044941|Petr Kužel]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12073214|Vladislav Yegin]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12098532|Vitaliy Hurnak]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12104430|Viktor Zhenchenko]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Viktor Zhenchenko.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12111312|Oleksandr Kozarenko]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Oleksandr Kozarenko in Krushelnytska museum 02.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12118151|Timur Litovchenko]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Forum vydavtsiv 2017.235.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12120757|Vitalii Malakhov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Віталій Малахов.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12122416|Anatolii Melnyk]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12124173|Anatolii Mokrousov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:НДУ 4 Мокроусов Анатолій Олексійович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12130376|Mykola Moshyk]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12140136|Mykola Petrenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12146863|Vasyl Raichynets]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Райчинець В.Ф..jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12153381|Ihor Skochylias]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12165467|Vasyl Fedoryuk]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12178780|Ahmed bin Yahya Al-Bahkali]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12178851|Ahmed Khalil]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:Ahmed Khalil 1.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12199735|Bahjat Suleiman]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | [[فائل:السفير د- بهجت سليمان في مكتبه 2013-10-25 23-05.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12205315|جريس سماوي]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12205653|Galal El-Sharkawy]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12205887|Jamal Salameh]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12208000|Hassan Alwan]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12211513|Dakhil Allah bin Shilwan]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12215887|Saad Al Tmami]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12216684|Souleymen Bakhelili]]'' | | [[الجزائر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12217290|Sawsan Rabie]]'' | | [[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12218187|Shākir ʻAbd al-Ḥamīd]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12219578|Saleh al-Shehi]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12219707|Sabah Abdul-Jalil]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12220206|Salah Abdel-Fattah Al-Khalidi]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | [[فائل:صورة شخصية صلاح عبد الفتاح الخالدي.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12222428|ʻAbbas Tarabili]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12222559|عبد الحكيم الطاهر]]'' | | [[سوڊان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12223917|Abdul Wahab Al-Dailami]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12224294|Abeer Al Khader]]'' | | [[ڪويت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12224793|Eizzaldin al-Manasrah]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | [[فائل:عز الدين المناصرة.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12228063|Ali Hasan al-Halabi]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12240387|Muhammad Hasan al-Amin]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:Mhmdhassanamine02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12240900|Mohammed Atassi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12241232|Mahmoud Khedri]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12242111|مرزوق سعيد]]'' | | [[ڪويت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12243038|Mashari Al-Ballam]]'' | | [[ڪويت]] | | | [[فائل:Mashari Al-Ballam.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12247638|Nadia Al-Iraqia]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12249124|Noureddine Saïl]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | [[فائل:Noureddine Saïl, Al Jasra Cultural and Social Club - Apr 10, 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12249589|Hady El Gayar]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:هادي الجيار - مسلسل شطرنج.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12250383|Wael el-Ebrashy]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:Wael El-Ebrashy.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12252122|Youssef Chaban]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12276288|Georgi Belev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12276521|Georgi Koritarov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Georgi koritarov.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12282041|Ioannis Tassias]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:Metropolitan Bishop of Lagada Ioannis.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12293596|Seraphim Papakostas]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:Serafeim Papakostas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12297558|Fidel Beev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Fidel Beev (40NS).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12344974|Anatoly Goncharov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Анатолий Гончаров.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12355047|Sen Rodin]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12383193|Araceli Herrero Figueroa]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Araceli Herrero Figueroa (AELG)-3.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12447464|Mridula Sinha]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Governor Mridula Sinha.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12470547|Abdul Gafur]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Abdul Gafur, The DPR-RI Stance on the Reform Process and the Resignation of President Soeharto, p39.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12472162|Anicetus Bongsu Antonius Sinaga]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Mgr Anicetus Bongsu Antonius Sinaga.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12472429|Aria Baron]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12480859|Dani Anwar]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Dani Anwar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12487277|Jane Shalimar]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jane Shalimar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12496129|Mahyuddin N.S]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Vice Governor of South Sumatra Mahyuddin NS.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12499829|Naek Lumban Tobing]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12507600|Rachmawati Sukarnoputri]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Rachmawati Soekarnoputri, 2020.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12508669|Rina Gunawan]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12511451|Saefullah]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Saefullah as the Administrative Mayor of Central Jakarta.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12512106|Santosa Doellah]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12515951|Soraya Abdullah]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12520062|Tasiman]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bupati Pati 2001 - 2011 H. Tasiman SH.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12572362|Gaziza Abdinabiyeva]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[قازقستان|قازڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12636953|Milka Babović]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15102440|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]''<br/>[[يوگوسلاويا جي بادشاهت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[ڪروشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Milka Babović 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12647422|Albinas Stankus]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Albinas Stankus.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12687567|Harussani Zakaria]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12720803|Anton Gămurari]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12722975|Bruce Williamson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12723353|Camil Marinescu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12725593|Constantin Simirad]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12736493|Nelu Ploieșteanu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12737850|Petrică Mîțu Stoian]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Petrică Mâțu Stoian.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12746078|Miloš Šobajić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Miloš Šobajić.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12748222|Sanja Ilic]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Aleksandar Sanja Ilić.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12755511|Miodrag Lazić]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Mural dedicated to dr Lazić in Inđija.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12755659|Mićo Mićić]]'' | | [[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Mićo Mićić (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12803861|Tadej Hrušovar]]'' | | [[سلووينیا]] | | | [[فائل:Tadej Hrušovar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12808962|Burhan Kuzu]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Burhankuzu.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12835999|Arif Ali Guliyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12840776|Kamil İbrahimov]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12842530|Məcnun Hacıbəyov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12844831|Rafael Cəbrayılov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12845273|Rasmi Dzhabrailov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12846537|Teymur Əhmədov]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12848564|Çingiz Briya]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12850214|Amiraslan xan Avsar]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12861745|Anzor Erkomaishvili]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Anzor Erkomaishvili 2025 stamp of Georgia.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12875379|Giorgos Tragas]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12877939|Theodoros Katsanevas]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12880973|Metropolitan Aetolia και Acarnania Cosmas]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:Μακαριστός Μητροπολίτης Αιτωλίας και Ακαρνανίας Κοσμάς.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12906548|Zafir Hadžimanov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12906617|Zoran Dzhorlev]]'' | | [[اتر مقدونيا]] | | | [[فائل:С.Спасовска и З.Џорлев во вториот блок на концертот.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12960757|Đurđa Ivezić]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا جي بادشاهت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q153128|Independent State of Croatia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12963488|Douglas Cagas]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12969927|Reynaldo Umali]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13024946|Sergio Víctor Palma]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Elgrafico 3314 palma duran.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13028014|Ivan Pratasenya]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13028248|Aleh Makušnikaŭ]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13050762|Aharon Adibekjan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13054711|Sergo Karapetyan]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | [[فائل:Sergo-Karapetyan-Armenia-Minister.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13055374|Ranjit Sinha]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13057474|Kamal Lohani]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Kamal Lohani.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13058789|Badar Uddin Ahmed Kamran]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13059317|Mahbubey Alam]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:Mahbube alam 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13071314|Min Yu Wai]]'' | | [[ميانمار]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13110295|Alleppey Ranganath]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Alleppey ranganath DSC 0671.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13112872|Narayan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Narayan DSW.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13159219|Chennaveera Kanavi]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Dr Chennaveera Kanavi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13207856|Fäyrüzä Möslimevä]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13512620|Hamish Wilson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13560249|Lucille Times]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lucille Times & Historical Marker.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13570123|Lalli Partinen]]'' | | [[فنلينڊ|فن لينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Lalli-Partinen-1965.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13742419|Kees Bakker]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q14492130|Leo Goodman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q14857056|Wout Holverda]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Wout Holverda (1984).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q14949590|Augustine Mahiga]]'' | | [[تنزانيا]] | | | [[فائل:Augustine Mahiga (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q14950917|Jim Fraser]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jim Fraser - Germantown Academy 1954.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q14981932|Patrick Hanks]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15077049|Sergej Sokolkin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15077313|Blas Camacho Zancada]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15131268|Michel Tibon-Cornillot]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15141208|Marco Ferrari]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:MarcoVirgilioFerrari.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15260378|Carlos Casamiquela]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Casamiquela.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15379160|Beatriz Yamamoto Cázarez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15429090|Joel Shatzky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15442290|Joel J. Kupperman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15443253|Swapan Kumar Chakravorty]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Swapan Kumar Chakravorty - Kolkata 2011-08-02 4503.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15445520|Judy Irola]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15455926|Manuel Juárez]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Manolo Juárez at Biblioteca Nacional 2014 (15701603999).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15485954|Nicholas Rinaldi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15531146|Roza Sabiryankyzy Akkuchukova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15618745|Manglesh Dabral]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Manglesh Dabral. Dec 1993. New Delhi. By Amarjit Chandan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15636630|Marek Pivovar]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Marek Pivovar 2015.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15711854|Jan Veentjer]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:HockeyNL-HDM1963.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15723603|Ajit Das]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15723647|Amarendra Mohanty]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Amarendra Mohanty Odia Film Music Director.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15724226|Tapu Mishra]]'' | | [[اوڙيسا|اوڙيسيا]] | | | [[فائل:Tapu Mishra Bengaluru Odia Ganesa Puja1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15725319|Shantiraj Khosla]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15730390|Kamal Rani]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15731459|Turi Simeti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Turi Simeti.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15819842|Ibrahim Mbombo Njoya]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | [[فائل:Ibrahim Mbombo Njoya KdfsultanIb.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15835700|Moses Hamungole]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15876044|Jarmila Rýznarová]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15883033|Yauhien Anischanka]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15896972|Ho Chau-chu]]'' | | [[تائيوان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15921673|Franz Marx]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15942109|Eugenio Minasso]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Eugenio Minasso.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15943581|Bartolomeo Pepe]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Bartolomeo Pepe datisenato 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15994807|Michael Wakelam]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16046136|Houshang Mansourkhaki]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16052047|Karim Akbari Mobarakeh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Karim akbari mobarake 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16052285|Mohammad Mirmohammadi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Seyyed Mohammad Mirmohammadi 2018-06-23.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16053060|Hossein Sheikholeslam]]'' | | [[ايران]]<br/>''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]'' | | | [[فائل:Hossein Sheikholeslam.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16090540|M. Narasimham]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16091761|Aurora Cornu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16093542|Anthony Bailey]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:AnthonyBailey.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16093633|Stanley Chera]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16104508|Janos Mohoss]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16104930|Shyam Bihari Misra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16104964|Renzo Gattegna]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16105298|Roger Chappot]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16105431|Basil Pesambili Mramba]]'' | | [[تنزانيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16105794|Stephen Susman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16105925|Robert H. Garff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16106394|John Palmer]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16106734|Aubrey Mokoape]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16116741|Željko Mavrović]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]'' | | | [[فائل:Zeljko Mavrovic Sarastro.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16117386|David Shepard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:David Shepard (13860572183) (1).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16118380|Abdelkader Jerbi]]'' | | [[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16119295|Ahmed Halawa]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:أحمد حلاوة.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16121789|Mahmoud El Idrissi]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16123725|Kamal Amer]]'' | | [[مصر]]<br/>''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16124469|Marwan Mahfouz]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:Marouan Mahfouz, Damascus Opera House - Aug 13, 2020.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16124968|Saleh Abdullah Ali Al-Sanabani]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16128982|Oleg Zalotnev]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16138667|Thanwa Raseetanu]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16138911|Somsak Jaikaew]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16143657|Agnaldo Timóteo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Agnaldo Timóteo (8488377495).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16144880|Abdul Hamid Sebba]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16145812|Ferenc Tóth]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16151657|Nand Kumar Singh Chauhan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16151874|Benny Napoleon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Benny Napoleon.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16162589|Mohamed Nejib Berriche]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16166855|Yaakov Schwei]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16184437|Jeanne PMR Winaktu]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16185240|Miša Aleksić]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q838261|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Misa Aleksic 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16191015|Isidro Pedraza Chávez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16195218|Olan Montgomery]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16197612|Gerry Cottle]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16200336|Eve Branson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Eve Branson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16202862|Lance Carson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16204248|José Alberto Ciurana]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16205288|David Cook]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16207131|Little Walter DeVenne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Little Walter Devenne.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16215977|Lee Nurse]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16263095|André Manaranche]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16269511|Howard Schoenfield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16297882|Heikki Aarva]]'' | | [[فنلينڊ|فن لينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16301834|Eugenio Rojas Apaza]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | [[فائل:Eugenio Rojas Apaza en 2019.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16307459|Boonruen Choonhavan]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1081620|Siam]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16327525|Dimitris Talaganis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16328064|Sakēs Totlēs]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16336402|Almeida Henriques]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16336608|André Zacharow]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16336792|Arnaldo Faria de Sá]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Arnaldo Faria de Sá ABr.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16336946|Bonifácio José Tamm de Andrada]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Deputado Federal Bonifácio Andrada.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16337113|Cecília Guimarães]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16337360|Domingos de Freitas Diniz Neto]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16337378|Dulce Nunes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16337681|José de Oliveira Fernandes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Museu da Cidade de Manaus - 15.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16337792|Lúcia Braga]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Plenário do Congresso (39777958125).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16337889|Maria José Valério]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | [[فائل:Maria José Valério, 1968 (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16366590|Elbrus Abbasov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16371865|Nizameddin Quliyev]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16376838|Zöhrab Alıyev]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16377555|Ingilab Nasirov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16382689|Leon Adyan]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16466511|Laxman Giluwa]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16485758|Antonio González Pacheco]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16490286|Carlos Holmes Trujillo]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Holmes Trujillo.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16493623|Aritana Yawalapiti]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16494414|Artur Portela Filho]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16498472|Kerstin Behrendtz]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16518797|Sabina de la Cruz]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Sabina de la Cruz.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16526878|André Osi]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:Andre Osi 20100207 Bagnols-sur-Ceze 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16530501|Aslanbek Fidarov]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16534529|Aron Atabek]]'' | | [[قازقستان|قازڪستان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Aron Atabek imprisoned poet Kazakhstan Astana 2012.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16538862|Danil Khalimov]]'' | | [[قازقستان|قازڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16559534|Giorgio Gatti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16562408|Guido Stagnaro]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16595738|Marianne Lundquist]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Marianne Lundquist SOK.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16624314|Ramón Romero Roa]]'' | | [[پيراگوئي]] | | | [[فائل:RamonRomeroRoa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16625708|Roberto Valcárcel]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | [[فائل:Roberto Valcarcel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16631776|Vladimir Voronov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Vladimir Voronov i Aleksandr Michkov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16632989|Kjell Grane]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16647536|Arthur Whistler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16656949|Mishik Kazaryan]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Kazaryan Mishik, cutted.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16670158|Pino van Lamsweerde]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Pino van Lamsweerde 3.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16672105|Vladimir Lopukhin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Lopukhin Vladimir.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16701731|Roy Horn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q713750|West Germany]]'' | | | [[فائل:Las Vegas, Nevada's headlining illusionists Siegfried & Roy (Roy Horn cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16727899|Ben Chafin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16728415|Bill C. Davis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16728630|R. Doraikkannu]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16728723|Nasir Durrani]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16729376|Gordon Van Wylen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16729793|Marlene Herrera Díaz]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16729954|Hudeidi]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16730231|Omar Jazouli]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16730710|Brandis Kemp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16732661|José Babel Mireles Valverde]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:José Manuel Mireles Valverde.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16732956|Alia Muhammad Baker]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16744309|Butana Komphela]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16746913|Mykola Myatlitski]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2895|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]''<br/>[[بيلاروس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16842006|Corky Lee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Corky Lee at the Chinese American Museum DC in 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16847056|Nick Cordero]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16865759|Enrico Comba]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16885966|Suresh Kumar Srivastava]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16910068|Florentino Domínguez Ordoñez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16910076|Gilberto Ensástiga]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16912496|Philippe Lécrivain]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16939853|Cláudio Petraglia]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16940061|Dinaldo Medeiros Wanderley]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16940336|Nelson Meurer]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:NELSON MEURER.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16940411|José Itamar de Freitas]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16940797|Sérgio Olímpio Gomes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Deputado Major Olimpio no Senado 2 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16977833|Syed Muhammad Fazal Agha]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16979865|Azmeera Chandulal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Chandulal Ajmeera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16979978|Neil D. Jones]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q756617|Kingdom of Denmark]]''<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Neil D. Jones.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16999679|Rafel Tur i Costa]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17032692|África Lorente Castillo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Africa Malaga.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17034981|Trần Ngọc Châu]]'' | | [[ويٽنام]]<br/>''[[:d:Q180573|South Vietnam]]'' | | | [[فائل:Dân-biểu đơn-vị Kiến-Hòa Trần Ngọc Châu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17123751|Ismail Bhamjee]]'' | | [[بوٽسوانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17126490|Tullio Abbate]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Tullio Abbate and Ayrton Senna.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17154848|Паращенко Владимир Михайлович]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Паращенко Владимир Михайлович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17198221|Dennis Johnson]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17279336|Robert Martin Gumbura]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17285375|Luigi Reitani]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17305968|Henry Graff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Henry F. Graff.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17322473|Iris Love]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17370650|Jean-Pierre Jossua]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17388929|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]'' | | [[نيپال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17395359|Arianna W. Rosenbluth]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Arianna W Rosenbluth.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17410598|Imam Suroso]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Anggota DPR RI Komisi IX, Imam Suroso.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17410704|Masud Yunus]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wali Kota Mojokerto Mas'ud Yunus.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17411404|Soegiharto]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:KIB Sugiharto.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17453217|Vinicio Bernardini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Vinicio Bernardini.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17486036|Henri Kichka]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:Henri Kichka au Ciné-Club Educatif et Culturel le 11 mars 2010 à Mons (Crop).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17489803|Nipper Read]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17505073|Amaranth Ehrenhalt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Étienne Hajdu et Amaranth Ehrenhalt photo Olivier DUMAY.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17505980|Muhammad Amin]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wagub NTB Muhammad Amin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17622463|Miguel Ángel Furones]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Miguel angel furones.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17632923|William Izarra]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:William Izarra.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17661487|Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Unnikrishnan Namboothiri.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17746498|Kanybek Isakov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[ڪرغزستان|ڪِرگزِستانُ]] | | | [[فائل:Kanybek Abduvasitovich Isakov. 14.05.2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17859863|Kalsoom Perveen]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18037895|Chrístos Sikánis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18043515|Evgeny Mikrin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18057030|Bennie G. Adkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Medal of Honor (15257829652).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18129450|Daniel Yuste]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18209595|Oyewusi Ibidapo Obe]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18217421|Rao Dharampal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18236146|Yulyen Balmusov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18246554|Enio Mainardi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18249366|Theodore Bugas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18249465|Othón Cuevas Córdova]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18275399|Gláucio Ary Dillon Soares]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18280349|Vladimir Shnitke]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18327523|György Snell]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:SnellGyorgyFotoThalerTamas.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18350877|Alberto Amador Leal]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18390781|Roberto Leitão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Roberto Leitão.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18391983|Sekhar Basu]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Sekhar Basu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18405881|Nikiforos]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18421453|Subiakto Tjakrawerdaya]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Subiakto Tjakrawerdaya.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18538499|Adrian Bărar]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Adi Barar (Cargo) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18539289|Cornelia Catangă]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18546585|Hilary S. Chapman]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18549704|Nicolae Sabău]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18618827|Igor Bogdanoff]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Igor Bogdanov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18618829|Grichka Bogdanoff]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Grichka B, Présentation équipe DMBC, 10 septembre 2016 - 6.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18634038|Anfim (Tudos)]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18649004|Avelino Méndez Rangel]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Avelino Mendez Rangel 1 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18683826|Krishan Kumar Aggarwal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18685775|Jim Dornan]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18685824|Ayatullah Durrani]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18687827|Morris Hood III]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18688035|Jitendra Nath Pande]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18738911|Mack Walker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18747673|Reynaldo Salazar]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18750351|Maulana Ameer Zaman]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18750460|Ram Lal Rahi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18752973|Tiit Lilleorg]]'' | | [[اسٽونيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18764064|Martin S. Fox]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18810088|Elidio Espinoza]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Elidio Espinoza Quispe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18811939|Terry Doran]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18921500|Felicia F. Campbell]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19271880|Sami Hasan Al Nash]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19281555|Manzoor Ahtesham]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19301055|María Araujo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19361829|Giovanni Battista Rabino]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Giovanni Battista Rabino.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19517945|Pir Noor Muhammad Shah Jillani]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19518853|Luis Enrique Mercado]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19547762|Munirathna Anandakrishnan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Anandakrishnan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19547902|கோ. இளவழகன்]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19561531|Nolan Mettetal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19564424|Dietmar Seyferth]]'' | | [[جرمني]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19605243|Ashok Kumar Walia]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19608131|Caio Narcio]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Caio Narcio.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19609869|Chandro Tomar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19611679|Yusuf Kenan Sönmez]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19635577|Dimitris Kremastinos]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:KremastinosDimitris.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19665021|Helen Damico]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19667174|Shingoose]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19667683|Kim H. Veltman]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Kim Veltman at EVA London 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19668626|Rajkumar Keswani]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19710290|José Carlos Schiavinato]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19725072|Dadang Wigiarto]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bupati Situbondo Dadang Wigiarto periode kedua.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19787577|Rubén Anguiano]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19871563|Frank Brew]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19872432|Ken Colvin]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19880661|Miguel Ángel Gutiérrez Machado]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19895787|Brijendra Singh Rathore]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19915711|Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Абдулманап Нурмагомедов.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19942870|Dadang Hawari]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19953017|Abd ar-Rahman ibn Khalifa]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19974584|Lukman Niode]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20004583|Josep Ferrer Peris]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20004758|Josep Sala i Mañé]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Primera actuacio castellers de barcelona.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20016600|Alberto Sonsol]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20045601|Antônio de Jesus Dias]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20048117|José Júlio Venâncio Antunes]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | [[فائل:José Júlio VFXira 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20049141|Mário Coelho]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | [[فائل:Monumento a Mário Coelho, Vila Franca de Xira 03.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20054063|John M. Squire]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20064152|Kuo Nan-hung]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20069206|Vasyl Pisnyi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20090063|Vakha Agaev]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vaha Agaev.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20403285|Tony Moussa]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20418100|Riyāḍ Najīb Al-Rayyis]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20426392|Bens Leo]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20426512|Hilmi Aminuddin]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20479636|Venelin Mitev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20480938|István Kozma]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]]<br/>[[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Kozma István NB.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20501917|Avraham Yeshayahu Heber]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:הרב הבר.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20507884|Karen Babayan]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آرمينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20509962|Grigor Brutyan]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آرمينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20513641|Harutyun Topikyan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20525356|Benjamin Tolić]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Benjamin Tolić.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20528490|Tõivo Sarmet]]'' | | [[اسٽونيا]] | | | [[فائل:Toivo sarmet2.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20533125|Dositeo Rodríguez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20559646|A. Yunus Kunju]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:A younus kunju x mla.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20560624|Mehman Aghayev]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20560807|Naini Narshimha Reddy]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Nayini Narsimha Reddy.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20565316|Alasgar Gurbanaliyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20605416|Bakari Mwapachu]]'' | | [[تنزانيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20610736|Tasoltan Mamsurov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20665651|Pydikondala Manikyala Rao]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20670029|Dalenda Abdou]]'' | | [[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20685591|Troy Sneed]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20751292|Mostafa Khorramdel]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:دوستان دکتر خرمدل، کمال مولودپوری و سایر دانشجویان مهاباد.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20856252|Giorgio Mondino]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Giorgio Mondino.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20871871|José Ramón Fernández Gordo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20873631|Kanstancin Sieviaryniec]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20888651|Mikhail Vinogradov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20891855|Elena Hrenova]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | [[فائل:Elena Hrenova (2015-01-19).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20985282|Aqel Biltaji]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | [[فائل:Hayder Murad Death anniversary 75 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21002307|Abba Kyari]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21035340|Rick May]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21039937|Anatoli Bondarenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21064276|Gertrude Rwakatare]]'' | | [[تنزانيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21074108|Jaugen Bialassin]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Jaugen Bialassin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21104193|Achyut Madhav Gokhale]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21338525|Pakshirajan Lakshminarasimhan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:6472-Image-32531-1-17-20200727.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21339879|Zlatko Kvaček]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21341636|Nina I. Strelnikova]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21391159|Amnon Freidberg]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:אמנון פרידברג, סירה.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21400588|Hafez Abu Seada]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:HafezAbuSeada.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21405631|Hamid Kahram]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21440948|Jerzy Zacharko]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21463610|Walter Spitzer]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21464665|Philip Morsberger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21467243|David Leverett]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21480753|Juanjo Rocafort]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21513748|Edayathumangalam Kandaswamy Ganesan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21515658|Edman Ayvazyan]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Edman Ayvazyan 1(Cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21572745|Firsat Sofi]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | [[فائل:فرسەت سۆفی.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21597734|Georges Trussart]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21651710|Nomula Narsimhaiah]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21663093|Musa Yerniyazov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21663972|Alexander Vasserman]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21674648|Mohammad Kiavash]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:سید محمد علوی تبار.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21682616|కె.కె.రంగనాథాచార్యులు]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]''<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21685126|Narendra Kumar Swain]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:NKS2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21747070|Dan Tătaru]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21827250|Sarat Kumar Kar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Sarat Kumar Kar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21833015|Gaetano Rebecchini]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21933841|Suresh Gore]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21974445|Charan Ramdas]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22003024|Riyaz Ahmad]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22004843|Nate Hawkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22006946|Mita Haque]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Mita haque cropped from the image of Sheikh Hasina presents Ekushey Padak 2020, Osmani Memorial Auditorium, Dhaka, 2020-02-20 (PID-0034166) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q22087194|Baddegama Samitha Thero]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22095691|Thandika Mkandawire]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22277578|Rajendra Devlekar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22690302|Michel Tabet]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22812069|Θανάσης Αγγέλου]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22921036|Sergio Rossi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22926728|Cristopher Mansilla]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Cristopher Mansilla (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q22947427|Abdul Hameed Abu Al-Naeem]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23062821|Mahamane Jean Padonou]]'' | | [[نائيجر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23302699|Yosiwo George]]'' | | [[مائڪرونيشيا جون فيڊريٽيڊ اسٽيٽس]] | | | [[فائل:Federated States of Micronesia Opening Ceremony 150622-N-MK341-013 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23304286|P. R. Krishna Kumar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23561648|Bernd Grimmer]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:2015 Bernd Grimmer (Landesparteitag AfD Baden-Württemberg) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23674715|Edward Sienkiewicz]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23753137|Salvador Vives]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23815604|Carol Sutton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23837608|Rubén Tierrablanca González]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23887677|Dhanare Paskal Janya]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23893571|Angelo Perugini]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Perugini.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23908916|K. V. Vijayadas]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:K.V. Vijayadas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23914052|Nelu Bălășoiu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23920645|Ömer Döngeloğlu]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Ömer Döngeloğlu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23927424|Želimir Altarac Čičak]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Želimir Altarac Čičak .jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23927812|Claudio Zupo]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23930665|Daniel-Ștefan Drăgulin]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24009927|Yuri Ponomarev]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Пономарёв Юрий Иванович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24021020|Ion D. Aliman]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24083233|Ionel M. Michiu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24230776|Lyavon Hryshuk]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24248306|Orlando McDaniel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24251127|Joel Otim]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24294484|Ducange Sylvain]]'' | | [[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24351545|Abrek Ayupov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Abrek Ayupov 03.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24431331|Andrzej Jan Noras]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24525349|Vasile Gherasim]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24565738|Joe Hand Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Joe Hand, Sr. at Joe Hand Promotions, Inc. 40th Anniversary Party.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24572394|Appaji M. J.]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24572544|Tanveer Akhtar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24809974|Vladimir Gerdt]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24852023|A. M. M. Safiullah]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24877346|Jiří Ventruba]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:JiriVentruba.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24940009|Miguel Ángel Troitiño]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Miguel Angel Troitiño.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24941932|Michele Serio]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Michele Serio.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24949382|Asit Bandopadhyay]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25111059|Anusuya Prasad Maikhuri]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25136946|Kamel Lemoui]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25189922|Colin Jones]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25423626|Ali Soleimani]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Ali Soleimani at the Eighth Ammar Film Festival (01).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25438009|Danilo Pertsov]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Д. Перцов.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25463188|Neta S. Pane]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25463883|Edy Oglek]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25466692|Ade Firman Hakim]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25468009|Frederik Batti Sorring]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Frederik Batti Sorring, Bupati Toraja Utara.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25468371|Nadjmi Adhani]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Nadjmi Adhani, Wali Kota Banjarbaru.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25468378|Sudjati]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Sudjati Bupati Bulungan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25469512|Kuryana Azis]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Drs. H. Kuryana Azis.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25471296|Muharram]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Muharram berau.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25471771|Shazni Munir Mohd Ithnin]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25473657|Irena Alijošiūtė]]'' | | [[لٿوينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25542625|Knyaz Hacıyev]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25588647|P. Gopinathan Nair]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25640123|Guus Smeets]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Guus Smeets.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25998965|Marius Dinulescu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26251738|Shamsuzzaman Khan]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Shamsuzzaman Khan - Kolkata 2016-02-02 0543.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q26256181|Sálvio Dino]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26466079|Onkar Nath Srivastava]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26677234|David Stypka]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26856800|Muhammad Hamza]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26923140|Emil J. Freireich Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26924548|Rohit Sardana]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26971502|Jan Žižka]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27022448|Adlin Mair-Clarke]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27044994|Hooshang Mirzaee]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27062983|Muhammad Mohaiminul Islam]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27063489|MA Hashem]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27063631|B.J. Marsh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27195991|Valeria Gagealov]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Valeria Gagealov 2014 Romania stamp.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q27207944|Najma Chowdhury]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:Najma Chowdhury speaking.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q27514682|Samuel Wembé]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27525876|Gyula Horvath]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27589327|Pablo Cámbar]]'' | | [[هونڊورس|هنڊوراس]] | | | [[فائل:Pablo José Cámbar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q27662830|Ann Katharine Mitchell]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27664982|Carlos Falcó, 5th Marquess of Griñón]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Falcó.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q27690287|Ruth Lewis]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27734548|Bill Bullard, Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27804545|Maqbul Ahmed]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27835309|Félix Mendonça]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:BA10200 div Felix Mendonça 2006.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q27862807|Walmir Oliveira da Costa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27950616|Munir Al-Aboushi]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]]<br/>[[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27975003|Alícia Guri i Canivell]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28001421|Jerry Relph]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Minnesota State Senator Jerry Relph.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28007795|Hella Brock]]'' | | [[جرمني]]<br/>''[[:d:Q16957|German Democratic Republic]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28039797|Nicolaie-Sebastian-Valentin Radu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28086077|Kebby Maphatsoe]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28121682|Arpik Hasratyan]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Arpik Asratyan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28122480|Brian Arrowsmith]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28370205|Surendra Singh Jeena]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Jeena Bhaiya.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28370231|Gopal Singh Rawat]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Gopal Singh Rawat.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28403467|Jaybee Sebastian]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28420151|Buruji Kashamu]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | [[فائل:Buruji Kashamu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28485065|Aptripel Tumimomor]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Aptripel Tumimomor.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28498255|David Brooks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28555913|José Carlos da Silva Júnior]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28664898|Mikhail Plotkin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28708192|Llorenç Cassi i Morató]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28716759|حمد الريح]]'' | | [[سوڊان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28843094|Luís Macedo]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28867793|Jacques Thobie]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28911753|Branislav Blažić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28962630|Gladys Beckwith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29078601|Nedal Abu Tabaq]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Nedal Abu Tabaq portret 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q29079958|Bogusław Cygler]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29358941|Vladimir Zuykov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29370558|Ujwal Thapa]]'' | | [[نيپال]] | | | [[فائل:Ujwal Thapa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q29452463|Pradeep Maharathy]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Pradeep Maharathy.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q29462882|Alan Abel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Alan Abel of The Philadelphia Orchestra (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q29505408|Lew Hill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29525790|Marc Engels]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29527515|Abdul Mahdi Hadi]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29568123|Tohami Khaled]]'' | | [[لبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29639760|Luis Arias Graziani]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29640879|Surat Mathur]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29727768|Francesco Perrone]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Francesco perrone Olimpiadi Roma 1960.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q29887876|Israel Zelitch]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29944026|Richard Mendani]]'' | | [[پاپوا نيو گني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30081749|Hadi Khosroshahi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:هادي خسروشاهي.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q30231744|Piotr Wowry]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30320385|Walter Robb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30404445|José Évrard]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Saint-Laurent-Blangy - Congrès fondateur des Patriotes le 18 février 2018 (061).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q30687590|Vijay Kumar Kashyap]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Vijay Kashyap BJP Minister.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q30687834|G. P. Venkidu]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:GPV Gobi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q30728097|Yves Vander Cruysen]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30729040|Jean-Marc Manducher]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30789633|Huba Rozsnyai]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30930334|Gil Vianna]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30934103|Ibsen Henrique de Castro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30935116|Herzem Gusmão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Herzem Gusmão em 23 de julho de 2019 (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q31199474|Baldo Podić]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31201089|Subhadra Sen Gupta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31296778|Anvar Nahmadov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31451910|Mukar Cholponbayev]]'' | | [[ڪرغزستان|ڪِرگزِستانُ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31724199|Sadek Bachchu]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31724856|Mirza Mazharul Islam]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31741007|Pearson Jordan]]'' | | [[بارباڊوس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q32291770|Thomas H. Kunz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q32362040|Olga Domuladzhanova]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q33236658|Jean-Philippe Ruggieri]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q33239234|Fábio Hissa Vieira Hazin]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q34113948|Giovanni Pretorius]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q34970774|Olga Levko]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2895|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]''<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35342309|Tawfiq al-Yasiri]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q36489247|Muhammad Jadam Mangrio]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q36514477|Brian J. Axsmith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q36657949|R.Y. Anderson]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38002088|Cesare Leonardi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38583129|N. Appaji Gowda]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q39058126|Anand Mohan Zutshi Gulzar Dehlvi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Gulzar dehlvi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q39070358|Habib ur Rahman]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q40038189|Naoteru Nabeshima]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q40232921|Hasna Begum]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Hasna Begum 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q40331041|Rajan Mishra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q41596279|Johan van Zyl]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Johan Van Zyl 1 (Toyota Motors Europe) at Toyota Press Conference IAA 2017 by Nicolas Völcker.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q41791790|Debashis Panigrahi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Dr. Debasis Panigrahi (Author).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q42303508|Marius van Heerden]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42331566|Hamid Rashid Ma`ala]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42389822|Waldemar Silva]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42428973|Jamshed Uddin Kakakhel]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42429343|Waldemar Post]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42571276|Gita Ramjee]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42800040|Elizabeth Muyovwe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q43106474|Henri-Thomas Lokondo]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q43180489|Sibusiso Moyo]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | [[فائل:Sibusiso Moyo, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Republic of Zimbabwe (28014487638) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q43210860|Farida Mansurova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[تاجڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q43274270|Rodela]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Rodela (Luiz Carlos Ribeiro).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q43377246|Joshua Kyeremeh]]'' | | [[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q45781300|James Kamwambi]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q45781379|John Chikalimba]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q45781626|Lingson Belekanyama]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q45843259|Leïla Menchari]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q45996744|Kwadwo Owusu Afriyie]]'' | | [[گھانا]] | | | [[فائل:Kwadwo Owusu Afriyie - 2019 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q46250843|Danial Jahić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q46644655|Konstantin L. Ivanov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q46995325|Hans Cohen]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47011474|Asdrubal Bentes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Asdrubal Bentes 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q47011506|Roberto Torres]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47030659|Narinder Bragta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47357805|Ole Hansen-Løve]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47387297|Sardar Dur Muhammad Nasar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47389631|Ghulam Murtaza Baloch]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47389945|Jam Madad Ali Khan]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47392395|Muhammad Adil Siddiqui]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47402338|Lea Harpaz]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:לאה הרפז.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q47411298|Shaukat Manzoor Cheema]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47465350|Shani Mahadevappa]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47507023|Tamás Böröndi]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47528906|Carl Tighe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47529646|Priscilla Tozama Mantashe]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47529773|Martha Mmola]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47529782|Esteban Bocaranda]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47537495|Amdi Bajram]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Амди Бајрам.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q47544874|Sabbaruddin Chik]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47639046|Antonín Nedbal]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47668952|Duan Zhengcheng]]'' | | [[جمھوريا چين (1912ء–1949ء)]]<br/>[[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q48167728|Indra Mohan Rajbongshi]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q48315912|Bernard Stalter]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Bernard Stalter.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q48719857|Ramu]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q48872746|Naomi Munakata]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Naomi Munakata (2011).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q48951979|Viktor Koval]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:2007-01-26 kovalskie 1010450 .jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q49250207|Muladi]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Menteri Sekretaris Negara Muladi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q49254213|Adang Sudrajat]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Adang Sudrajat.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q49561853|Anwarul Kabir Talukdar]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50049590|A. K. M. Mosharraf Hossain]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50396635|Sindisiwe van Zyl]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dr Doreen Sindisiwe van Zyl.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q50660601|AKM Jahangir Hossain]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50828767|Moisés Mamani Colquehuanca]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Moisés Mamani.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q51048751|Angela Salazar]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q51120523|Christine McHorse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q51336938|Fiona Denison]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q51461749|El Príncipe Gitano]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q51670534|Teimuraz Tsiklauri]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[جارجيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q51670771|Vladimir Kharchenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vladimir Kharchenko.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q51881137|Katalin Korinthus]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q52274178|Dave Nalle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Davenalle.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q52315000|Md. Israfil Alam]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q52369511|Lorina Kamburova]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Lorina Kamburova in Bulgaria promotional video.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q52723219|SK. Md. Nurul Haque]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q53086459|Ugo Tessitore]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q53544897|Antonio Beneyto]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Antonio Beneyto.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q54861257|Nizar al-Haraki]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q54862182|Fayeq Azab]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q54875090|Kamal Ballan]]'' | | [[شام]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Kamal Ballan in Durova Theater.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q54932411|Sandra Nyaira]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55020621|François de Gaulle]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55178473|Tauba Katzenstein]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55459951|Alí Humar González]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55585267|Lefteris Mytilineos]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55622382|Massoud Achkar]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55624059|Muhammad Afzal]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55628232|P. Vetrivel]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55641249|Neville Fernando]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55688673|Manuel Domecq Zurita]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55694390|Ziauddin Ahmed Bablu]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:Ziauddin Ahmed Bablu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q55694406|Abdul Matin Khasru]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Abdul Matin Khasru.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q55694715|Mahmud Us Samad Chowdhury]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55943735|Mario Roberto Morales]]'' | | [[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55971501|Adolf Lüchinger]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55998474|Princess María Teresa of Parma]]'' | | [[فرانس]]<br/>[[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:María Teresa of Bourbon Parma (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q55999120|Antonio García-Moreno]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:AGMoreno2003.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56000305|Jacqueline Rubellin-Devichi]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56065281|Munira Yamin Satti]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56065399|Shaheen Raza]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56173541|Margarita Lambrinou]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56195647|Vitor Sapienza]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56223573|Milan Hurtala]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56248458|Cyril Lawrence]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56257287|Fabio Restrepo]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Fabio Restrepo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56299115|Nomvuzo Francisca Shabalala]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56393467|Jalaludin Rakhmat]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jalaludin Rakhmat.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56399697|Yopie Latul]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56399754|Burhan Abdurahman]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wali Kota Ternate Burhan Abdurahman.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56410339|Camille Bonnet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:L'équipe du SU Agen finaliste du championnat de France de rugby, en mars 1943 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56600042|Younus Soomro]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56630743|Vincent Mhlanga]]'' | | [[اسواتيني|سوازي لينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56641288|László Gróf]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56651269|Waqar Ahmed Seth]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56678261|Bernie Juskiewicz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56678450|Dick Hinch]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56743555|Martha Sánchez Néstor]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56841045|Mongameli Bobani]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56862871|Brian Crowe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57037216|Marcello Brunelli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Brunelli Marcello.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q57342370|Nikhil Nandy]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Youth Affairs & Sports, Dr. M.S. Gill felicitated the Indian Football Heroes, who reached the semi - finals of Melbourne Olympics, 1956, in New Delhi on February 23, 2009 (1).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q57617645|Fernand Turcotte]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57829968|Faith Alupo]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57903860|Elmer Pato]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57973856|Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]]'' | | [[اسواتيني|سوازي لينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:10.08 總統接見「史瓦帝尼王國總理戴安伯伉儷」 (48863175906).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q57986405|Ndifor Afanwi Franklin]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q58004322|Ulfat Mustafin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q58175439|Ajay Kumar Tripathi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Justice Ajay Kumar Tripathi.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q59226203|Cabo Almi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q59245275|Silvio Favero]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q59327278|Raj Mohan Vohra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Raj Mohan Vohra.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q59387154|Dennis G. Peters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dennis G. Peters (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q59594563|Shin So-gol]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] | | | [[فائل:신소걸.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q59822632|David Corrêa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:David Corrêa na Tradição 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q60048453|Carlos Burga]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60428775|Ron Wright]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ron Wright, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q60578644|Khaled Al Amir]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60676275|Anthony Mwamba]]'' | | [[زيمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60676348|István Turu]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60682885|Nikolay Petrunin]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Петрунин Н.Ю.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q60684463|Hussain Ahmed]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Youth Affairs & Sports, Dr. M.S. Gill felicitated the Indian Football Heroes, who reached the semi - finals of Melbourne Olympics, 1956, in New Delhi on February 23, 2009 (3).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q60734385|Jim Cross]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60734833|Danny Campbell]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60735860|Jack Page]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60829798|Rebeca Guber]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60944987|Roger Maes]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61029386|Gérard Gire]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61080701|Abu Hena]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61080791|Sheikh Md Abdullah]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:State Minister for Religious Affairs Alhaj Advocate Sheikh Md Abdullah delivers speech at Hajj management meeting 2019-05-16 (PID-0038640) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q61101983|מנחם מנדל]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61161331|Stephen Schwartz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61221263|Jean Luc Rosat]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61229497|SM Mohsin]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:S. M. Mohsin cropped Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina awards Ekushey Padak 2020 at Osmani Memorial Auditorium Dhaka 2020-02-20 (PID-0034165) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q61283036|Azmi Mohamed Megahed]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:عزمي مجاهد.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q61314646|Kartikeswar Patra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61355370|Godfrey Grima]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61375379|Skariah Thomas]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Scariah Thomas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q61481724|Luigi Roni]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61556012|Bikram Keshari Barma]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61625027|Mac Jack]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61670448|Leanid Dziejka]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Пасведчанне дэпутата Вярхоўнага Савета Рэспублікі Беларусь 12 склікання на імя Леаніда Дзейкі.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q61707992|Stephen C. de St. Jeor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61746483|Pierre Housieaux]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61781035|Hans Grotz]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61893591|Ravi Shankar Patnaik]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61945598|Marc Pilcher]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62072676|Adebayo Osinowo]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62081852|José Daniel Guccione]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:José Guccione.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q62126551|Roberto Rivas Reyes]]'' | | [[نڪاراگوا]] | | | [[فائل:Roberto Rivas 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q62381879|Nick Mourouzis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62570988|John Obiero Nyagarama]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62691119|Mutko Tsvetkov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62713325|Viktor Kelner]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63004552|Wilberforce Kisamba Mugerwa]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63197527|Florence Ridley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63198327|Dora Werzberg]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63342260|Miguel Ángel Giubergia]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Miguel Giubergia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q63381257|Pascal Monkam]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63457716|Mohammed Oreibi Majid al Khalifa]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63999140|Sangram Keshari Jena]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64019473|Ludwig Wiedenmann]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64095652|Фелікс Уладзіміравіч Шкірманкоў]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64097038|Jos De Man]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64141250|Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64149281|Bernard Grégoire]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64348965|Nitsa Tsitra]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64399281|Zamuxolo Joseph Peter]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64399294|Pumza Patricia Dyantyi]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64399328|Jacqueline Mofokeng]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64399347|Dorah Dunana Dlamini]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64399408|Tandi Gloria Mpambo-Sibhukwana]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64681381|Rayyān, Aḥmad ʻAlī Ṭāhā]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64855254|Alexandros Isaris]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64859158|Gouri Sankar Dutta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64860750|Anish Deb]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Anish Deb - Kolkata 2015-10-10 5402.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q64918366|Zdeněk Preclík]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64929872|Joseph Ferris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64949184|Aminul Islam Mintu]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65030790|Richard Laird]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65038140|Svatopluk Kasalý]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Svatopluk Kasalý 28. 3. 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65166902|Joselito Falcão de Amorim]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Joselito Falcao de Amorim.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65174387|Flaviola]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65199622|Saeid Tashakkori]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:تشکری.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65275379|Zaur Kantemirov]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65428531|Chavalit Soemprungsuk]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65548621|Suresh Amonkar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65561109|Satya Deo Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65587383|Jacques Lajeanne]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65587693|François Lantz]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65590587|Alain Lescouet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Hazan Lescouet Quénard Pinon 743 (M Lescouet).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65592292|Gérard Marulier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65600672|Muslihan DS]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65602099|Claude Schoettel]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65602496|Patrick Simon]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Patrick Simon 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65602566|Fernande Singer]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65606835|Jean-Marie Zoellé]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jean-Marie Zoellé 18122010.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65925031|Karim Salman]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65945406|Miguel Ángel Tábet]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:Miguel Angel Tabet.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q66087270|Lakhdar Bouregaa]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:لخضر بورڤعة.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q66124526|Ubong King]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Ubong King in 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q66144602|István Bérczi]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q66765131|Ramesh Tikaram]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q66777086|Ma. Bernardita Ramos]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q67100745|Myron J. Echenberg]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q67930607|Giovanni Gastel]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:2017 02 03 Pizzarotti Ferraris mostra le 100 facce della musica italiana Giovanni Gastel-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q68213462|Quarto Pianesi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q68696106|Samsuddin Ahmed]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q68797025|Ada Bello]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ada C. Bello-LSU-1961.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q69802933|Ziaur Rahman Khan]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q69908032|Charles Bukeko]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q70250846|Felix Malyarenko]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Felix Malyarenko (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q70278592|William B. Helmreich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q70554553|Amzad Hossain Sarker]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q70991299|Marcel Meys]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Marcel Meys1943.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q71965647|Vassilis Sevastis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:Sevastis long-jump.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q74477144|Meyer Rubin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q74751689|René Sylvestre]]'' | | [[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75313948|Jocelyn Feilding]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75388941|Princess Diana of Bourbon-Parma]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75390661|Lord David Douglas-Hamilton]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75599416|Michael Conybeare Sender]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75620301|Clotilda Douglas-Yakimchuk]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75661811|Alexander Brunton Badenoch]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75866189|Sally Yolanda England]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75904125|Maria-Alice de Marsillac Plunkett]]'' | | [[برازيل]]<br/>[[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75936458|Melanie Forestier-Walker]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76044131|Raja Kollure]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76079057|Andrew Moncreiff]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76120799|Morgan Rees-Williams, 3rd Baron Ogmore]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76170613|Christopher Sanders]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76367719|Ostap Lozynsky]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76429596|Kostas Kleftogiannis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76433189|Farid Ahmed]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76814385|AKM Amanul Islam Chowdhury]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76836042|Mockbul Hossain]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76945602|Theo Jubitana]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Theo Jubitana.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q76947388|Osvaldo Cochrane Filho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q77058159|Fernando Sandoval]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q77254925|Jean-Charles Nègre]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q77324578|Geoff Makhubo]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Geoff Makhubo, Mayor of Johannesburg.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q77353829|Mohamed Melehi]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | [[فائل:Mohamed Melehi, Le360 - May 4, 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q78575739|Bhekizizwe Peterson]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q78626233|Ana Magdalena]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q78933325|Charles Ehlinger]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q79275451|Ricardo Valderrama Fernández]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q79666066|Kiing Shooter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q80253264|Carlos Marincovich]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Marincovich 1970s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q80308776|Marc Daniëls]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:Marc daniels-1720510798 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q80505957|Horacio Luis López]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q82504773|Mohammed Yaseen Mohammed]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q82925403|Pino Grimaldi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83135813|Morris J. Viljoen]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83214686|San'yūtei Takasuke]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83618559|Jean-Claude Menand]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83630761|Francisco Daniel Rivera Sánchez]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84138873|Caterina Emili]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84174794|Lorna Irungu]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84497471|Li Wenliang]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | [[فائل:LiWengliang.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q84596019|Michel Rosenblatt]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84737258|Hong Ling]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84975812|Yoshio Tateishi]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85005219|Lin Zhengbin]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85098459|Mohammad-Reza Rahchamani]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:MohammadReza RahChamani 1397-08-23.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q85245727|Liang Wudong]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85332141|Liu Shouxiang]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85354114|Wang Xianliang]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85504174|Liu Zhiming]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85755827|Roy Edwards]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85770058|Isaac Robinson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85853174|Liu Xiaoxian]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85853305|Xu Defu]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85853522|Xiao Jun]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85853556|Peng Yinhua]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85861427|Grzegorz Guziński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85867731|Robert Znajomski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Znajomski.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q85873158|José Gentil Rosa]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85877322|Simão Almeida]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85881430|Liu Fan]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85967536|Azizur Rahman]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85969531|Habibullah Peiravi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85991636|Ibnu Saleh]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Ibnu Saleh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q85991691|Imran]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Anggota DPR Imran.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q85994920|Tengku Zulkarnain]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Tengku Zulkarnain.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q86206276|Xia Sisi]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q86206710|Huang Wenjun]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q86426444|Sami Shousha]]'' | | [[مصر]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q86550970|Carlos Tapia García]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Tapia en LaMula.pe 2-38 screenshot.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q86709709|Mohammad Ali Ramazani Dastak]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87066622|Ahmad Songi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87072653|Gonzalo Cerezo Barredo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87186121|Buchanan Sharp]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87205979|Dukha Bhagat]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87219910|Valerio Moro]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87451176|Benon Magezi]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87495680|Ikenwoli Godfrey Emiko]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | [[فائل:The Olu of Warri, Ogiame Ikenwoli.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q87511491|Lee Cha-su]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87558710|Roberto Stella]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87652750|Nasser Shabani]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Nasser Shabani.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q87697765|Wen Zengxian]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87830378|Francesco Saverio Pavone]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87849018|Jiang Xueqing]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87967184|Aris Dijksman]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87975501|Narjes Khanalizadeh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87975990|Reza Mohammadi Langroudi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87976706|Esmail Yazdi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Esmaeil Yazdi 2017-09-04.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q87999700|Hipólito Chaiña]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88036515|Ashutosh Mohanta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88094808|Antonio Michele Stanca]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88179804|Joan Cuadrench i Aragonès]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88181154|Aileen Baviera]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Aileen Baviera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88196412|António Vieira Monteiro]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88206609|Jean Leber]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88209709|Larry Edgeworth]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88223813|Admir Džubur]]'' | | [[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88326495|Jean-Jacques Razafindranazy]]'' | | [[فرانس]]<br/>[[مڊگاسڪر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88332749|Sérgio Trindade]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88364089|José María Loizaga Viguri]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88373250|Sylvain Welling]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88373576|Jean-Marie Boegle]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88376163|María José Rubio Fuentes]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88382284|Calogero Rizzuto]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88386281|Nashom Wooden]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88387865|Hassan Milani]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88387896|Peter Myles]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88394294|Zororo Makamba]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88420752|Olivier Schneller]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88430796|Borja Domecq Solís]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88461558|Maroof Afzal]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88465219|Dez-Ann Romain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو|ٽرنيڊاڊ اينڊ ٽبيگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88465409|David Edwards]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88465891|Lee Green]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88471669|Qiu Jun]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88505446|Orlando Staton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Orlando Staton with the Fabulous Flemtones on February 28, 2020 at Tierney's Tavern in Montclair, New Jersey.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88529356|Abraham Levy Bressler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88552871|Black N Mild]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88553411|Floyd Cardoz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Floyd Cardoz demonstrating Indian cuisine (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88564303|Lillo Venezia]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88592566|Jenny Polanco]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88602759|Giuseppe Berardelli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88605041|Steven Dick]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88660090|Mohamed Farah]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88696349|Vasile Ouatu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88719792|John F. Murray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88720437|Kious Kelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88720923|Rose Marie Compaoré]]'' | | [[برڪینا فاسو|برڪينا فاسو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88788580|Alan Finder]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88799719|Usama Riaz]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88862963|Ruben Melogno]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88866458|Jésus Gayoso Rey]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88876722|Narciso Arranz Cerezo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88919704|Jörn Kubicki]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88928087|Jacob Plange-Rhule]]'' | | [[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88946519|Romi Cohn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88948586|Freddy Rodriguez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88960423|Chato Galante]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Chato Galante Premios Goya 2019 - Mejor Película Documental (cropped) (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88961624|Daniel Davisse]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Daniel Davisse, Journée mémoire Holocauste, Esch-sur-Alzette-103.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88963159|Angelo Rottoli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88974861|Amged S. El-Hawrani]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88975447|Adil El Tayar]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88978483|Maria Mercader]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88979371|Javier Docampo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89018986|Denise Millet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89034303|Manuel Adolfo Varas]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89043679|Peregrine Broadbent]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89044367|Lorena Borjas]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89047239|David Hodgkiss]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89058562|James T. Goodrich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89090767|Viktar Dashkevich]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Viktar daszkievicz 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89107781|Tomas Oneborg]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89108362|Ángel Sánchez Mendoza]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89118435|Rafael Gómez Nieto]]'' | | [[اسپين]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Inauguración del Jardín de los Combatientes de la Nueve en Madrid 14.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89126458|Pat Midgley]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89127551|Antonio Nonato Lima Gomes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89190157|John Hartwall]]'' | | [[فنلينڊ|فن لينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89193385|José Antonio Martínez Bayo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Jose Antonio Martinez Bayo en Villel de Mesa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89250938|April Dunn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89251950|Bernardita Catalla]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Ambassador Bernardita Catalla (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89266944|Cemil Taşcıoğlu]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89271759|Bob Glanzer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89272139|Reggie Bagala]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89277337|Miquel Àngel Vaquer]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89278617|José Luis González Novalín]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89284961|Jacques F. Acar]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jacques-F-Acar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89290024|Constantino Juri]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89300558|William Wolf]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89328137|Chang Kai]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89336547|Liu Li]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89336556|Mei Zhongming]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89337077|Zhu Heping]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89355538|Avram Goia]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89358641|Bernard Epin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89388448|Omar Quintana]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89388934|Rodrigo Pesántez Rodas]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89392342|Carlo Colombara]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90314365|Syed Haider]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90324980|Azar Ahrabi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90324982|Fayaz Ayache]]'' | | [[شام]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90324987|Habib Zaidi]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90347409|Gustavo Orellana]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90404814|Eulàlia Amorós Solà]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90405588|Kishen Bholasing]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Kishen Bholasing 2015 - 3.PNG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q90409657|Lionel Longueville]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90412083|Bas Mulder]]'' | | [[سورينام]]<br/>''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90415987|Leilani Jordan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90416143|Zafar Sarfraz]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90419272|Lila Fenwick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90419878|Baldiri Alavedra]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90424601|Victor Batista Falla]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90433310|Valeria Viveros]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90435726|Maria Krier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90457604|J. Ronald Verrier]]'' | | [[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90463320|Jaime Ruiz Sacristán]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90465882|Fevzi Aksoy]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90478547|Alby Kass]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90479494|Ann Sullivan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90482625|Jason Hargrove]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90509901|Marylou Armer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90515325|Jacqueline Cruz]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90531405|Gerald O. Glenn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90561312|Tom Moore]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Tom Moore (soldier) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q90605392|Robby Browne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90642033|John Driscoll]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90683696|David Katzenstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90701193|Jorge Sebá]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90723872|Jerzy Eligiusz Główczewski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Witkacy - Jerzy Główczewski - 1931-12.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q90732093|Clida Martinez Ellison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90792247|Gabriele Baldassini]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90812370|David Méresse]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90849569|Glider Ushñahua]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90852078|Gil Bailey]]'' | | [[جميڪا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Gil Bailey.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q90855527|Richard Passman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90878164|Julio Andrade Malde]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90902581|Elio Peretto]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90909454|Ernesto Gutiérrez Vera]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90925826|Rajesh Jayaseelan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90959889|Alexander Ivan Bedini Guthrie]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90961853|Margit Feldman]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90963525|Anjanette Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91017527|Gian Carlo Ceruti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91023351|Brian R. Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91023739|Deon M. Crowell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91024228|James Norvell Flowers Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91024238|Annis Creese]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[سينٽ ونسنٽ ۽ گريناڊائنز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91024446|Dave Roland]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91024806|Kenneth J. Moore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91025303|Sterling Matthews]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91025490|Jerry Manley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91025565|Gary Holmberg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Gary Holmberg - 1959.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91025695|John-Sebastian Laird-Hammond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91027383|Marie-France Chabanel]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91033075|Chad Capule]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91036102|Augusto Itúrburu]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91073092|Louis Wilsenach]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91075109|Eastern Stewart]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91077024|Terrance Burke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91077402|Noel Sinkiat]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91079038|Maria Linda Villanueva Sun]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91079360|George Valentine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91079952|Keith Redding]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91079959|Susan Rokus]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91080484|Sterling Maddox]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Sterling Ruffin Maddox, Jr. - 1959.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91083307|Krishan Arora]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91085228|Jane Murphy]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91087157|Gladys Mujajati]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91087664|Mary Agyeiwaa Agyapong]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91088331|Gérard Willocq]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91088373|Amrik Bamotra]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91088921|René Rosset]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91089299|Peter Tun]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91089367|Maureen Ellington]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91089388|Cheryl Williams]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91089696|Josiane Zauma Ebonja Ekoli]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91090296|Melujean Ballesteros]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91090318|Yves Latour]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91090338|Sara Trollope]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91090369|Julie Omar]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91102468|Gareth Roberts]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91106049|Edmond Adedeji]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91110677|ATM Alamgir]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91115657|Louis Jeannin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91116120|Joseph Djivélékian]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91118642|Elsie Sazuze]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91120080|Alice Kit Tak Ong]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91120760|Leilani Dayrit]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91121189|Janice Graham]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91121613|Syed Zishan Haider]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91121930|Aimee O'Rourke]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91122088|Areema Nasreen]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91122861|Lynsay Coventry]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91146921|Ted Monette]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:FEMA - 40478 - Ted Monette, FEMA's Director of the Office of Federal Coordinati.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91151546|John Percy Leon Lewis]]'' | | [[گيانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91159963|Jerry Givens]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91167491|Claude Lafortune]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Claude Lafortune - 04 (cropped).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91231278|Hamza Pacheeri]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89412554|Florindo Corral]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89416505|Ismail Mohamed Abdulwahab]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89417365|Montserrat Sabater Bacigalupi]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89444493|Yang Jun]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89445395|Carlos González-Artigas]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89452309|Jorge Orlando Semería]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89455052|Muhammad Sirajul Islam]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89465759|Ito Curata]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Ito Curata in his Mansion (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89469646|Silvio Devoto]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89472100|Sa'ad Galadiman Patigi]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89477474|Mel Boyaner]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89477590|Arlene Stringer-Cuevas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89499451|Anick Jesdanun]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89499594|Shona Ferguson]]'' | | [[بوٽسوانا]]<br/>[[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Shona Ferguson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89499996|Cyril Boulanger]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89500010|Fernando Labra Hidalgo]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89501894|Ahmad Taheri]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89502052|Fuad Nahdi]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89502662|Kalil Haché]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89503586|Mary Roman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89514702|Feriha Öz]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89520802|Giovanni Coppiano]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89526192|Wilhelm Burmann]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89532539|Patrick Gibson]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Gibson Brothers - 2018082190008 2018-03-23 Radio Regenbogen Award 2018 - Sven - 1D X MK II - 0178 - AK8I9908.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89552274|Abhay Bhardwaj]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Abhay Bharadwaj.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89559728|Wilson Villa]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89562034|Jorge Chica]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89564475|Lee Fierro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89573517|Ahmad Tuyserkani]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89575597|Hervé de Buyer]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89579907|Seyed Mohsen Habibi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89580542|Ali Khalafi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89580736|Farzad Tazari]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89580754|Jean-Jacques Gressier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89580995|Shahriar Sharifi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89582186|Ezzat Khamoshi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89582543|Seyed Abdullah Zavieh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89582558|Plato Sohrabi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89582564|Reza Neghaban]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89582569|Frida Wattenberg]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89584157|Jean-Jacques Siegel]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89584521|Terry Cutmore]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89584637|Brian Lambert]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89588532|Henri Ecochard]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Ecochard.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89589522|Laurent Gruson]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89590162|Ron Rich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89592254|Israel Carrera]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89599147|Jitendra Rathod]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89620524|Michael Yun]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89637292|Dolors Sala Carrió]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89656990|Juan Martín Velasco]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89666393|Ruben Burks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89669404|Vincent Lionti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89679283|Vicente Villagrá Blanco]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89690342|Eli Velder]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89697563|Anton Sebastianpillai]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89703537|Anita Fial]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89703948|Patrick Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89768813|Charlotte Figi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89795205|Marguerite Lescop]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89799501|Art Paleczny]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89819791|Joaquim Tosas i Mir]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89819849|Conrad Buchanan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89826765|Rebecca Mack]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89860442|Marcelino García Pérez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89888640|Christophe Pras]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89898390|Alex Layne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89912075|Eddy Davis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Eddy Davis Lisbon 2006.JPEG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89918324|Abdul Mabud Chowdhury]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89918929|Manolo Navarro]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89919082|Laneeka Barksdale]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89919363|Ricardo Castaneda]]'' | | [[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89919484|Roberto Román Valencia]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89924623|Liliane Marchais]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89932032|Sam McGhee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89933671|Lee Bossom]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89934267|Ronnie A. Dixon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89936212|Kiminobu Okada]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89938688|Giorgio Valoti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89939488|Raimondo Balicco]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89952002|Leila Benitez-McCollum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89957906|Ronald William Lewis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89986954|Sento Masià]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:SentoMasia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89998424|Ben Hirschmann]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90025534|TM Giasuddin Ahmed]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90025619|Ugo Rozzo]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90027431|Hannes Schopf]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90030093|Edoardo Valli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90046004|L. Douglas James]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90060899|Santiago Llorente Fernández]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90078508|Gonzalo Dasilva]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90121082|Ho Kam Ming]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90136425|Frank Gabrin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90143887|Burt Ballanfant]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90153083|Abdurakhman Martazanov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90162943|Richard Richardson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90250643|Hamid Manouchehri]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90251510|Ali Behzad]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90274240|Elio Armas Nahón]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90278503|Kapil Deo Kamat]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Kapil Deo Kamat during his term as Panchayati Raj minister (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91231280|Fayez Ayache]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231284|Eric Labeja-Acellam]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231288|Alfa Saadu]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231290|Liz Glanister]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231294|Rahima Bibi Sidhanee]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو|ٽرنيڊاڊ اينڊ ٽبيگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231299|Barbara Sage]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231302|Linda Clarke]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231306|Liz Shale]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231311|Mandy Siddorn]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231314|Glen Corbin]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231316|Thomas Harvey]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231319|Andrew Treble]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231321|Michael Allieu]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231325|Barbara Moore]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231330|Donna Campbell]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231333|Abdul Gellaledin]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[سوڊان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231338|Donald Suelto]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231341|Stephen Pearson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231346|Linnette Cruz]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231351|Elvira Bucu]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231354|Amor Padilla Gatinao]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231356|Andy Howe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231361|Ade Raymond]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231364|Leilani Medel]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231368|Pooja Sharma]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231371|Emily Rose Perugia]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231375|John Alagos]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231379|Jenelyn Carter]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231384|Joan Grimshaw]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231386|Amanda Forde]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231391|Elbert Rico]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231394|Oscar King Jr.]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231398|Gilbert Barnedo]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231399|Charles Kwame Tanor]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231403|Kevin Smith]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231406|Gladys Nyemba]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231408|Amarante Dias]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231411|Lourdes Campbell]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231414|Barry England]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231416|Ruben Muñoz Jr.]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231420|Brian Mfula]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231424|Simon Guest]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231426|Brian Darlington]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231430|Rajesh Kalraiya]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231432|Wilma Banaag]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231435|Nick Joseph]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231774|Jayne Harvey]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91245547|Martin Loveday]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91250620|Guri Melleby]]'' | | [[ناروي]] | | | [[فائل:Guri Melleby - Skytterprinsesse (1967) (14495766559).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91252955|Manjeet Singh Riyat]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91262852|José Marroquín Yerovi]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91290519|Mahen Ramloll]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91308531|Skylar Herbert]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91332046|André Charon]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91332579|Pierre Gilet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91333378|Jean Pouaha]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91333451|Ali Djemoui]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91334108|Sami Reda]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91336641|Gerallt Davies]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91381549|Saburō Matsushita]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91383699|Philippe Lerche]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91384778|Kabkéo Souvanlasy]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91388450|Guy Pfister]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91389053|Serge Bokobza]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91428965|Benjamin Levin]]'' | | [[لٿوينيا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91437271|Beryl Bernay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91449519|Rino Clerici]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91461341|Alain Le Garrec]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91503406|Ella King Russell Torrey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91584337|Sudhir Sharma]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91595066|Keith MacVicar]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91595238|Jean MacVicar]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91621670|Belco Bah]]'' | | [[مالي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91655944|Shahin Shahablou]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91665169|Joel Rogosin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91669146|Khalif Mumin Tohow]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91670963|Jérôme Valette]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91672058|James Hakim]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]]<br/>[[ڏکڻ سوڊان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91672124|Patrick Delalaing]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91672457|Mohammad Hassen Hossenbux]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91686786|Sékou Kourouma]]'' | | [[گني|گائينا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91693470|Donald Reed Herring]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91707058|Danny Delaney]]'' | | [[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91717351|Éric Loupiac]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91719339|Ton van den Heuvel]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91756690|Fred the Godson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Fred the Godson, late 2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91756983|Jean-Paul Michel]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91767492|Emeterio Gómez]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91769815|Shree Vishna Rasiah]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91776753|Tom Scully]]'' | | [[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91783720|Annette Blier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91789659|Hannes Schedel]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91824964|Anthony Tsai Brooks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91840218|Ceybil Jefferies]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91861707|Julian Perry Robinson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91892839|Melonie Mitchell]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91893996|Angie Cunningham]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91911557|Mario César Romero]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91962972|Burton Rose]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91964956|Carole Brookins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91976803|Philip Kahn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91976807|Bertha LaForest]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91976809|Kenneth Saunders III]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92022576|Mark Appelbaum]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92037433|Ronald Newman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92041406|Marco DiFranco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92045123|Clifford Martin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92054378|Noureddine Zidouni]]'' | | [[الجزائر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92059713|Gunnar Seijbold]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92079066|Valentina Blackhorse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92104585|Joyce Pacubas-Le Blanc]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92106989|Thomas Wetzen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92110448|Kenneth Roseman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92152403|Princy Xavier]]'' | | [[اٽلي]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92157950|Milan Stevanovich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q240592|Socialist Republic of Macedonia]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92158826|Robert Francisco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92159374|Mohamed Ben Omar]]'' | | [[نائيجر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92168119|Martine Crefcoeur]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Martine Crefcoeur 1961.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q92174131|Fernando Miteff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92179738|Peter Gill]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92196478|Jonathan Coelho]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92197171|Jack Lotz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jack Lotz.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q92199833|Sher Enriquez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92202893|Nicholas Lee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92203480|Leslie Pieroni]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92204901|Jeffrey Pendleton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92205981|Katy Davis]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92205988|Emma Davis]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92206621|Zafar Rasheed Bhatti]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92208184|Édith Arnoult-Brill]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Édith Arnoult-Brill-FIG 2001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q92212507|Celia Yap-Banago]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92215337|Zoe Mungin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92216910|Jacques Fribourg]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92219835|Gonzalo Lopez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92262595|Alicia Cruz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92264934|Celia Lardizabal Marco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92279689|Richard Charles Canazzi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92304326|Corliss Henry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92307070|Francisco Méndez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92310023|Janissa Delacruz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92359243|Claude Barouch]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92378558|Madhvi Aya]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92391135|Robert E. Proell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92394499|Joseph M. Assyd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92409837|Syahrul]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Syahrul Wali Kota.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q92419043|Wilford Kepler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92419274|Mary Kepler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92455638|Andrea Circle Bear]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92464475|Edgar Heidorn]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92472344|Conrad Buckley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92474565|Barbara Gaines]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92476562|Wayne Haskell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92480593|Cherie La Pelusa]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92495796|Dieter Hofmann]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q16957|German Democratic Republic]]''<br/>[[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92518002|Henry Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92539116|Daniel S. Paletko]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92541835|Luis Modesto Páez]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92542838|Deborah Gatewood]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92545047|Matthew Stehr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92548855|Antonio Martinez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92594539|Louise Coles]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92606215|Juan Martinez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92611638|Louise Endel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92620791|William Nguyen]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92624775|Pamela Orlando]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92635842|Jun Maeda]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92637621|Sławomir Sokół]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92649435|Gulshan Ewing]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]''<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92715252|T. Norman Van Cott]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92732453|Daniel Demetrius Newell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92750722|Mark Barisonek]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92751809|Francis Boccabella III]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92766758|Victor Chung]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92768859|Dian Phipps]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92768870|Alberto Camacho]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92768893|Ketty Herawati Sultana]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92771548|Joseph Feingold]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92774800|José Torres]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92774810|Orlando Moncada]]'' | | [[پيرو]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92776593|Idris Bey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92777833|Matteo De Cosmo]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92780896|Brittany Bruner-Ringo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92790696|Bill Gladstone]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92791254|Sylvie Vincent]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92798976|Miguel Marte]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92800215|Alfonso Salazar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92800742|B. Narayan. Rao]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92801627|Paul Cary]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92805303|Randall French]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92826239|Samuel Hargress II]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92843284|Yang Chongqi]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92849109|Ke Huibing]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92861205|Don DiPetrillo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92864552|Don Osceola]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92865607|Calvin Harrison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92867489|David Goulette]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92878926|Madeline Kripke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92891982|Ed Schilling]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92896391|Li Yangbo]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92901064|Allah Yar Ansari]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92920768|Boualem Benkhelouf]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92934641|Robert Suit]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92949314|David Beyl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92957910|Josephine Seier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92967426|Marie June Skender]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92968758|Annelda Holtkamp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92972473|Bernadette Kelter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92974044|Mary Francele Sherburne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92974147|Mary Regine Collins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92977116|David Berg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92985221|Irvin Herman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92987708|Dan Spano]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93075844|Rien Smits]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93076125|Rina Smits]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93088160|Kyle Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93096025|Jim Kearnan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93115047|Venko Kanev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93120505|Cornelius Watkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93122022|Muhammad Ahmad Asha]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93129383|Adamu Suleiman]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93130940|Mary Hackett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93130944|Jessie Ancona]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93142529|Lamoyne King]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93146061|Tadashi Tsufura]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93146187|Justa Barrios]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93160858|Sérgio Bueno de Camargo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93169354|Altamiro Moyses Zimerfogel]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93171213|Philip Foglia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93211513|Kareem Haji]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93222035|Daniel Thomas Carr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93233292|Beppe Del Colle]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93242709|Nyla Moore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93244599|Willem Balke]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93245406|Cosimo Semeraro]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93267085|Preston Olive]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93270562|Glenn Wefel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93270951|Beverly Wefel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93275468|Jesse Willard Hathorne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93278657|Joan Cunnane]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93295914|Gary Washington]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93296429|Rafael Cargill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93297721|Priscilla Carrow]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93298301|Edward Becote]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93299047|Wayne Edwards]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93300107|Derik Braswell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93303617|Anita Robinson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93309744|Mehmet Şah Demirhan]]'' | | [[جرمني]]<br/>[[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93338240|Eduardo Robles-Holguin]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93340743|Leonard Auerbach]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93341845|Stephen Cino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93345570|Rex Damon Begay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93345895|Bradley James Ghilarducci]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93345899|Michael Fleming]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93351605|André Egri]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93377076|Suleiman Adamu]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93377516|Rory Price]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93380491|Clifford Childs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93394215|August Pauger]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93395406|Roman Stadelmann]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93421326|Jack Taylor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93427505|Pedro Tenorio Matanzo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Pedro Tenorio Matanzo 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q93431342|Antonio Rodríguez de las Heras]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:RH en Zafra.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q93431362|Johnny Copeland]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93436209|Fryni Arvaniti]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93443209|Raquela Mesa-Acosta]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93449034|Barry Webber]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93453945|Conrad Razidlo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93473479|Carlos Ernesto Escobar Mejía]]'' | | [[ايل سيلويڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93488824|Gerald Glisson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93494556|Mohamed Hamud Omar]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93498853|Gerald Slater]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93506856|Gerson Peres]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Deputado Federal Gerson Peres.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q93512574|Maureen Ciolek]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93512807|Aharon Walkin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93514005|Jorge Ortiz-Garay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93521975|Anthony Szczygielski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93525826|Helen Molina]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93530184|Eli Klausner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93584226|Jimmy Glenn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93587125|Maria Lopez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93593932|Wendy Bishop]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93598095|William Dean Brame]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93607966|Raymond Scholwinski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93614577|Yoshio]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93615558|Nancy Bisschop]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93630916|Kim Blanchar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93633102|Willie Levi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93636186|Raymond Mitchell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93641586|Eric Frazier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93643731|Antonia Leon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93683887|Tam Mai]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93698550|Abdelmajid Ben Aicha]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93705140|Jacques Reymond]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93707459|Paul Alloun]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93768263|Sushil Kumar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93774007|Daniel Walters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93776347|Raymond Geraci]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93784704|Murat Dilmener]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93838244|Vicente André Gomes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93860270|Sue Gargett]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93868410|Jesus Chediak]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93875993|Sandy Pratt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93876058|Johannes Beck]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93881569|Abdelfattah Abdrabbo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93898822|Unique Clay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93903544|Guadalupe Ramos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93929514|Noel Walsh]]'' | | [[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93939001|Hari Vasudevan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93943136|Michael Clegg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93943796|Joan Neudecker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93956977|Paul Vasquez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Paul Bear Vasquez by Gage Skidmore.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q93957499|Rose Liberto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93962279|Celso Mendoza]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93967506|Gérard Cocrelle]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94016601|James Andres]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94018988|Tiffany Mofield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94019590|Tom Omaña Luna Jr.]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94043719|Anna Mohr]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94061081|Jack Berg]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94070745|Alan Ortiz]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94073090|Charles Roberts]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94087538|Belly Mujinga]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94096258|Dorothy Pearl Davis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94128948|Motoko Fujishiro Huthwaite]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Monuments Men Honored - Heroes protected art work in WWII-(2015) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94217572|Magomed Aliomarov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94249876|Shōbushi Kanji]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | [[فائل:Shokiri-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94311480|Denith Deason]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94349561|Marion Goldetsky Klein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94353812|Maurice Dotson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94365464|Clayton Snare]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94412286|Óscar López Acosta]]'' | | [[هونڊورس|هنڊوراس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94434142|Edward Crogan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94440981|Munir Mangal]]'' | | [[افغانستان]] | | | [[فائل:Defense.gov News Photo 100707-F-7552L-006 - Commander of the International Security Assistance Force Gen. David H. Petraeus 3rd from left U.S. Army speaks with Afghan Minister of Security.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94477252|Marie Pino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94477711|Abdikani Mohamed Wa’ays]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94511714|Richard Cramer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94523479|John Paul Eberhard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94524203|Marcus Pino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94528806|Hellyn Moore Pawula]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94530576|Genyte Dirse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94531325|Billy Farrell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94547938|Mary Santiago]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94550864|Nino Cassanello]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94567016|Gloria Jameson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94572548|Alex Ruperto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94573130|Bobby McCoskey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94574829|Halil Karabulut]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94575477|Paul Odighizuwa]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94579153|Douglas Roberts]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Douglas Roberts - 1968.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94579402|Henry Camacho]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94579891|Ruth Median]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94580968|Tendol Gyalzur]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94583822|Hans Bär]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94613962|Jim Pruett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94616677|Ernesto Guzman Lara]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94643983|unnamed medical worker]]'' | | [[مڊگاسڪر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94648405|Benjamin Smalls]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94657640|James Mahoney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94690321|Mojibur Rahman Talukder]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94694236|Georgia Litwack]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94699977|Tin Aye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94700336|Randy Narvaez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94700689|Joseph Santaguida]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94709855|Berisford Anthony Morse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94713622|Peggy Ndubisi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94799520|Donnell Kirchner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94864655|Joey Giambra]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94924250|Frankline Ndifor]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94941476|Patricia Forster]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94944470|Esteban Yáñez Pazos]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94945959|Hatsy Yasukochi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94966479|Lenora Garfinkel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94972710|Wilson Roosevelt Jerman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Wilson Roosevelt Jerman (crop).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94973282|William Crain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94981721|Vanessa Mackey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94987056|Mark Hall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94994278|Miquéias Fernandes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94994310|João Kabeção]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94994337|Lourdes Catão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Foto de Lourdes..png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94994347|Mário Chermont]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94994352|Rafael Fragoso]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94994691|Joshua Yasuo Suzuki]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94995489|Rommel Bernarte]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94995575|Ralphy Campos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94997568|Rachel Verbaan]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94997852|Hernán Alemán]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94997878|Alberto Tejedor]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94998033|Reber Zandi]]'' | | [[سويڊن]]<br/>[[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95128547|Ken Nightingall]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95147136|Alyce Chenault Gullattee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95151336|Petr Šmaha]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Petr-Šmaha.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95152882|Trevor Belle]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95153930|Keith Wade]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95155945|Jaromír Joo]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95175836|Vladimír Řehořek]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95176753|Jiřina Kumstátová]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95190573|Carlos Arturo Garcia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95207707|Charlie Burrell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95216366|Sorin Iftimi]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95232940|Eugene J. Sayfie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95250542|Donna M. Morrissey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95345195|Emilio DiPalma]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95377523|Daniel Kopál]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95381440|Libuše Holečková]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95381819|Miroslav Jirounek]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95390382|Sally Rowley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Sally Rowley - freedom rider arrest 1961 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95391797|Lydia Baštecká]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95393540|Marie Mudrová]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95399285|Edith Irvine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95416463|Hussain Ahmad Kanjo]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95423359|Kamrun Nahar Putul]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95434619|Wegene Debele]]'' | | [[ايٿوپيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95446434|Stephen P. A. Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95491073|Fred Westbrook]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95502391|Santiago Baten-Oxlaj]]'' | | [[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95507915|Jose Ayala]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95573131|Judith Bemis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95577004|Wang Bing]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95577281|Feng Xiaolin]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95577358|Zhang Kangmei]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95578805|Douglas Linn Hickok]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95579452|Elizabeth Fulop]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95613600|Salvatore Pica]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95629701|Pepe Tapia]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95638573|Jeffrey Ronald Henry Muzljakovich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95645973|James Leach Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95650616|Samuel Joseph Lococo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95660168|Paul McCurrie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95670840|Hugo Ryckeboer]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95676290|Fakhruddin Syed]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95692819|David Ford]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95694247|Yehudah Jacobs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95701122|Brahm Kanchibhotla]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Brahm Kanchibhotla.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95702276|Zubair Ahmed]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95727053|Barbara Ossenkopp]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95737055|Mário Veríssimo]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95747603|Flossie Lee Bournes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880217|Alan Michael Twofoot]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880218|Ronald R. Erdman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880219|Charles Robert Keal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880220|Shirley Crute]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880221|Kenneth Richard Coombs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880222|Bobby Joseph Hebert]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880229|Robert N. Winsor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880231|Andrew Kowalczyk]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880233|David F. Savitt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880234|Thomas William Campbell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880239|Lawrence Littig]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880243|Antoinette Tosco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880244|Marvin L. Thomas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Marvin Thomas - 1956.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880245|Dalma Holloway Torres]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880246|Ethel R. Fonti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880247|Michael Giangrande Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880248|Philip Braverman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880255|Ralph Plaisance]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880258|Pierina D. Borsoi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880259|Willard John Hoyt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880260|Timothy J. Liszewski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880265|Barbara J. Norris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880269|Donald Raymond Haws]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880270|Mattie F. Adams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880271|Ruth E. Shinn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880272|Robert Dugal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880274|Roberta Gulick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880283|Carol Davis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880284|Gomer Richards Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Gomer Richards Jr. - high school graduation 1954.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880285|Steven L. Freedman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880286|Vincie Teresa DeRose]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880292|Delia Regina DiTullio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880295|Ken Caley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880296|Jean-Claude Henrion]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880297|Grace Lee Hargrave Cradeur]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880298|Ronnie Estes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880303|Mary Ellen Houle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880307|Patrick C. Parks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880308|Daniel S. Pincu]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880309|Norman Gulamerian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880310|Patricia L. Henry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880311|Angel Escamilla]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880317|Russell D. Green]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Russell Dale Green - 1945.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880325|Scott Douglas Woodard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880337|Russell Arnold Nielsen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880362|Helen Wall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880375|Richard Edward Rutledge]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Richard Rutledge - 1950.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880383|Daniel Blume]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880778|Richard J. Conway III]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880779|Betty M. Bradshaw]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880780|John C. West Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880781|Dorothy Alma Ennis D'Ostilio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880782|Karen Kay Bentley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Karen Kugler - 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880783|Thomas Kevin Milo Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880791|Donald Martin Puffer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880792|Danny Ray Bierman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880793|Paul Francis Siefert Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Paul Seifert - 1961.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880794|Richard M. Glidden]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880800|Lela Reed]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880803|Ruth Skapinok]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880804|Conrad Ifill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو|ٽرنيڊاڊ اينڊ ٽبيگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880805|Betty Sue Harber Carney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880807|Edward Ciocca]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880808|Pilar Molina Reyes Rodriques]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880811|Corinne Rhodes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880817|Richard Kiddle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880818|Frank Miszkiewicz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880819|John Joseph Crowe]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880820|Roger Liddell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880827|Michael Wrotniak Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880829|John Poleon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880830|Joan M. Heaney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880831|Stephen J. Clinton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880833|Antoinette Marie Lutz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880834|Charles Jernigan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880843|Jean M. Winterbottom]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880844|Juanita Sanchez-Valdez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880845|Robert Bruce Harrell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880846|Paul Edward Herbst]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880847|John Francis McClintock]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880851|Robert C. Moen Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880862|Alice Glazer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880874|Jean Marie Hazelwood]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880886|Alice Louise Trout]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Alice Lukens - 1957.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880897|Norton A. Kent]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880909|Paul Shelden]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880920|Jeanne Stone Rusnak]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880930|John Nakawatase]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880940|Huguette Dorsey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880948|Harold Dixon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880956|Carl Robert Bentley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880957|Bette Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bette Marie McTague - 1955.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880958|Alan A. Potanka]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880964|Robert P. Rust]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880969|Anthony J. Valdati Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880970|Hal Upjohn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880971|Samuel Kramer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881335|Thomas I. Atwood]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881336|Vinton Timely Mason]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881337|Dorthe J. Flick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881338|Arlene Chesley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881339|Roger Lehne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881340|George Freeman Winfield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881345|Donald J. Horsfall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881349|Barbara Stack]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881351|Thomas E. Anglin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881352|Rose Mary Infantino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881359|Vince Woodward]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881360|Elaine Cupka]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881363|Doris Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881364|Harley E. Acker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881365|Veil David DeVillier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881368|Joyce Posson Winston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881373|Arnold Obey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881375|Ethel Hamburger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881376|Marjorie L. Goolsby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881377|Luiza Ogorodnik]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881385|Pio Mactal Vilar Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881394|Richard C. Schug]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881405|Adelfo Ruiz Calvo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881413|Stanley Moser]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881425|Joseph J. Ingram Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881435|Morris Loeb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881452|Carl J. Hebert Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Carl John Hebert - 1963.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95881461|Larry Rathgeb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881468|John McKeon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881479|Douglas Hanby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881485|Teresa A. Olbrich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881486|John F. Cannon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881487|William U. Roulette III]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881488|Dawn M. Peryer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881489|Elaine Jeannette Beaulieu]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881497|Ronald Boccacio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881499|Peter Crisanti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881500|Ellen Elizabeth Fabry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881501|Clarence Robert Ellis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Ellis - 1944.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95881504|Celestino Padilla Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881510|Mary A. Cole]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881511|Earl Avers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881512|Cindy Lou Mack]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881513|Julia Martinez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881514|Frederick Anthony Palazzo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881522|Yvonne S. Orlando]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881523|Marie Virginia Leto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881524|Evelyn Gertrude Brant-Graf]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Evelyn Russell - 1951.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95881525|Patricia A. Carrigan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881920|Audrey LeMaire Morvant]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881921|Michael I. Sumergrad]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881922|Sean Christian Keville]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881923|Carol A. Castle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881926|Jean Munson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881932|Irene S. Allen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881933|Carmen Rodriguez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881934|Helen Sutton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881935|Deloris C. Traver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881939|Richard L. Houle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881954|Thomas A. Adamavich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881962|Gaetano Lombardo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881970|Kenneth L. Jewel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881982|Gloria Zimmerman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881988|Robert Lee Amos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881998|John J. Valentine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882005|Edward J. Deasy Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882017|Vera Flint]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882040|Clementine E. Jamgochian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882045|Beverly J. Plessinger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882046|Robert Michael Sedor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882047|John Cassano]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882048|Jean Adele Walkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882049|Milton Sivels Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882055|Terrence George Driscoll]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882058|Janice Lin Bisley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882059|Anna Sternik Warren]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882061|Melford Henson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882062|Gene Zahas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882066|Krist Angielen Guzman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882071|Diana G. DeVito Swist]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Diana G. DeVito - 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882072|Fred J. Felella Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882073|Mike Field]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882074|Anne Turner Gaillard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Cornelia Annette Turner - 1962.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882075|Marlene B. Mandle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882081|Constance M. O'Connor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882084|Peter Bainum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882085|Zoao Makumbi Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882087|Charlie Hopper]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882088|Bettie London Traxler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882093|Herbert Nygren]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882097|Marsha Lee Holiday]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882098|Bruce W. Sowalski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882099|Amelia Scott Dougherty]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Amelia Martha Scott - 1953.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882100|Janice Preschel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Janice Preschel - 1977.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882104|Maxwell M. Mozell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882109|Joseph Migliucci]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882110|Philip A. Scardilli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882111|Theodore Robert Zaterka]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882112|Barbara E. Woznicki]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882522|Torrin Jamal Howard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882529|Robert Steven Seldin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882542|Rocco Anthony Ward Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882551|Lynne Sierra]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882559|William Brett Tracy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882564|Marion Krueger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882565|Kenneth R. Going]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882566|Robert C. Blades]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882567|Jolene Blackburn Robison Wahgren]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882576|Richard Daniel Harris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882577|Russell Aucott]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882578|Kelly Doyle Oliver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882579|Walter Everett Barton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882580|Joyce Roberts]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882581|Adrienne Eugina Doolin Howard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882584|John Robert Oglesbee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882590|Jean D. Tobin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jean Nilson - 1947.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882591|Howard J. Bender]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882592|Randolph Maitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882593|Donald Geoffrey Helliwell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882601|Wilfred Jay Sikkema]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882602|Anna Elizabeth Pearson Lugg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882603|Ronald Burdette Culp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882604|Robert Charles Bazzell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882605|Jose Vitelio Gregorio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882607|Edward Russell Helfrich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882615|Dorothy Spanos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882616|Nancy A. Richard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Nancy Nutter - 1952.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882617|Mary Ann Yazzie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882618|Nancy Taylor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882620|Mary Ann Scata]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882627|Virginia Bettencourt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Virginia Navarra - 1945.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882628|Dolores A. Vail]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882629|Marguerite M. Horgus]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Marguerite Wolanski - 1950.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882630|Brenda Lee Orebaugh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882631|Alice Fraher-Mason]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882639|Linda L. Orendorff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882640|Nora Malis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882641|Marie A. Detrick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882642|Michael L. Trombley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Michael Lee Trombley - 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882643|Edith Costanzo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882645|Ronald Wilfred LePage]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882652|Edward A. Masterson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882653|Dante Dennis Flagello]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882654|Raymond W. Wilkinson Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882655|Stewart Markham Fish]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882660|Barry G. Fisher]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882664|Carl Gunther Reiss]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1206012|German Reich]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882665|Luke Workoff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882666|Janet M. Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883101|Linda Nute]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883102|John E. Broadly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883107|Florence Marks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883111|Carmen Lydia Muniz Rodriguez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883112|Calvin E. Messner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883113|Charles Willis Alston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883114|Thomas Neal Therrian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883115|Steve Joltin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883116|Marie Caronia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883124|Marion Klein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883125|Liudas Karolis Mikalonis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883126|Alice Coopersmith Furst]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883127|Stephen J. Chamberlin Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883132|Maclear Jacoby Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Maclear Jacoby Jr. - 1989.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883136|Barry Kaye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883137|Joraine Sieber Groat]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883138|Douglas H. Diamond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Douglas H. Diamond - 1955.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883139|Walter M. Eagles Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883143|James Ventrillo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883148|Melita Baker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883149|Jim J. Wolf Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883150|Frances M. Pilot]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Frances Macho - 1956.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883151|Merlene Sue Hughes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883152|Helen Silvia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883156|James Lowell Miller Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883161|Joan Cecile Berngen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883162|Laura Yopp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883163|Carole Montalbano]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883164|Wesley Richard Fahrbach II]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883169|Craig Franken]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883173|Anthony V. Racka]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883174|Stanley Marvin Grossman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883175|Francis A. Kennedy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Francis A. Kennedy - 1950s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883176|Raymond Paul Janssen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883185|Bob Barnum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883186|Katherine Ann Birkmaier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883187|Carol Freedman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883188|John B. Lynch]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883189|Richard Alexander Ross Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883193|John B. Ahrens]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883196|Leon Martin Beels]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883199|Tonna Lee Pratt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883200|Martha Eddy O'Brien]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883202|Patricia Plante]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883206|Carl A. Philipp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883213|Crystal LaBelle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883222|Fred Walter Gray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883231|Frederick Brown Starr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883241|Dolores M. Madera]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883253|Michael Angelo Church]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Michael A. Church - 1968.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883651|Frank McClellan Worthington]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883659|James Ronald Conley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ron Conley - 1969.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883660|Florence Ethel Buenzly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883661|Sandra McCauley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883662|Gertrude Clemmer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883663|Beverly J. Collins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883664|Ronald P. Clark]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883665|Paul Martinez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883673|Cheryl E. Petty]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883674|Monica Maley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883675|Carla Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883676|Joan M. Cargill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883682|Robert M. Shaw]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883685|Jeanne Madden Cibroski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883686|Elizabeth Harris Tirrell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883687|Steven J. Huber]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883688|Billie Jean Michael Habermehl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883689|Darla Eileen Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883698|James W. Landis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883699|Arthur Louis Thibault]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883700|Gary Tillery]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883701|Michael James Reagan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883708|Tony Maldonado]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883710|Tracie L. Heverly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883711|Roxana Griswold Foreman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883712|Peggy Rakestraw]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883713|Norman Leslie Jenkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883714|John Fusco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883721|Harry P. Misthos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883723|Allen Joseph Spinner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883724|Salomon S. Podgursky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883725|Ellen Marie Pauze]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883726|JoAnn Stokes-Smith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883735|Joseph Colasurdo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883744|Carol Sue Rubin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883754|Irvin Alder]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883769|Denise Camille Buczek]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883780|Richard J. Rome]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883795|Eileen Marie Stanton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883807|Susan McPherson Gottsegen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883820|Londia Viola Mongold Deavers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883829|Deyrold Arteaga]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883834|Paul James Nagy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883835|Joseph T. Cappello]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883836|Maria Tassiopoulos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883837|Alberto Castro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883838|Helen Boles Days]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883846|Carole Kaye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883847|Richard Joseph Lenihan Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883848|Luther Coleman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884214|JoAnne Katherine Walther]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884215|Durlene Clontz Shuffler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884216|Jeanette Gilmour]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jeanette Gilmour - 1960.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884217|John Joseph Christiana Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884218|Fritz Wilhelm Reisgies]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884226|Ronald Jacobus]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ronald Jacobus - 1956.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884227|Bernard David Seckler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884228|Clifford J. Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884229|Bette Allred Weatherly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884232|Robert Manley Argo Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884238|Phil Langley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884239|Mary Frances Parsels Dennis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884241|Mary M. Desole]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Mary Margaret Thomas - 1943.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884242|John F. Von Sternberg Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884244|Thomas Tarbell Russell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884246|Myrtha Celifie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884254|Norma Hoza]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Norma Lenore Bratschi - 1937.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884256|Nita Pippins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884259|Gloria Allen Moskowitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884261|Edward J. Bridgeford Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884268|Billy Ostland]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884283|Rodrick Samuels]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884292|Rita Paas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884301|Israel Sauz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884313|Paul R. McQuade]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884322|Robert L. Crahen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884332|Daniel James Parr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884351|Robert Grant Conner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884362|Merrick Dowson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884373|Verla L. Courey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884380|Patricia Gibbons]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884382|Thomas Allen Catron]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884384|Isaias Mendoza]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884385|Charles Donald Neal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884387|Wanda Bailey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884392|John Herman Clomax]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884400|Emmanuel Demetri]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884402|Bruce P. Biesenbach Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bruce P. Biesenbach, Sr.-(1945 - 2020).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884404|Artemis Nazarian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884407|Bill Mantell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884416|Merle C. Dry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884418|Harold L. Hayes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884420|Rosemarie Theresa Torrance]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884422|Rachel Walters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884423|Carol Carey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884426|Vincent G. Frainee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884432|Lucille Marie Resto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lucille Marie Stavola - 1961.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884433|Mercedes Santiago]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884434|Gerald Cassidy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884435|Lula Fitzpatrick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884796|John Joseph Reed Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884797|Edgar Orlando De La Roca]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884799|Jimmy Walters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884805|James O'Brien Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884807|Mari Jo Davitto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884808|Nancy Reid]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884809|Elaine Menchel Marcus]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Elaine Cheryl Menchel - 1962.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884810|Sean Boynes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884811|Theodore Gaffney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884824|Sharyn Lynn Vogel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884835|Sidney Siegel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884848|Larry Sylvester Hutchinson Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884861|Deane K. Felter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884880|Joan M. Hackney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884888|Landon Spradlin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884897|Rocco Patrick Ursino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884910|Nola Kathleen LaBudde]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884918|Ellen Spencer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884919|Paul Nathan Fontenot]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884920|Charles Goodstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Charles Goodstein - 1954.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884921|Roger Mckinney-Wagner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884925|Henry Burk Sullivan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Henry B. Sullivan - 1963.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884930|Duane G. Vock]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884931|Robert M. Sullivan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884932|Dorothy Cembrano Jay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884933|Arlene Muriel MacIntyre]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884940|Louvenia Henderson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884943|Chester Dwulet]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884944|Jorge F. Casals]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884945|Mary Gilbert]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884946|Alan F. Krupp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884950|Michael A. Hill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884955|Robert Woodward]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884956|Mary Therese Loughery]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884957|Peter Sakas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884958|Elsie Rossitto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884959|Shirley S. D'Stefan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884967|Jeanne Hammond Byrnes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884968|Melvin Pumphrey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884969|Anna M. Gayton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884970|Owen Moreland Parks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884971|Roy Northway Stephens]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884976|Jeanette Marie Baldwin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884980|John Pearson Brucher]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:John Brucher - 1957.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884981|Michael Lee Jordan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884982|Timothy E. Murray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Timothy E. Murray - high school graduation 1955.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884983|Joseph J. Deren Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884987|Loida Cruz Arroyo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885433|Charles Miles]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885444|Cynthia Whiting]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885454|Arlene M. Horowitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Arlene M. Fratkin - 1959.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95885462|John Larry Sartain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885472|James Kevin Malloy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885483|Clara Louise Bennett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885491|Patricia H. Thatcher]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885500|Peter J. Brancazio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885510|Bobby Lee Barber]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885518|Joan A. Lenhart]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885519|Ruth Hunter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885521|Estelle Kestenbaum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Estelle B. Greenwald.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95885528|Judith Lee Arkerson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885530|Tommie Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885532|Irene Ann Allen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885533|Kenneth A. Rago]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885535|Maria Gibbs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885536|James C. Whittemore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885546|Anna Marie Lopiccolo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885547|Allen Francis Tinkham]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885549|Charles Walter Calhoun]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885550|Guy A. LaVignera]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885551|Kenneth K. Skoog]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885560|James E. Mann Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885561|Paul Ronald Joseph]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885563|Louis B. Bernstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885564|Arthur Rogers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885566|Randy Wichlacz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885575|Frankie L. Morris Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885576|José Díaz-Ayala]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885577|Paul A. Hamel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885579|Cornelius Lawyer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885581|Dorothy Murphy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885582|Norman Walker Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885590|Florence Cahill Flaherty]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885592|Barbara Yazbeck Vethacke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885594|Nikima Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885595|Kerry Lehman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885597|Mary Minervini]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885605|Frances A. Orsini]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885606|Mae T. Roser]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885609|Regina D. Cullen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885611|Elizabeth Tevenan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885612|Dolores Marie DeLaurentis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dolores Marie DeLaurentis - 1949.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95885615|Jana Prince]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885622|Malcolm C. Shaw Jr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885624|Sheena Renee Comfort Miles]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885625|Martha Leroy Wilson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885626|James David Gewirtzman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:James David Gewirtzman - 1966.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95885628|Regina Dix-Parsons]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886139|Henry N. Dubois]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886140|Robert H. Westphal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886141|Audrey L. Ercha]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886142|Edward L. Ghidotti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Edward Ghidotti - 1950.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886150|Edith Gallo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886151|Ron Frangipane]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886152|Ferdi German]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886153|Richard M. Cieslak]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886155|Mildred W. Blough]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886163|Randy G. Addison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886164|Rosalie J. Downes Emrich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886165|John Bradford Hubert II]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886167|Robert R. Stout]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886174|Eva Charlotte Julewitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886175|Dale E. Thurman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886176|Horace Saunders]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886178|Mary T. King]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886179|Joseph Angeline]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886180|Muriel E. Lundgren]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886187|Barbara Ann Loreck]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886189|Kathleen Domenick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886190|Muriel M. Going]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886191|Charles Dow Long]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886192|Dorothy V. Indeck]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886200|Ina Macko]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ina Place - 1941.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886201|Julia Maye Alexander]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886202|Virginia Alice Rauth]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886204|Cynthia Jean Falle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886205|Johnnie D. Veasley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886206|William Jonathan Glenney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886213|Mary E. Mack]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886215|Calvin Richardson Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886216|Arthur Winthrop Barstow]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886217|Raymond Kenny]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886223|Susan Grey Hopp Crofoot]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886226|Robert F. Brady Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886227|Antoinette Meyer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886229|Barbara Helen Richardson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886230|Michael Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886232|Luis Juarez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886240|Jeffrey Stanley Lin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886241|Stanley L. Morse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886242|John A. Bailargeon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886243|Steven P. St. Laurent]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886244|Lawrence W. Stedl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Larry Stedl - 1969.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886252|John Timothy Barr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886261|Patrick Conran]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886273|Leroy Perryman Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886282|Jonathan Adewumi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886297|Elizabeth Batista]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886713|Peter S. Miguel Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886714|Betty Jo Barney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886716|Nelson Perdomo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ايل سيلويڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886717|Randolph Warren Whipple]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886718|Jane Krumrine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886724|Bennie Webb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886727|Dean Leroy Drake]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886728|William E. Jackman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886729|John Schoffstall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886730|Hilda R. Nagel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886737|Manda Klancir]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886739|Margueritte Martha McCain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886740|Edie Morello]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Edith Elizabeth Spanish - 1941.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886743|Lillian Kimura]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886744|Thomas A. Real]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886745|LaKisha Willis White]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886751|John P. Derrico]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886754|Lucy Yanushefski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886755|Angeline Michalopulos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886756|Jonathan Crachat Carreira Ferreira]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886758|Patricia Yanni]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886765|Elizabeth N. Updegrave]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886766|Clark Osojnicki]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886767|Linda Benedict]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886769|Rosemary Hoell Rushka]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886770|Paul Warech]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886771|Judy Therrian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886781|Jermaine Ferro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886783|Dennis Alan Bradt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886786|Marcia Rushford]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886788|Andrea Ruth Ludgin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886791|Susan C. Menoche]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886801|Shirley Eileen Zimmerman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886813|Charles Constantino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886822|Eric F. Anderson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Eric Anderson - 1957.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886831|Quentin Cormell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886852|Sandra Piotrowski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886861|Betty Eleanor Fennelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bette Nelson - 1951.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886874|Ida Esposito]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886883|Kerri Ann Kennedy-Tompkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886891|Scott Melter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886892|Barbara Mae Barham]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886893|Michael Albert Shubak]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886894|Davis Begaye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886895|Suchendra Singh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فجي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886904|Edna Saikkonen Alve]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886905|Stanley M. Cohen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886906|Catherine Drouin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886907|William G. Bennett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886908|Justin Liuba]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887280|Ross L. Saddlemire]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887281|Grace Nutland]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887282|Timothy H. Gray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887287|John Pope]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887291|Robert J. LeBlanc]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887292|Rosemary Ann Hughes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887293|Ralph R. Loranger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887294|Wee Chu Wong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887295|Albert H. Irwin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887303|Laurie Appell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887305|Viraf Darukhanawalla]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887306|Jeannette M. Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887307|David E. Carman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887308|Ina Shaw Mirviss]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887314|Margaret Busha]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887321|Jerry Alford]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887332|Marion Lucille Kujda]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887363|Kimarlee Nguyen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887373|Ronaldo Ferrari]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887384|Sawarrelita Redmond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887394|Loretta Mendoza Dionisio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887405|Patricia Frieson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887417|Michael Mika]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887418|Alan Lund]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887419|John Cofrancesco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887420|Carl Redd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887421|Alvin Elton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887428|Kevin Charles Patz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887431|Theresa Elloie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887432|Joseph Graham]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887434|Robert Earl Schaefer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887437|Gerald Anthony Morales]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887443|Frederick Carl Harris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887445|Christine McLaurin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887446|Mary Virginia McKeon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887447|Andreas Koutsoudakis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887455|James Quigley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887456|Sherman Pittman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887457|Harvey Bayard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887459|Alice Chavdarian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887460|Bassey Offiong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887462|Jéssica Beatriz Cortez]]'' | | [[ايل سيلويڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887469|Cedric Dixon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887470|Freda Ocran]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887471|Julian Anguiano-Maya]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887472|Minette Goff Cooper]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887473|Joseph Micajah Thomas II]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887837|Herman Boehm]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887838|Phillip Thomas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887846|Robert M. Weintraub]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887854|Joseph Yaggi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887862|David Reissig]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887872|Angelo Piro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887883|Sandra Lee deBlecourt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887892|Jose Vazquez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887899|Clair Dunlap]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887926|Sandra Santos-Vizcaino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887935|Roger Eckart]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887945|Daniel Spector]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887947|Antonio Checo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887948|Albert Petrocelli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887949|Florencio Almazo Morán]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887950|Jennifer Robin Arnold]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887951|Jesus Roman Melendez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887955|Audrey Malone]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887960|Azade Kılıç]]'' | | [[ترڪي]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887961|Nancy Ferguson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887962|Lucius Hall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887963|Glenn Daniel Bellitto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887970|Judith Plotkin-Goldberg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887972|Coby Adolph]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887973|Don Whan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887974|Albert K. Webster]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Albert K. Webster, Manager of Far East Tour of Harvard Glee Club (13563366944) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95887975|Kevin J. Masterson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887983|Ronald Willenkamp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887985|Lloyd Paul Leftwich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887986|Ann Kolb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887987|Helen Kafkis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887988|Julie Butler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887990|Antonio Nieves]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887996|Ann Youngerman Smoler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887998|Thomas J. Waters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887999|Kyra Michelle Swartz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888000|Rhoda Hatch]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888001|Eugene Lamar Limbrick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888009|June Beverly Hill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888010|Kamal Ahmed]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888011|Raymond Copeland]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888012|Lester Eber]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888013|Leo Sreebny]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888015|Robert Barghaan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888022|Howard Alexander Nelson Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Howard Nelson - 1952.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95888023|Allan Joseph Dickson Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888024|Timothy Branscomb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888025|Reuben Gutoff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888026|Gerard Rosenberg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888034|Marty Derer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888463|Harold Reisner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888464|Kevin John Cahill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888465|Mario Araujo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888466|James V. Walsh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888474|William D. Greeke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888475|Beatrice Rubin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888476|Jack Butler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888477|Hailey Herrera]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888478|Joseph F. Kelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888486|Perry Buchalter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888487|Faralyn Havir]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888488|Marlon Alston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888489|Joseph W. Hammond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888490|Peter Kafkis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888491|Tommie Adams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888499|Myra Helen Robinson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888501|Conrad Duncker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888502|Chianti Jackson Harpool]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888503|Ilona Murai Kerman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888511|Stuart Cohen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888512|George J. Foerst Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888513|Mauricio Valdivia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888514|Claudia Obermiller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888515|Myles Coker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888523|Marcus Edward Cooper Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888524|Rosemarie Amerosi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888525|Marie Scanlan Walker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888526|Parker Knoll]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888527|Rosemarie Franzese]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888528|Arlola Rawls]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888536|Adam Kovacs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888537|Peter M. Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888538|Irene Gasior]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888539|Margaret Laughlin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888540|Doris Mae Burkhart Kale]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888548|Ben Doherty]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888549|Josephine Posnanski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888550|John Watson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888551|Maria Garcia-Rodelo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888552|Harold Davis Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888553|Timothy Ross]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888561|Sherrell Stokes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888562|Larry Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888563|Billy Ross]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888564|Edmon C. Carmichael]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888565|Tom Ferguson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888573|Gwendolyn A. Carmichael]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888574|Shidao Wang]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888575|Levie Barkley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889010|Saul Moreno]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889011|Philemon Najieb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889012|Jerome Michael Zottolo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889014|Benjamin DiGiovanni]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889021|Nancy M. Allen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889022|Onielo De Luzio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889023|Lawrence Nokes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889024|James Merle Weaver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889025|Cathryn Wood]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889033|Moses Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889034|Paul J. Foley Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889035|Joseph J. Angi Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889036|Ruthie Jacqueline Stephens Turner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889037|Gerry Ellis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Gerry Norris - 1946.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889043|Emma Seifrit Weigley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Emma Seifrit - 1950.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889046|Yuet Ming Wong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1054923|British Hong Kong]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889047|Josephine Tapiru]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889048|Norma Jean Knight]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889049|Patricia McGowan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889055|David Toren]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889058|Joseph M. Kissane]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889059|Boro Lalich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889060|Richard Emmett Powers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889062|Ron Waxman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889069|Frederick Koerner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889071|Herb Baum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889072|Peter Laker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889073|Suzanne Raynal Gijsbers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889074|Willie Gene Whitaker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889081|William F. Latimer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889085|Peter P. DeLuise]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889086|Retha Elizabeth Contri Sharp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889087|Robert Adam Burns]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889097|Alma M. Carney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889098|Mark Schroeder]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889099|Lucille Dolores Romer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889100|Gerald Ringdahl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889106|Ed Smrekar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889117|William Harrison Goldman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889127|Anibal Francisco de Brito]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪيپ ورڊي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889138|Clyde Addison Reichelderfer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889152|Betty Jean Ringle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889166|Oluwayemisi Ogunnubi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889178|Helen Demetoglous]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889186|Calvin Tompkins Lucy Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889195|Margaret Skaliotis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889560|Latasha Andrews]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889561|Rona Iris Gertz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889562|Patricia Rowe]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889563|Terry G. Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889564|Luis A. Frias]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889565|Edith Richemond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889570|Raphael Kaminer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889574|Eve Rudin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889575|Louise N. Walsh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889576|Britta Lou Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889581|Robert C. Samuels]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889585|Lillian Press]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889586|Kenneth James Godwin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Kenneth James Godwin - 1943.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889587|Linda Joy Nassif]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889588|Emmy Falta]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889593|Wayne L. Wolford]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889598|Leslie Kalmus]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889602|Daniel James Callahan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:James Callahan - 1946.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889607|Alexander Webster Cruden Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889613|Ann Bonville Trombly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889617|Asela E. Gejo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889627|Georgianna Glose]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889638|Ijeoma Afuke]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889653|Jerome Berrien]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889663|Floyd Bluntson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889676|Dorothy May Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889688|Nicholas Modugno]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889697|Thomas Cotton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889705|David Bernstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889706|Myra Janet Headley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889707|Mary Elizabeth Parr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Mary Elizabeth Gribbin - 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889708|Marjorie P. Tabechian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889716|Robert William Dietz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889717|Arthur Charles Lindholm]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889718|Frank M. Goewey Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889719|Harrison Solliday]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889720|Michael Armstrong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889722|Mary Doyle Hovanec]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889729|Rosa Luna]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889730|Geraldine Marie McGovern]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889731|Gerald Alton Cook]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jerry Cook - 1951.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889733|Wilma Ruth Montgomery]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889741|Thomas F. McDermott]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889743|Wayne Drye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889744|Hildur T. Stanton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889745|Jaimala Singh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889746|Richard Lynn Heggen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889747|Terri Lynn Clark]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889754|Alexander Leon Lloyd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890143|Lloyd Cornelius Porter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890147|Wilman Sánchez Cabrera]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890156|Alexandra Louise Polansky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890167|Dale A. Boston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890176|Claude Reno Doucette]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890187|Janice L. McNelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Janice L. Nelson 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95890196|Nelson Henry Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890206|P. Michael Baillargeon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890214|Margaret MacVeagh Schweers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890245|Raymond Gayle Burgett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Raymond Burkett - 1952.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95890252|Michael J. Mchugh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890253|Mary Ann Bregar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890254|Marilyn Luella Tayse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890255|Roland Henry Lacasse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890256|Marguerite Peyser]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890257|Thomas A. Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890264|Genowefa Kochanek]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890267|Joel I. Sneider]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890269|Cornelia Ann Hunt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890270|William Hrabnicky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96024601|Hu Weifeng]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96041028|Wajid Ali Khan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96042027|Miss Biá]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96051461|Dominique Boutet]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96056565|Celine Fariala Mangaza]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96067499|Rafael Leonardo Black]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96067751|Turhan Kaya]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96072211|Fabiana Anastácio]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96096540|Charles Hertel]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96098113|Paul Kuentzmann]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96099070|Luis Tapiru II]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96102105|Marcos Montero]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96102692|Ismail Gamadiid]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96130472|Malcolm Kela Smith]]'' | | [[پاپوا نيو گني]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[آسٽريليا]] | | | [[فائل:Malcolm Smith-Kela (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96133142|Tom Mulholland]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96169315|Afwerki Abraha]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96172631|Ashok Gasti]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96175697|Laura Bernal]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96180005|Mary J. Wilson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96186936|Luis Repetto Málaga]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Los museos son espacios culturales que reafirman nuestra identidad.mp4 snapshot 05.16 (2020.08.04 11.49.56).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96200463|Adriano Silva]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96209239|Christian Bousquet]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96215909|Eva Konrad Hawkins]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96241334|Juan Sanabria]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96252244|Ali Hadi]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96274278|Aslam Baba]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96312941|Nasir Ajanah]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96323819|Abdul Ghafar Atan]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96324008|David Cohen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96357188|Aurelio Desdentado Bonete]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96370232|Nur Omar Mohamed]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96391530|Mahmoud Hammoud]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:2020-21 Chabab Ghazieh vs Shabab Sahel 02 (Mahmoud Hammoud).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96405149|Marie A. Turzo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405150|Nola Schwartz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405152|Marilyn Alston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405153|Abraham Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405154|Richard Erlichman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405155|Florencio Cruz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405156|Barbara Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96436881|Robert Washington]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459616|Ross Mordecai]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459620|Edward Magliocco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459622|Ying Kao Lee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459624|Larry Singer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459628|Lou Pompilio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459630|Michael McIntyre]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459633|John Charles Diaz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96461719|Leonidas Pelekanakis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96463203|John Treen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96463631|José Ramón Ónega]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464297|Cathy Apothaker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464298|Rosemary Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464300|Kathleen Duffy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464301|Sylvia Millrood]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464302|Rosemary W. Tucker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464303|Lysa Dawn Robinson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464304|Ruth Rosenstock]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464305|Irene Loretta Cassady]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464306|Patti Kelly-Peightal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464307|Mildred McLean-Terrell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464308|Paddy McNichol]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464309|Karen Kelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464310|Ramona Thomas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464311|Peggy Crane]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464312|Sarah Nader]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464313|Rochelle King]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464314|Walter Bohn Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464315|Vito A. Cosmo Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464316|John F. Murray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464318|Avraham MacConnell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464319|Craig TenBroeck]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464320|Luka A. Marano Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464322|Helen B. Days]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464323|Ronald Jamison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464324|William Collins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464325|Kevin Bundy Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464326|Robert Doubet]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:R. Doubet —1946.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96464327|Francis Dufner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464328|Joseph W. Murray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464329|Barry Gelman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464330|Hal Stein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464331|L. Theodore Lawrence Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464332|Joseph Zingaro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464334|Charles Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464335|Richard Coppola]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464337|Bob Griffith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464338|Bernice Teller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464339|Michael R. Walker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464340|Jasper Daniels Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464341|Dennis Small Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464342|Joe Perrott]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464343|George Schneider]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464344|Edward Horowitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464345|Joe Tunney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464346|Mary Schneider]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464430|June McIntyre]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464431|Lena Sims]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464432|Eric M. Gore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464433|Brian Holcomb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464435|Richard Aronson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464436|Mike Forrest]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464437|Theodore Nixon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464510|Eileen Atkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96470807|Lynika Strozier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lynika Strozier 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96473280|Mary Wilson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96575383|Clarence Mini]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96587386|Mary Tiffen]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96606866|Jampel Lodoy]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96624229|Sergio Jacobo Gutiérrez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96624928|Pablo Puente Aparicio]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96656030|Manaf Taleb]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96678709|Marconi Alencar]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96695037|Md. Shahjahan Ali Talukder]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96710071|Haidari Wujodi]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:حیدری وجودی.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96756329|Anthony Obiagboso Enukeme]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96758970|Mohamed El Milahi]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96774796|Syed Aal E Imran]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96789500|Eurídice Moreira]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96979351|Yupadee Kobkulboonsiri]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96987607|Soepriyatno]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Anggota DPR Soepriyatno.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96987964|Bambang Suryadi]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bambang Suryadi, Member of the People's Representative Council.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96988315|Jimmy Demianus Ijie]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jimmy Demianus Ijie.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96988673|Gatot Sudjito]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Gatot Sudjito.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96989495|Ali Taher]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Ali Taher.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96989513|John Siffy Mirin]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:John Siffy Mirin Family (cropped face).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97011238|Inuwa Abdulkadir]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97011316|Mamadou Bamba Ndiaye]]'' | | [[سينيگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97012125|Mahendra Yadav]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97013763|Sylvio Capanema]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97013788|Aristoteles Atheniense]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Aristoteles Atheniense.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97015683|Julio Jimenez Llanque]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97016566|Howard Croft]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97016619|Godwin Achinge]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97036815|Gordon Kegakilwe]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97045148|Charles Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97101228|Richard di Liberto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97105191|Reyna Marlene de los Ángeles Catzín Cih]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97119149|Noloyiso Sandile]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97119870|Liao Jianjun]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97129077|Ghaida Kambash]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97129737|Ricardo Mthembu]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97137136|Faqir Nabi]]'' | | [[افغانستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97138189|Abdullah al Mohsin Chowdhury]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97143554|Mohamed Kouradji]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97176731|Amadou Salif Kebe]]'' | | [[گني|گائينا]] | | | [[فائل:Me Amadou Salif Kébé en 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97183473|Gopal Krishna Saxena]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97194729|Alireza Raheb]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97217254|Etibar Babayev]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97217357|Fərman Bağırov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97220091|Sayyad Alizade]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97306828|Iwan Dwiprahasto]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97317138|Qainan Al-Zahrani]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97321345|Alfred Mtsi]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97338873|Noh Gil-nam]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97342569|Mário Calixto Filho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345163|Jose Alfredo Moron]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345165|Michael Aubrey Wiskur]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345166|Nellie B. Stokes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345167|L. B. Perry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345168|David Buffington Wham]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345169|Gloria Cervantes Zamudio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345172|Walter J. Blase]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345174|Lisette Kohn Gale]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345175|Christopher L. Hammond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345176|Mohammad Riad Hussain Ismat]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345177|Maria Rita Ripa]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345178|Diana T. Jun]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345179|Gregori V. Armstrong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345180|Kai Wong Sam]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345181|Saul Ben-Zeev]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345182|Ramiro Barcena]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345183|Diane Ramonas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345184|Dalis Ramonas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345186|Gerald Boerman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345187|Bridget Bahal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345188|Patricia Ciametti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345189|Simon Zamudio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345190|Julie Maldonado]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345191|Raymond Niwa]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345192|Gabrail Ismayl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345194|Nicolasa Estrada]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345195|Phillip Cooper]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345196|Carol DeWitt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345198|Edward Singleton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345199|Albert Stokes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345200|Robert Brieske]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345202|Willie Hall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345204|Steve Hudson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345205|Mary McKeon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345207|John LaPlante]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345208|Virginia Gray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345212|Mary Christien]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345213|Luigi Pierpaoli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345215|Hecky Powell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345216|Richard Moenning]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345217|John Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345218|Francisco Gomez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345219|Maria Gomez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345240|Saul Velazquez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345241|Crystal Cantrell-Barbee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345243|Charley Hill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345245|Lambros Karkazis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345247|Lillian Nakawatase]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345248|George Parrott]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345250|Esperanza Ugalde]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345252|Morris Loeb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345330|Roselind Barsevick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345333|Larry Harris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345334|William Hollaar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345336|Debbie Decker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345340|Marvin Mazzucchelli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345341|Albert Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345343|Feliks Ogorodnik]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345345|Kathleen Takash]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345347|Jim Schwark]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345348|Safa Suleyman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345350|Elizabeth Cota]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345351|James Gettings]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345353|Bernadine Summers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345354|Ronald Landsman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345355|James Bragiel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345356|Martha Singleton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345357|Elizabeth Henry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345358|Moses Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345359|John Mazzucchelli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345361|Joseph Carnes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345367|Elwyte Gardner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345369|Tommie Adams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345371|Brenda Bolden]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345372|Philman Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345373|Nancy Halbauer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345574|Mary Duggan Philbin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345575|William Griffin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345576|Roger Griggs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345577|Asberry Stoudemire]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97372585|Hanna Palska]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97388797|Mohamed Mounir]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97400267|Domingos Mãhörõ]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97440861|Irene Lalji]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Irene Lalji (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97466640|Яўген Уладзіміравіч Мядзько]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97467461|Manoel da Lenha]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97495832|Angela von Nowakonski]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97500756|Norberto Padilla]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97578686|César Salinas]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97579656|Jorge Villavicencio]]'' | | [[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | [[فائل:Ex ministro Villavicencio (Nómada) (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97590799|Bahrum Daido]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bahrum Daido (2018) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97670845|Lloyd Cafe Cadena]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:GUILTY or NOT GUILTY! FT. LLOYD CADENA 5s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97671575|Patrick Ellis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97704644|Homayoun Reza Atardi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97704692|James Rudd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97750531|Steve dePyssler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97774567|Pamela Rush]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97824637|Salko Bukvarević]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97930996|Katherine B. Hoffman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97940401|Kōichi Yokono]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98036542|O'ktam Barnoyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[ازبڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98041231|Bill Montgomery]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98065588|Alieu Mboge]]'' | | [[گيمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98065792|Mohammad Barkatullah]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98072664|Satyanarayan Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Satyanarayn Singh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98083027|Masaru Ezaki]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98092502|Carlos Rosas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98106246|Manabendra Bandyopadhyay]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98108040|Arun Guhathakurta]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98108920|Shyamal Chakraborty]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98145736|German (Chesnokov)]]'' | | [[روسي سوويت وفاقي سوشلسٽ جمهوريه]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98149217|Mohamed Adib Slaoui]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98240163|M. I. Sambou-Gassama]]'' | | [[گيمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98247997|Pierre Boubarne]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98382520|Tjandermatie Soekhai]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98449532|Bernaldina José Pedro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98457692|Jamyang Choegyal Kasho]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Jamyang Choegyal Kasho.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98459576|Konstantin Markov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Legendite 2016 06.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98514406|Raúl Rubio Burgos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98514941|Theodore Corcoran]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98518138|Lungile Pepeta]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98527416|Jorge Flores Ochoa]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:JAFO.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98527646|Umesh Dastane]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98543285|Tariq Shafi]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98545382|Kesar Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98561146|Ahmed Badouj]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | [[فائل:Ahmed Badouj - Argan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98596471|Nina Popova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98600373|John Cooke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98637362|Vergillio Rebin]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Vergillio Rebin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98690717|Paddy Garritty]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98714288|Evelyn Nicol]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98761510|Harry Seager]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98844761|Cecilia Romo]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98889006|Ramón Silva Bahamondes]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98908359|Ahmed Al-Qadri]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98914210|Vimala Sharma]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Vimala Sharma.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98918949|Johny Bakshi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98924391|Kris Heggenhougen]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98924502|William Neikirk]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:WILLIAM R. NEIKIRK.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98931500|Raosaheb Antapurkar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98971880|Karim Kamalov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98994281|KS Firoz]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99052066|Luisa Revilla]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Luisa Revilla (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q99198811|Yousef Abu-Safieh]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99244285|Kendal Royo]]'' | | [[پاناما]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99300113|Rubén Corimayo]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99306278|Juan Carlos Alcoba]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:JUAN CARLOS ALCOBA.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q99316693|Valery Semanzo]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q133356|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]''<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99409157|Miguel Acundo González]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99421575|Eddie Mosley]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:EddieMosley.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q99432805|Margaret Waterchief]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99438633|Andrés Abt]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | [[فائل:Alcalde del Municipio CH Andres Abt - imf8381v1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q99439541|Donald Keith Duncan]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99454945|Florent Pereira]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99485311|Adeline Fagan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99574699|Bernard Fils-Aimé]]'' | | [[هيٽي]] | | | [[فائل:2009 Secretary of State's Award for Corporate Excellence (portrait crop).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q99756227|Tony Tenpenny]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99767788|Brandi Christine Case-Wallace]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99800397|Mirza Shahi]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99845647|Datta Ekbote]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99851329|Mncedisi Filtane]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99857265|Andréia de Olicar]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99911656|Ziad Al-Zaza]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100146088|Barbara Ann Davis Prince]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100146338|Sandy Oldfield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100146445|Chanesh Ram Rathiya]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100146617|Esther Morales]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | [[فائل:Esther Morales.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100272881|Rick Todd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100275270|Father Stanislaus Lourduswamy]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Stan Swamy (2010).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100339816|Yevhen Cherednichenko]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Євген Чередніченко (2017).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100537333|Lambert Kreekels]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100548537|Ахметов, Рашит Ракипович]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Рашит Ракипович Ахметов (1954—2020), основатель и редактор газеты «Звезда Поволжья».JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100580192|Rabbi Osher Yaakov Westheim]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100591633|Piotr Francuz]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100591978|Wojciech Stachurski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Wojciech Stachurski.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100627627|Ilana Rovina]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:Ilana Rovina (1963).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100716099|Gusztáv Adorján]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100742561|Ayachi Afilal]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100751723|Kayla Williams]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100783678|Jonathan Duck]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100784502|Christian Gatoux]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100795028|Joel Molina Ramírez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100797042|Matt Gras]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100890925|Parrerito]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Parrerito.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100941027|Ted Vartelas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100975270|Chad Dorrill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100995846|Abdul Ilah Nabhan]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101022194|Angeline Bernadel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101054234|Pablo Lozano Martín]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101069330|H. Tati Santiesteban]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101080038|Pedro Mario Pereyra]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101089316|Adi Darma]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wali Kota Bontang Adi Darma.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q101116145|Dharsibhai Khanpura]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101120800|David Andahl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101149176|Moncef Ouannes]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101204200|Marc Frasez]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101204530|Bernard Ducruet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101208374|Aniel Kienno]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101229866|Anatoliy Fedorchuk]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101245795|Mutodi Neshehe]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101362178|Andrzej Prawda]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101423791|Irving Pressley McPhail]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101434569|Notis Lalaitis]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Notis1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q101542315|Willie Salcedo]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101579664|Leandro Resurreccion III]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101584214|Jacek Polak]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Mr. Pollack.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q101711396|János Gróz]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101818266|Géza Lajhó]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101873866|Lynn Kellogg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102047464|Marek Umiński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102047761|Óscar Akira Yasser Noriega]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102047806|Mewalal Chaudhary]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102076923|Anton Filipov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102078444|Mariano Valdés Chávarri]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102097529|Mustafa Canlı]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102104819|Radamés Salazar Solorio]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Radamés Salazar Solorio.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q102113504|Andrzej Bręczewski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102122799|Raymond Taylor Hoobler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102132780|Bruce Richard Buzby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102146937|Khyson Swong]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102157745|Euda Edward Dean]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102158397|Romuald Koliński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102164597|Barnett Weil Glickfield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102164680|Charles J. Mode]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102166137|Joseph Bertorelli]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102189950|Alfonso Gracia-Saz]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102192043|Carl Hanson Fitzgerald]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102198254|Patrick Denis Barry]]'' | | [[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102276262|Cordula Heß]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102305241|Lay Nam Chang]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102334622|Reinaldo Teles]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102343281|Rajendrasingh Baghel]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Rajendrasingh Baghel.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q102357959|Hussein Al-Zuhairi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102361877|Jose Luis Garayoa]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102378274|Honestie Hodges]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102391013|Jean Lau Chin]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Dr Jean Lau Chin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q102416147|Bharat Bhalke]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102450473|Jan Krawiec]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102490912|David Maas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102859580|Eleanor Schano]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103414626|Pavel Čech]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Pavel Čech, 2018.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q103512342|Hryhoriy Arshynov]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103574159|Hanna Stadnik]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Hanna Stadnik grób (cropped)1 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q103742338|Raja Mukhopadhyay]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103766157|Adil Ismayilov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | [[فائل:Adil Ismayilov in 2020 (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q103815009|Fadma Abi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103820311|Jacek Włodyga]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103828682|Rafael Pražák]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103863018|Ramzi Najjar]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103928233|Luke Letlow]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104005260|Gastón Lemaitre]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104028901|Leanid Zaika]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104049729|Valery Vinakurov]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104057606|Timoteo Ofrasio]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:OfrasioSJ.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104062635|Zbigniew Jurkiewicz]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104062775|Lise Funck-Brentano]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104094383|Donal Leace]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104123083|Pavel Hečko]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104126171|Jean Saliba]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104128390|Divya Bhatnagar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104128876|Judit Egerszegi]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104132756|Božidar Milenković]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104145641|Fazlul Haque Montu]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104147083|Omar Khashram]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104150437|Brittanya Karma]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104150471|Lillian Elena Blancas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104150631|Damir Kukuruzović]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104155741|Dawn Lindberg]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104176273|Jerrold Post]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104178897|Lucio Moderato]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104192199|Jerzy Steckiewicz]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104205652|D. Vijayamohan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104244526|Bolivia Suárez]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104244720|Christina Rodrigues]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104253395|Aitor Etxarte]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Aitor Etxarte Berezibar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104376876|Jan Błoński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Kidawa-Błoński.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104389005|Delfino López Aparicio]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104398451|Jethro]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Jethro october 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104398468|Oleksandr Arkadin-Shkolʹnyk]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Александр Аркадин-Школьник.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104414777|Evelyn Alda Seckler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104432992|Humberto Trujillo]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104438339|Anghel-Adrian Popa]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104439610|Kim Lee]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:02018 0146 KatowicePride-Parade, Kim Lee.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104439738|Ahmad Toyserkani Ravari]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:احمد تویسرکانی راوری.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104442727|Monzur-I-Mowla]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104450555|Dorothy Gill Barnes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104464302|Nur Supriyanto]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Nur Suprianto.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104470971|Marcin Dramiński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104518546|Loyiso Mpumlwana]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104522108|Thoriq Husler]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bupati Luwu Timur Muhammad Thorig Husler.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104522420|Muhammad Al-Saeedi Al-Jardi]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104525399|Ismail al-Shamali]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104528006|Krzysztof Pajewski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104528447|Susan Moore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104531513|Benedicto Bravo]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104532204|Carlos Levy]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Levy 2018.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104537223|Arnold D. Gruys]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104541175|Jean-Claude Bohain]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104556343|Dudu Duswara]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Dudu Duswara.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104557820|طلال باغر]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104595284|Issaka Assane Karanta]]'' | | [[نائيجر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104621154|William T. Beaver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104628566|Sead Gološ]]'' | | [[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104629341|Paul Etyang]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104637633|Veronica Oliver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104640108|Aylin Özmenek]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104640624|Abdul Hakim Al-Taher]]'' | | [[سوڊان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104666469|Tawauna Averette]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104695839|Jarod Nandin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104701628|George Whitmore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:George Whitmore Climber.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104717282|Julius Schachter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104760616|Valentin Sushko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104764484|Alan Cairns]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:AlanCairns2005.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104764596|Fabrizio Soccorsi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104764599|Theodore Lumpkin Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Theodore Lumpkin - 1940s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104771406|Pradip Ghosh]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104772253|Abid Hussain]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104776005|Oleg Danilov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104787172|Iancu Țucărman]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104807971|John Condrone]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104812380|João Henrique de Souza]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104813246|Mizanur Rahman Khan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104816462|Ali Saleh Mohammed Ali Jaber]]'' | | [[يمن]]<br/>[[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Syekh Ali Jaber, 00.02.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104833709|Jairo Castillo]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104843609|Hijn Bijnen]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104843792|Tapan Ghosh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Tapan ghosh hs.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104848615|Alejandro Galvis Ramírez]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104852520|Bheki Ntuli]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104856962|Martin Addison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104864449|Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104866691|William Z. Good]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104870829|King Victor Thulare III]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104903655|Nombulelo Hermans]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104904509|Ivan Metelytsya]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104905111|Barbara N. Benson]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104906836|Joe Guerra]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Joe Guerra - 1980.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104911977|Meghrig Parikian]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Meghrig-Parikian.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104949139|Krzysztof Łuszczewski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104989956|Calixto Avena]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105027958|Stephen Lungu]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105037528|Raisuddin Ahmed]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105043758|Pavel Hanták]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105047205|Gordinho do Surdo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105047246|Carlos Antunes]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105061229|Jaroslava Janderová]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Praha, Magistrát, Jaroslava Janderová (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105061721|Vitaly Maksimov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105063128|Bernard Papánek]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105069826|Kenneth Z. Altshuler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105071466|Suhail Zaheer Lari]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105071475|Joel Matiza]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105076376|Richard West]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105078440|Falah Mandkar]]'' | | [[ڪويت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105083943|Martha Madrigal]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105084390|Marius Swart]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Marius Swart.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105085298|Georgeta Luchian Tudor]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105085435|Sekou Smith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105097673|Anita R. Schiller]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105098482|Paradzai Zimondi]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105099966|Wahab Adegbenro]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105100101|Muspandi]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105120942|Abbas Khan]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Nawab Ali Abbas khan (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105183759|Ray Rayburn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105184059|Dennis Mileti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105198678|Percy Tucker]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105208032|Julio Roberto Gómez]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105222367|John Gibbons]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105223109|Kwasi Sainti Baffoe-Bonnie]]'' | | [[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105229566|Octavian Cojan]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105263600|Ismail Kijo]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105295115|Vicent Raga]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:RAGA Vicent foto VW.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105297032|Maria Andrea Gaspar]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105319487|Mathoor Govindan Kutty]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105337022|Sylvia Lieber]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105346796|Zezinho Corrêa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Zezinho Corrêa - 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105399622|Steve Turney]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105404824|László Huszár]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[سلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105414316|Robb Webb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105421772|Patricia Healey]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105424134|Cynthia Turner]]'' | | [[مالٽا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105426998|Manuel Salinas]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:ManuelSalinas2.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105452340|Zoila Águila Almeida]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | [[فائل:Zoila Águila Almeida.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105452765|Javier Neves]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105517287|Purificación Atrián Jordán]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105532898|Zaire Rezende]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105581015|Jaleel Smith-Riley]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105586692|James Medhurst]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105620263|Pastor Heydra]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105627376|Quoc Anh]]'' | | [[ويٽنام]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105637139|Consuelo Rodríguez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105640581|Enrico Obletter]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105641786|Barbara Ann Rowan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105646427|B. Raghavan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105659455|Madeleine Humbertclaude]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105675497|Élida Rasino]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105679224|Sofia Zhukova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105696486|Bob Pixel]]'' | | [[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105710323|José Manuel Cortizas]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105722839|Mike Bradner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Mike Bradner.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105727602|Erica Watson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105729922|Jorge Marticorena Cuba]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105730949|Víctor Espinoza Peña]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105737171|Anna Majani]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105746143|Marta Martin Carrera-Ruiz]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105748342|Diego Gómez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Diego Gómez Cabrera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105753833|Kenneth Mthiyane]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105755145|Karima Brown]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105756142|Rachel Cathoud]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105782944|Osvaldo Mércuri]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105841567|Peter Matlare]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105871502|Daniel Voisin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105943521|Jiří Engliš]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105954720|Algaci Tulio]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:ALGACIT2002.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105954938|Asongo Alalaparu]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Asongo Alalaparu (2020).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105969816|Malak Ismael]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105977858|Esteban Gómez Rovira]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105978052|Marco Bogarelli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105987426|Jaroslav Střeštík]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106009569|František Prošek]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106009696|Edgar García]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106009916|Jaromír Vytopil]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Jaromir Vytopil.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106011242|Miloslav Čechura]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106044069|Eyrolles Michel Mvunzi Meya]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106084284|Katyayani Shankar Bajpai]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106099414|Edson Montenegro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106109480|Wojciech Krawczyk]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106112793|Antonio Pérez González]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106122752|Natale Bozzo]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106163378|Hanna Lypkivska]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106175318|Toabur Rahim]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106194747|İmran Kılıç]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106204763|Abu Asif Barghouti]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106218592|Rito Jiménez]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106218656|Theresa M. Korn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106228708|Yousef Ozreil]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106230021|Francis Pelekamoyo]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106241908|Kombo James Moyana]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106269407|Ellen Gwaradzimba]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106272177|Christian Ntshangase]]'' | | [[اسواتيني|سوازي لينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106297174|Karel Vávra]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106309840|Gurupada Mete]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106317446|Márton Brády]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106334361|Nemam Ghafouri]]'' | | [[عراق]]<br/>[[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106366913|Yinka Odumakin]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106423215|Jacquiline Chikuta]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106434042|Nestor Torre Jr.]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106463233|Füzuli Javadov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106466070|Hans Kristian Gaarder]]'' | | [[ناروي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106472216|François Matheron]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106473570|Babar Tadvi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106473583|Dugyala Srinivas Rao]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106474359|Irondi Mantovani Pugliesi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106477709|Hebert Axel González]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106484252|László Rákoskerti]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106508488|Aslam Qureshi]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106515434|Mao Ayuth]]'' | | [[ڪمبوڊيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106518107|Ludmila Guzun]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106519193|Lois Sasson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106519588|Mahmoud al-Khalidi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q193714|Mandatory Palestine]]''<br/>[[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106533280|Dário de Castro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106542493|Muṣṭafá Muslim]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106542784|Theodore Lambrinos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Greek-American baritone Theodore Lambrinos, 1960s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106572313|Ludovico Badoy]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Director Ludovico D. Badoy (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106585096|Pang Xiong Sirirathasuk Sikoun]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106587775|Teresa Majchrzak]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q211274|Polish People's Republic]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106588720|Àngel Pla]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106592192|Johny Lal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106592198|Lea Dali Lion]]'' | | [[اسٽونيا]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Lea Dali Lion 2014 (1).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106595478|Robin Fransman]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Robin Fransman-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106600819|Alípio Freire]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Alípio Freire.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106602162|Thakur Puran Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106602515|Bhitali Das]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q2227470|Majgaon]]'' | | | [[فائل:Assamese singer Vitali Das.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106611255|Satwant Kaur Sandhu]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611259|A Elumalai]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611265|M. AS Subramanian]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611278|Kailash Chandra Trivedi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611282|Sukhdarshan Singh Marar]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611287|Bishnu Prasad Bhaiya]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611773|Purnmasi Pankaj]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611774|Kalawati Bhuria]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611776|Ramesh Diwakar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106613228|Vira Sathidar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106613406|Diana S. Rabinovich]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106617169|Zoram Sangliana]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106618445|Kunti Devi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106626688|Kishore Nandlaskar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106629259|David Núñez]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106634443|Jaga Rout]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106637349|Somnath Juwarkar]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106648138|Amris]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wakil Walikota Dumai Amris.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106648215|Celso Dayrit]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106650087|Chittabbai Kudupudi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106651586|Kom Chuanchuen]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106652376|Vasyl Obleschuk]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106659864|Olena Lytovchenko]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Письменниця Олена Литовченко з книжкою "Пустоцвіт".jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106675659|Jagdish Lad]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106675731|Kanupriya]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106687272|Williams Santamaría Valdera]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106687902|Seturam Gopalrao Neginhal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Sethuram Gopalrao Neginhal.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106689691|Gilmar de Carvalho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106689926|Boddu Bhaskara Ramarao]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106690199|Challa Rama Krishna Reddy]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106690208|Sudhakar Paricharak]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106690211|Dauji Gupta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106691558|Ricardo Alberto Ramírez]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106702173|James Purify]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106707423|Fred Fitz-James]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106714989|Ajay Sharma]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106727289|Sriprada]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106730125|Baldur Beyer]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:Baldur Beyer (2021).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106734360|Rajendra Kapila]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106764462|Omar Hugo Gómez]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106768454|Javier Rondón]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106771906|James Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106784040|Roy Ristie]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Roy Ristie 2017.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106784902|Fathul Allah Ahmad]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106835512|Estefano Starepravo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106837129|Tony Tolbert]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106869478|Rajendrasinh Jadeja]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106873455|Anjan Bandyopadhyay]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106885286|Saad Sharar]]'' | | [[ڪويت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106906609|Prashant Mohapatra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106906993|Karen Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106947545|Qadir Haji Ali]]'' | | [[عراق]]<br/>''[[:d:Q41470|Kurdistan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107021764|Ryan Stephen]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107021889|Basant Das]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]''<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107103451|Yann Gontard]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107119906|Kiyomoto Yoshijirō]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107128059|Paul Freedman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107187433|Taha Karaan]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107192015|Lin Fang-I]]'' | | [[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107207790|Aldo Moltifiori]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107249689|Maurice Tsalefac]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107289272|Rehema Watongola]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107300156|Rodrigo Munilla]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107309769|Emin Saraç]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:صورة شخصية محمد أمين سراج.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107343331|Abd al-Nasir Najjar]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107358646|Ahmed Bilal Shah]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Ahmed Bilal Shah VOA (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107359033|Hind Chelbi]]'' | | [[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107380310|Goolam Rajah]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387549|Nomandla Yako]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387562|Lungile Tom]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387566|Henry Jansen]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387578|Patrick Jaji]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387591|Moonyeenn Lee]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387600|Paul Dobson]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387618|Sbusiso Mseleku]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387717|Patrick Bayo Mkhize]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387822|Mohammad Karaan]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387850|Leslie Ponnusamy]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107398923|Robert P. Cohen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399015|Gianni Colajemma]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399425|Charles Gregory Ross]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399519|Tony Greer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399637|Wilmer Ato]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399863|Edmundo Martinez Zaleta]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399866|Eric Salas González]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399870|Toshi Wungtung]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107400559|Reinaldo Ortega]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107400988|Steven Manios Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107401694|Josh Wallwork]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107401977|Shankanada Aravind]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107420703|Fridon Aslanyan]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q132856|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]]''<br/>[[آرمينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107420799|Abel Pienaar]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107423669|Fazl-e-Khuda]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107453228|Diratsagae Alfred Kganare]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107487454|Francisco Astorga]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Francisco "Pancho" Astorga Foto- © Rodrigo Pardo .jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107488620|Eka Supria Atmaja]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bupati Bekasi Eka Supria Atmaja.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107491716|Luke Masamvu]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107491736|Peter Haritatos]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107524326|Ricardo Corrêa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107528488|Machchindra More]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107528549|Alfredo Fraile]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107528659|Parvesh C. Mehta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107528924|K Balu]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529167|Sai Balaji]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529220|Kumar Vatti]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529305|Anil Suri]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529386|Venugopal Kosuri]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529447|Shyam Dehati]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529490|Vamsi Rajesh Kondaveeti]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107539497|Zhypar Zheksheev]]'' | | [[ڪرغزستان|ڪِرگزِستانُ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107545906|José Maria Batalla]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107545938|Jeremy Silvester]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107550001|Kä Mana]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107563913|Eliaser Yentji Sunur]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Eliaser Yentji Sunur.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107569124|John Mukasa]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107570435|Arun Chaudhary]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107581777|Enny Sri Hartati]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107583322|Arief Harsono]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Arief Harsono1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107583643|Mohamad Assegaf]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107584187|Nurul Almy Hafild]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107600902|Audrey Marie Ellis]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107613304|Hamadi Ghawar]]'' | | [[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107613344|Michael Lejong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107625371|Atful Hye Shibly]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107630308|Rodolfo Peña Flores]]'' | | [[ڪوسٽا ريڪا|ڪوسٽاريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Rodolfo-rodrigo-pea-flores 40240716480 o.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107645871|Hasip Kalimuddin Syam]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wagub Jambi Hasip Kalimuddin Syam.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107672808|Ribeiro da Ciclo Ribeiro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107785573|Jean-Claude Kazembe Musonda]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107877832|María Teresa Marú Mejía]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107921203|José Alberto Hermógenes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:José Alberto Hermógenes.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q108005947|Dick Farrel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108017856|Saranya Sasi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108043685|Luis Peláez Campomanes]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108076821|Issa Abdel Hafeez]]'' | | [[لبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108083120|Alan Neville Clements]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108083418|Sheham Siddik]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108110670|Pamela Valenzuela]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | [[فائل:Pamela Geraldine Valenzuela Rengel. Trans Volvimos a nacer 0-55 screenshot (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q108265582|Alexandre Pagès]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108282132|Aris Skiadopoulos]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108284809|Mohamed Saad]]'' | | [[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108296947|Filippo Maria Gambàri]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108320943|Giraldo González]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108368015|Francisco Monterrosa]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108384012|Iván Colás Costa]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108405918|Enakshi Chattopadhyay]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108410750|Marc Bernier]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108434832|Dan Montsitsi]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108462281|Georgi Vanyan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108529212|Bernardino Cano Radil]]'' | | [[پيراگوئي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108532938|Saviana Scalfi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108535646|Michael Halkias]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108537193|Veronica Wolski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108541641|Hai Shaulian]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108600909|Laura Hartman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108664482|Anthony Zane]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108670697|Manuel Román Fernández]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108695225|Haru Rajwar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108702519|Joachim Hellmich]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108709551|Francesco Mattesini]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108731108|Massimo Ampola]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108791869|Ramiro Larrea]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108800539|Samantha Epasinghe]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108817495|Naomi Kori Pomat]]'' | | [[نيو گني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108839344|Reggie Parks]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:WWE - Wembley Arena 140994 (8).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q108860941|Dimo Stoyanov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108899282|Claude Mouton]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108900259|Muḥammad Aḥmad al-Dālī]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108916068|Pablo Rodríguez]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108920565|Ugo Falesiedi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108940885|Elnur Ashrafoglu]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109000898|Svetlana Căpățină]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109031824|Manuel de Jesus Tahay Gomes]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109218129|Jan Hilgen]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109258630|Abdul Jawad Dhanuun]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | [[فائل:عبدالجواد ذنون.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q109258978|Dzmitry Liebiadzievich]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109259050|Mbak You]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109270014|Adib al-Jarf]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109280531|Vladimir Sytchanka]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109331719|Lenka Angelová]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109335700|Ḥusayn Asad]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109385274|Orhan Çoban]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109398170|Ali Cem Köroğlu]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136465052|Eric Cohen]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136471378|מאיר זעליג ריספלער]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137204967|Alioune Badiane]]'' | | [[سينيگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137290904|Віктор Талащук]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Талащук Віктор Флорович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q137644949|Jimmy Gamonet]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137784699|Elizabeth R. Duff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137828518|Robbert Keegel]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137942344|Mitchell Andrews]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138341440|Abu Ubayda Ahmad al-Muhrizi]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138412915|Николай Матрачийски]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q139069633|Jānis Kaijaks]]'' | | [[ليٽويا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109423757|Roberto José Ábalos]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:José Roberto Ábalos.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q109463224|Josip Uhlik]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109486992|Yuri Evtushenko]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109551692|Akbar Nikzad Afghani]]'' | | [[افغانستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109552845|Bijan Afshar]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109588694|Julie Le Galliard]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109623606|William Breisky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109649898|Aziz El Fadili]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109655703|Wallker Wollber Bezerra de Medeiros]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109678716|Fetty Dzul]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109678864|Ahmad Mohd Nor]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109744750|Lars Egil Mogård]]'' | | [[ناروي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109805144|Steven Milligram]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109835297|Vince Lelkes]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[سلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109836022|Pius Mujuzi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109852630|Parthena Koutmeridou]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109869417|Ludwig Ladstätter]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109941647|Alberto Berardi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110062761|Vangelis Vasileiadis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110088289|Fernando Gutierres Reis]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110113207|Gramoz Abedinaj]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110125587|Josep Maria Castelló i Mateu]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:JM CASTELLO HOMENATGE CASTELL (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110150593|Alicja Tysiąc]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Alicja Tysiąc.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110165407|Boris Zozulya]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110191163|Ashok Kumar Amrohi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110215649|Tina Rinaldi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110221514|Evgenia Hristopoulou]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110226536|Jenni Crain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110246082|Adil Xasayev]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110271712|Frédéric Sinistra]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:Frédéric Sinistra dans un match le 24 mars 2012.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110275982|Roland Damu]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110286763|Christos Diamantis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110400616|Jan Čermák]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110401833|Kenny J]]'' | | [[ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو|ٽرنيڊاڊ اينڊ ٽبيگو]] | | | [[فائل:Kenny J at Dimanche Gras 1993.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110402492|Ibrahim Hegazy]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110409615|Baktash Abtin]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Baktash Abtin (3).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110422948|Joan Vinyals]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110451924|Stewart Gilray]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110496140|Umar Zahir]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Umar Zahir (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110540805|Andrzej Rusek]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110597021|Hana Horká]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110646860|Ankica Lepej]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110778559|Mykola Malkov]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110815959|Izidorio Oliveira]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110826613|Martin B. Moore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110854189|Petipán]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Petipán en 1967.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110861744|Gareer Mansour]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110883731|Roberto Scudero]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110901608|Edmur Mesquita]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110938790|Jorge Conti]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110955245|Hervé Mombo Kinga]]'' | | [[گيبون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110975000|Martin Tichý]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111080749|Ananias Koustenis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111128104|Bessie Hendricks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111149838|Nurlan Agha]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111288450|Oliver Crewe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111366741|Carlos Cano Vieira]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111377122|Aleksandr Suvorov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111448515|رشیدہ عیاں]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111449480|Ahmet Ceni]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111513142|Manuel Machado Alvarez]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Manuel Alvarez CDCR (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q111763387|Jack Dowling]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111913676|Yusuf Hussain]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112036971|Ivan Gavrilov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112117043|Mohammed Makhlouf]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112119460|Richárd Látó]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112133146|Gideon Badagawa]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112134792|David M. Robb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112136783|Gui.Giling]]'' | | [[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112378516|Moshe Augenstein]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112506278|Juris G. Draguns]]'' | | [[ليٽويا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112689682|Cecilia Wang]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112742832|Nikolaos Vernezos]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112800314|James Fisher]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112972599|Adelmo Rivas]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112972601|Juan José Martel]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113027291|Ramón Ojeda Mestre]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113273570|Nanda Kishore Patnaik]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113323854|Fred Nijs]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113411338|Sergey Borisovich Lebedev]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113443989|Albert Woodfox]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Angola Three event, Manchester Metropolitan University, November 2016 (07) (cropped).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q113481015|B. Sathyanarayana]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113485982|Gautam Lal Meena]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113501104|D.A. Sathya Prabha]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113501384|Marco Brown]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113501563|Gordon Arinda]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113502533|Omar Garmil]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113504240|Howard D. Weinbrot]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113509778|Irengbam Ibohalbi Singh]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113509780|Marie-Line Lesdéma]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113553302|John M. Murrin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113658209|Liu Shunsong]]'' | | [[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114051142|Abdulsamad al-Ghurairi]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114435943|Raja Madangopal Nayak]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114435946|Govardhan Dangi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114435953|Jyoti Dutt]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114554103|Ferdy Nico Yohannes Piay]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114567435|Hari Narayan Choudhary]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114776280|Noël Bélanger]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114865038|Rohit Patel]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114865049|Shakrajit Nayak]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114876246|Madhava Chandra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115056055|Wangkheimayum Brajabidhu Singh]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115056059|Bedri Çollaku]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115091370|SRS Yadav]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115091407|Jamuna Prasad Bose]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115091447|Naseeb Pathan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115129602|Choudhary Fateh Muhammad]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115129933|Chuni Lal]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115322537|Marcus Birks]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115367980|Lee Lung-chuan]]'' | | [[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115653493|Joseph M. Masling]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115696126|Luis Hugo Apolo]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115709280|Anja Kanninen]]'' | | [[فنلينڊ|فن لينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115712095|Edwin Bennett Shostak]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115943625|Ruggero Boschi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038073|Chu Lanlan]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038416|Hong Mu]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038464|Xu Lanlalan]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038510|Cheng Qingao]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038570|Yu Yuheng]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038606|Jiang Yingheng]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038836|Ni Hen]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116151283|Emilio Locurcio]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116182265|Achille Mauri]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116452339|Katharine Clare Manning Loeb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116616040|Teoman Alili]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116812358|James M. Polachek]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116971082|Juan Chico]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116994772|Pamela Hibbs]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q117025085|Juan Astorga Junquera]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]]<br/>[[ايڪواڊور]] | | | [[فائل:JuanAstorgaJunquera2.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q117485502|Roberto Ambrosoli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q117845780|Muriel Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q117846318|Behçet Güler]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q118120596|André Poulidor]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q118454861|Rekha Chattopadhyay]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q118522965|Ainslie Leslie]]'' | | [[بيليز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q121571277|Guiller]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q121798149|Gary Friedkin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122225804|Paul Coffin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122508425|József Sipos]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122956959|Fereydoun Shayah]]'' | | [[ايران]]<br/>[[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q123562957|Bob Contant]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q123575621|Jaime Fernandes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:74001.jpgmaior Jaime Fernandes.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q123745963|Neuza Freitas Dias]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q123987299|Luis de Blas]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124031636|葉明水]]'' | | [[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124254829|Valter Gjoni]]'' | | [[البانيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124254912|Leah Bernstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124290122|Tony Metoyer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124371974|James Geraty Harrison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124423502|Alice Mackler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124480612|Arnold Tenenbaum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124480763|Lorlee Tenenbaum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124517966|Ygona Moura]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124799497|Ezekiel Koren]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q125117241|Laura Weinstein]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:La historia de Laura Weinstein para Sentiido 0-43 screenshot (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q125469336|Frank Olson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q125895230|Swami Omkarananda]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126465852|Layla El-Iskandaraniyyah]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126712872|Anna Fehér]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Feher Anna nover 1984 fortepan 124217.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q127416432|Kenan Akın]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q127639331|Ronald K. O’Dor]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q128382746|Minoo B. Madon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q129167054|Elena B. Muzrukova]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q129176723|ဝိသာရဒ မဟာထေရ်]]'' | | [[ميانمار]] | | | [[فائل:Visarada.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q129693028|Vinesh Kumar Kalra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Shri Vinesh Kalra, Consul General, Mazar-e-Sharif.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q130480285|Bạch Mai]]'' | | [[ويٽنام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q130718411|Deloris Dockrey]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131323028|Giorgi Beridze]]'' | | [[جارجيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131369881|Chilakam Ramachandra Reddy]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131386787|Pavuluri Sivaramakrishna]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131390242|Min Thein Swe]]'' | | [[ميانمار]] | | | [[فائل:TheinSwe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q131674590|Dana Konya-Petrișor]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131754455|Bernardo Saavedra Pita]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131763189|احمد گل‌محمدی]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131794484|ابومحمد عسگرخانی]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132125661|Ginette Rivière Lubin]]'' | | [[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132398047|Anton Holič]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132471275|Bhishma Guhathakurta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132733138|Ngọc Đáng]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ويٽنام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q133457873|Bill Follis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q133574003|پرویز اسکندرپور خرمی]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q133858013|Madhavi Gogate]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q133879482|Bengt Sprinzl]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q133884170|Yasinjan Ghopur]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q134002433|Chaim Mertz]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q134276406|Jules Houllier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q134283271|اشکان منصوری]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q134634105|Laura Hermosa]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135110412|Mikica Zdravković]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135455342|Bruno Villata]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]]<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135459263|Gérard Beaulieu]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135548080|Eurípedes Balsanulfo de Freitas e Abreu]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135919372|Cosme Proenza]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135971389|Hasan Riyazi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135985383|Javier Ojalvo]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136210886|Herman Bailey]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136236318|زهرا استادزاده]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136458233|דוד אלעווסקי]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |} {{Wikidata list end}} a0nhnwceyvxvh6mqvhtmtj25rvq6ove 14 71648 377714 237303 2026-05-15T21:49:36Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 377714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي راجڌانيون]] tbtmn4ss7azh8cfkxi77bj7qswlff0y 0 80428 377685 368061 2026-05-15T19:53:52Z Der-Wir-Ing 11511 -linkspam 377685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = حبدار علي بروهي | image =Hubdar Ali 2021.jpg | imagesize = | caption = حبدار علي 2021ء ۾ | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|06|06}} | birth_place = ڳڙهي خيرو | occupation = | nationality = [[پاڪستان|پاڪستاني]] | religion = اسلام | ethnicity = پندراڻي، براھوئي بروهي چارڻ | language =[[اردو]]، [[سنڌي]]، براھوئي | education = | alma_mater = | signature = | website = }} '''حبدار علي بروهي''' (انگریزی: Hubdar Ali Brohi) هڪ پاڪستاني ڪارڪن آهي جيڪو تعليم، صحت ۽ انساني حقن جهڙن سماجي مسئلن تي ڪم ڪري ٿو. ۽ ٻيو هو هڪ مواد ٺاهيندڙ پڻ آهي. هن جو تعلق [[بروهي چارڻ]] برادري سان آھي.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-16 |title=موضوع حبدار علي بروهي |trans-title= |url=https://sindhsalamat.com/threads/53589/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=sindhsalamat.com |language=sd-PK}}</ref> ==زندگي جو احوال ۽ تعليم== هو 6 جون 2003 تي [[ڳڙهي خيرو تعلقو] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس وڏڙا اصل ۾ [[قمبر شهدادڪوٽ ضلعو]]، [[قبو سعيد خان]] جا هئا، پر بعد ۾ ڳوٺ [[دل شير بروهي]]، [[ڳڙهي خيرو]]، [[جيڪب آباد ضلعو]] ۾ آباد ٿيا. === ننڍپڻ === هن پنهنجو ننڍپڻ [[ڳڙهي خيرو تعلقو]] جي ڳوٺ [[دل شير بروهي]] ۾ گذاريو، جيڪو هڪ ننڍڙو ۽ روايتي ڳوٺ آهي. هن ڳوٺ ۾ آبادي جي اڪثريت [[بروهي چارڻ]] برادري مان آهي، جتي ماڻهو مال پاليندا آهن ۽ زراعت ڪندا آهن. ھن ٻار جي حيثيت ۾، حبدار علي ٻين ڳوٺ جي ٻارن وانگر اسڪول ويندو هو، ٻنين ۾ ڪم ڪندو هو، ۽ پنهنجي برادري جي روايتن سان گڏ وڏو ٿيو. === تعليم === هن گورنمينٽ ڊگري ڪاليج شهدادڪوٽ مان بيچلر آف سائنس (بي.اي.سي) جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي ۽ شاهه عبداللطيف يونيورسٽي خيرپور، سنڌ مان انگريزيءَ ۾ ماسٽرس جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي. == ڪيريئر == هو تعليم، صحت ۽ انساني حقن جهڙن سماجي مسئلن تي ڪم ڪري ٿو. هو پنهنجي ڊجيٽل صلاحيتن کي دلچسپ ۽ معلوماتي مواد ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري ٿو جيڪو يوٽيوب، ٽڪ ٽاڪ ۽ فيس بڪ جهڙن پليٽ فارمن ذريعي آن لائن ۽ آف لائن ٻنهي وسيع سامعين تائين پهچي ٿو. هن کي سکڻ ۽ پنهنجي علم کي ٻين سان حصيداري ڪرڻ جو شوق آهي، ۽ هو باقاعده عوامي ڳالهائڻ جي واقعن ۽ ورڪشاپ ۾ حصو وٺندو آهي ته جيئن هن جي مواصلات ۽ پيش ڪيل صلاحيتن کي وڌائڻ لاء. حبدار علي جو مقصد اهو آهي ته هڪ اڳواڻ ۽ هڪ تبديلي آڻيندڙ بڻجي سگهي ٿو جيڪو پنهنجي ڪميونٽي ۽ پنهنجي ملڪ کي متاثر ۽ بااختيار بڻائي سگهي ٿو. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} {{حوالو}} n0n229ompaghglntyvkqk2f1o7ts5ip 0 81210 377719 366809 2026-05-15T21:56:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 377719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Capital of Karnataka, India}} {{Infobox settlement | name = بنگلورو | other_name = بنگلور | native_name = Beṅgaḷūru | native_name_lang = ڪناڊ ٻولي | official_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = Logo of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike | blank_emblem_size = 100px | settlement_type = ميٽروپولس | image_skyline = {{multiple image |border = infobox |perrow = 1/3/2/1 |total_width = 300 |caption_align = center | image1= | caption1 = بنگلورو جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي جي اسڪائي لائن | image2=Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1.jpg | caption2 = ڌرمارايا سوامي مندر | image3=Bangalore_palace_IMG_20121230_154849.jpg | caption3 = بنگلورو پيليس | image4=Gopura of Someshwara temple (16th century) in Bengaluru.JPG | caption4 = هالاسورو سوميشورا مندر | image5=Bagmane Tech Park, CV Raman Nagar, Bengaluru, India (2007).jpg | caption5 = باگماني ٽيڪنيڪل پارڪ | image6=Infosys_(4911287704).jpg | caption6 = انفوسس پيرامڊ | image7=Vidhana Soudha 2012.jpg | caption7 = وڌانا سوڌا }} | nicknames = • ڀارت جي "سليڪون ويلي" * ڀارت جو IT ڪيپيٽل * ڀارت جو گارڊن سٽي | image_map = {{Switcher |{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1185|frame-width=270|frame-height=350|stroke-width=3|frame-lat=15.04|frame-long=76.40|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E| }}|marker-size2=medium}} |Bengaluru in Karnataka map |{{maplink|display=|frame=yes|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1355|plain=y|title=Bangalore|description=|coord=|marker=|zoom=10|icon=no|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|text=Interactive map outlining Bengaluru}} |Bengaluru outline map |[[File:Bangalore street Map.png|300px]] |Bengaluru street map}} | coordinates = {{coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E|type:city_region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = [[ڀارت]] | subdivision_type1 = رياست | subdivision_name1 = [[ڪرناٽڪا]] | subdivision_type2 = ضلعا | subdivision_name2 = بنگلورو شهري ضلعو | established_title = قائم ٿيو | established_date = 1537ع | founder = ڪيمپي گائوڙا پهريون | named_for = | government_type = ميونسپل ڪارپوريشن | governing_body = بروهت بنگلورو مهاناگرا پاليڪي | leader_title = [[ميئر]] | leader_name = خالي | leader_title2 = ڪارپوريشن ڪمشنر | leader_name2 = توشر ڳري ناٿ (IAS)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html|title=New BBMP Chief Commissioner inspects infrastructure projects|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=7 June 2022|access-date=20 June 2022|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607085320/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="History">{{cite web |title=History of BBMP |url=https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html |website=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102002519/https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction - BMRDA |url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Introduction/en |website=Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520173907/https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Introduction/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 741 | area_metro_km2 = 8005 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite journal |author1=H.S. Sudhira |author2=T.V. Ramachandra |author3=M.H. Bala Subrahmanya |title=City Profile&nbsp;— Bangalore |journal=Cities |volume=24 |issue=5 |place=Bangalore |page=382 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2007.04.003 |url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf | access-date=13 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224120858/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf | archive-date=24 December 2012 | url-status=dead |issn = 0264-2751 }}</ref> | elevation_m = 920 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_total = 8443675 | population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 Census of India"/> | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|3rd]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 1,04,56,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=India Stats: Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] | access-date=20 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 | archive-date=30 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_blank1_title = Rank | population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|5th]] | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_demonym = {{nowrap|{{hlist|Bengalurian|Bengalurinavaru}}}} | blank_name_sec1 = [[Purchasing Power Parity|GDP (PPP)]] | blank_info_sec1 = $359.9&nbsp;billion<ref name="C40">{{cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/bengaluru/|title=Bengaluru|work=C40|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925225406/https://www.c40.org/cities/bengaluru/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Deep Dive City Bangalore, India|url=https://transformative-mobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Bangalore-Deep-Dive.pdf|publisher=Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative|access-date=12 January 2024|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109104258/https://transformative-mobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Bangalore-Deep-Dive.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]] | postal_code = 560 xxx | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)80]] | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA:]]01-05, 41, 50-53, 57-61 | blank2_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}} | blank2_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> | website = {{URL|www.bbmp.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''بنگلورو''' (Bengaḷūru)، جيڪو اڳ ۾ بنگلور سڏجيو ويندو هو، ڏکڻ ڀارتي رياست [[ڪرناٽڪا]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. سال 2011ع جي مردم شماري جي مطابق، هن شهر جي آبادي 84 لک کان وڌيڪ هئي، اها [[ڀارت]] ۾ ٽيون سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر ۽ ڏکڻ هندستان ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي. بنگلورو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ ۽ پنج لک (10.5 ملين) هئي، جيڪا هن کي ملڪ ۾ چوٿين سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهري مجموعو بڻائي ٿو. اهو ڏکڻ جي پليٽيو جي مرڪز جي ويجهو، سمنڊ جي سطح کان 900 ميٽر (3,000 فوٽ) جي اوچائي تي واقع آهي. هي شهر، هن جي باغن جي ڪري، ڀارت جي "باغن جي شهر" جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. قديم آثار ظاهر ڪن ٿا ته علائقي ۾ انساني آبادي 4000 قبل مسيح جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. "بنگلور" نالي جو پهريون ذڪر ناگيشوارا مندر ۾ 890 عيسوي جي هڪ پراڻي ڪننڊ پٿر جي لکت مان ملي ٿو. مغربي گنگا خاندان جي حڪمراني ڪرڻ کان پوء، عام دور جي شروعات کان وٺي، شهر يارهين صدي عيسوي جي شروعات ۾ چولا سلطنت جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ھي علائقو ھويسالا ۽ وجيا نگرا سلطنت جو وچين دور جي آخر ۾ حصو ھو. سال 1537 عيسوي ۾، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پهريون، هڪ جاگيردار حڪمران، وجيانگرا سلطنت جي ماتحت، هڪ مٽيءَ جو قلعو قائم ڪيو، جيڪو جديد شهر بنگلورو ۽ ان جي پراڻن علائقن يا پيٽس جو بنياد سمجهيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪي اڃا تائين موجود آهن. وجيا نگرا سلطنت جي زوال کان پوء، ڪيمپي گائوڊا آزاديء جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ شهر کي سندس جانشين طرفان وڌايو ويو. سال 1638 عيسوي ۾، عادل شاهي فوج ڪيمپي گائوڊا ٽيون کي شڪست ڏني ۽ شهر شاهجي ڀونسلي جي جاگير (جاگيرداري) بڻجي ويو. مغلن بعد ۾ بنگلورو تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ ان کي ميسور جي بادشاه مهاراجا چيڪديوراجا ووديار کي وڪرو ڪيو. سال 1759ع ۾ ڪرشنا راجا ووديار ٻين جي موت کان پوءِ، سلطان حيدر علي سلطنت جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ انتظاميه بعد ۾ سندس پٽ [[ٽيپو سلطان]] جي حوالي ڪئي وئي. شهر اينگلو-ميسور جنگ دوران برطانوي [[ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني]] پاران قبضو ڪيو ويو ۽ ميسور جي پرنسلي رياست جو حصو بڻجي ويو. شهر جو انتظامي ڪنٽرول ڪرشنا راجا واديار ٽين کي واپس ڪيو ويو، پوء پراڻو شهر ميسور جي مهاراجا ۽ بادشاهت جي تسلط هيٺ ترقي ڪئي. سال 1809 عيسوي ۾، انگريزن پنهنجي فوجي گئريزن کي شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ پراڻي شهر کان ٻاهر، ڇائوڻي قائم ڪئي. 19 صدي عيسوي جي آخر ۾، شهر بنيادي طور تي ٻن الڳ شهري آبادين، پراڻي پيٽ ۽ نئين ڇانوڻي تي مشتمل هو. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، بنگلورو ميسور رياست جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو، ۽ گاديءَ جو هنڌ رهيو جڏهن رياست کي وڌايو ويو ۽ 1956ع ۾ متحد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ 1973ع ۾ رياست جو نالو بدلائي ڪرناٽڪا رکيو ويو. ٻه شهري آباديون جيڪي آزاد ادارن جي طور تي ترقي ڪري چڪيون هيون، سال 1949ع ۾ هڪ واحد شهري انتظاميه جي هيٺ ضم ٿي ويون. هن شهر کي، سال 2006ع تائين، جڏهن سرڪاري نالو تبديل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو ڪناڊ ٻولي ۾ نالو، "بنگلورو" رکيو ويو، سرڪاري طور تي انگريزيءَ ۾ بنگلور جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بنگلورو هندستان ۾ تيز ترين وڌندڙ شهرن مان هڪ ۽ هندستان جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پيداواري ميٽرو علائقن مان هڪ آهي. سال 2023ع تائين، ميٽروپوليٽن ايريا جي جي ڊي پي جو تخمينو 359.9 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر هو. شهر [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي]] (IT) جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز آهي ۽ مسلسل دنيا جي تيز ترين وڌندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪزن ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو. ملڪ ۾ آئي ٽي سروسز جو سڀ کان وڏو مرڪز ۽ برآمد ڪندڙ، اهو شهر وڏي پيماني تي "هندستان جي سليڪون وادي" طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. شهر پيداواري معيشت ۾ هڪ وڏو حصو ڏيندڙ آهي ۽ شهر پڻ ڪيترن ئي رياستي ملڪيت جي پيداواري ڪمپنين جو گهر آهي. بنگلور پڻ اعلي تعليم ۾ قومي اهميت جي ڪيترن ئي ادارن جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. ==نالو== "بنگلورو" نالي جو سڀ کان پھريون حوالو نائين صدي جي ھيرو پٿر يا "ويرا گلو" تي آهي جيڪو "بيگور" ۾ مليو. اولهه گنگا خاندان سان تعلق رکندڙ پراڻي ڪنڙ لکت ۾ 890ع ۾ لڙائي دوران هن هنڌ جو ذڪر آيو آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|title=Inscription reveals Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old|date=20 August 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213021302/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|archive-date=13 February 2012|url-status=dead|accessdate=6 January 2025|archivedate=12 September 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912144705/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm}}</ref> بهرحال، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پهريون سال 1537ع ۾ بنياد وجهڻ وقت، ڪوڊي گيهالي جي ڀرسان هڪ ڳوٺ جو نالو استعمال ڪيو، جنهن تي شهر جو نالو بنگلورو رکيو. بنگلور شهر جي ڪنڙ نالي جو هڪ انگريزي ورزن آهي. هن شهر کي 16هين صدي عيسوي ۾ وجيا نگر جي پوئين دور ۾ ”ڪلياناپوري“ يا ”ڪليانپوره“ (معزز شهر) ۽ ”ديوا رايا پتانا“ جي نالي سان پڻ سڏيو ويو.<ref name="OtherNames2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> هڪ افسانوي ڪهاڻي ٻڌائي ٿي ته ٻارهين صديءَ جو بادشاهه ويرا بالالا ٻيون، شڪار جي مهم دوران، جنگل ۾ پنهنجو رستو وڃائي ويٺو. ٿڪل ۽ بکايل، هن کي هڪ غريب پوڙهي عورت نظر آئي، جنهن هن کي ڀاڄيون ڀري خدمت ڪئي. شڪر گذار بادشاهه ان جڳهه جو نالو ”بينڊا-ڪال-ارو“ (لفظي طور، اُبليل ڀاڄين جو شهر) رکيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي ”بنگلورو“ ۾ تبديل ٿيو.<ref name="OtherNames3">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bendakaaluru2">{{cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp|title=Many miles to go from Bangalore to Bengalūru|author=Vijesh Kamath|date=30 October 2006|work=Deccan Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916034243/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp|archive-date=16 September 2012|access-date=10 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> سورياناٿ ڪمٿ اهو قياس ڪيو آهي ته نالو "بينگا" ڪننڊ اصطلاح وڻ ٽيروڪارپس مارسوپيئم (Pterocarpus marsupium) لاءِ ڪناڊا اصطلاح (جنهن کي انڊين ڪنو جو وڻ به چيو ويندو آهي)، هڪ قسم جو سڪل ۽ [[ڊيسيڊيئس|نم وڻندڙ ​​وڻن]] جو هڪ قسم آهي، جيڪو علائقي ۾ گهڻو ٿئي ٿو، مان نڪتل آهي.<ref name="Aditi62">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=6|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> ٻين نظرين جي مطابق، هن شهر کي، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پاران ٺاهيل، وينڪاتارامانا سوامي مندر جي مٿان "بينڪات-ارو" سڏيو ويو. هڪ ٻيون خيال آهي ته، هي نالو هن علائقي ۾ کوارٽز پٿر (ڪناڊ ٻولي ۾ "بيناچا ڪل") جي گهڻائي جي ڪارڻ، "بيناچا ڪلورو" کان آهي.<ref name="OtherNames4">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> 11 ڊسمبر، 2005ع تي، ڪرناٽڪ جي حڪومت يو. آر. انانٿا مورٿي جي تجويز قبول ڪئي ته سرڪاري طور تي شهر جو نالو "بنگلور" کان بدلائي "بنگلورو" ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="rename22">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bangalore-to-be-renamed-Bengaluru/articleshow/1327370.cms|title=Bangalore to be renamed Bengaluru|date=11 December 2005|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929222432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-11/india/27862209_1_bengaluru-classical-language-kannada|archive-date=29 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> 27 سيپٽمبر، 2006ع تي، بروهت بنگلورو مهانگارا پاليڪي نالي جي تبديلي کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاء هڪ قرارداد پاس ڪيو ۽ رياست ڪرناٽڪا جي حڪومت پھرين نومبر، 2014ع تي نالي جي تبديلي کي سرڪاري طور تي نافذ ڪيو، جڏهن يونين گورنمينٽ درخواست کي منظور ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news |title=It will be 'Bengaluru', resolves BMP |date=28 September 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |access-date=16 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090623/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=It'll be 'Bengaluru' from November 1 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 October 2006 |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020325/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |archive-date=6 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="rename1">{{cite news |title=Centre nod for Karnataka's proposal on renaming cities |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018035426/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي ۽ وچين دور=== [[Stone Age]] artefacts discovered at [[Jalahalli]], Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli on Bengaluru's outskirts indicate human settlement around 4000&nbsp;BCE.<ref name="banghist">{{cite news |first=T.S. |last=Ranganna |title=Bangalore had human habitation in 4000 B.C. |date=27 October 2001 |url=http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053528/http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore dates from 4,000 BC |date=11 October 2001 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Bangalore-dates-from-4000-BC/articleshow/1449687816.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-11/bangalore/27237242_1_bangalore-mysore-municipal-bodies | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Iron Age]] tools and burial mounds from around 800&nbsp;BCE, have been found in [[Koramangala]] and [[Chikkajala]]. Coins of the [[Roman emperor]]s [[Augustus]], [[Tiberius]], [[Claudius]], and [[Caligula]] found at [[Yeswanthpur]] and [[HAL Airport|HAL]] indicate the involvement of the region in trans-oceanic trade with the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] and other civilisations in the first century CE.<ref name="OtherNames">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Naganatheshvara Temple (9th century) at Begur, Bengaluru.JPG|thumb|Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was built around {{Circa|860}}, during the reign of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].]] The region of modern-day Bengaluru was part of several successive [[South India]]n kingdoms. Between the fourth and tenth centuries CE, the region was ruled by the [[Western Ganga dynasty]], the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region.<ref name="banghist3">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=69|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> According to [[Edgar Thurston]], twenty-eight kings ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Common Era until its conquest by the [[Cholas]] in the early eleventh century CE. The Western Gangas ruled as a sovereign power from 350 to 550 CE, and as feudatories of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]], and later the [[Rashtrakutas]] until the tenth century.<ref name="Aditi6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=6|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> The Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was commissioned around 860 CE, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I, and extended by his successor Nitimarga II.<ref name="banghist4">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=7|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref><ref name="niti">{{harvnb|Sarma|1992|p=78}}</ref> Around 1004 CE, during the reign of [[Raja Raja Chola I]], the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince [[Rajendra Chola I]], and captured the region.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government|author=B. L. Rice|page=224}}</ref> During this period, the region witnessed the migration of many groups—warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from the Southern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speaking regions and other Kannada-speaking parts of the region.<ref name="banghist3" /> The Cholas built many [[List of Chola temples in Bengaluru|temples in the region]] including the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy temple]], [[Mukthi Natheshwara Temple]], [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Choleshwara Temple]], and [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Someshwara Temple]].<ref name="banghist4" /> In 1117, the [[Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended his rule over the region.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |title=The Digital South Asia Library-Imperial gazetteer of India |work=uchicago.edu |date=1908–1931 | access-date=16 February 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ | archive-date=16 December 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the later part of the 13th century CE, Bengaluru was a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler [[Veera Ballala III]] of [[Halebidu]] and Ramanatha, who administered the Hoysala held territory in the southern Tamil speaking regions.<ref name="banghist4" /> Veera Ballala appointed a civic head at Hudi (suburb of the city) to administer the region, and promoted the village to the status of a town. After his death in 1343, the region came under the influence of [[Vijayanagara empire]], which saw the rule of four consecutive dynasties &ndash; [[Sangama dynasty|Sangamas]] (1336–1485), [[Saluva dynasty|Saluvas]] (1485–1491), [[Tuluva dynasty|Tuluvas]] (1491–1565), and [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu]] (1565–1646).<ref name="banghist6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=8|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> In the early 16th century CE, [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] built a dam across the [[Arkavati]] river near [[Hesaraghatta]], whose reservoir was used to supply water to the region.<ref name="Aditi9">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=9|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> === Foundation and early modern history === [[File:Bangalore Fort.jpg|thumb|Bangalore Fort in 1860 CE showing fortifications and barracks. The fort was originally built by [[Kempe Gowda I]] as a mud fort in 1537 CE.]] The city proper was established in 1537 CE by [[Kempe Gowda I]], a local governor and [[chieftain]] aligned with the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] under emperor [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]. He led a campaign against Gangaraja, whom he defeated and expelled to [[Kanchi]], and built a [[Bengaluru Pete|a mud-brick fort]] at the site, which later became the central part of the modern city of Bengaluru. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "Gandubhūmi" ("Land of Heroes").<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/Bangalore-Bhath--First-city-e.html |title=Bangalore bhath: first city edifices |last1=Misra |first1=Hemant |last2=Jayaraman |first2=Pavitra |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201024/https://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/bangalore-bhath--first-city-e.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a ''pētē'' ({{IPA-kn|peːteː}}).<ref>{{cite web |last=Aruni |first=S. K. |date=2 January 2013 |title=A city that fell to the lure of trade |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |access-date=27 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627153953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The town had two main streets—Chikkapētē and Doddapētē, which intersected to form the Doddapētē Square in the heart of the town.<ref>{{cite news |title=Earlier known as Doddapete, Avenue Road could be as old as Bengaluru |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 March 2015 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102938/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Kempe Gowda also built the temple at [[Dodda Basavana Gudi|Basavanagudi]], and expanded other temples. He also constructed various tanks such as Kempambudhi, Dharmambudhi, and Sampangi for water storage.<ref name="ekoji">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |title=The bean city |first=S |last=Srinivas |access-date=2 July 2007 |date=22 February 2005 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213025649/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=6 January 2025 |archivedate=1 October 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001002555/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm }}</ref> [[Vijayanagara literature]] refers the city by various names such as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("auspicious city").<ref name="bglrHist2">{{Cite thesis |chapter=5: Bangalore: mud fort to sprawling metropolis |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |page= |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |pages=34–35 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 CE in the [[Battle of Talikota]], Kempe Gowda declared independence. His successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers to mark the boundary of the town.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=To secure a budding Bengaluru, Kempe Gowda built 4 towers |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 October 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102939/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1638 CE, a [[Adil Shahi]] army led by [[Ranadulla Khan]] and [[Shahaji Bhonsle]] defeated Kempe Gowda III, and the region became a ''[[jagir]]'' (feudal estate) of Shahaji.<ref name="ekoji"/> In 1639 CE, Shahaji ordered the reconstruction of the town and built large fortifications, and new reservoirs to solve the water shortage in the region.<ref name="ekoji"/><ref name="bglrHist2"/> In 1687 CE, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general Kasim Khan, under orders from [[Aurangzeb]], defeated [[Ekoji I]], the son of Shahaji, and leased the town to [[Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar]] (1673–1704 CE), the then ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].<ref name="ekoji"/> After the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]] in 1759 CE, [[Hyder Ali]], Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the ruler of the Mysore kingdom. He built the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760 CE.<ref name="tt6">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=6|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son [[Tipu Sultan]], and the [[Lal Bagh]] garden was established around 1760 CE.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=Date with history: All you need to know about the iconic Lalbagh's Glass House built in 1889 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 August 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523163836/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During the period, the city developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> [[File:Bangalore palace side view.jpg|thumb|[[Bangalore Palace]], built in 1887 in [[Tudor architecture|Tudor architectural style]] was modelled on [[Windsor Castle]] in England.<ref name="tt8">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=8|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref>]] The Bengaluru fort was captured by [[British East India Company|British forces]] under [[Charles Cornwallis]] on 21 March 1791 during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and became the centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan.<ref>{{cite book |title=The military engineer in India, vol I |last=Sandes |first=E.W.C. |year=1933 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham |isbn=978-1-84734-071-9 |pages=163–165}}</ref> Following Tipu's death in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799 CE), the Bengaluru pete was incorporated into the [[Princely State of Mysore]], whose administrative control remained with the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. The city was further developed by the Maharaja of Mysore. The [[Raj Bhavan (Karnataka)|Residency of Mysore State]], established in [[Mysore]] in 1799 was shifted to Bengaluru in 1804.<ref name="Raj">{{cite web |date=26 March 2011 |title=The Resident arose with Tipu's fall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/the-resident-arose-with-tipus-fall/articleshow/7794922.cms |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> It was abolished in 1843 before being revived in 1881 and served till the [[independence of India|Indian independence]] in 1947.<ref name="Raj"/><ref name="rajbha">{{cite web |url=http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/ |title=Raj Bhavan, Karnataka |work=Raj Bhavan, Government of Karnataka |access-date=24 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206190404/http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/history/fromresi-rajbhavan.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> The British found the city as an appropriate place to station its [[garrison]] and therefore it was moved in 1809 from [[Seringapatam]] to [[Ulsoor]], about {{cvt|6|km|0}} northeast of the original pete. A town grew up around the surroundings by absorbing several villages in the area, and came to be known as Bengaluru cantonment. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the princely state of [[Mysore]].<ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=3|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Further developments such as the introduction of telegraph connections to other major Indian cities in 1853&nbsp;and a rail connection to [[Madras]] in 1864, contributed to the economic growth of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Jyotirmoy |title=Entrepreneurship in tourism and allied activities: a study of Bangalore city in the post-liberalization period |publisher=[[Pondicherry University]] |year=2012 |page=86 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053804/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Later modern and contemporary history=== [[File:Bangalore Pete in the 1890s.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Bengaluru Pete]] during the 1890s]] [[File:Bangalore Cantonment.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Bangalore Cantonment]], {{Circa|1895}}]] In the late 19th&nbsp;century CE, Bengaluru was essentially composed of two cities, with the pete, whose residents were predominantly [[Kannadiga]]s and the cantonment created by the British, whose residents were predominantly [[Tamils]] and [[English people]].<ref name="Ephemeral">{{cite book|title=British Indian Picture Postcards in Bengaluru: Ephemeral Entanglements|author=Emily Stevenson|year=2023|isbn=978-1-00380-959-3|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |chapter=8: Public domain—contested spaces and lack of imageability |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |page=49 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout the 19th&nbsp;century, the Cantonment, which was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore, gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience. It had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the state of Mysore.<ref name="Ephemeral"/> The British developed the infrastructure of the city, widened roads, and established new settlements. The city was divided into eight wards in 1862, and was expanding. The first exclusive residential area was established in [[Chamarajpet]] in 1892, and a new wholesale market was established in Tharagupet in 1895.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=50}} The city was hit by a [[Bubonic plague|plague]] epidemic in 1898&nbsp;that claimed nearly 3,500&nbsp;lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak led to the improvement in sanitation facilities, and establishment of new communication lines to co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect, a health officer was appointed, and the city was divided into four wards for better co-ordination.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=51}}<ref name="Plague">{{cite news |title=1898 plague revisited |date=17 November 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/1898-plague-revisited/articleshow/17248490.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=8 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-17/bangalore/35171344_1_bangalore-vivek-first-health-officer | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> New extensions in [[Malleswaram]] and [[Basavanagudi]] were developed in the north and south of the pētē.<ref>{{cite web |first=Maya |last=Jaypal |title=Malleswaram, Basavanagudi, the new extensions |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=8 September 2013 |date=26 March 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130908211532/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html | archive-date=8 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Bangalore (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|left|Map of the city and environs, {{Circa|1914}}]] In 1906, Bengaluru became one of the first cities in India to have electricity.<ref name="Elec">{{cite web |last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata |title=ElectriCity |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |access-date=15 November 2011 |work=Outlook India |date=10 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121155127/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1912, the [[Bangalore torpedo]], an offensive explosive weapon widely used in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], was devised in Bengaluru by [[British Indian Army|British army officer]] Captain McClintock of the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers and Miners]].<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |title=Bangalore torpedo gave them their D-Day, 69 years ago |access-date=1 October 2013 |first=Nirad |last=Mudur |author2=Hemanth CS |date=7 June 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213533/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927&nbsp;with the [[silver jubilee]] celebrations of the rule of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]]. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city.<ref name="Basavaraja">{{cite book |last1=Basavaraja |first1=Kadati Reddera |title=History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification |publisher=Chalukya Publications |year=1984 |page=332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227181924/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=27 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru played an important role during the [[Indian independence movement]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the city in 1927&nbsp;and 1934&nbsp;and addressed public meetings here.<ref name="banghist" /> In 1926, the [[1926 Binny Mills Strike|labour unrest]] in [[Binny Mills]] due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in [[Lathi charge|lathi charging]] and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Nair|2005|p=70|Ref=nair}}</ref> In July 1928, there were notable [[Bangalore disturbances|communal disturbances]] in Bengaluru, like when a [[Ganesha|Ganesh]] idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918–40 |first=Chandrasekhar |last=S. |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8364-1471-4 |page=135}}</ref> In 1940, the first flight between Bengaluru and [[Mumbai]] took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.<ref name="tt10">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=10|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> After India's independence in August 1947, Bengaluru remained in the newly carved [[Mysore State]] of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the ''[[Rajapramukh]]'' (appointed governor).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |title=The Territories and States of India |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135 135] |isbn=978-0-203-40290-0 |quote=When the new, extended Mysore was created on 1 November 1956 (by the addition of coastal, central and northern territories), Wodeyar became Governor of the whole state, which was renamed Karnataka in 1973. |url=https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135}}</ref> The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the [[Bangalore City Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=Civic bodies of yore didn't digress from progress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/237732/civic-bodies-yore-didnt-digress.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref> The [[Government of Karnataka]] later constituted the [[Bangalore Development Authority]] in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies.<ref name="lm">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=4|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bengaluru experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51&nbsp;and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bengaluru had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> In the following decades, Bengaluru's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of various public and private companies.|{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=53}} [[File:UB City at night .jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[UB City]], a business district in Bengaluru, 2019]] By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit.<ref name="lm" /> On 8 February 1981, a [[1981 Bangalore circus fire|major fire broke out]] at Venus Circus in Bengaluru, where more than 92&nbsp;people died, the majority of them children.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html |title=Death Toll Raised to 66 in Fire at Circus in India |date=9 February 1981 |work=The New York Times | access-date=31 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118202157/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html | archive-date=18 November 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s&nbsp;and&nbsp;1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bengaluru's large plots and colonial [[bungalow]]s into multi-storied apartments.<ref name="realestate">{{cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Solomon |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |title=Governance, economic settings and poverty in Bangalore |journal=Environment & Urbanization |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=April 2000 |pages=35–36 |access-date=11 June 2012 |doi=10.1177/095624780001200104 |s2cid=14335580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051953/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=live |doi-access=free |bibcode=2000EnUrb..12...35B }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051953/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |date=17 July 2012 }}</ref> Since the late 1980s, many information technology companies were set up in the city and by the end of the 20th&nbsp;century, Bengaluru had established itself as the ''[[Silicon Valley]] of India''.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> The population has increased significantly due to migration from other parts for work, and the city has become the third most populous city in 2011.<ref name="Census population"/><ref name="Punekar">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54 |title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |author=Vijaya B. Punekar | access-date=4 October 2007 |isbn=978-8-17154-012-9 |year=1974 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=54 }}</ref> During the 21st&nbsp;century, Bengaluru has had major terrorist attacks in [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|2008]], [[2010 Bangalore stadium bombing|2010]], and [[2013 Bangalore blast|2013]].<ref>{{cite news |title=8 blasts rock Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=Ten wounded in Bangalore cricket stadium blast |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140201/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=India Today |date=17 April 2013 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> == جاگرافي == == ڊيموگرافي == == حڪومت ۽ سياست == == انفراسٽرڪچر == == معيشت == == ٽرانسپورٽ == == تعليم == == ثقافت == ==تفريح== ==پڻ ڏسو== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ڀارت]] [[زمرو:وڏا شهر]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جا شهر]] [[زمرو:هندوستان جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جا شهر بلحاظ ملڪ]] icvf3i2ogx67f5rvb49zqrfbbvc7zvm 377720 377719 2026-05-15T21:57:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 377720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Capital of Karnataka, India}} {{Infobox settlement | name = بنگلورو | other_name = بنگلور | native_name = Beṅgaḷūru | native_name_lang = ڪناڊ ٻولي | official_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = Logo of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike | blank_emblem_size = 100px | settlement_type = ميٽروپولس | image_skyline = {{multiple image |border = infobox |perrow = 1/3/2/1 |total_width = 300 |caption_align = center | image1= | caption1 = بنگلورو جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي جي اسڪائي لائن | image2=Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1.jpg | caption2 = ڌرمارايا سوامي مندر | image3=Bangalore_palace_IMG_20121230_154849.jpg | caption3 = بنگلورو پيليس | image4=Gopura of Someshwara temple (16th century) in Bengaluru.JPG | caption4 = هالاسورو سوميشورا مندر | image5=Bagmane Tech Park, CV Raman Nagar, Bengaluru, India (2007).jpg | caption5 = باگماني ٽيڪنيڪل پارڪ | image6=Infosys_(4911287704).jpg | caption6 = انفوسس پيرامڊ | image7=Vidhana Soudha 2012.jpg | caption7 = وڌانا سوڌا }} | nicknames = • ڀارت جي "سليڪون ويلي" * ڀارت جو IT ڪيپيٽل * ڀارت جو گارڊن سٽي | image_map = {{Switcher |{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1185|frame-width=270|frame-height=350|stroke-width=3|frame-lat=15.04|frame-long=76.40|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E| }}|marker-size2=medium}} |Bengaluru in Karnataka map |{{maplink|display=|frame=yes|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1355|plain=y|title=Bangalore|description=|coord=|marker=|zoom=10|icon=no|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|text=Interactive map outlining Bengaluru}} |Bengaluru outline map |[[File:Bangalore street Map.png|300px]] |Bengaluru street map}} | coordinates = {{coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E|type:city_region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = [[ڀارت]] | subdivision_type1 = رياست | subdivision_name1 = [[ڪرناٽڪا]] | subdivision_type2 = ضلعا | subdivision_name2 = بنگلورو شهري ضلعو | established_title = قائم ٿيو | established_date = 1537ع | founder = ڪيمپي گائوڙا پهريون | named_for = | government_type = ميونسپل ڪارپوريشن | governing_body = بروهت بنگلورو مهاناگرا پاليڪي | leader_title = [[ميئر]] | leader_name = خالي | leader_title2 = ڪارپوريشن ڪمشنر | leader_name2 = توشر ڳري ناٿ (IAS)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html|title=New BBMP Chief Commissioner inspects infrastructure projects|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=7 June 2022|access-date=20 June 2022|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607085320/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="History">{{cite web |title=History of BBMP |url=https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html |website=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102002519/https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction - BMRDA |url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Introduction/en |website=Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520173907/https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Introduction/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 741 | area_metro_km2 = 8005 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite journal |author1=H.S. Sudhira |author2=T.V. Ramachandra |author3=M.H. Bala Subrahmanya |title=City Profile&nbsp;— Bangalore |journal=Cities |volume=24 |issue=5 |place=Bangalore |page=382 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2007.04.003 |url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf | access-date=13 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224120858/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf | archive-date=24 December 2012 | url-status=dead |issn = 0264-2751 }}</ref> | elevation_m = 920 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_total = 8443675 | population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 Census of India"/> | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|3rd]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 1,04,56,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=India Stats: Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] | access-date=20 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 | archive-date=30 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_blank1_title = Rank | population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|5th]] | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_demonym = {{nowrap|{{hlist|Bengalurian|Bengalurinavaru}}}} | blank_name_sec1 = [[Purchasing Power Parity|GDP (PPP)]] | blank_info_sec1 = $359.9&nbsp;billion<ref name="C40">{{cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/bengaluru/|title=Bengaluru|work=C40|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925225406/https://www.c40.org/cities/bengaluru/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Deep Dive City Bangalore, India|url=https://transformative-mobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Bangalore-Deep-Dive.pdf|publisher=Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative|access-date=12 January 2024|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109104258/https://transformative-mobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Bangalore-Deep-Dive.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]] | postal_code = 560 xxx | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)80]] | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA:]]01-05, 41, 50-53, 57-61 | blank2_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}} | blank2_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> | website = {{URL|www.bbmp.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''بنگلورو''' (Bengaḷūru)، جيڪو اڳ ۾ بنگلور سڏجيو ويندو هو، ڏکڻ ڀارتي رياست [[ڪرناٽڪا]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. سال 2011ع جي مردم شماري جي مطابق، هن شهر جي آبادي 84 لک کان وڌيڪ هئي، اها [[ڀارت]] ۾ ٽيون سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر ۽ ڏکڻ هندستان ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي. بنگلورو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ ۽ پنج لک (10.5 ملين) هئي، جيڪا هن کي ملڪ ۾ چوٿين سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهري مجموعو بڻائي ٿو. اهو ڏکڻ جي پليٽيو جي مرڪز جي ويجهو، سمنڊ جي سطح کان 900 ميٽر (3,000 فوٽ) جي اوچائي تي واقع آهي. هي شهر، هن جي باغن جي ڪري، ڀارت جي "باغن جي شهر" جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. قديم آثار ظاهر ڪن ٿا ته علائقي ۾ انساني آبادي 4000 قبل مسيح جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. "بنگلور" نالي جو پهريون ذڪر ناگيشوارا مندر ۾ 890 عيسوي جي هڪ پراڻي ڪننڊ پٿر جي لکت مان ملي ٿو. مغربي گنگا خاندان جي حڪمراني ڪرڻ کان پوء، عام دور جي شروعات کان وٺي، شهر يارهين صدي عيسوي جي شروعات ۾ چولا سلطنت جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ھي علائقو ھويسالا ۽ وجيا نگرا سلطنت جو وچين دور جي آخر ۾ حصو ھو. سال 1537 عيسوي ۾، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پهريون، هڪ جاگيردار حڪمران، وجيانگرا سلطنت جي ماتحت، هڪ مٽيءَ جو قلعو قائم ڪيو، جيڪو جديد شهر بنگلورو ۽ ان جي پراڻن علائقن يا پيٽس جو بنياد سمجهيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪي اڃا تائين موجود آهن. وجيا نگرا سلطنت جي زوال کان پوء، ڪيمپي گائوڊا آزاديء جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ شهر کي سندس جانشين طرفان وڌايو ويو. سال 1638 عيسوي ۾، عادل شاهي فوج ڪيمپي گائوڊا ٽيون کي شڪست ڏني ۽ شهر شاهجي ڀونسلي جي جاگير (جاگيرداري) بڻجي ويو. مغلن بعد ۾ بنگلورو تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ ان کي ميسور جي بادشاه مهاراجا چيڪديوراجا ووديار کي وڪرو ڪيو. سال 1759ع ۾ ڪرشنا راجا ووديار ٻين جي موت کان پوءِ، سلطان حيدر علي سلطنت جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ انتظاميه بعد ۾ سندس پٽ [[ٽيپو سلطان]] جي حوالي ڪئي وئي. شهر اينگلو-ميسور جنگ دوران برطانوي [[ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني]] پاران قبضو ڪيو ويو ۽ ميسور جي پرنسلي رياست جو حصو بڻجي ويو. شهر جو انتظامي ڪنٽرول ڪرشنا راجا واديار ٽين کي واپس ڪيو ويو، پوء پراڻو شهر ميسور جي مهاراجا ۽ بادشاهت جي تسلط هيٺ ترقي ڪئي. سال 1809 عيسوي ۾، انگريزن پنهنجي فوجي گئريزن کي شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ پراڻي شهر کان ٻاهر، ڇائوڻي قائم ڪئي. 19 صدي عيسوي جي آخر ۾، شهر بنيادي طور تي ٻن الڳ شهري آبادين، پراڻي پيٽ ۽ نئين ڇانوڻي تي مشتمل هو. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، بنگلورو ميسور رياست جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو، ۽ گاديءَ جو هنڌ رهيو جڏهن رياست کي وڌايو ويو ۽ 1956ع ۾ متحد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ 1973ع ۾ رياست جو نالو بدلائي ڪرناٽڪا رکيو ويو. ٻه شهري آباديون جيڪي آزاد ادارن جي طور تي ترقي ڪري چڪيون هيون، سال 1949ع ۾ هڪ واحد شهري انتظاميه جي هيٺ ضم ٿي ويون. هن شهر کي، سال 2006ع تائين، جڏهن سرڪاري نالو تبديل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو ڪناڊ ٻولي ۾ نالو، "بنگلورو" رکيو ويو، سرڪاري طور تي انگريزيءَ ۾ بنگلور جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بنگلورو هندستان ۾ تيز ترين وڌندڙ شهرن مان هڪ ۽ هندستان جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پيداواري ميٽرو علائقن مان هڪ آهي. سال 2023ع تائين، ميٽروپوليٽن ايريا جي جي ڊي پي جو تخمينو 359.9 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر هو. شهر [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي]] (IT) جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز آهي ۽ مسلسل دنيا جي تيز ترين وڌندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪزن ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو. ملڪ ۾ آئي ٽي سروسز جو سڀ کان وڏو مرڪز ۽ برآمد ڪندڙ، اهو شهر وڏي پيماني تي "هندستان جي سليڪون وادي" طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. شهر پيداواري معيشت ۾ هڪ وڏو حصو ڏيندڙ آهي ۽ شهر پڻ ڪيترن ئي رياستي ملڪيت جي پيداواري ڪمپنين جو گهر آهي. بنگلور پڻ اعلي تعليم ۾ قومي اهميت جي ڪيترن ئي ادارن جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. ==نالو== "بنگلورو" نالي جو سڀ کان پھريون حوالو نائين صدي جي ھيرو پٿر يا "ويرا گلو" تي آهي جيڪو "بيگور" ۾ مليو. اولهه گنگا خاندان سان تعلق رکندڙ پراڻي ڪنڙ لکت ۾ 890ع ۾ لڙائي دوران هن هنڌ جو ذڪر آيو آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|title=Inscription reveals Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old|date=20 August 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213021302/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|archive-date=13 February 2012|url-status=dead|accessdate=6 January 2025|archivedate=12 September 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912144705/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm}}</ref> بهرحال، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پهريون سال 1537ع ۾ بنياد وجهڻ وقت، ڪوڊي گيهالي جي ڀرسان هڪ ڳوٺ جو نالو استعمال ڪيو، جنهن تي شهر جو نالو بنگلورو رکيو. بنگلور شهر جي ڪنڙ نالي جو هڪ انگريزي ورزن آهي. هن شهر کي 16هين صدي عيسوي ۾ وجيا نگر جي پوئين دور ۾ ”ڪلياناپوري“ يا ”ڪليانپوره“ (معزز شهر) ۽ ”ديوا رايا پتانا“ جي نالي سان پڻ سڏيو ويو.<ref name="OtherNames2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> هڪ افسانوي ڪهاڻي ٻڌائي ٿي ته ٻارهين صديءَ جو بادشاهه ويرا بالالا ٻيون، شڪار جي مهم دوران، جنگل ۾ پنهنجو رستو وڃائي ويٺو. ٿڪل ۽ بکايل، هن کي هڪ غريب پوڙهي عورت نظر آئي، جنهن هن کي ڀاڄيون ڀري خدمت ڪئي. شڪر گذار بادشاهه ان جڳهه جو نالو ”بينڊا-ڪال-ارو“ (لفظي طور، اُبليل ڀاڄين جو شهر) رکيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي ”بنگلورو“ ۾ تبديل ٿيو.<ref name="OtherNames3">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bendakaaluru2">{{cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp|title=Many miles to go from Bangalore to Bengalūru|author=Vijesh Kamath|date=30 October 2006|work=Deccan Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916034243/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp|archive-date=16 September 2012|access-date=10 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> سورياناٿ ڪمٿ اهو قياس ڪيو آهي ته نالو "بينگا" ڪننڊ اصطلاح وڻ ٽيروڪارپس مارسوپيئم (Pterocarpus marsupium) لاءِ ڪناڊا اصطلاح (جنهن کي انڊين ڪنو جو وڻ به چيو ويندو آهي)، هڪ قسم جو سڪل ۽ [[ڊيسيڊيئس|نم وڻندڙ ​​وڻن]] جو هڪ قسم آهي، جيڪو علائقي ۾ گهڻو ٿئي ٿو، مان نڪتل آهي.<ref name="Aditi62">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=6|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> ٻين نظرين جي مطابق، هن شهر کي، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پاران ٺاهيل، وينڪاتارامانا سوامي مندر جي مٿان "بينڪات-ارو" سڏيو ويو. هڪ ٻيون خيال آهي ته، هي نالو هن علائقي ۾ کوارٽز پٿر (ڪناڊ ٻولي ۾ "بيناچا ڪل") جي گهڻائي جي ڪارڻ، "بيناچا ڪلورو" کان آهي.<ref name="OtherNames4">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> 11 ڊسمبر، 2005ع تي، ڪرناٽڪ جي حڪومت يو. آر. انانٿا مورٿي جي تجويز قبول ڪئي ته سرڪاري طور تي شهر جو نالو "بنگلور" کان بدلائي "بنگلورو" ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="rename22">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bangalore-to-be-renamed-Bengaluru/articleshow/1327370.cms|title=Bangalore to be renamed Bengaluru|date=11 December 2005|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929222432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-11/india/27862209_1_bengaluru-classical-language-kannada|archive-date=29 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> 27 سيپٽمبر، 2006ع تي، بروهت بنگلورو مهانگارا پاليڪي نالي جي تبديلي کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاء هڪ قرارداد پاس ڪيو ۽ رياست ڪرناٽڪا جي حڪومت پھرين نومبر، 2014ع تي نالي جي تبديلي کي سرڪاري طور تي نافذ ڪيو، جڏهن يونين گورنمينٽ درخواست کي منظور ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news |title=It will be 'Bengaluru', resolves BMP |date=28 September 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |access-date=16 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090623/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=It'll be 'Bengaluru' from November 1 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 October 2006 |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020325/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |archive-date=6 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="rename1">{{cite news |title=Centre nod for Karnataka's proposal on renaming cities |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018035426/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي ۽ وچين دور=== [[Stone Age]] artefacts discovered at [[Jalahalli]], Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli on Bengaluru's outskirts indicate human settlement around 4000&nbsp;BCE.<ref name="banghist">{{cite news |first=T.S. |last=Ranganna |title=Bangalore had human habitation in 4000 B.C. |date=27 October 2001 |url=http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053528/http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore dates from 4,000 BC |date=11 October 2001 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Bangalore-dates-from-4000-BC/articleshow/1449687816.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-11/bangalore/27237242_1_bangalore-mysore-municipal-bodies | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Iron Age]] tools and burial mounds from around 800&nbsp;BCE, have been found in [[Koramangala]] and [[Chikkajala]]. Coins of the [[Roman emperor]]s [[Augustus]], [[Tiberius]], [[Claudius]], and [[Caligula]] found at [[Yeswanthpur]] and [[HAL Airport|HAL]] indicate the involvement of the region in trans-oceanic trade with the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] and other civilisations in the first century CE.<ref name="OtherNames">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Naganatheshvara Temple (9th century) at Begur, Bengaluru.JPG|thumb|Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was built around {{Circa|860}}, during the reign of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].]] The region of modern-day Bengaluru was part of several successive [[South India]]n kingdoms. Between the fourth and tenth centuries CE, the region was ruled by the [[Western Ganga dynasty]], the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region.<ref name="banghist3">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=69|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> According to [[Edgar Thurston]], twenty-eight kings ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Common Era until its conquest by the [[Cholas]] in the early eleventh century CE. The Western Gangas ruled as a sovereign power from 350 to 550 CE, and as feudatories of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]], and later the [[Rashtrakutas]] until the tenth century.<ref name="Aditi6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=6|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> The Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was commissioned around 860 CE, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I, and extended by his successor Nitimarga II.<ref name="banghist4">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=7|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref><ref name="niti">{{harvnb|Sarma|1992|p=78}}</ref> Around 1004 CE, during the reign of [[Raja Raja Chola I]], the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince [[Rajendra Chola I]], and captured the region.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government|author=B. L. Rice|page=224}}</ref> During this period, the region witnessed the migration of many groups—warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from the Southern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speaking regions and other Kannada-speaking parts of the region.<ref name="banghist3" /> The Cholas built many [[List of Chola temples in Bengaluru|temples in the region]] including the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy temple]], [[Mukthi Natheshwara Temple]], [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Choleshwara Temple]], and [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Someshwara Temple]].<ref name="banghist4" /> In 1117, the [[Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended his rule over the region.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |title=The Digital South Asia Library-Imperial gazetteer of India |work=uchicago.edu |date=1908–1931 | access-date=16 February 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ | archive-date=16 December 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the later part of the 13th century CE, Bengaluru was a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler [[Veera Ballala III]] of [[Halebidu]] and Ramanatha, who administered the Hoysala held territory in the southern Tamil speaking regions.<ref name="banghist4" /> Veera Ballala appointed a civic head at Hudi (suburb of the city) to administer the region, and promoted the village to the status of a town. After his death in 1343, the region came under the influence of [[Vijayanagara empire]], which saw the rule of four consecutive dynasties &ndash; [[Sangama dynasty|Sangamas]] (1336–1485), [[Saluva dynasty|Saluvas]] (1485–1491), [[Tuluva dynasty|Tuluvas]] (1491–1565), and [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu]] (1565–1646).<ref name="banghist6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=8|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> In the early 16th century CE, [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] built a dam across the [[Arkavati]] river near [[Hesaraghatta]], whose reservoir was used to supply water to the region.<ref name="Aditi9">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=9|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> === Foundation and early modern history === [[File:Bangalore Fort.jpg|thumb|Bangalore Fort in 1860 CE showing fortifications and barracks. The fort was originally built by [[Kempe Gowda I]] as a mud fort in 1537 CE.]] The city proper was established in 1537 CE by [[Kempe Gowda I]], a local governor and [[chieftain]] aligned with the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] under emperor [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]. He led a campaign against Gangaraja, whom he defeated and expelled to [[Kanchi]], and built a [[Bengaluru Pete|a mud-brick fort]] at the site, which later became the central part of the modern city of Bengaluru. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "Gandubhūmi" ("Land of Heroes").<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/Bangalore-Bhath--First-city-e.html |title=Bangalore bhath: first city edifices |last1=Misra |first1=Hemant |last2=Jayaraman |first2=Pavitra |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201024/https://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/bangalore-bhath--first-city-e.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a ''pētē'' ({{IPA-kn|peːteː}}).<ref>{{cite web |last=Aruni |first=S. K. |date=2 January 2013 |title=A city that fell to the lure of trade |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |access-date=27 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627153953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The town had two main streets—Chikkapētē and Doddapētē, which intersected to form the Doddapētē Square in the heart of the town.<ref>{{cite news |title=Earlier known as Doddapete, Avenue Road could be as old as Bengaluru |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 March 2015 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102938/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Kempe Gowda also built the temple at [[Dodda Basavana Gudi|Basavanagudi]], and expanded other temples. He also constructed various tanks such as Kempambudhi, Dharmambudhi, and Sampangi for water storage.<ref name="ekoji">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |title=The bean city |first=S |last=Srinivas |access-date=2 July 2007 |date=22 February 2005 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213025649/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=6 January 2025 |archivedate=1 October 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001002555/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm }}</ref> [[Vijayanagara literature]] refers the city by various names such as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("auspicious city").<ref name="bglrHist2">{{Cite thesis |chapter=5: Bangalore: mud fort to sprawling metropolis |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |page= |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |pages=34–35 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 CE in the [[Battle of Talikota]], Kempe Gowda declared independence. His successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers to mark the boundary of the town.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=To secure a budding Bengaluru, Kempe Gowda built 4 towers |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 October 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102939/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1638 CE, a [[Adil Shahi]] army led by [[Ranadulla Khan]] and [[Shahaji Bhonsle]] defeated Kempe Gowda III, and the region became a ''[[jagir]]'' (feudal estate) of Shahaji.<ref name="ekoji"/> In 1639 CE, Shahaji ordered the reconstruction of the town and built large fortifications, and new reservoirs to solve the water shortage in the region.<ref name="ekoji"/><ref name="bglrHist2"/> In 1687 CE, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general Kasim Khan, under orders from [[Aurangzeb]], defeated [[Ekoji I]], the son of Shahaji, and leased the town to [[Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar]] (1673–1704 CE), the then ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].<ref name="ekoji"/> After the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]] in 1759 CE, [[Hyder Ali]], Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the ruler of the Mysore kingdom. He built the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760 CE.<ref name="tt6">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=6|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son [[Tipu Sultan]], and the [[Lal Bagh]] garden was established around 1760 CE.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=Date with history: All you need to know about the iconic Lalbagh's Glass House built in 1889 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 August 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523163836/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During the period, the city developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> [[File:Bangalore palace side view.jpg|thumb|[[Bangalore Palace]], built in 1887 in [[Tudor architecture|Tudor architectural style]] was modelled on [[Windsor Castle]] in England.<ref name="tt8">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=8|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref>]] The Bengaluru fort was captured by [[British East India Company|British forces]] under [[Charles Cornwallis]] on 21 March 1791 during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and became the centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan.<ref>{{cite book |title=The military engineer in India, vol I |last=Sandes |first=E.W.C. |year=1933 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham |isbn=978-1-84734-071-9 |pages=163–165}}</ref> Following Tipu's death in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799 CE), the Bengaluru pete was incorporated into the [[Princely State of Mysore]], whose administrative control remained with the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. The city was further developed by the Maharaja of Mysore. The [[Raj Bhavan (Karnataka)|Residency of Mysore State]], established in [[Mysore]] in 1799 was shifted to Bengaluru in 1804.<ref name="Raj">{{cite web |date=26 March 2011 |title=The Resident arose with Tipu's fall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/the-resident-arose-with-tipus-fall/articleshow/7794922.cms |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> It was abolished in 1843 before being revived in 1881 and served till the [[independence of India|Indian independence]] in 1947.<ref name="Raj"/><ref name="rajbha">{{cite web |url=http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/ |title=Raj Bhavan, Karnataka |work=Raj Bhavan, Government of Karnataka |access-date=24 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206190404/http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/history/fromresi-rajbhavan.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> The British found the city as an appropriate place to station its [[garrison]] and therefore it was moved in 1809 from [[Seringapatam]] to [[Ulsoor]], about {{cvt|6|km|0}} northeast of the original pete. A town grew up around the surroundings by absorbing several villages in the area, and came to be known as Bengaluru cantonment. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the princely state of [[Mysore]].<ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=3|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Further developments such as the introduction of telegraph connections to other major Indian cities in 1853&nbsp;and a rail connection to [[Madras]] in 1864, contributed to the economic growth of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Jyotirmoy |title=Entrepreneurship in tourism and allied activities: a study of Bangalore city in the post-liberalization period |publisher=[[Pondicherry University]] |year=2012 |page=86 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053804/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Later modern and contemporary history=== [[File:Bangalore Pete in the 1890s.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Bengaluru Pete]] during the 1890s]] [[File:Bangalore Cantonment.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Bangalore Cantonment]], {{Circa|1895}}]] In the late 19th&nbsp;century CE, Bengaluru was essentially composed of two cities, with the pete, whose residents were predominantly [[Kannadiga]]s and the cantonment created by the British, whose residents were predominantly [[Tamils]] and [[English people]].<ref name="Ephemeral">{{cite book|title=British Indian Picture Postcards in Bengaluru: Ephemeral Entanglements|author=Emily Stevenson|year=2023|isbn=978-1-00380-959-3|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |chapter=8: Public domain—contested spaces and lack of imageability |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |page=49 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout the 19th&nbsp;century, the Cantonment, which was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore, gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience. It had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the state of Mysore.<ref name="Ephemeral"/> The British developed the infrastructure of the city, widened roads, and established new settlements. The city was divided into eight wards in 1862, and was expanding. The first exclusive residential area was established in [[Chamarajpet]] in 1892, and a new wholesale market was established in Tharagupet in 1895.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=50}} The city was hit by a [[Bubonic plague|plague]] epidemic in 1898&nbsp;that claimed nearly 3,500&nbsp;lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak led to the improvement in sanitation facilities, and establishment of new communication lines to co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect, a health officer was appointed, and the city was divided into four wards for better co-ordination.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=51}}<ref name="Plague">{{cite news |title=1898 plague revisited |date=17 November 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/1898-plague-revisited/articleshow/17248490.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=8 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-17/bangalore/35171344_1_bangalore-vivek-first-health-officer | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> New extensions in [[Malleswaram]] and [[Basavanagudi]] were developed in the north and south of the pētē.<ref>{{cite web |first=Maya |last=Jaypal |title=Malleswaram, Basavanagudi, the new extensions |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=8 September 2013 |date=26 March 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130908211532/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html | archive-date=8 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Bangalore (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|left|Map of the city and environs, {{Circa|1914}}]] In 1906, Bengaluru became one of the first cities in India to have electricity.<ref name="Elec">{{cite web |last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata |title=ElectriCity |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |access-date=15 November 2011 |work=Outlook India |date=10 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121155127/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1912, the [[Bangalore torpedo]], an offensive explosive weapon widely used in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], was devised in Bengaluru by [[British Indian Army|British army officer]] Captain McClintock of the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers and Miners]].<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |title=Bangalore torpedo gave them their D-Day, 69 years ago |access-date=1 October 2013 |first=Nirad |last=Mudur |author2=Hemanth CS |date=7 June 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213533/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927&nbsp;with the [[silver jubilee]] celebrations of the rule of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]]. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city.<ref name="Basavaraja">{{cite book |last1=Basavaraja |first1=Kadati Reddera |title=History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification |publisher=Chalukya Publications |year=1984 |page=332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227181924/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=27 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru played an important role during the [[Indian independence movement]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the city in 1927&nbsp;and 1934&nbsp;and addressed public meetings here.<ref name="banghist" /> In 1926, the [[1926 Binny Mills Strike|labour unrest]] in [[Binny Mills]] due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in [[Lathi charge|lathi charging]] and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Nair|2005|p=70|Ref=nair}}</ref> In July 1928, there were notable [[Bangalore disturbances|communal disturbances]] in Bengaluru, like when a [[Ganesha|Ganesh]] idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918–40 |first=Chandrasekhar |last=S. |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8364-1471-4 |page=135}}</ref> In 1940, the first flight between Bengaluru and [[Mumbai]] took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.<ref name="tt10">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=10|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> After India's independence in August 1947, Bengaluru remained in the newly carved [[Mysore State]] of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the ''[[Rajapramukh]]'' (appointed governor).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |title=The Territories and States of India |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135 135] |isbn=978-0-203-40290-0 |quote=When the new, extended Mysore was created on 1 November 1956 (by the addition of coastal, central and northern territories), Wodeyar became Governor of the whole state, which was renamed Karnataka in 1973. |url=https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135}}</ref> The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the [[Bangalore City Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=Civic bodies of yore didn't digress from progress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/237732/civic-bodies-yore-didnt-digress.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref> The [[Government of Karnataka]] later constituted the [[Bangalore Development Authority]] in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies.<ref name="lm">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=4|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bengaluru experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51&nbsp;and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bengaluru had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> In the following decades, Bengaluru's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of various public and private companies.|{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=53}} [[File:UB City at night .jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[UB City]], a business district in Bengaluru, 2019]] By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit.<ref name="lm" /> On 8 February 1981, a [[1981 Bangalore circus fire|major fire broke out]] at Venus Circus in Bengaluru, where more than 92&nbsp;people died, the majority of them children.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html |title=Death Toll Raised to 66 in Fire at Circus in India |date=9 February 1981 |work=The New York Times | access-date=31 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118202157/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html | archive-date=18 November 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s&nbsp;and&nbsp;1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bengaluru's large plots and colonial [[bungalow]]s into multi-storied apartments.<ref name="realestate">{{cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Solomon |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |title=Governance, economic settings and poverty in Bangalore |journal=Environment & Urbanization |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=April 2000 |pages=35–36 |access-date=11 June 2012 |doi=10.1177/095624780001200104 |s2cid=14335580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051953/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=live |doi-access=free |bibcode=2000EnUrb..12...35B }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051953/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |date=17 July 2012 }}</ref> Since the late 1980s, many information technology companies were set up in the city and by the end of the 20th&nbsp;century, Bengaluru had established itself as the ''[[Silicon Valley]] of India''.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> The population has increased significantly due to migration from other parts for work, and the city has become the third most populous city in 2011.<ref name="Census population"/><ref name="Punekar">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54 |title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |author=Vijaya B. Punekar | access-date=4 October 2007 |isbn=978-8-17154-012-9 |year=1974 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=54 }}</ref> During the 21st&nbsp;century, Bengaluru has had major terrorist attacks in [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|2008]], [[2010 Bangalore stadium bombing|2010]], and [[2013 Bangalore blast|2013]].<ref>{{cite news |title=8 blasts rock Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=Ten wounded in Bangalore cricket stadium blast |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140201/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=India Today |date=17 April 2013 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> == جاگرافي == == ڊيموگرافي == == حڪومت ۽ سياست == == انفراسٽرڪچر == == معيشت == == ٽرانسپورٽ == == تعليم == == ثقافت == ==تفريح== ==پڻ ڏسو== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * [http://www.bdabangalore.org/ Official website of Bangalore Development Authority] * {{Britannica|51705}} {{Geographic location |Centre=Bangalore |North=[[Maharashtra]] |East=[[Andhra Pradesh]] |South=[[Tamil Nadu]] |West=''[[Arabian Sea]]'' }} {{Navboxes | title=Articles related to Bengaluru | list = {{Navboxes | title=[[File:Gnome-globe.svg]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale | list = '''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. and Long.]] {{Coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E|display=inline}}''' }} {{Bengaluru Urban district}} {{Schools in Bangalore}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} {{Megacities}} {{Million-plus cities in India}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} }} {{Subject bar|India|Bangalore|Geography|commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Bangalore |n=yes |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:بنگلورو]] [[زمرو:ڪرناٽڪ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:وڏا شهر]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جا شهر بلحاظ ملڪ]] sjyot9tmkebui68gbpnqmv2tj5kjdnx 377721 377720 2026-05-15T22:03:22Z Ibne maryam 17680 377721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Capital of Karnataka, India}} {{Infobox settlement | name = بنگلورو | other_name = بنگلور | native_name = Beṅgaḷūru | native_name_lang = ڪناڊ ٻولي | official_name = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = Logo of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike | blank_emblem_size = 100px | settlement_type = ميٽروپولس | image_skyline = {{multiple image |border = infobox |perrow = 1/3/2/1 |total_width = 300 |caption_align = center | image1= | caption1 = بنگلورو جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي جي اسڪائي لائن | image2=Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1.jpg | caption2 = ڌرمارايا سوامي مندر | image3=Bangalore_palace_IMG_20121230_154849.jpg | caption3 = بنگلورو پيليس | image4=Gopura of Someshwara temple (16th century) in Bengaluru.JPG | caption4 = هالاسورو سوميشورا مندر | image5=Bagmane Tech Park, CV Raman Nagar, Bengaluru, India (2007).jpg | caption5 = باگماني ٽيڪنيڪل پارڪ | image6=Infosys_(4911287704).jpg | caption6 = انفوسس پيرامڊ | image7=Vidhana Soudha 2012.jpg | caption7 = وڌانا سوڌا }} | nicknames = • ڀارت جي "سليڪون ويلي" * ڀارت جو IT ڪيپيٽل * ڀارت جو گارڊن سٽي | image_map = {{Switcher |{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1185|frame-width=270|frame-height=350|stroke-width=3|frame-lat=15.04|frame-long=76.40|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E| }}|marker-size2=medium}} |Bengaluru in Karnataka map |{{maplink|display=|frame=yes|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1355|plain=y|title=Bangalore|description=|coord=|marker=|zoom=10|icon=no|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|text=Interactive map outlining Bengaluru}} |Bengaluru outline map |[[File:Bangalore street Map.png|300px]] |Bengaluru street map}} | coordinates = {{coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E|type:city_region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = [[ڀارت]] | subdivision_type1 = رياست | subdivision_name1 = [[ڪرناٽڪا]] | subdivision_type2 = ضلعا | subdivision_name2 = بنگلورو شهري ضلعو | established_title = قائم ٿيو | established_date = 1537ع | founder = ڪيمپي گائوڙا پهريون | named_for = | government_type = ميونسپل ڪارپوريشن | governing_body = بروهت بنگلورو مهاناگرا پاليڪي | leader_title = [[ميئر]] | leader_name = خالي | leader_title2 = ڪارپوريشن ڪمشنر | leader_name2 = توشر ڳري ناٿ (IAS)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html|title=New BBMP Chief Commissioner inspects infrastructure projects|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=7 June 2022|access-date=20 June 2022|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607085320/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="History">{{cite web |title=History of BBMP |url=https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html |website=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102002519/https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction - BMRDA |url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Introduction/en |website=Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520173907/https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Introduction/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 741 | area_metro_km2 = 8005 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite journal |author1=H.S. Sudhira |author2=T.V. Ramachandra |author3=M.H. Bala Subrahmanya |title=City Profile&nbsp;— Bangalore |journal=Cities |volume=24 |issue=5 |place=Bangalore |page=382 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2007.04.003 |url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf | access-date=13 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224120858/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf | archive-date=24 December 2012 | url-status=dead |issn = 0264-2751 }}</ref> | elevation_m = 920 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_total = 8443675 | population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 Census of India"/> | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|3rd]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 1,04,56,000 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=India Stats: Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] | access-date=20 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 | archive-date=30 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_blank1_title = Rank | population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|5th]] | population_blank1_footnotes = | population_demonym = {{nowrap|{{hlist|Bengalurian|Bengalurinavaru}}}} | blank_name_sec1 = [[Purchasing Power Parity|GDP (PPP)]] | blank_info_sec1 = $359.9&nbsp;billion<ref name="C40">{{cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/bengaluru/|title=Bengaluru|work=C40|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925225406/https://www.c40.org/cities/bengaluru/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Deep Dive City Bangalore, India|url=https://transformative-mobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Bangalore-Deep-Dive.pdf|publisher=Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative|access-date=12 January 2024|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109104258/https://transformative-mobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Bangalore-Deep-Dive.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]] | postal_code = 560 xxx | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)80]] | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA:]]01-05, 41, 50-53, 57-61 | blank2_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}} | blank2_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> | website = {{URL|www.bbmp.gov.in/}} | footnotes = }} '''بنگلورو''' (Bengaḷūru)، جيڪو اڳ ۾ بنگلور سڏجيو ويندو هو، ڏکڻ ڀارتي رياست [[ڪرناٽڪا]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. سال 2011ع جي مردم شماري جي مطابق، هن شهر جي آبادي 84 لک کان وڌيڪ هئي، اها [[ڀارت]] ۾ ٽيون سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر ۽ ڏکڻ هندستان ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي. بنگلورو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ ۽ پنج لک (10.5 ملين) هئي، جيڪا هن کي ملڪ ۾ چوٿين سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهري مجموعو بڻائي ٿو. اهو ڏکڻ جي پليٽيو جي مرڪز جي ويجهو، سمنڊ جي سطح کان 900 ميٽر (3,000 فوٽ) جي اوچائي تي واقع آهي. هي شهر، هن جي باغن جي ڪري، ڀارت جي "باغن جي شهر" جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. قديم آثار ظاهر ڪن ٿا ته علائقي ۾ انساني آبادي 4000 قبل مسيح جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. "بنگلور" نالي جو پهريون ذڪر ناگيشوارا مندر ۾ 890 عيسوي جي هڪ پراڻي ڪننڊ پٿر جي لکت مان ملي ٿو. مغربي گنگا خاندان جي حڪمراني ڪرڻ کان پوء، عام دور جي شروعات کان وٺي، شهر يارهين صدي عيسوي جي شروعات ۾ چولا سلطنت جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ھي علائقو ھويسالا ۽ وجيا نگرا سلطنت جو وچين دور جي آخر ۾ حصو ھو. سال 1537 عيسوي ۾، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پهريون، هڪ جاگيردار حڪمران، وجيانگرا سلطنت جي ماتحت، هڪ مٽيءَ جو قلعو قائم ڪيو، جيڪو جديد شهر بنگلورو ۽ ان جي پراڻن علائقن يا پيٽس جو بنياد سمجهيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪي اڃا تائين موجود آهن. وجيا نگرا سلطنت جي زوال کان پوء، ڪيمپي گائوڊا آزاديء جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ شهر کي سندس جانشين طرفان وڌايو ويو. سال 1638 عيسوي ۾، عادل شاهي فوج ڪيمپي گائوڊا ٽيون کي شڪست ڏني ۽ شهر شاهجي ڀونسلي جي جاگير (جاگيرداري) بڻجي ويو. مغلن بعد ۾ بنگلورو تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ ان کي ميسور جي بادشاه مهاراجا چيڪديوراجا ووديار کي وڪرو ڪيو. سال 1759ع ۾ ڪرشنا راجا ووديار ٻين جي موت کان پوءِ، سلطان حيدر علي سلطنت جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ انتظاميه بعد ۾ سندس پٽ [[ٽيپو سلطان]] جي حوالي ڪئي وئي. شهر اينگلو-ميسور جنگ دوران برطانوي [[ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني]] پاران قبضو ڪيو ويو ۽ ميسور جي پرنسلي رياست جو حصو بڻجي ويو. شهر جو انتظامي ڪنٽرول ڪرشنا راجا واديار ٽين کي واپس ڪيو ويو، پوء پراڻو شهر ميسور جي مهاراجا ۽ بادشاهت جي تسلط هيٺ ترقي ڪئي. سال 1809 عيسوي ۾، انگريزن پنهنجي فوجي گئريزن کي شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ پراڻي شهر کان ٻاهر، ڇائوڻي قائم ڪئي. 19 صدي عيسوي جي آخر ۾، شهر بنيادي طور تي ٻن الڳ شهري آبادين، پراڻي پيٽ ۽ نئين ڇانوڻي تي مشتمل هو. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، بنگلورو ميسور رياست جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو، ۽ گاديءَ جو هنڌ رهيو جڏهن رياست کي وڌايو ويو ۽ 1956ع ۾ متحد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ 1973ع ۾ رياست جو نالو بدلائي ڪرناٽڪا رکيو ويو. ٻه شهري آباديون جيڪي آزاد ادارن جي طور تي ترقي ڪري چڪيون هيون، سال 1949ع ۾ هڪ واحد شهري انتظاميه جي هيٺ ضم ٿي ويون. هن شهر کي، سال 2006ع تائين، جڏهن سرڪاري نالو تبديل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو ڪناڊ ٻولي ۾ نالو، "بنگلورو" رکيو ويو، سرڪاري طور تي انگريزيءَ ۾ بنگلور جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بنگلورو هندستان ۾ تيز ترين وڌندڙ شهرن مان هڪ ۽ هندستان جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پيداواري ميٽرو علائقن مان هڪ آهي. سال 2023ع تائين، ميٽروپوليٽن ايريا جي جي ڊي پي جو تخمينو 359.9 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر هو. شهر [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي]] (IT) جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز آهي ۽ مسلسل دنيا جي تيز ترين وڌندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪزن ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو. ملڪ ۾ آئي ٽي سروسز جو سڀ کان وڏو مرڪز ۽ برآمد ڪندڙ، اهو شهر وڏي پيماني تي "هندستان جي سليڪون وادي" طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. شهر پيداواري معيشت ۾ هڪ وڏو حصو ڏيندڙ آهي ۽ شهر پڻ ڪيترن ئي رياستي ملڪيت جي پيداواري ڪمپنين جو گهر آهي. بنگلور پڻ اعلي تعليم ۾ قومي اهميت جي ڪيترن ئي ادارن جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. ==نالو== "بنگلورو" نالي جو سڀ کان پھريون حوالو نائين صدي جي ھيرو پٿر يا "ويرا گلو" تي آهي جيڪو "بيگور" ۾ مليو. اولهه گنگا خاندان سان تعلق رکندڙ پراڻي ڪنڙ لکت ۾ 890ع ۾ لڙائي دوران هن هنڌ جو ذڪر آيو آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|title=Inscription reveals Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old|date=20 August 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213021302/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm|archive-date=13 February 2012|url-status=dead|accessdate=6 January 2025|archivedate=12 September 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912144705/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm}}</ref> بهرحال، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پهريون سال 1537ع ۾ بنياد وجهڻ وقت، ڪوڊي گيهالي جي ڀرسان هڪ ڳوٺ جو نالو استعمال ڪيو، جنهن تي شهر جو نالو بنگلورو رکيو. بنگلور شهر جي ڪنڙ نالي جو هڪ انگريزي ورزن آهي. هن شهر کي 16هين صدي عيسوي ۾ وجيا نگر جي پوئين دور ۾ ”ڪلياناپوري“ يا ”ڪليانپوره“ (معزز شهر) ۽ ”ديوا رايا پتانا“ جي نالي سان پڻ سڏيو ويو.<ref name="OtherNames2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> هڪ افسانوي ڪهاڻي ٻڌائي ٿي ته ٻارهين صديءَ جو بادشاهه ويرا بالالا ٻيون، شڪار جي مهم دوران، جنگل ۾ پنهنجو رستو وڃائي ويٺو. ٿڪل ۽ بکايل، هن کي هڪ غريب پوڙهي عورت نظر آئي، جنهن هن کي ڀاڄيون ڀري خدمت ڪئي. شڪر گذار بادشاهه ان جڳهه جو نالو ”بينڊا-ڪال-ارو“ (لفظي طور، اُبليل ڀاڄين جو شهر) رکيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي ”بنگلورو“ ۾ تبديل ٿيو.<ref name="OtherNames3">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bendakaaluru2">{{cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp|title=Many miles to go from Bangalore to Bengalūru|author=Vijesh Kamath|date=30 October 2006|work=Deccan Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916034243/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp|archive-date=16 September 2012|access-date=10 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> سورياناٿ ڪمٿ اهو قياس ڪيو آهي ته نالو "بينگا" ڪننڊ اصطلاح وڻ ٽيروڪارپس مارسوپيئم (Pterocarpus marsupium) لاءِ ڪناڊا اصطلاح (جنهن کي انڊين ڪنو جو وڻ به چيو ويندو آهي)، هڪ قسم جو سڪل ۽ [[ڊيسيڊيئس|نم وڻندڙ ​​وڻن]] جو هڪ قسم آهي، جيڪو علائقي ۾ گهڻو ٿئي ٿو، مان نڪتل آهي.<ref name="Aditi62">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=6|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> ٻين نظرين جي مطابق، هن شهر کي، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پاران ٺاهيل، وينڪاتارامانا سوامي مندر جي مٿان "بينڪات-ارو" سڏيو ويو. هڪ ٻيون خيال آهي ته، هي نالو هن علائقي ۾ کوارٽز پٿر (ڪناڊ ٻولي ۾ "بيناچا ڪل") جي گهڻائي جي ڪارڻ، "بيناچا ڪلورو" کان آهي.<ref name="OtherNames4">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> 11 ڊسمبر، 2005ع تي، ڪرناٽڪ جي حڪومت يو. آر. انانٿا مورٿي جي تجويز قبول ڪئي ته سرڪاري طور تي شهر جو نالو "بنگلور" کان بدلائي "بنگلورو" ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="rename22">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bangalore-to-be-renamed-Bengaluru/articleshow/1327370.cms|title=Bangalore to be renamed Bengaluru|date=11 December 2005|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929222432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-11/india/27862209_1_bengaluru-classical-language-kannada|archive-date=29 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> 27 سيپٽمبر، 2006ع تي، بروهت بنگلورو مهانگارا پاليڪي نالي جي تبديلي کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاء هڪ قرارداد پاس ڪيو ۽ رياست ڪرناٽڪا جي حڪومت پھرين نومبر، 2014ع تي نالي جي تبديلي کي سرڪاري طور تي نافذ ڪيو، جڏهن يونين گورنمينٽ درخواست کي منظور ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news |title=It will be 'Bengaluru', resolves BMP |date=28 September 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |access-date=16 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090623/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=It'll be 'Bengaluru' from November 1 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 October 2006 |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020325/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |archive-date=6 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="rename1">{{cite news |title=Centre nod for Karnataka's proposal on renaming cities |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018035426/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي ۽ وچين دور=== [[Stone Age]] artefacts discovered at [[Jalahalli]], Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli on Bengaluru's outskirts indicate human settlement around 4000&nbsp;BCE.<ref name="banghist">{{cite news |first=T.S. |last=Ranganna |title=Bangalore had human habitation in 4000 B.C. |date=27 October 2001 |url=http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053528/http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore dates from 4,000 BC |date=11 October 2001 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Bangalore-dates-from-4000-BC/articleshow/1449687816.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-11/bangalore/27237242_1_bangalore-mysore-municipal-bodies | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Iron Age]] tools and burial mounds from around 800&nbsp;BCE, have been found in [[Koramangala]] and [[Chikkajala]]. Coins of the [[Roman emperor]]s [[Augustus]], [[Tiberius]], [[Claudius]], and [[Caligula]] found at [[Yeswanthpur]] and [[HAL Airport|HAL]] indicate the involvement of the region in trans-oceanic trade with the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] and other civilisations in the first century CE.<ref name="OtherNames">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|title=The city of boiled beans|last=Chandramouli|first=K|date=25 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Naganatheshvara Temple (9th century) at Begur, Bengaluru.JPG|thumb|Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was built around {{Circa|860}}, during the reign of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].]] The region of modern-day Bengaluru was part of several successive [[South India]]n kingdoms. Between the fourth and tenth centuries CE, the region was ruled by the [[Western Ganga dynasty]], the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region.<ref name="banghist3">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=69|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> According to [[Edgar Thurston]], twenty-eight kings ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Common Era until its conquest by the [[Cholas]] in the early eleventh century CE. The Western Gangas ruled as a sovereign power from 350 to 550 CE, and as feudatories of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]], and later the [[Rashtrakutas]] until the tenth century.<ref name="Aditi6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=6|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> The Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was commissioned around 860 CE, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I, and extended by his successor Nitimarga II.<ref name="banghist4">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=7|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref><ref name="niti">{{harvnb|Sarma|1992|p=78}}</ref> Around 1004 CE, during the reign of [[Raja Raja Chola I]], the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince [[Rajendra Chola I]], and captured the region.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government|author=B. L. Rice|page=224}}</ref> During this period, the region witnessed the migration of many groups—warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from the Southern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speaking regions and other Kannada-speaking parts of the region.<ref name="banghist3" /> The Cholas built many [[List of Chola temples in Bengaluru|temples in the region]] including the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy temple]], [[Mukthi Natheshwara Temple]], [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Choleshwara Temple]], and [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Someshwara Temple]].<ref name="banghist4" /> In 1117, the [[Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended his rule over the region.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |title=The Digital South Asia Library-Imperial gazetteer of India |work=uchicago.edu |date=1908–1931 | access-date=16 February 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ | archive-date=16 December 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the later part of the 13th century CE, Bengaluru was a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler [[Veera Ballala III]] of [[Halebidu]] and Ramanatha, who administered the Hoysala held territory in the southern Tamil speaking regions.<ref name="banghist4" /> Veera Ballala appointed a civic head at Hudi (suburb of the city) to administer the region, and promoted the village to the status of a town. After his death in 1343, the region came under the influence of [[Vijayanagara empire]], which saw the rule of four consecutive dynasties &ndash; [[Sangama dynasty|Sangamas]] (1336–1485), [[Saluva dynasty|Saluvas]] (1485–1491), [[Tuluva dynasty|Tuluvas]] (1491–1565), and [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu]] (1565–1646).<ref name="banghist6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=8|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> In the early 16th century CE, [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] built a dam across the [[Arkavati]] river near [[Hesaraghatta]], whose reservoir was used to supply water to the region.<ref name="Aditi9">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=9|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> === Foundation and early modern history === [[File:Bangalore Fort.jpg|thumb|Bangalore Fort in 1860 CE showing fortifications and barracks. The fort was originally built by [[Kempe Gowda I]] as a mud fort in 1537 CE.]] The city proper was established in 1537 CE by [[Kempe Gowda I]], a local governor and [[chieftain]] aligned with the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] under emperor [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]. He led a campaign against Gangaraja, whom he defeated and expelled to [[Kanchi]], and built a [[Bengaluru Pete|a mud-brick fort]] at the site, which later became the central part of the modern city of Bengaluru. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "Gandubhūmi" ("Land of Heroes").<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/Bangalore-Bhath--First-city-e.html |title=Bangalore bhath: first city edifices |last1=Misra |first1=Hemant |last2=Jayaraman |first2=Pavitra |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201024/https://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/bangalore-bhath--first-city-e.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a ''pētē'' ({{IPA-kn|peːteː}}).<ref>{{cite web |last=Aruni |first=S. K. |date=2 January 2013 |title=A city that fell to the lure of trade |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |access-date=27 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627153953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The town had two main streets—Chikkapētē and Doddapētē, which intersected to form the Doddapētē Square in the heart of the town.<ref>{{cite news |title=Earlier known as Doddapete, Avenue Road could be as old as Bengaluru |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 March 2015 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102938/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Kempe Gowda also built the temple at [[Dodda Basavana Gudi|Basavanagudi]], and expanded other temples. He also constructed various tanks such as Kempambudhi, Dharmambudhi, and Sampangi for water storage.<ref name="ekoji">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |title=The bean city |first=S |last=Srinivas |access-date=2 July 2007 |date=22 February 2005 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213025649/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=6 January 2025 |archivedate=1 October 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001002555/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm }}</ref> [[Vijayanagara literature]] refers the city by various names such as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("auspicious city").<ref name="bglrHist2">{{Cite thesis |chapter=5: Bangalore: mud fort to sprawling metropolis |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |page= |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |pages=34–35 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 CE in the [[Battle of Talikota]], Kempe Gowda declared independence. His successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers to mark the boundary of the town.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=To secure a budding Bengaluru, Kempe Gowda built 4 towers |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 October 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102939/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1638 CE, a [[Adil Shahi]] army led by [[Ranadulla Khan]] and [[Shahaji Bhonsle]] defeated Kempe Gowda III, and the region became a ''[[jagir]]'' (feudal estate) of Shahaji.<ref name="ekoji"/> In 1639 CE, Shahaji ordered the reconstruction of the town and built large fortifications, and new reservoirs to solve the water shortage in the region.<ref name="ekoji"/><ref name="bglrHist2"/> In 1687 CE, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general Kasim Khan, under orders from [[Aurangzeb]], defeated [[Ekoji I]], the son of Shahaji, and leased the town to [[Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar]] (1673–1704 CE), the then ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].<ref name="ekoji"/> After the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]] in 1759 CE, [[Hyder Ali]], Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the ruler of the Mysore kingdom. He built the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760 CE.<ref name="tt6">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=6|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son [[Tipu Sultan]], and the [[Lal Bagh]] garden was established around 1760 CE.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=Date with history: All you need to know about the iconic Lalbagh's Glass House built in 1889 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 August 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523163836/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During the period, the city developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> [[File:Bangalore palace side view.jpg|thumb|[[Bangalore Palace]], built in 1887 in [[Tudor architecture|Tudor architectural style]] was modelled on [[Windsor Castle]] in England.<ref name="tt8">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=8|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref>]] The Bengaluru fort was captured by [[British East India Company|British forces]] under [[Charles Cornwallis]] on 21 March 1791 during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and became the centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan.<ref>{{cite book |title=The military engineer in India, vol I |last=Sandes |first=E.W.C. |year=1933 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham |isbn=978-1-84734-071-9 |pages=163–165}}</ref> Following Tipu's death in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799 CE), the Bengaluru pete was incorporated into the [[Princely State of Mysore]], whose administrative control remained with the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. The city was further developed by the Maharaja of Mysore. The [[Raj Bhavan (Karnataka)|Residency of Mysore State]], established in [[Mysore]] in 1799 was shifted to Bengaluru in 1804.<ref name="Raj">{{cite web |date=26 March 2011 |title=The Resident arose with Tipu's fall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/the-resident-arose-with-tipus-fall/articleshow/7794922.cms |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> It was abolished in 1843 before being revived in 1881 and served till the [[independence of India|Indian independence]] in 1947.<ref name="Raj"/><ref name="rajbha">{{cite web |url=http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/ |title=Raj Bhavan, Karnataka |work=Raj Bhavan, Government of Karnataka |access-date=24 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206190404/http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/history/fromresi-rajbhavan.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> The British found the city as an appropriate place to station its [[garrison]] and therefore it was moved in 1809 from [[Seringapatam]] to [[Ulsoor]], about {{cvt|6|km|0}} northeast of the original pete. A town grew up around the surroundings by absorbing several villages in the area, and came to be known as Bengaluru cantonment. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the princely state of [[Mysore]].<ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=3|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Further developments such as the introduction of telegraph connections to other major Indian cities in 1853&nbsp;and a rail connection to [[Madras]] in 1864, contributed to the economic growth of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Jyotirmoy |title=Entrepreneurship in tourism and allied activities: a study of Bangalore city in the post-liberalization period |publisher=[[Pondicherry University]] |year=2012 |page=86 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053804/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Later modern and contemporary history=== [[File:Bangalore Pete in the 1890s.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Bengaluru Pete]] during the 1890s]] [[File:Bangalore Cantonment.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Bangalore Cantonment]], {{Circa|1895}}]] In the late 19th&nbsp;century CE, Bengaluru was essentially composed of two cities, with the pete, whose residents were predominantly [[Kannadiga]]s and the cantonment created by the British, whose residents were predominantly [[Tamils]] and [[English people]].<ref name="Ephemeral">{{cite book|title=British Indian Picture Postcards in Bengaluru: Ephemeral Entanglements|author=Emily Stevenson|year=2023|isbn=978-1-00380-959-3|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |chapter=8: Public domain—contested spaces and lack of imageability |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |page=49 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout the 19th&nbsp;century, the Cantonment, which was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore, gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience. It had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the state of Mysore.<ref name="Ephemeral"/> The British developed the infrastructure of the city, widened roads, and established new settlements. The city was divided into eight wards in 1862, and was expanding. The first exclusive residential area was established in [[Chamarajpet]] in 1892, and a new wholesale market was established in Tharagupet in 1895.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=50}} The city was hit by a [[Bubonic plague|plague]] epidemic in 1898&nbsp;that claimed nearly 3,500&nbsp;lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak led to the improvement in sanitation facilities, and establishment of new communication lines to co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect, a health officer was appointed, and the city was divided into four wards for better co-ordination.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=51}}<ref name="Plague">{{cite news |title=1898 plague revisited |date=17 November 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/1898-plague-revisited/articleshow/17248490.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=8 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-17/bangalore/35171344_1_bangalore-vivek-first-health-officer | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> New extensions in [[Malleswaram]] and [[Basavanagudi]] were developed in the north and south of the pētē.<ref>{{cite web |first=Maya |last=Jaypal |title=Malleswaram, Basavanagudi, the new extensions |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=8 September 2013 |date=26 March 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130908211532/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html | archive-date=8 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Bangalore (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|left|Map of the city and environs, {{Circa|1914}}]] In 1906, Bengaluru became one of the first cities in India to have electricity.<ref name="Elec">{{cite web |last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata |title=ElectriCity |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |access-date=15 November 2011 |work=Outlook India |date=10 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121155127/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1912, the [[Bangalore torpedo]], an offensive explosive weapon widely used in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], was devised in Bengaluru by [[British Indian Army|British army officer]] Captain McClintock of the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers and Miners]].<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |title=Bangalore torpedo gave them their D-Day, 69 years ago |access-date=1 October 2013 |first=Nirad |last=Mudur |author2=Hemanth CS |date=7 June 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213533/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927&nbsp;with the [[silver jubilee]] celebrations of the rule of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]]. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city.<ref name="Basavaraja">{{cite book |last1=Basavaraja |first1=Kadati Reddera |title=History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification |publisher=Chalukya Publications |year=1984 |page=332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227181924/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=27 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru played an important role during the [[Indian independence movement]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the city in 1927&nbsp;and 1934&nbsp;and addressed public meetings here.<ref name="banghist" /> In 1926, the [[1926 Binny Mills Strike|labour unrest]] in [[Binny Mills]] due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in [[Lathi charge|lathi charging]] and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Nair|2005|p=70|Ref=nair}}</ref> In July 1928, there were notable [[Bangalore disturbances|communal disturbances]] in Bengaluru, like when a [[Ganesha|Ganesh]] idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918–40 |first=Chandrasekhar |last=S. |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8364-1471-4 |page=135}}</ref> In 1940, the first flight between Bengaluru and [[Mumbai]] took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.<ref name="tt10">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=10|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> After India's independence in August 1947, Bengaluru remained in the newly carved [[Mysore State]] of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the ''[[Rajapramukh]]'' (appointed governor).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |title=The Territories and States of India |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135 135] |isbn=978-0-203-40290-0 |quote=When the new, extended Mysore was created on 1 November 1956 (by the addition of coastal, central and northern territories), Wodeyar became Governor of the whole state, which was renamed Karnataka in 1973. |url=https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135}}</ref> The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the [[Bangalore City Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=Civic bodies of yore didn't digress from progress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/237732/civic-bodies-yore-didnt-digress.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref> The [[Government of Karnataka]] later constituted the [[Bangalore Development Authority]] in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies.<ref name="lm">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=4|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bengaluru experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51&nbsp;and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bengaluru had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> In the following decades, Bengaluru's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of various public and private companies.|{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=53}} [[File:UB City at night .jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[UB City]], a business district in Bengaluru, 2019]] By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit.<ref name="lm" /> On 8 February 1981, a [[1981 Bangalore circus fire|major fire broke out]] at Venus Circus in Bengaluru, where more than 92&nbsp;people died, the majority of them children.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html |title=Death Toll Raised to 66 in Fire at Circus in India |date=9 February 1981 |work=The New York Times | access-date=31 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118202157/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html | archive-date=18 November 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s&nbsp;and&nbsp;1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bengaluru's large plots and colonial [[bungalow]]s into multi-storied apartments.<ref name="realestate">{{cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Solomon |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |title=Governance, economic settings and poverty in Bangalore |journal=Environment & Urbanization |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=April 2000 |pages=35–36 |access-date=11 June 2012 |doi=10.1177/095624780001200104 |s2cid=14335580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051953/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=live |doi-access=free |bibcode=2000EnUrb..12...35B }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051953/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |date=17 July 2012 }}</ref> Since the late 1980s, many information technology companies were set up in the city and by the end of the 20th&nbsp;century, Bengaluru had established itself as the ''[[Silicon Valley]] of India''.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> The population has increased significantly due to migration from other parts for work, and the city has become the third most populous city in 2011.<ref name="Census population"/><ref name="Punekar">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54 |title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |author=Vijaya B. Punekar | access-date=4 October 2007 |isbn=978-8-17154-012-9 |year=1974 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=54 }}</ref> During the 21st&nbsp;century, Bengaluru has had major terrorist attacks in [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|2008]], [[2010 Bangalore stadium bombing|2010]], and [[2013 Bangalore blast|2013]].<ref>{{cite news |title=8 blasts rock Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=Ten wounded in Bangalore cricket stadium blast |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140201/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=India Today |date=17 April 2013 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> == جاگرافي == == ڊيموگرافي == == حڪومت ۽ سياست == == انفراسٽرڪچر == == معيشت == == ٽرانسپورٽ == == تعليم == == ثقافت == ==تفريح== ==پڻ ڏسو== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * [http://www.bdabangalore.org/ Official website of Bangalore Development Authority] * {{Britannica|51705}} {{Geographic location |Centre=Bangalore |North=[[Maharashtra]] |East=[[Andhra Pradesh]] |South=[[Tamil Nadu]] |West=''[[Arabian Sea]]'' }} {{Navboxes | title=Articles related to Bengaluru | list = {{Navboxes | title=[[File:Gnome-globe.svg]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale | list = '''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. and Long.]] {{Coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E|display=inline}}''' }} {{Bengaluru Urban district}} {{Schools in Bangalore}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} {{Megacities}} {{Million-plus cities in India}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} }} {{Subject bar|India|Bangalore|Geography|commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Bangalore |n=yes |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:بنگلورو| ]] [[زمرو:ڪرناٽڪا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڪرناٽڪا ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن شهر]] [[زمرو:هندوستان ۾ 1537ع جا قيام]] [[زمرو:بنگلورو شهري ضلعي ۾ شهر ۽ قصبا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ اعليٰ ٽيڪنالاجي ڪاروباري ضلعا]] [[زمرو:1537ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آبادي واريون جڳهيون]] [[زمرو:جاگرافيائي مضمون تصوير متبادل متن غائب آهي]] l4ax12ydwiu2v71bzvg70os175y29qa 14 85498 377655 334832 2026-05-15T16:35:18Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 377655 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪاروبار]] [[زمرو:ادارا بلحاظ قسم]] ap83hxls7xpx7cjgx174qvqu252ydi7 0 88959 377699 351336 2026-05-15T21:23:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:ڀارت جا اڳوڻا گاديءَ جا شهر]]; added [[Category:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377699 wikitext text/x-wiki '''گانگٽوڪ''' (نيپالي: gāntok، تلفظ: گانٽڪ، سِڪمي: ɡaŋt̪ʰòk، تلفظ: گانٿوڪ) هندستاني رياست سِڪم جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر ۽ ساڳئي نالي واري ضلعي جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. گانگٽوڪ اوڀر هماليه جي حد ۾ 1,650 ميٽر (5,410 فوٽ) جي بلندي تي آهي. شهر جي آبادي 1,00,000 آهي جنهن ۾ ٽي سِڪمي نسل؛ ڀوٽيا، ليپچا، هندستاني گورکا شامل آهن ۽ گڏوگڏ هندستان جي ٻين رياستن جا ميداني ماڻهو به آبادي جو حصو آهن. هماليه جي بلند چوٽين جي اندر ۽ سال جي معتدل ٽراپيڪل آبهوا سان، گانگٽوڪ سِڪم جي سياحت جي صنعت جو مرڪز آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|position=right}} * {{Wikivoyage inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{Sikkim}} {{Sikkim district capitals}} {{Gangtok district}} {{Nهorth East India}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۾ سياحت]] [[زمرو:ڀارتي رياستن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا ڳاديءَ جا ھنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ٻڌ زيارتن جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ گاديءَ وارا شهر]] [[زمرو:سڪم]] [[زمرو:سڪم رياست جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] [[زمرو:سکم رياست ۾ هل اسٽيشن]] [[زمرو:گانگٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:گانگٽوڪ ضلعي جا شهر ۽ قصبا]] 5uf694pxp6m01fxun1ua0l9cfxqih3a 377700 377699 2026-05-15T21:24:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 377700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''گانگٽوڪ''' (نيپالي: gāntok، تلفظ: گانٽڪ، سِڪمي: ɡaŋt̪ʰòk، تلفظ: گانٿوڪ) هندستاني رياست سِڪم جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر ۽ ساڳئي نالي واري ضلعي جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. گانگٽوڪ اوڀر هماليه جي حد ۾ 1,650 ميٽر (5,410 فوٽ) جي بلندي تي آهي. شهر جي آبادي 1,00,000 آهي جنهن ۾ ٽي سِڪمي نسل؛ ڀوٽيا، ليپچا، هندستاني گورکا شامل آهن ۽ گڏوگڏ هندستان جي ٻين رياستن جا ميداني ماڻهو به آبادي جو حصو آهن. هماليه جي بلند چوٽين جي اندر ۽ سال جي معتدل ٽراپيڪل آبهوا سان، گانگٽوڪ سِڪم جي سياحت جي صنعت جو مرڪز آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|position=right}} * {{Wikivoyage inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{Sikkim}} {{Sikkim district capitals}} {{Gangtok district}} {{Nهorth East India}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۾ سياحت]] [[زمرو:ڀارتي رياستن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا ڳاديءَ جا ھنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ٻڌ زيارتن جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ گاديءَ وارا شهر]] [[زمرو:سڪم]] [[زمرو:سڪم رياست جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] [[زمرو:سکم رياست ۾ هل اسٽيشن]] [[زمرو:گانگٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:گانگٽوڪ ضلعي جا شهر ۽ قصبا]] kf67lstn862yttjb0779qssehj1a6l1 377707 377700 2026-05-15T21:38:59Z Ibne maryam 17680 377707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''گانگٽوڪ''' (نيپالي: gāntok، تلفظ: گانٽڪ، سِڪمي: ɡaŋt̪ʰòk، تلفظ: گانٿوڪ) هندستاني رياست سِڪم جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر ۽ ساڳئي نالي واري ضلعي جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. گانگٽوڪ اوڀر هماليه جي حد ۾ 1,650 ميٽر (5,410 فوٽ) جي بلندي تي آهي. شهر جي آبادي 1,00,000 آهي جنهن ۾ ٽي سِڪمي نسل؛ ڀوٽيا، ليپچا، هندستاني گورکا شامل آهن ۽ گڏوگڏ هندستان جي ٻين رياستن جا ميداني ماڻهو به آبادي جو حصو آهن. هماليه جي بلند چوٽين جي اندر ۽ سال جي معتدل ٽراپيڪل آبهوا سان، گانگٽوڪ سِڪم جي سياحت جي صنعت جو مرڪز آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|position=right}} * {{Wikivoyage inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{Sikkim}} {{Sikkim district capitals}} {{Gangtok district}} {{Nهorth East India}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:گانگٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:سڪم]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۾ سياحت]] [[زمرو:ڀارتي رياستن جون راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:سکم رياست ۾ هل اسٽيشن]] [[زمرو:سڪم رياست جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا ڳاديءَ جا ھنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ٻڌ زيارتن جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:گانگٽوڪ ضلعي جا شهر ۽ قصبا]] 6g5togpncfhkhrhxsoxcusgji4u41bd 14 88961 377708 351289 2026-05-15T21:40:02Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 377708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سڪم]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۾ سياحت]] [[زمرو:ڀارتي رياستن جون راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:سکم رياست ۾ هل اسٽيشن]] [[زمرو:سڪم رياست جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا ڳاديءَ جا ھنڌ]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ٻڌ زيارتن جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:گانگٽوڪ ضلعي جا شهر ۽ قصبا]] b9sb73eodlsbe13pfqvxjnn6ykpdclg 14 89141 377713 351663 2026-05-15T21:48:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 377713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:اولهه بنگال]] [[زمرو:بندرگاهه وارا شهر]] [[زمرو:اولهه بنگال جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارتي رياستن جون راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ اڳوڻا ڳاديءَ جا ھنڌ]] a5jayte4lrk1ek4qoxj1u9mkv42xivi 0 96166 377659 376212 2026-05-15T16:41:17Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 377659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Pakistani commercial bank}} {{Infobox company | name =يونائيٽيڊ بينڪ لميٽيڊ<br> United Bank Limited | logo = United Bank Limited logo.svg | image = United Bank Limited Tower in Karachi.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = [[ڪراچي]] ۾ يونائيٽيڊ بينڪ جو صدر دفتر | type = [[Public company|Public]] | traded_as = {{karse|UBL}} <br/> [[KSE 100 Index|KSE 100]] component <br/> [[KSE 30 Index|KSE 30]] component | industry = [[Finance]] | founder = [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] پبلڪ * پي ايس ايڪس: يو بي ايل. ڪي ايس اي 100 جزو. ڪي ايس اي 30 جزو. * فنانس * آغا حسن عابدي * ڪراچي-74000، پاڪستان * محمد جاويد اقبال سي اي او * ڪنزيومر بينڪنگ، ڪمرشل بينڪنگ، اسلامي بينڪنگ، ترجيحي بينڪنگ، ڪارپوريٽ بينڪنگ، پرائيويٽ بينڪنگ، اثاثن جو انتظام. * بيسٽ وي گروپ (62.13٪) * يو بي ايل ڪرنسي ايڪسچينج. يو بي ايل فنڊ مئنيجرز لميٽيڊ. الامين فنانشل سروسز. يو بي ايل انشوررز لميٽيڊ. خوشحالي مائڪرو فنانس بينڪ. * | key_people = Muhammad Jawaid Iqbal [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] | products = {{hlist|Consumer Banking|Commercial banking|Islamic Banking|Priority banking |corporate banking|private banking|asset management}} | revenue = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|419.6|b}} | revenue_year = 2025 | operating_income = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|150.19|b}} | income_year = 2024 | net_income = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|80.52|b}} | net_income_year = 2024 | equity = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|426.4|b}} | equity_year = 2025 | assets = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|12.63|t}} | assets_year = 2025 | num_employees = 19,774 | website = {{URL|ubldigital.com}} | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1958|11|07}} | num_employees_year = 2024 | owner = [[Bestway Group]] (62.13%) | subsid = UBL Currency Exchange <br/> UBL Fund Managers Limited (98.87%) <br/> Al Ameen Financial Services (98.87%) <br/> UBL Insurers Limited (30%) <br/> [[Khushhali Microfinance Bank]] (27.82%) | parent = [[Bestway Group]] | location = [[Karachi]]-74000, [[Pakistan]] | footnotes = Financials {{as of|2024|12|31|lc=yes}} <ref name="AR2024">{{cite web|title=UBL Annual Report 2024|url=https://ubldigital.com/Portals/0/pdf/UBL_AR_2024.pdf|website=UBLDigital|access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> }} '''يونائيٽيڊ بينڪ لميٽيڊ''' (<small>United Bank Limited</small>)، اڪثر ڪري يو بي ايل (<small>UBL</small>) جي نالي سان مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، هڪ پاڪستاني بينڪ آهي جن جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر [[آءِ آءِ چندريگر روڊ]]، [[ڪراچي]] تي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/332599/how-ubl-came-to-dominate-investment-banking-in-pakistan|title=How UBL came to dominate investment banking in Pakistan|date=February 6, 2012|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> اهو برطانوي ڪثير قومي اداري، "بيسٽ وي گروپ" جو هڪ ماتحت ادارو آهي. آغا حسن عابدي پاران سال 1959ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، يو بي ايل پنهنجي پهرين شاخ ساڳئي سال نومبر ۾ آءِ آءِ چندريگر روڊ تي کولي هئي. 1960ع تائين، بينڪ جون [[لاهور]] ۽ [[فيصل آباد]] ۽ انهي سان گڏ [[ڍاڪا]]، [[چٽاگانگ]] ۽ [[نارائن گنج]]، جيڪو ان وقت [[اوڀر پاڪستان]] هو، ۾ اضافي شاخون هيون. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UBL History |url=https://www.ubldigital.com/About-UBL/About-Us/UBLHistory |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.ubldigital.com}}</ref> بينڪ کي 1974ع ۾ پاڪستان جي حڪومت پاران بينڪ نيشنلائيزيشن ايڪٽ ذريعي قوميائي ويو.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=7 March 1974 |title=Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974. Preface |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/l_frame/BanksNationalizationAct1974.pdf |website=State Bank of Pakistan}}</ref> حڪومت 2002ع ۾ پنهنجو اڪثريتي حصو ابو ظهبي گروپ ۽ بيسٽ وي گروپ کي وڪرو ڪيو، جنهن اڄ تائين ڪنٽرول برقرار رکن ٿا.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan to raise $387 m by selling UBL |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/720842/pakistan-to-raise-387-million-in-united-bank-sale/ |work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2026-04-28}}</ref> يو بي ايل مارڪيٽ سرمائيداري (Market Capitalization) جي لحاظ کان پاڪستان جو سڀ کان وڏو بينڪ، ڪل اثاثن جي لحاظ کان ٽيون نمبر وڏو ۽ ٽائر 1 سرمائي جي لحاظ کان چوٿون نمبر وڏو بينڪ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Banking Sector Results 2023 |url=https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pk/pdf/2023/08/Pakistan-Banking-Sector-Results-2023.pdf |publisher=KPMG|access-date=2026-04-28|website=assets.kpmg.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest Pakistani (KSE) Banks Stocks by Market Cap |url=https://simplywall.st/stocks/pk/banks/market-cap-large |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Simply Wall St |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The top five banks in Pakistan |url=https://www.thebanker.com/content/7e659ab5-7e2a-5baf-a142-121d9ca59a19 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.thebanker.com |language=en}}</ref> اهو [[پاڪستان اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي درج ٿيل آهي ۽ [[اسٽيٽ بئنڪ آف پاڪستان|اسٽيٽ بينڪ آف پاڪستان]] پاران نجي انتظام طور تي هڪ اهم بينڪ (ڊي-ايس آءِ بي) طور نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=The Newspaper's Staff|date=2020-09-04|title=HBL, NBP, UBL declared important banks|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1577835|access-date=2020-09-07|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> ==تاريخ== ==ڪارروايون== ==فنانس سين== ==ماتحت ادارا== * يو بي ايل فنڊ مئنيجرز لميٽيڊ * يو بي ايل انشوررز لميٽيڊ * يو بي ايل او ايم اين آءِ * يو ايف ايس ايل يو بي ايل فنانشل سروسز لميٽيڊ ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ميزان بينڪ|ميزان بينڪ لميٽيڊ]] * [[اسٽيٽ بئنڪ آف پاڪستان|اسٽيٽ بينڪ آف پاڪستان]] * [[پاڪستاني بينڪن جي فهرست]] * [[پاڪستاني انشورنس ڪمپنين جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == [[زمرو:بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ ڪمپنيون]] t6wxdthgit9qstqbglmw3lsk4vv7l85 377660 377659 2026-05-15T16:42:04Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 377660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Pakistani commercial bank}} {{Infobox company | name =يونائيٽيڊ بينڪ لميٽيڊ<br> United Bank Limited | logo = United Bank Limited logo.svg | image = United Bank Limited Tower in Karachi.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = [[ڪراچي]] ۾ يونائيٽيڊ بينڪ جو صدر دفتر | type = [[Public company|Public]] | traded_as = {{karse|UBL}} <br/> [[KSE 100 Index|KSE 100]] component <br/> [[KSE 30 Index|KSE 30]] component | industry = [[Finance]] | founder = [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] پبلڪ * پي ايس ايڪس: يو بي ايل. ڪي ايس اي 100 جزو. ڪي ايس اي 30 جزو. * فنانس * آغا حسن عابدي * ڪراچي-74000، پاڪستان * محمد جاويد اقبال سي اي او * ڪنزيومر بينڪنگ، ڪمرشل بينڪنگ، اسلامي بينڪنگ، ترجيحي بينڪنگ، ڪارپوريٽ بينڪنگ، پرائيويٽ بينڪنگ، اثاثن جو انتظام. * بيسٽ وي گروپ (62.13٪) * يو بي ايل ڪرنسي ايڪسچينج. يو بي ايل فنڊ مئنيجرز لميٽيڊ. الامين فنانشل سروسز. يو بي ايل انشوررز لميٽيڊ. خوشحالي مائڪرو فنانس بينڪ. * | key_people = Muhammad Jawaid Iqbal [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] | products = {{hlist|Consumer Banking|Commercial banking|Islamic Banking|Priority banking |corporate banking|private banking|asset management}} | revenue = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|419.6|b}} | revenue_year = 2025 | operating_income = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|150.19|b}} | income_year = 2024 | net_income = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|80.52|b}} | net_income_year = 2024 | equity = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|426.4|b}} | equity_year = 2025 | assets = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|12.63|t}} | assets_year = 2025 | num_employees = 19,774 | website = {{URL|ubldigital.com}} | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1958|11|07}} | num_employees_year = 2024 | owner = [[Bestway Group]] (62.13%) | subsid = UBL Currency Exchange <br/> UBL Fund Managers Limited (98.87%) <br/> Al Ameen Financial Services (98.87%) <br/> UBL Insurers Limited (30%) <br/> [[Khushhali Microfinance Bank]] (27.82%) | parent = [[Bestway Group]] | location = [[Karachi]]-74000, [[Pakistan]] | footnotes = Financials {{as of|2024|12|31|lc=yes}} <ref name="AR2024">{{cite web|title=UBL Annual Report 2024|url=https://ubldigital.com/Portals/0/pdf/UBL_AR_2024.pdf|website=UBLDigital|access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> }} '''يونائيٽيڊ بينڪ لميٽيڊ''' (<small>United Bank Limited</small>)، اڪثر ڪري يو بي ايل (<small>UBL</small>) جي نالي سان مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، هڪ پاڪستاني بينڪ آهي جن جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر [[آءِ آءِ چندريگر روڊ]]، [[ڪراچي]] تي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/332599/how-ubl-came-to-dominate-investment-banking-in-pakistan|title=How UBL came to dominate investment banking in Pakistan|date=February 6, 2012|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> اهو برطانوي ڪثير قومي اداري، "بيسٽ وي گروپ" جو هڪ ماتحت ادارو آهي. آغا حسن عابدي پاران سال 1959ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، يو بي ايل پنهنجي پهرين شاخ ساڳئي سال نومبر ۾ آءِ آءِ چندريگر روڊ تي کولي هئي. 1960ع تائين، بينڪ جون [[لاهور]] ۽ [[فيصل آباد]] ۽ انهي سان گڏ [[ڍاڪا]]، [[چٽاگانگ]] ۽ [[نارائن گنج]]، جيڪو ان وقت [[اوڀر پاڪستان]] هو، ۾ اضافي شاخون هيون. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UBL History |url=https://www.ubldigital.com/About-UBL/About-Us/UBLHistory |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.ubldigital.com}}</ref> بينڪ کي 1974ع ۾ پاڪستان جي حڪومت پاران بينڪ نيشنلائيزيشن ايڪٽ ذريعي قوميائي ويو.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=7 March 1974 |title=Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974. Preface |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/l_frame/BanksNationalizationAct1974.pdf |website=State Bank of Pakistan}}</ref> حڪومت 2002ع ۾ پنهنجو اڪثريتي حصو ابو ظهبي گروپ ۽ بيسٽ وي گروپ کي وڪرو ڪيو، جنهن اڄ تائين ڪنٽرول برقرار رکن ٿا.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan to raise $387 m by selling UBL |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/720842/pakistan-to-raise-387-million-in-united-bank-sale/ |work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2026-04-28}}</ref> يو بي ايل مارڪيٽ سرمائيداري (Market Capitalization) جي لحاظ کان پاڪستان جو سڀ کان وڏو بينڪ، ڪل اثاثن جي لحاظ کان ٽيون نمبر وڏو ۽ ٽائر 1 سرمائي جي لحاظ کان چوٿون نمبر وڏو بينڪ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Banking Sector Results 2023 |url=https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pk/pdf/2023/08/Pakistan-Banking-Sector-Results-2023.pdf |publisher=KPMG|access-date=2026-04-28|website=assets.kpmg.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest Pakistani (KSE) Banks Stocks by Market Cap |url=https://simplywall.st/stocks/pk/banks/market-cap-large |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Simply Wall St |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The top five banks in Pakistan |url=https://www.thebanker.com/content/7e659ab5-7e2a-5baf-a142-121d9ca59a19 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.thebanker.com |language=en}}</ref> اهو [[پاڪستان اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي درج ٿيل آهي ۽ [[اسٽيٽ بئنڪ آف پاڪستان|اسٽيٽ بينڪ آف پاڪستان]] پاران نجي انتظام طور تي هڪ اهم بينڪ (ڊي-ايس آءِ بي) طور نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=The Newspaper's Staff|date=2020-09-04|title=HBL, NBP, UBL declared important banks|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1577835|access-date=2020-09-07|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> ==تاريخ== ==ڪارروايون== ==فنانس سين== ==ماتحت ادارا== * يو بي ايل فنڊ مئنيجرز لميٽيڊ * يو بي ايل انشوررز لميٽيڊ * يو بي ايل او ايم اين آءِ * يو ايف ايس ايل يو بي ايل فنانشل سروسز لميٽيڊ ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ميزان بينڪ|ميزان بينڪ لميٽيڊ]] * [[اسٽيٽ بئنڪ آف پاڪستان|اسٽيٽ بينڪ آف پاڪستان]] * [[پاڪستاني بينڪن جي فهرست]] * [[پاڪستاني انشورنس ڪمپنين جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == [[زمرو:يونائيٽيڊ بينڪ لميٽيڊ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ ڪمپنيون]] 1hfkdd4kq28lhygdafz6t8nnv7b8bq6 377670 377660 2026-05-15T16:54:09Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 377670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Pakistani commercial bank}} {{Infobox company | name =يونائيٽيڊ بينڪ لميٽيڊ<br> United Bank Limited | logo = United Bank Limited logo.svg | image = United Bank Limited Tower in Karachi.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = [[ڪراچي]] ۾ يونائيٽيڊ بينڪ جو صدر دفتر | type = [[Public company|Public]] | traded_as = {{karse|UBL}} <br/> [[KSE 100 Index|KSE 100]] component <br/> [[KSE 30 Index|KSE 30]] component | industry = [[Finance]] | founder = [[Agha Hasan Abedi]] پبلڪ * پي ايس ايڪس: يو بي ايل. ڪي ايس اي 100 جزو. ڪي ايس اي 30 جزو. * فنانس * آغا حسن عابدي * ڪراچي-74000، پاڪستان * محمد جاويد اقبال سي اي او * ڪنزيومر بينڪنگ، ڪمرشل بينڪنگ، اسلامي بينڪنگ، ترجيحي بينڪنگ، ڪارپوريٽ بينڪنگ، پرائيويٽ بينڪنگ، اثاثن جو انتظام. * بيسٽ وي گروپ (62.13٪) * يو بي ايل ڪرنسي ايڪسچينج. يو بي ايل فنڊ مئنيجرز لميٽيڊ. الامين فنانشل سروسز. يو بي ايل انشوررز لميٽيڊ. خوشحالي مائڪرو فنانس بينڪ. * | key_people = Muhammad Jawaid Iqbal [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] | products = {{hlist|Consumer Banking|Commercial banking|Islamic Banking|Priority banking |corporate banking|private banking|asset management}} | revenue = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|419.6|b}} | revenue_year = 2025 | operating_income = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|150.19|b}} | income_year = 2024 | net_income = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|80.52|b}} | net_income_year = 2024 | equity = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|426.4|b}} | equity_year = 2025 | assets = {{increase}} {{PKRConvert|12.63|t}} | assets_year = 2025 | num_employees = 19,774 | website = {{URL|ubldigital.com}} | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1958|11|07}} | num_employees_year = 2024 | owner = [[Bestway Group]] (62.13%) | subsid = UBL Currency Exchange <br/> UBL Fund Managers Limited (98.87%) <br/> Al Ameen Financial Services (98.87%) <br/> UBL Insurers Limited (30%) <br/> [[Khushhali Microfinance Bank]] (27.82%) | parent = [[Bestway Group]] | location = [[Karachi]]-74000, [[Pakistan]] | footnotes = Financials {{as of|2024|12|31|lc=yes}} <ref name="AR2024">{{cite web|title=UBL Annual Report 2024|url=https://ubldigital.com/Portals/0/pdf/UBL_AR_2024.pdf|website=UBLDigital|access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> }} '''يونائيٽيڊ بينڪ لميٽيڊ''' (<small>United Bank Limited</small>)، اڪثر ڪري يو بي ايل (<small>UBL</small>) جي نالي سان مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، هڪ پاڪستاني بينڪ آهي جن جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر [[آءِ آءِ چندريگر روڊ]]، [[ڪراچي]] تي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/332599/how-ubl-came-to-dominate-investment-banking-in-pakistan|title=How UBL came to dominate investment banking in Pakistan|date=February 6, 2012|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> اهو برطانوي ڪثير قومي اداري، "بيسٽ وي گروپ" جو هڪ ماتحت ادارو آهي. آغا حسن عابدي پاران سال 1959ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، يو بي ايل پنهنجي پهرين شاخ ساڳئي سال نومبر ۾ آءِ آءِ چندريگر روڊ تي کولي هئي. 1960ع تائين، بينڪ جون [[لاهور]] ۽ [[فيصل آباد]] ۽ انهي سان گڏ [[ڍاڪا]]، [[چٽاگانگ]] ۽ [[نارائن گنج]]، جيڪو ان وقت [[اوڀر پاڪستان]] هو، ۾ اضافي شاخون هيون. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UBL History |url=https://www.ubldigital.com/About-UBL/About-Us/UBLHistory |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.ubldigital.com}}</ref> بينڪ کي 1974ع ۾ پاڪستان جي حڪومت پاران بينڪ نيشنلائيزيشن ايڪٽ ذريعي قوميائي ويو.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=7 March 1974 |title=Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974. Preface |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/l_frame/BanksNationalizationAct1974.pdf |website=State Bank of Pakistan}}</ref> حڪومت 2002ع ۾ پنهنجو اڪثريتي حصو ابو ظهبي گروپ ۽ بيسٽ وي گروپ کي وڪرو ڪيو، جنهن اڄ تائين ڪنٽرول برقرار رکن ٿا.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan to raise $387 m by selling UBL |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/720842/pakistan-to-raise-387-million-in-united-bank-sale/ |work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2026-04-28}}</ref> يو بي ايل مارڪيٽ سرمائيداري (Market Capitalization) جي لحاظ کان پاڪستان جو سڀ کان وڏو بينڪ، ڪل اثاثن جي لحاظ کان ٽيون نمبر وڏو ۽ ٽائر 1 سرمائي جي لحاظ کان چوٿون نمبر وڏو بينڪ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Banking Sector Results 2023 |url=https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pk/pdf/2023/08/Pakistan-Banking-Sector-Results-2023.pdf |publisher=KPMG|access-date=2026-04-28|website=assets.kpmg.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest Pakistani (KSE) Banks Stocks by Market Cap |url=https://simplywall.st/stocks/pk/banks/market-cap-large |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Simply Wall St |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The top five banks in Pakistan |url=https://www.thebanker.com/content/7e659ab5-7e2a-5baf-a142-121d9ca59a19 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.thebanker.com |language=en}}</ref> اهو [[پاڪستان اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي درج ٿيل آهي ۽ [[اسٽيٽ بئنڪ آف پاڪستان|اسٽيٽ بينڪ آف پاڪستان]] پاران نجي انتظام طور تي هڪ اهم بينڪ (ڊي-ايس آءِ بي) طور نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=The Newspaper's Staff|date=2020-09-04|title=HBL, NBP, UBL declared important banks|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1577835|access-date=2020-09-07|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> ==تاريخ== ==ڪارروايون== ==فنانس سين== ==ماتحت ادارا== * يو بي ايل فنڊ مئنيجرز لميٽيڊ * يو بي ايل انشوررز لميٽيڊ * يو بي ايل او ايم اين آءِ * يو ايف ايس ايل يو بي ايل فنانشل سروسز لميٽيڊ ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ميزان بينڪ|ميزان بينڪ لميٽيڊ]] * [[اسٽيٽ بئنڪ آف پاڪستان|اسٽيٽ بينڪ آف پاڪستان]] * [[پاڪستاني بينڪن جي فهرست]] * [[پاڪستاني انشورنس ڪمپنين جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == [[زمرو:يونائيٽيڊ بينڪ لميٽيڊ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ مالياتي ادارا]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نجي بينڪ]] [[زمرو:ڪراچي ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] co1psawnxmwi6su8rcl3nbh2a4zpvt3 14 96171 377667 376236 2026-05-15T16:50:54Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 377667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ بينڪ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ مالياتي ادارا]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نجي بينڪ]] [[زمرو:ڪراچي ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] 0oy39owlns9mxn9jjju9nzzpwxofcfl 0 96297 377729 377376 2026-05-16T01:23:21Z Intisar Ali 8681 377729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==مصنوعات== ===دائرو ۽ برانڊ=== [[File:Dell wiki.JPG|thumb|2007ع کان 2011ع تائين ڊيل جو نعرو "Yours is Here"، جيئن [[ايس ايم مال آف ايشيا|مال آف ايشيا]] واري شاخ، [[پاسي]]، فلپائن ۾ ڏٺو ويو]] <!-- تبصرو ٿيل: [[File:Adamo by Dell Spring 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|ڊيل جي 2009ع واري مارڪيٽنگ مهم ۾ ان جي [[ذيلي نوٽ بڪ]] برانڊ [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] کي نمايان ڪيو ويو۔]] --> هي ڪارپوريشن مختلف [[مارڪيٽ ڀاڱو|مارڪيٽ ڀاڱن]] لاءِ مخصوص برانڊ نالا مارڪيٽ ڪري ٿي۔ ان جي ڪاروباري/ڪارپوريٽ درجي ۾ شامل آهن: * [[ڊيل اين سيريز|اين سيريز]] (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي [[لينڪس]] يا [[فري ڊاس]] سان موڪليا وڃن ٿا) * [[ڊيل پريسيجن|پريسيجن]] ([[ڪمپيوٽر ورڪ اسٽيشن|ورڪ اسٽيشن]] نظام ۽ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا "موبائل ورڪ اسٽيشن" نوٽ بڪ)،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |title=Dell Precision Open-Source Workstations with Linux |publisher=Dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810163355/http://www.dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ڊيل پاور ايج|پاور ايج]] (ڪاروباري سرور) * [[ڊيل پاور والٽ|پاور والٽ]] (سڌيءَ طرح ڳنڍيل ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل اسٽوريج]]) * [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] سيريز ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪنگ سوئچز]] ۽ [[گيٽ وي (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن)|گيٽ ويز]]) * [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] (ادارتي درجي جا [[iSCSI]] [[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ|SANs]]) ڊيل جي گهريلو آفيس/صارف درجي ۾ شامل آهن: <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو|اسٽوڊيو]] (عام استعمال جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر) --> * [[ڊيل ايڪس پي ايس|ايڪس پي ايس]] (اعليٰ درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر) <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس|اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس]] (ايڪس پي ايس نظامن جي اعليٰ ڊيزائن تي ڌيان ۽ انتهائي ملٽي ميڊيا صلاحيت) --> * [[ايلين ويئر]] (اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ نظام) <!-- * [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] (اعليٰ درجي جو پرتعیش ليپ ٽاپ) --> ڊيل جي پيريفيرل درجي ۾ [[ڪي ڊرائيو|يو ايس بي ڪي ڊرائيوز]]، [[ايل سي ڊي ٽيليويزن]] ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن؛ ڊيل مانيٽرن ۾ [[ايل سي ڊي|ايل سي ڊي ٽي ويز]]، [[پلازما ڊسپلي|پلازما ٽي ويز]] ۽ [[وڊيو پروجيڪٽر|پروجيڪٽر]] شامل آهن، جيڪي [[هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن|ايڇ ڊي ٽي وي]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر ڊسپلي|مانيٽرن]] لاءِ آهن۔ ڊيل الٽرا شارپ وڌيڪ اعليٰ درجي جي مانيٽرن جو برانڊ آهي۔ ڊيل جون خدمتون ۽ سپورٽ برانڊ شامل آهن: ''ڊيل سلوشن اسٽيشن'' (گهر اندر وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون، اڳ ۾ "ڊيل آن ڪال")، ''[[ڊيل سپورٽ سينٽر]]'' (پرڏيهي وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون)، ''ڊيل بزنس سپورٽ'' (هڪ تجارتي سروس معاهدو جيڪو عام قطارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ڪال ووليوم سان صنعت-تصديق ٿيل ٽيڪنيشن فراهم ڪري ٿو)، ''ڊيل ايور ڊريم ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ'' ("[[سافٽويئر ايز اي سروس]]" [[ريموٽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ]]، اصل ۾ هڪ SaaS ڪمپني جيڪا [[ايلان مسڪ]] جي سوٽ [[لنڊن رائيو]] قائم ڪئي هئي، جنهن کي ڊيل 2007ع ۾ خريد ڪيو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/2010/12/family-joins-colleagues-for-teslas-musk.html|title=Lyndon Rive, Elon Musk: Cousins, partners|date=December 28, 2010|work=Silicon Valley Business Journal}}</ref>)، ۽ ''يور ٽيڪ ٽيم'' (گهر جي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ سپورٽ قطار، جن پنهنجا نظام يا ته ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ يا ڊيل فون سينٽرن ذريعي خريد ڪيا هجن)۔ بند ڪيل مصنوعات ۽ برانڊن ۾ شامل آهن [[ڊيل ايڪسم|ايڪسم]] ([[ذاتي ڊجيٽل معاون|پي ڊي اَي]]؛ 9 اپريل 2007ع تي بند ڪيو ويو)،<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061330/http://direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/04/11/11397.aspx Goodbye, Axim]. Direct2Dell.com. April 11, 2007</ref> [[ڊيل ڊائمنشن|ڊائمنشن]] (گهريلو ۽ ننڍي آفيس جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر؛ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل ڊجيٽل جوڪ باڪس]] (MP3 پليئر؛ آگسٽ 2006ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل جي سيريز|جي سيريز]] (اعليٰ/وچولي ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ)،<ref>{{cite web | title=Dell overhauls brand portfolio and adds NPU-equipped portables and desktops | date=January 6, 2025 | url=https://siliconangle.com/2025/01/06/dell-overhauls-brand-portfolio-adds-npu-equipped-portables-desktops/ }}</ref> [[ڊيل انسپائرون|انسپائرون]] (وچولي درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polanco |first=Tony |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell XPS is dead — Dell just rebranded its entire PC lineup |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/dell-xps-is-dead-dell-just-rebranded-its-entire-pc-lineup |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Tom's Guide}}</ref><ref name=mashabledellname>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/ces-2025-dell-ai-pc-rebrand-pro-max|title=Dell is refreshing and rebranding all of its PCs: What all the new names mean|first=Haley|last=Henschel|date=January 6, 2025|website=Mashable|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> ڊيل پاور ايپ (ايپليڪيشن تي ٻڌل سرور)، ڊيل آپٽي پليڪس (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ٽاور ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي اڳ سرور ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ نظام هلائڻ لاءِ سپورٽ ڪيا ويندا هئا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Luke |date=2025-01-06 |title=30 years later, XPS is dead. Here's why Dell is killing its flagship brand |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/xps-is-dead-why-dell-is-killing-it/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Digital Trends |language=en-us}}</ref>، ڊيل يونڪس (هڪ [[يونڪس سسٽم پنج|SVR4]] تي ٻڌل يونڪس آپريٽنگ نظام جيڪو ڊيل برانڊڊ PCs ۽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن لاءِ هو؛ 1993ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو)، [[ڊيل وينيو|وينيو]] (Android / Windows ٽيبليٽس)،<ref>[http://www.androidcentral.com/dell-shuts-down-its-android-venue-tablet-line-ends-support-current-products Dell discontinues Android-based Venue tablet line; ends OS upgrades for current products | Android Central]</ref> ۽ ڊيل موبائل ڪنيڪٽ (Windows Mobile ايپليڪيشن؛ 31 جولاءِ 2022ع تي بند ڪيو ويو) [[ڊيل ووسترو|ووسترو]] (آفيس/ننڍي ڪاروبار جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ [[ليپ ٽاپ|نوٽ بڪ]] نظام؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2022-07-25 |title=Dell is getting out of the phone syncing game |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/25/23278047/dell-mobile-connect-discontinued-2023 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ|ليٽيٽيوڊ]] (ڪاروباري مقصدن لاءِ نوٽ بڪ؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chester |first=Edward |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell ditches Inspiron, Latitude, and XPS, in sensible yet confusing rebrand |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/dell/rebrand-pro-max |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=PCGamesN}}</ref> [[فورس10]] ۽ [[ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ|پاور ڪنيڪٽ]] ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ]]؛ 2013ع ۾ [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] برانڊ تحت گڏ ڪيا ويا)، [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ڊيل ڪمپيلنٽ]] ([[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ]]؛ 2010ع واري خريداري کان پوءِ برانڊ آهستي آهستي ختم ڪيو ويو)۔ ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 6r9r85qt00rpjbiytkb45xe3tj4h0ss 377730 377729 2026-05-16T01:26:11Z Intisar Ali 8681 377730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==مصنوعات== ===دائرو ۽ برانڊ=== [[File:Dell wiki.JPG|thumb|2007ع کان 2011ع تائين ڊيل جو نعرو "Yours is Here"، جيئن [[ايس ايم مال آف ايشيا|مال آف ايشيا]] واري شاخ، [[پاسي]]، فلپائن ۾ ڏٺو ويو]] <!-- تبصرو ٿيل: [[File:Adamo by Dell Spring 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|ڊيل جي 2009ع واري مارڪيٽنگ مهم ۾ ان جي [[ذيلي نوٽ بڪ]] برانڊ [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] کي نمايان ڪيو ويو۔]] --> هي ڪارپوريشن مختلف [[مارڪيٽ ڀاڱو|مارڪيٽ ڀاڱن]] لاءِ مخصوص برانڊ نالا مارڪيٽ ڪري ٿي۔ ان جي ڪاروباري/ڪارپوريٽ درجي ۾ شامل آهن: * [[ڊيل اين سيريز|اين سيريز]] (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي [[لينڪس]] يا [[فري ڊاس]] سان موڪليا وڃن ٿا) * [[ڊيل پريسيجن|پريسيجن]] ([[ڪمپيوٽر ورڪ اسٽيشن|ورڪ اسٽيشن]] نظام ۽ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا "موبائل ورڪ اسٽيشن" نوٽ بڪ)،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |title=Dell Precision Open-Source Workstations with Linux |publisher=Dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810163355/http://www.dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ڊيل پاور ايج|پاور ايج]] (ڪاروباري سرور) * [[ڊيل پاور والٽ|پاور والٽ]] (سڌيءَ طرح ڳنڍيل ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل اسٽوريج]]) * [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] سيريز ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪنگ سوئچز]] ۽ [[گيٽ وي (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن)|گيٽ ويز]]) * [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] (ادارتي درجي جا [[iSCSI]] [[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ|SANs]]) ڊيل جي گهريلو آفيس/صارف درجي ۾ شامل آهن: <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو|اسٽوڊيو]] (عام استعمال جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر) --> * [[ڊيل ايڪس پي ايس|ايڪس پي ايس]] (اعليٰ درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر) <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس|اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس]] (ايڪس پي ايس نظامن جي اعليٰ ڊيزائن تي ڌيان ۽ انتهائي ملٽي ميڊيا صلاحيت) --> * [[ايلين ويئر]] (اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ نظام) <!-- * [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] (اعليٰ درجي جو پرتعیش ليپ ٽاپ) --> ڊيل جي پيريفيرل درجي ۾ [[ڪي ڊرائيو|يو ايس بي ڪي ڊرائيوز]]، [[ايل سي ڊي ٽيليويزن]] ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن؛ ڊيل مانيٽرن ۾ [[ايل سي ڊي|ايل سي ڊي ٽي ويز]]، [[پلازما ڊسپلي|پلازما ٽي ويز]] ۽ [[وڊيو پروجيڪٽر|پروجيڪٽر]] شامل آهن، جيڪي [[هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن|ايڇ ڊي ٽي وي]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر ڊسپلي|مانيٽرن]] لاءِ آهن۔ ڊيل الٽرا شارپ وڌيڪ اعليٰ درجي جي مانيٽرن جو برانڊ آهي۔ ڊيل جون خدمتون ۽ سپورٽ برانڊ شامل آهن: ''ڊيل سلوشن اسٽيشن'' (گهر اندر وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون، اڳ ۾ "ڊيل آن ڪال")، ''[[ڊيل سپورٽ سينٽر]]'' (پرڏيهي وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون)، ''ڊيل بزنس سپورٽ'' (هڪ تجارتي سروس معاهدو جيڪو عام قطارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ڪال ووليوم سان صنعت-تصديق ٿيل ٽيڪنيشن فراهم ڪري ٿو)، ''ڊيل ايور ڊريم ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ'' ("[[سافٽويئر ايز اي سروس]]" [[ريموٽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ]]، اصل ۾ هڪ SaaS ڪمپني جيڪا [[ايلان مسڪ]] جي سوٽ [[لنڊن رائيو]] قائم ڪئي هئي، جنهن کي ڊيل 2007ع ۾ خريد ڪيو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/2010/12/family-joins-colleagues-for-teslas-musk.html|title=Lyndon Rive, Elon Musk: Cousins, partners|date=December 28, 2010|work=Silicon Valley Business Journal}}</ref>)، ۽ ''يور ٽيڪ ٽيم'' (گهر جي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ سپورٽ قطار، جن پنهنجا نظام يا ته ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ يا ڊيل فون سينٽرن ذريعي خريد ڪيا هجن)۔ بند ڪيل مصنوعات ۽ برانڊن ۾ شامل آهن [[ڊيل ايڪسم|ايڪسم]] ([[ذاتي ڊجيٽل معاون|پي ڊي اَي]]؛ 9 اپريل 2007ع تي بند ڪيو ويو)،<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061330/http://direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/04/11/11397.aspx Goodbye, Axim]. Direct2Dell.com. April 11, 2007</ref> [[ڊيل ڊائمنشن|ڊائمنشن]] (گهريلو ۽ ننڍي آفيس جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر؛ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل ڊجيٽل جوڪ باڪس]] (MP3 پليئر؛ آگسٽ 2006ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل جي سيريز|جي سيريز]] (اعليٰ/وچولي ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ)،<ref>{{cite web | title=Dell overhauls brand portfolio and adds NPU-equipped portables and desktops | date=January 6, 2025 | url=https://siliconangle.com/2025/01/06/dell-overhauls-brand-portfolio-adds-npu-equipped-portables-desktops/ }}</ref> [[ڊيل انسپائرون|انسپائرون]] (وچولي درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polanco |first=Tony |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell XPS is dead — Dell just rebranded its entire PC lineup |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/dell-xps-is-dead-dell-just-rebranded-its-entire-pc-lineup |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Tom's Guide}}</ref><ref name=mashabledellname>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/ces-2025-dell-ai-pc-rebrand-pro-max|title=Dell is refreshing and rebranding all of its PCs: What all the new names mean|first=Haley|last=Henschel|date=January 6, 2025|website=Mashable|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> ڊيل پاور ايپ (ايپليڪيشن تي ٻڌل سرور)، ڊيل آپٽي پليڪس (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ٽاور ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي اڳ سرور ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ نظام هلائڻ لاءِ سپورٽ ڪيا ويندا هئا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Luke |date=2025-01-06 |title=30 years later, XPS is dead. Here's why Dell is killing its flagship brand |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/xps-is-dead-why-dell-is-killing-it/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Digital Trends |language=en-us}}</ref>، ڊيل يونڪس (هڪ [[يونڪس سسٽم پنج|SVR4]] تي ٻڌل يونڪس آپريٽنگ نظام جيڪو ڊيل برانڊڊ PCs ۽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن لاءِ هو؛ 1993ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو)، [[ڊيل وينيو|وينيو]] (Android / Windows ٽيبليٽس)،<ref>[http://www.androidcentral.com/dell-shuts-down-its-android-venue-tablet-line-ends-support-current-products Dell discontinues Android-based Venue tablet line; ends OS upgrades for current products | Android Central] </ref> ۽ ڊيل موبائل ڪنيڪٽ (ونڊوز موبائل ايپليڪيشن؛ 31 جولاءِ 2022ع تي بند ڪيو ويو) [[ڊيل ووسترو|ووسترو]] (آفيس/ننڍي ڪاروبار جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ [[ليپ ٽاپ|نوٽ بڪ]] نظام؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2022-07-25 |title=Dell is getting out of the phone syncing game |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/25/23278047/dell-mobile-connect-discontinued-2023 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ|ليٽيٽيوڊ]] (ڪاروباري مقصدن لاءِ نوٽ بڪ؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chester |first=Edward |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell ditches Inspiron, Latitude, and XPS, in sensible yet confusing rebrand |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/dell/rebrand-pro-max |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=PCGamesN}}</ref> [[فورس10]] ۽ [[ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ|پاور ڪنيڪٽ]] ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ]]؛ 2013ع ۾ [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] برانڊ تحت گڏ ڪيا ويا)، [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ڊيل ڪمپيلنٽ]] ([[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ]]؛ 2010ع واري خريداري کان پوءِ برانڊ آهستي آهستي ختم ڪيو ويو)۔ ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] bidzjhfllf3wbtd7rtfa8zr1y3bz7g7 377731 377730 2026-05-16T01:27:07Z Intisar Ali 8681 377731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==مصنوعات== ===دائرو ۽ برانڊ=== [[File:Dell wiki.JPG|thumb|2007ع کان 2011ع تائين ڊيل جو نعرو "Yours is Here"، جيئن [[ايس ايم مال آف ايشيا|مال آف ايشيا]] واري شاخ، [[پاسي]]، فلپائن ۾ ڏٺو ويو]] <!-- تبصرو ٿيل: [[File:Adamo by Dell Spring 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|ڊيل جي 2009ع واري مارڪيٽنگ مهم ۾ ان جي [[ذيلي نوٽ بڪ]] برانڊ [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] کي نمايان ڪيو ويو۔]] --> هي ڪارپوريشن مختلف [[مارڪيٽ ڀاڱو|مارڪيٽ ڀاڱن]] لاءِ مخصوص برانڊ نالا مارڪيٽ ڪري ٿي۔ ان جي ڪاروباري/ڪارپوريٽ درجي ۾ شامل آهن: * [[ڊيل اين سيريز|اين سيريز]] (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي [[لينڪس]] يا [[فري ڊاس]] سان موڪليا وڃن ٿا) * [[ڊيل پريسيجن|پريسيجن]] ([[ڪمپيوٽر ورڪ اسٽيشن|ورڪ اسٽيشن]] نظام ۽ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا "موبائل ورڪ اسٽيشن" نوٽ بڪ)،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |title=Dell Precision Open-Source Workstations with Linux |publisher=Dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810163355/http://www.dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ڊيل پاور ايج|پاور ايج]] (ڪاروباري سرور) * [[ڊيل پاور والٽ|پاور والٽ]] (سڌيءَ طرح ڳنڍيل ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل اسٽوريج]]) * [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] سيريز ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪنگ سوئچز]] ۽ [[گيٽ وي (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن)|گيٽ ويز]]) * [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] (ادارتي درجي جا [[iSCSI]] [[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ|SANs]]) ڊيل جي گهريلو آفيس/صارف درجي ۾ شامل آهن: <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو|اسٽوڊيو]] (عام استعمال جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر) --> * [[ڊيل ايڪس پي ايس|ايڪس پي ايس]] (اعليٰ درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر) <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس|اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس]] (ايڪس پي ايس نظامن جي اعليٰ ڊيزائن تي ڌيان ۽ انتهائي ملٽي ميڊيا صلاحيت) --> * [[ايلين ويئر]] (اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ نظام) <!-- * [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] (اعليٰ درجي جو پرتعیش ليپ ٽاپ) --> ڊيل جي پيريفيرل درجي ۾ [[ڪي ڊرائيو|يو ايس بي ڪي ڊرائيوز]]، [[ايل سي ڊي ٽيليويزن]] ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن؛ ڊيل مانيٽرن ۾ [[ايل سي ڊي|ايل سي ڊي ٽي ويز]]، [[پلازما ڊسپلي|پلازما ٽي ويز]] ۽ [[وڊيو پروجيڪٽر|پروجيڪٽر]] شامل آهن، جيڪي [[هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن|ايڇ ڊي ٽي وي]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر ڊسپلي|مانيٽرن]] لاءِ آهن۔ ڊيل الٽرا شارپ وڌيڪ اعليٰ درجي جي مانيٽرن جو برانڊ آهي۔ ڊيل جون خدمتون ۽ سپورٽ برانڊ شامل آهن: ''ڊيل سلوشن اسٽيشن'' (گهر اندر وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون، اڳ ۾ "ڊيل آن ڪال")، ''[[ڊيل سپورٽ سينٽر]]'' (پرڏيهي وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون)، ''ڊيل بزنس سپورٽ'' (هڪ تجارتي سروس معاهدو جيڪو عام قطارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ڪال ووليوم سان صنعت-تصديق ٿيل ٽيڪنيشن فراهم ڪري ٿو)، ''ڊيل ايور ڊريم ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ'' ("[[سافٽويئر ايز اي سروس]]" [[ريموٽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ]]، اصل ۾ هڪ SaaS ڪمپني جيڪا [[ايلان مسڪ]] جي سوٽ [[لنڊن رائيو]] قائم ڪئي هئي، جنهن کي ڊيل 2007ع ۾ خريد ڪيو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/2010/12/family-joins-colleagues-for-teslas-musk.html|title=Lyndon Rive, Elon Musk: Cousins, partners|date=December 28, 2010|work=Silicon Valley Business Journal}}</ref>)، ۽ ''يور ٽيڪ ٽيم'' (گهر جي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ سپورٽ قطار، جن پنهنجا نظام يا ته ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ يا ڊيل فون سينٽرن ذريعي خريد ڪيا هجن)۔ بند ڪيل مصنوعات ۽ برانڊن ۾ شامل آهن [[ڊيل ايڪسم|ايڪسم]] ([[ذاتي ڊجيٽل معاون|پي ڊي اَي]]؛ 9 اپريل 2007ع تي بند ڪيو ويو)،<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061330/http://direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/04/11/11397.aspx Goodbye, Axim]. Direct2Dell.com. April 11, 2007</ref> [[ڊيل ڊائمنشن|ڊائمنشن]] (گهريلو ۽ ننڍي آفيس جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر؛ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل ڊجيٽل جوڪ باڪس]] (MP3 پليئر؛ آگسٽ 2006ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل جي سيريز|جي سيريز]] (اعليٰ/وچولي ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ)،<ref>{{cite web | title=Dell overhauls brand portfolio and adds NPU-equipped portables and desktops | date=January 6, 2025 | url=https://siliconangle.com/2025/01/06/dell-overhauls-brand-portfolio-adds-npu-equipped-portables-desktops/ }}</ref> [[ڊيل انسپائرون|انسپائرون]] (وچولي درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polanco |first=Tony |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell XPS is dead — Dell just rebranded its entire PC lineup |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/dell-xps-is-dead-dell-just-rebranded-its-entire-pc-lineup |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Tom's Guide}}</ref><ref name=mashabledellname>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/ces-2025-dell-ai-pc-rebrand-pro-max|title=Dell is refreshing and rebranding all of its PCs: What all the new names mean|first=Haley|last=Henschel|date=January 6, 2025|website=Mashable|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> ڊيل پاور ايپ (ايپليڪيشن تي ٻڌل سرور)، ڊيل آپٽي پليڪس (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ٽاور ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي اڳ سرور ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ نظام هلائڻ لاءِ سپورٽ ڪيا ويندا هئا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Luke |date=2025-01-06 |title=30 years later, XPS is dead. Here's why Dell is killing its flagship brand |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/xps-is-dead-why-dell-is-killing-it/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Digital Trends |language=en-us}}</ref>، ڊيل يونڪس (هڪ [[يونڪس سسٽم پنج|SVR4]] تي ٻڌل يونڪس آپريٽنگ نظام جيڪو ڊيل برانڊڊ PCs ۽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن لاءِ هو؛ 1993ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو)، [[ڊيل وينيو|وينيو]] (اينڊرائيڊ / ونڊوز ٽيبليٽس)،<ref>[http://www.androidcentral.com/dell-shuts-down-its-android-venue-tablet-line-ends-support-current-products Dell discontinues Android-based Venue tablet line; ends OS upgrades for current products | Android Central] </ref> ۽ ڊيل موبائل ڪنيڪٽ (ونڊوز موبائل ايپليڪيشن؛ 31 جولاءِ 2022ع تي بند ڪيو ويو) [[ڊيل ووسترو|ووسترو]] (آفيس/ننڍي ڪاروبار جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ [[ليپ ٽاپ|نوٽ بڪ]] نظام؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2022-07-25 |title=Dell is getting out of the phone syncing game |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/25/23278047/dell-mobile-connect-discontinued-2023 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ|ليٽيٽيوڊ]] (ڪاروباري مقصدن لاءِ نوٽ بڪ؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chester |first=Edward |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell ditches Inspiron, Latitude, and XPS, in sensible yet confusing rebrand |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/dell/rebrand-pro-max |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=PCGamesN}}</ref> [[فورس10]] ۽ [[ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ|پاور ڪنيڪٽ]] ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ]]؛ 2013ع ۾ [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] برانڊ تحت گڏ ڪيا ويا)، [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ڊيل ڪمپيلنٽ]] ([[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ]]؛ 2010ع واري خريداري کان پوءِ برانڊ آهستي آهستي ختم ڪيو ويو)۔ ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 9j2ibwp4opfvnvlyjykbfozoo6ycqqe 377732 377731 2026-05-16T01:30:23Z Intisar Ali 8681 377732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==مصنوعات== ===دائرو ۽ برانڊ=== [[File:Dell wiki.JPG|thumb|2007ع کان 2011ع تائين ڊيل جو نعرو "Yours is Here"، جيئن [[ايس ايم مال آف ايشيا|مال آف ايشيا]] واري شاخ، [[پاسي]]، فلپائن ۾ ڏٺو ويو]] <!-- تبصرو ٿيل: [[File:Adamo by Dell Spring 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|ڊيل جي 2009ع واري مارڪيٽنگ مهم ۾ ان جي [[ذيلي نوٽ بڪ]] برانڊ [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] کي نمايان ڪيو ويو۔]] --> هي ڪارپوريشن مختلف [[مارڪيٽ ڀاڱو|مارڪيٽ ڀاڱن]] لاءِ مخصوص برانڊ نالا مارڪيٽ ڪري ٿي۔ ان جي ڪاروباري/ڪارپوريٽ درجي ۾ شامل آهن: * [[ڊيل اين سيريز|اين سيريز]] (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي [[لينڪس]] يا [[فري ڊاس]] سان موڪليا وڃن ٿا) * [[ڊيل پريسيجن|پريسيجن]] ([[ڪمپيوٽر ورڪ اسٽيشن|ورڪ اسٽيشن]] نظام ۽ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا "موبائل ورڪ اسٽيشن" نوٽ بڪ)،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |title=Dell Precision Open-Source Workstations with Linux |publisher=Dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810163355/http://www.dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ڊيل پاور ايج|پاور ايج]] (ڪاروباري سرور) * [[ڊيل پاور والٽ|پاور والٽ]] (سڌيءَ طرح ڳنڍيل ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل اسٽوريج]]) * [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] سيريز ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪنگ سوئچز]] ۽ [[گيٽ وي (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن)|گيٽ ويز]]) * [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] (ادارتي درجي جا [[iSCSI]] [[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ|SANs]]) ڊيل جي گهريلو آفيس/صارف درجي ۾ شامل آهن: <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو|اسٽوڊيو]] (عام استعمال جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر) --> * [[ڊيل ايڪس پي ايس|ايڪس پي ايس]] (اعليٰ درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر) <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس|اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس]] (ايڪس پي ايس نظامن جي اعليٰ ڊيزائن تي ڌيان ۽ انتهائي ملٽي ميڊيا صلاحيت) --> * [[ايلين ويئر]] (اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ نظام) <!-- * [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] (اعليٰ درجي جو پرتعیش ليپ ٽاپ) --> ڊيل جي پيريفيرل درجي ۾ [[ڪي ڊرائيو|يو ايس بي ڪي ڊرائيوز]]، [[ايل سي ڊي ٽيليويزن]] ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن؛ ڊيل مانيٽرن ۾ [[ايل سي ڊي|ايل سي ڊي ٽي ويز]]، [[پلازما ڊسپلي|پلازما ٽي ويز]] ۽ [[وڊيو پروجيڪٽر|پروجيڪٽر]] شامل آهن، جيڪي [[هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن|ايڇ ڊي ٽي وي]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر ڊسپلي|مانيٽرن]] لاءِ آهن۔ ڊيل الٽرا شارپ وڌيڪ اعليٰ درجي جي مانيٽرن جو برانڊ آهي۔ ڊيل جون خدمتون ۽ سپورٽ برانڊ شامل آهن: ''ڊيل سلوشن اسٽيشن'' (گهر اندر وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون، اڳ ۾ "ڊيل آن ڪال")، ''[[ڊيل سپورٽ سينٽر]]'' (پرڏيهي وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون)، ''ڊيل بزنس سپورٽ'' (هڪ تجارتي سروس معاهدو جيڪو عام قطارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ڪال ووليوم سان صنعت-تصديق ٿيل ٽيڪنيشن فراهم ڪري ٿو)، ''ڊيل ايور ڊريم ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ'' ("[[سافٽويئر ايز اي سروس]]" [[ريموٽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ]]، اصل ۾ هڪ SaaS ڪمپني جيڪا [[ايلان مسڪ]] جي سوٽ [[لنڊن رائيو]] قائم ڪئي هئي، جنهن کي ڊيل 2007ع ۾ خريد ڪيو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/2010/12/family-joins-colleagues-for-teslas-musk.html|title=Lyndon Rive, Elon Musk: Cousins, partners|date=December 28, 2010|work=Silicon Valley Business Journal}}</ref>)، ۽ ''يور ٽيڪ ٽيم'' (گهر جي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ سپورٽ قطار، جن پنهنجا نظام يا ته ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ يا ڊيل فون سينٽرن ذريعي خريد ڪيا هجن)۔ بند ڪيل مصنوعات ۽ برانڊن ۾ شامل آهن [[ڊيل ايڪسم|ايڪسم]] ([[ذاتي ڊجيٽل معاون|پي ڊي اَي]]؛ 9 اپريل 2007ع تي بند ڪيو ويو)،<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061330/http://direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/04/11/11397.aspx Goodbye, Axim]. Direct2Dell.com. April 11, 2007</ref> [[ڊيل ڊائمنشن|ڊائمنشن]] (گهريلو ۽ ننڍي آفيس جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر؛ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل ڊجيٽل جوڪ باڪس]] (MP3 پليئر؛ آگسٽ 2006ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل جي سيريز|جي سيريز]] (اعليٰ/وچولي ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ)،<ref>{{cite web | title=Dell overhauls brand portfolio and adds NPU-equipped portables and desktops | date=January 6, 2025 | url=https://siliconangle.com/2025/01/06/dell-overhauls-brand-portfolio-adds-npu-equipped-portables-desktops/ }}</ref> [[ڊيل انسپائرون|انسپائرون]] (وچولي درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polanco |first=Tony |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell XPS is dead — Dell just rebranded its entire PC lineup |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/dell-xps-is-dead-dell-just-rebranded-its-entire-pc-lineup |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Tom's Guide}}</ref><ref name=mashabledellname>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/ces-2025-dell-ai-pc-rebrand-pro-max|title=Dell is refreshing and rebranding all of its PCs: What all the new names mean|first=Haley|last=Henschel|date=January 6, 2025|website=Mashable|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> ڊيل پاور ايپ (ايپليڪيشن تي ٻڌل سرور)، ڊيل آپٽي پليڪس (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ٽاور ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي اڳ سرور ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ نظام هلائڻ لاءِ سپورٽ ڪيا ويندا هئا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Luke |date=2025-01-06 |title=30 years later, XPS is dead. Here's why Dell is killing its flagship brand |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/xps-is-dead-why-dell-is-killing-it/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Digital Trends |language=en-us}}</ref>، ڊيل يونڪس (هڪ [[يونڪس سسٽم پنج|SVR4]] تي ٻڌل يونڪس آپريٽنگ نظام جيڪو ڊيل برانڊڊ PCs ۽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن لاءِ هو؛ 1993ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو)، [[ڊيل وينيو|وينيو]] (اينڊرائيڊ / ونڊوز ٽيبليٽس)،<ref>[http://www.androidcentral.com/dell-shuts-down-its-android-venue-tablet-line-ends-support-current-products Dell discontinues Android-based Venue tablet line; ends OS upgrades for current products | Android Central] </ref> ۽ ڊيل موبائل ڪنيڪٽ (ونڊوز موبائل ايپليڪيشن؛ 31 جولاءِ 2022ع تي بند ڪيو ويو) [[ڊيل ووسترو|ووسترو]] (آفيس/ننڍي ڪاروبار جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ [[ليپ ٽاپ|نوٽ بڪ]] نظام؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2022-07-25 |title=Dell is getting out of the phone syncing game |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/25/23278047/dell-mobile-connect-discontinued-2023 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ|ليٽيٽيوڊ]] (ڪاروباري مقصدن لاءِ نوٽ بڪ؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chester |first=Edward |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell ditches Inspiron, Latitude, and XPS, in sensible yet confusing rebrand |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/dell/rebrand-pro-max |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=PCGamesN}}</ref> [[فورس10]] ۽ [[ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ|پاور ڪنيڪٽ]] ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ]]؛ 2013ع ۾ [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] برانڊ تحت گڏ ڪيا ويا)، [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ڊيل ڪمپيلنٽ]] ([[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ]]؛ 2010ع واري خريداري کان پوءِ برانڊ آهستي آهستي ختم ڪيو ويو)۔ ==سيڪيورٽي== ===پاڻ-دستخط ٿيل روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ اهو ظاهر ٿيو ته ڪيترائي ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر هڪجهڙي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل [[روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ]] سان موڪليا ويا هئا، جيڪو "eDellRoot" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned>{{cite web|title=Dell does a Superfish, ships PCs with easily cloneable root certificates|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-does-superfish-ships-pcs-with-self-signed-root-certificates/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 23, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> هن اهڙا سيڪيورٽي خطرا پيدا ڪيا، جيئن حمله آور [[ايڇ ٽي ٽي پي ايس]] سان محفوظ ڪيل ويب سائيٽن، جهڙوڪ [[گوگل]] ۽ [[بينڪ آف آمريڪا]]، جي نقل ڪري سگهن، ۽ ميلويئر کي ان سرٽيفڪيٽ سان دستخط ڪري مائڪروسوفٽ جي سافٽويئر فلٽرنگ کان بچائي سگهجي۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned /> ڊيل معافي ورتي ۽ ان کي هٽائڻ لاءِ هڪ اوزار پيش ڪيو۔<ref name=ars-removal>{{cite web|title=Dell apologizes for HTTPS certificate fiasco, provides removal tool|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-apologizes-for-https-certificate-fiasco-provides-removal-tool/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 24, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ ئي، هڪ محقق دريافت ڪيو ته اهي گراهڪ جن وٽ تشخيصي پروگرام ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز موجود هو، انهن کي پروگرام طرفان ڏنل منفرد سروس ٽيگ نمبر جي ذريعي ڊجيٽل طور ٽريڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو۔<ref name=ars-dfs>{{cite web|title=PCs running Dell support app can be uniquely ID'd by snoops and scammers|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/pcs-running-dell-support-app-can-be-uniquely-idd-by-snoops-and-scammers/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> اهو ان صورت ۾ به ممڪن هو جڏهن گراهڪ [[خانگي برائوزنگ]] کي فعال ڪري ۽ پنهنجا [[برائوزر ڪوڪيز]] حذف ڪري ڇڏي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ''[[آرس ٽيڪنيڪا]]'' سفارش ڪئي ته ڊيل جا گراهڪ اهو پروگرام اَن انسٽال ڪن، جيستائين مسئلو حل نه ڪيو وڃي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] nj03ctwyeikkc8xuzpwf1a886u1a5uh 377733 377732 2026-05-16T01:38:24Z Intisar Ali 8681 377733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==مصنوعات== ===دائرو ۽ برانڊ=== [[File:Dell wiki.JPG|thumb|2007ع کان 2011ع تائين ڊيل جو نعرو "Yours is Here"، جيئن [[ايس ايم مال آف ايشيا|مال آف ايشيا]] واري شاخ، [[پاسي]]، فلپائن ۾ ڏٺو ويو]] <!-- تبصرو ٿيل: [[File:Adamo by Dell Spring 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|ڊيل جي 2009ع واري مارڪيٽنگ مهم ۾ ان جي [[ذيلي نوٽ بڪ]] برانڊ [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] کي نمايان ڪيو ويو۔]] --> هي ڪارپوريشن مختلف [[مارڪيٽ ڀاڱو|مارڪيٽ ڀاڱن]] لاءِ مخصوص برانڊ نالا مارڪيٽ ڪري ٿي۔ ان جي ڪاروباري/ڪارپوريٽ درجي ۾ شامل آهن: * [[ڊيل اين سيريز|اين سيريز]] (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي [[لينڪس]] يا [[فري ڊاس]] سان موڪليا وڃن ٿا) * [[ڊيل پريسيجن|پريسيجن]] ([[ڪمپيوٽر ورڪ اسٽيشن|ورڪ اسٽيشن]] نظام ۽ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا "موبائل ورڪ اسٽيشن" نوٽ بڪ)،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |title=Dell Precision Open-Source Workstations with Linux |publisher=Dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810163355/http://www.dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ڊيل پاور ايج|پاور ايج]] (ڪاروباري سرور) * [[ڊيل پاور والٽ|پاور والٽ]] (سڌيءَ طرح ڳنڍيل ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل اسٽوريج]]) * [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] سيريز ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪنگ سوئچز]] ۽ [[گيٽ وي (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن)|گيٽ ويز]]) * [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] (ادارتي درجي جا [[iSCSI]] [[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ|SANs]]) ڊيل جي گهريلو آفيس/صارف درجي ۾ شامل آهن: <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو|اسٽوڊيو]] (عام استعمال جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر) --> * [[ڊيل ايڪس پي ايس|ايڪس پي ايس]] (اعليٰ درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر) <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس|اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس]] (ايڪس پي ايس نظامن جي اعليٰ ڊيزائن تي ڌيان ۽ انتهائي ملٽي ميڊيا صلاحيت) --> * [[ايلين ويئر]] (اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ نظام) <!-- * [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] (اعليٰ درجي جو پرتعیش ليپ ٽاپ) --> ڊيل جي پيريفيرل درجي ۾ [[ڪي ڊرائيو|يو ايس بي ڪي ڊرائيوز]]، [[ايل سي ڊي ٽيليويزن]] ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن؛ ڊيل مانيٽرن ۾ [[ايل سي ڊي|ايل سي ڊي ٽي ويز]]، [[پلازما ڊسپلي|پلازما ٽي ويز]] ۽ [[وڊيو پروجيڪٽر|پروجيڪٽر]] شامل آهن، جيڪي [[هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن|ايڇ ڊي ٽي وي]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر ڊسپلي|مانيٽرن]] لاءِ آهن۔ ڊيل الٽرا شارپ وڌيڪ اعليٰ درجي جي مانيٽرن جو برانڊ آهي۔ ڊيل جون خدمتون ۽ سپورٽ برانڊ شامل آهن: ''ڊيل سلوشن اسٽيشن'' (گهر اندر وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون، اڳ ۾ "ڊيل آن ڪال")، ''[[ڊيل سپورٽ سينٽر]]'' (پرڏيهي وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون)، ''ڊيل بزنس سپورٽ'' (هڪ تجارتي سروس معاهدو جيڪو عام قطارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ڪال ووليوم سان صنعت-تصديق ٿيل ٽيڪنيشن فراهم ڪري ٿو)، ''ڊيل ايور ڊريم ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ'' ("[[سافٽويئر ايز اي سروس]]" [[ريموٽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ]]، اصل ۾ هڪ SaaS ڪمپني جيڪا [[ايلان مسڪ]] جي سوٽ [[لنڊن رائيو]] قائم ڪئي هئي، جنهن کي ڊيل 2007ع ۾ خريد ڪيو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/2010/12/family-joins-colleagues-for-teslas-musk.html|title=Lyndon Rive, Elon Musk: Cousins, partners|date=December 28, 2010|work=Silicon Valley Business Journal}}</ref>)، ۽ ''يور ٽيڪ ٽيم'' (گهر جي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ سپورٽ قطار، جن پنهنجا نظام يا ته ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ يا ڊيل فون سينٽرن ذريعي خريد ڪيا هجن)۔ بند ڪيل مصنوعات ۽ برانڊن ۾ شامل آهن [[ڊيل ايڪسم|ايڪسم]] ([[ذاتي ڊجيٽل معاون|پي ڊي اَي]]؛ 9 اپريل 2007ع تي بند ڪيو ويو)،<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061330/http://direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/04/11/11397.aspx Goodbye, Axim]. Direct2Dell.com. April 11, 2007</ref> [[ڊيل ڊائمنشن|ڊائمنشن]] (گهريلو ۽ ننڍي آفيس جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر؛ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل ڊجيٽل جوڪ باڪس]] (MP3 پليئر؛ آگسٽ 2006ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل جي سيريز|جي سيريز]] (اعليٰ/وچولي ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ)،<ref>{{cite web | title=Dell overhauls brand portfolio and adds NPU-equipped portables and desktops | date=January 6, 2025 | url=https://siliconangle.com/2025/01/06/dell-overhauls-brand-portfolio-adds-npu-equipped-portables-desktops/ }}</ref> [[ڊيل انسپائرون|انسپائرون]] (وچولي درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polanco |first=Tony |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell XPS is dead — Dell just rebranded its entire PC lineup |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/dell-xps-is-dead-dell-just-rebranded-its-entire-pc-lineup |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Tom's Guide}}</ref><ref name=mashabledellname>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/ces-2025-dell-ai-pc-rebrand-pro-max|title=Dell is refreshing and rebranding all of its PCs: What all the new names mean|first=Haley|last=Henschel|date=January 6, 2025|website=Mashable|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> ڊيل پاور ايپ (ايپليڪيشن تي ٻڌل سرور)، ڊيل آپٽي پليڪس (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ٽاور ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي اڳ سرور ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ نظام هلائڻ لاءِ سپورٽ ڪيا ويندا هئا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Luke |date=2025-01-06 |title=30 years later, XPS is dead. Here's why Dell is killing its flagship brand |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/xps-is-dead-why-dell-is-killing-it/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Digital Trends |language=en-us}}</ref>، ڊيل يونڪس (هڪ [[يونڪس سسٽم پنج|SVR4]] تي ٻڌل يونڪس آپريٽنگ نظام جيڪو ڊيل برانڊڊ PCs ۽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن لاءِ هو؛ 1993ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو)، [[ڊيل وينيو|وينيو]] (اينڊرائيڊ / ونڊوز ٽيبليٽس)،<ref>[http://www.androidcentral.com/dell-shuts-down-its-android-venue-tablet-line-ends-support-current-products Dell discontinues Android-based Venue tablet line; ends OS upgrades for current products | Android Central] </ref> ۽ ڊيل موبائل ڪنيڪٽ (ونڊوز موبائل ايپليڪيشن؛ 31 جولاءِ 2022ع تي بند ڪيو ويو) [[ڊيل ووسترو|ووسترو]] (آفيس/ننڍي ڪاروبار جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ [[ليپ ٽاپ|نوٽ بڪ]] نظام؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2022-07-25 |title=Dell is getting out of the phone syncing game |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/25/23278047/dell-mobile-connect-discontinued-2023 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ|ليٽيٽيوڊ]] (ڪاروباري مقصدن لاءِ نوٽ بڪ؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chester |first=Edward |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell ditches Inspiron, Latitude, and XPS, in sensible yet confusing rebrand |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/dell/rebrand-pro-max |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=PCGamesN}}</ref> [[فورس10]] ۽ [[ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ|پاور ڪنيڪٽ]] ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ]]؛ 2013ع ۾ [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] برانڊ تحت گڏ ڪيا ويا)، [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ڊيل ڪمپيلنٽ]] ([[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ]]؛ 2010ع واري خريداري کان پوءِ برانڊ آهستي آهستي ختم ڪيو ويو)۔ ==سيڪيورٽي== ===پاڻ-دستخط ٿيل روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ اهو ظاهر ٿيو ته ڪيترائي ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر هڪجهڙي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل [[روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ]] سان موڪليا ويا هئا، جيڪو "eDellRoot" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned>{{cite web|title=Dell does a Superfish, ships PCs with easily cloneable root certificates|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-does-superfish-ships-pcs-with-self-signed-root-certificates/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 23, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> هن اهڙا سيڪيورٽي خطرا پيدا ڪيا، جيئن حمله آور [[ايڇ ٽي ٽي پي ايس]] سان محفوظ ڪيل ويب سائيٽن، جهڙوڪ [[گوگل]] ۽ [[بينڪ آف آمريڪا]]، جي نقل ڪري سگهن، ۽ ميلويئر کي ان سرٽيفڪيٽ سان دستخط ڪري مائڪروسوفٽ جي سافٽويئر فلٽرنگ کان بچائي سگهجي۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned /> ڊيل معافي ورتي ۽ ان کي هٽائڻ لاءِ هڪ اوزار پيش ڪيو۔<ref name=ars-removal>{{cite web|title=Dell apologizes for HTTPS certificate fiasco, provides removal tool|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-apologizes-for-https-certificate-fiasco-provides-removal-tool/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 24, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ ئي، هڪ محقق دريافت ڪيو ته اهي گراهڪ جن وٽ تشخيصي پروگرام ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز موجود هو، انهن کي پروگرام طرفان ڏنل منفرد سروس ٽيگ نمبر جي ذريعي ڊجيٽل طور ٽريڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو۔<ref name=ars-dfs>{{cite web|title=PCs running Dell support app can be uniquely ID'd by snoops and scammers|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/pcs-running-dell-support-app-can-be-uniquely-idd-by-snoops-and-scammers/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> اهو ان صورت ۾ به ممڪن هو جڏهن گراهڪ [[خانگي برائوزنگ]] کي فعال ڪري ۽ پنهنجا [[برائوزر ڪوڪيز]] حذف ڪري ڇڏي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ''[[آرس ٽيڪنيڪا]]'' سفارش ڪئي ته ڊيل جا گراهڪ اهو پروگرام اَن انسٽال ڪن، جيستائين مسئلو حل نه ڪيو وڃي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ==تجارتي پهلو== ===مارڪيٽنگ=== ڊيل جا اشتهار ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي ميڊيا ۾ ظاهر ٿيا آهن، جن ۾ ٽيليويزن، انٽرنيٽ، رسالا، [[ميل-آرڊر ڪيٽلاگ|ڪيٽلاگ]] ۽ اخبارون شامل آهن۔ ڊيل اِنڪ جون ڪجهه مارڪيٽنگ حڪمت عمليون سڄي سال دوران قيمتون گهٽ رکڻ، مفت بونس مصنوعات (جهڙوڪ ڊيل پرنٽر) ۽ مفت ترسيل مهيا ڪرڻ آهن ته جيئن وڌيڪ وڪرو وڌي ۽ مقابلي ڪندڙن کي روڪي سگهجي۔ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل پنهنجي 19.2٪ مارڪيٽ شيئر کي برقرار رکڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ قيمتون گهٽايون۔ ان سان منافعي جا مارجن اڌ کان به گهٽ ٿي ويا، يعني 8.7٪ کان 4.3٪ تائين۔ پنهنجي گهٽ قيمتن کي برقرار رکڻ لاءِ، ڊيل پنهنجي مصنوعات جون گهڻيون خريداريون اڃا تائين انٽرنيٽ ۽ ٽيليفون نيٽ ورڪ ذريعي قبول ڪري ٿي، ۽ پنهنجي گراهڪ-نگهداشت واري شعبي کي ڀارت ۽ [[ايل سلواڊور]] منتقل ڪندي رهي ٿي۔<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090105132801/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2007/2007_03_20_ndi_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Michael Dell Sees India Playing a Key Role in the Online World]. Dell, New Delhi, India, March 20, 2007.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪا جي هڪ مشهور ٽيليويزن ۽ پرنٽ اشتهاري مهم ۾ اداڪار [[بين ڪرٽس (اداڪار)|بين ڪرٽس]] "اسٽيون" جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هلڪي شرارتي سنهري وارين نوجوان جي صورت ۾ مايوس ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙن جي مدد ڪندو هو۔ هر ٽيليويزن اشتهار عام طور اسٽيون جي مشهور جملي تي ختم ٿيندو هو: "Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!"<ref name=SlateDell>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Rob|title=The Mystery of the Dell Dude|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/ad_report_card/2002/06/the_mystery_of_the_dell_dude.html |website=Slate |date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> ان کان پوءِ واري اشتهاري مهم ۾ ڊيل هيڊڪوارٽرز ۾ [[انٽرن]] ڏيکاريا ويا (جنهن ۾ ڪرٽس جو ڪردار هڪ ابتدائي اشتهار جي آخر ۾ مختصر نمائش طور ظاهر ٿيو)۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي اشتهاري ايجنسين کي [[بي بي ڊي او]] کان [[ورڪنگ مدر ميڊيا]] ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو۔ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ورڪنگ مدر طرفان تيار ڪيل نوان اشتهار جاري ڪيا ته جيئن Inspiron ۽ XPS لائينن جي حمايت ڪري سگهجي۔ انهن اشتهارن ۾ [[دي فليمنگ لپس]] ۽ [[ڊيوو]] جو موسيقي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي خاص طور تي اشتهار "Work it Out" لاءِ گيت رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيهر گڏ ٿيا۔ ساڳئي 2007ع ۾، ڊيل "Yours is here" نعرو استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد اهو ظاهر ڪرڻ هو ته ڪمپيوٽر گراهڪن جي ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنا وڃن ٿا۔<ref name="engadget">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/11/21/dell-launches-star-studded-yours-is-here-ad-campaign/|title=Dell launches star-studded "Yours Is Here" ad campaign|work=[[Engadget]]|date=November 21, 2007 |access-date=July 14, 2010}}</ref> 2011ع ۾، ڊيل آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي آسٽن ڪنويشن سينٽر ۾ "ڊيل ورلڊ" نالي سالياني ڪانفرنس منعقد ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ هن تقريب ۾ ڊيل ۽ ان جي ڀائيوارن پاران مهيا ڪيل نيون ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ خدمتون پيش ڪيون ويون۔<ref>{{cite web|title=Dell World 2011 |publisher=Dell |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url=http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124094728/http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |archive-date=November 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/blog/techflash/2014/09/dell-world-speaker-schedule-without-star-keynote.html|title=Dell World speaker schedule without star keynote; panel to open show |website=bizjournals.com|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> جڏهن 2016ع ۾ ڊيل ۽ اِي.ايم.سي. ضم ٿيا، ته انهن جون سالياني ڪانفرنسون گڏ ڪري "ڊيل اِي.ايم.سي. ورلڊ" بڻايون ويون، جيڪي لاس ويگاس، نيواڊا ۾ منعقد ٿينديون هيون۔ 2018ع ۾ ان جو نالو "ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز ورلڊ" رکيو ويو۔<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kranz |first=Gary |date=25 April 2018 |title=Dell EMC storage strategy talk buzzes Dell Tech World |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/news/252439896/Dell-EMC-storage-strategy-talk-buzzes-Dell-Tech-World |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=[[TechTarget]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarraf |first=Samira |date=20 June 2019 |title=Branding shift sees EMC take back seat to Dell Technologies |url=https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/1256478/branding-shift-sees-emc-take-back-seat-to-dell-technologies.html |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=ARN}}</ref> ====ڊيل پارٽنر پروگرام==== 2007ع جي آخر ۾، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجو پروگرام [[ويليو-ايڊڊ ريسيلر]]ز (VARs) تائين وڌائڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، ۽ ان کي سرڪاري نالو "ڊيل پارٽنر ڊائريڪٽ" ۽ هڪ نئين ويب سائيٽ ڏني وئي۔<ref>{{cite web | title = Partner Direct | publisher=Dell | access-date =June 13, 2011 | url = http://partner.Dell.com/}}</ref> 2013ع ۾، ڊيل انڊيا پنهنجي ڊيل پارٽنر جي اين جي اليڪٽرانڪس پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ سان گڏ هڪ اي-ڪامرس ويب سائيٽ شروع ڪئي<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903202220/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 3, 2013 | work=The Times of India | title=Dell enables online purchases through DESA platform | date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> جنهن کي Dell Express Ship Affiliate (DESA) سڏيو ويو۔<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/dell-launches-online-estore-dell-express-ship-affiliate/article4777976.ece "Dell launches online e-store Dell Express Ship Affiliate"]. ''The Hindu''. June 3, 2013</ref> ان جو بنيادي مقصد ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ هو۔ اهي گراهڪ جيڪي ڊيل انڊيا جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ تي وڃي آن لائن خريداري جو اختيار چونڊيندا هئا، انهن کي ڊيل جي منسلڪ ويب سائيٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====ليپ ٽاپ سيڪيورٽي جي مارڪيٽنگ بابت تنقيد==== 2008ع ۾، ڊيل کي پنهنجي دعويٰ بابت پريس ڪوريج ملي ته ان وٽ دنيا جا سڀ کان محفوظ ليپ ٽاپ آهن، خاص طور تي ليٽيٽيوڊ D630 ۽ ليٽيٽيوڊ D830۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |title=Dell Scolded for Laptop Ads |publisher=Vnunet.com |author=Nichols, Shaun |date=June 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023034729/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |archive-date=October 23, 2008}}</ref> لينوو جي درخواست تي، (آمريڪي) نيشنل ايڊورٽائزنگ ڊويزن (NAD) ان دعويٰ جو جائزو ورتو ۽ رپورٽ ڏني ته ڊيل وٽ ان جي حمايت لاءِ ڪافي ثبوت موجود نه هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/20080623/dont-worry-Dell-your-laptops-are-still-the-worlds-ugliest/ |title=Dell's Claim as World's Most Secure Commercial Laptops? |publisher=Digitaldaily.allthingsd.com |date=June 23, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ===پرچون=== ڊيل پهريون ڀيرو پنهنجا پرچون اسٽور ڀارت ۾ کوليا۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====آمريڪا==== 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل پنهنجون مصنوعات [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، [[ڪوسٽڪو]] ۽ [[سامز ڪلب]] جي اسٽورن ذريعي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ڪندو هو۔ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ اهو طريقو ختم ڪيو، گهٽ منافعي جا مارجن سبب بيان ڪندي، ۽ ايندڙ ڏهاڪي تائين صرف سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل ذريعي ورڇ جاري رکي۔ 2003ع ۾، ڊيل مختصر عرصي لاءِ [[سيئرز]] اسٽورن ۾ مصنوعات وڪرو ڪيون۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ٻيهر آمريڪا جي وڏن پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙن ڏانهن پنهنجون مصنوعات موڪلڻ شروع ڪيون، شروعات [[سامز ڪلب]] ۽ [[وال مارٽ]] سان ڪئي وئي۔ [[اسٽيپلز اِنڪ]]، جيڪو آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو آفيس سپلاءِ پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، ۽ [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، جيڪو سڀ کان وڏو اليڪٽرانڪس پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، پڻ ساڳئي سال ڊيل جا پرچون ڀائيوار بڻيا۔ =====ڪيوسڪ===== 2002ع کان شروع ٿيندي، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ [[ڪيوسڪ]] جڳهيون کوليون ته جيئن گراهڪ ڪمپني کان سڌي خريداري کان اڳ مصنوعات جو جائزو وٺي سگهن۔ 2005ع کان، ڊيل ڪيوسڪ جڳهن کي وڌائي آسٽريليا، ڪينيڊا، سنگاپور ۽ هانگ ڪانگ جي شاپنگ مالن تائين پهچايو۔ 30 جنوري 2008ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو ته اها آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجا سڀئي 140 ڪيوسڪ بند ڪندي، ڇو ته اها پرچون اسٽورن ۾ واڌ ڪري رهي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |title=Dell Focuses on Direct and Retail Business, Closes Kiosks in U.S |publisher=Content.dell.com |date=January 30, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113024054/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |archive-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> 3 جون 2010ع تائين، ڊيل آسٽريليا ۾ به پنهنجا سڀئي مال ڪيوسڪ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2010/04/dell-closing-down-their-retail-kiosks-across-the-country/|title=Dell Closing Down Their Retail Kiosks Across The Country |publisher=gizmodo.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2011}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 0cvh49ca8i3pl539nco7h5oni2j3h79 377734 377733 2026-05-16T01:42:10Z Intisar Ali 8681 377734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==مصنوعات== ===دائرو ۽ برانڊ=== [[File:Dell wiki.JPG|thumb|2007ع کان 2011ع تائين ڊيل جو نعرو "Yours is Here"، جيئن [[ايس ايم مال آف ايشيا|مال آف ايشيا]] واري شاخ، [[پاسي]]، فلپائن ۾ ڏٺو ويو]] <!-- تبصرو ٿيل: [[File:Adamo by Dell Spring 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|ڊيل جي 2009ع واري مارڪيٽنگ مهم ۾ ان جي [[ذيلي نوٽ بڪ]] برانڊ [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] کي نمايان ڪيو ويو۔]] --> هي ڪارپوريشن مختلف [[مارڪيٽ ڀاڱو|مارڪيٽ ڀاڱن]] لاءِ مخصوص برانڊ نالا مارڪيٽ ڪري ٿي۔ ان جي ڪاروباري/ڪارپوريٽ درجي ۾ شامل آهن: * [[ڊيل اين سيريز|اين سيريز]] (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي [[لينڪس]] يا [[فري ڊاس]] سان موڪليا وڃن ٿا) * [[ڊيل پريسيجن|پريسيجن]] ([[ڪمپيوٽر ورڪ اسٽيشن|ورڪ اسٽيشن]] نظام ۽ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا "موبائل ورڪ اسٽيشن" نوٽ بڪ)،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |title=Dell Precision Open-Source Workstations with Linux |publisher=Dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810163355/http://www.dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ڊيل پاور ايج|پاور ايج]] (ڪاروباري سرور) * [[ڊيل پاور والٽ|پاور والٽ]] (سڌيءَ طرح ڳنڍيل ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل اسٽوريج]]) * [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] سيريز ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪنگ سوئچز]] ۽ [[گيٽ وي (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن)|گيٽ ويز]]) * [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] (ادارتي درجي جا [[iSCSI]] [[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ|SANs]]) ڊيل جي گهريلو آفيس/صارف درجي ۾ شامل آهن: <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو|اسٽوڊيو]] (عام استعمال جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر) --> * [[ڊيل ايڪس پي ايس|ايڪس پي ايس]] (اعليٰ درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر) <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس|اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس]] (ايڪس پي ايس نظامن جي اعليٰ ڊيزائن تي ڌيان ۽ انتهائي ملٽي ميڊيا صلاحيت) --> * [[ايلين ويئر]] (اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ نظام) <!-- * [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] (اعليٰ درجي جو پرتعیش ليپ ٽاپ) --> ڊيل جي پيريفيرل درجي ۾ [[ڪي ڊرائيو|يو ايس بي ڪي ڊرائيوز]]، [[ايل سي ڊي ٽيليويزن]] ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن؛ ڊيل مانيٽرن ۾ [[ايل سي ڊي|ايل سي ڊي ٽي ويز]]، [[پلازما ڊسپلي|پلازما ٽي ويز]] ۽ [[وڊيو پروجيڪٽر|پروجيڪٽر]] شامل آهن، جيڪي [[هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن|ايڇ ڊي ٽي وي]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر ڊسپلي|مانيٽرن]] لاءِ آهن۔ ڊيل الٽرا شارپ وڌيڪ اعليٰ درجي جي مانيٽرن جو برانڊ آهي۔ ڊيل جون خدمتون ۽ سپورٽ برانڊ شامل آهن: ''ڊيل سلوشن اسٽيشن'' (گهر اندر وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون، اڳ ۾ "ڊيل آن ڪال")، ''[[ڊيل سپورٽ سينٽر]]'' (پرڏيهي وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون)، ''ڊيل بزنس سپورٽ'' (هڪ تجارتي سروس معاهدو جيڪو عام قطارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ڪال ووليوم سان صنعت-تصديق ٿيل ٽيڪنيشن فراهم ڪري ٿو)، ''ڊيل ايور ڊريم ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ'' ("[[سافٽويئر ايز اي سروس]]" [[ريموٽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ]]، اصل ۾ هڪ SaaS ڪمپني جيڪا [[ايلان مسڪ]] جي سوٽ [[لنڊن رائيو]] قائم ڪئي هئي، جنهن کي ڊيل 2007ع ۾ خريد ڪيو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/2010/12/family-joins-colleagues-for-teslas-musk.html|title=Lyndon Rive, Elon Musk: Cousins, partners|date=December 28, 2010|work=Silicon Valley Business Journal}}</ref>)، ۽ ''يور ٽيڪ ٽيم'' (گهر جي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ سپورٽ قطار، جن پنهنجا نظام يا ته ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ يا ڊيل فون سينٽرن ذريعي خريد ڪيا هجن)۔ بند ڪيل مصنوعات ۽ برانڊن ۾ شامل آهن [[ڊيل ايڪسم|ايڪسم]] ([[ذاتي ڊجيٽل معاون|پي ڊي اَي]]؛ 9 اپريل 2007ع تي بند ڪيو ويو)،<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061330/http://direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/04/11/11397.aspx Goodbye, Axim]. Direct2Dell.com. April 11, 2007</ref> [[ڊيل ڊائمنشن|ڊائمنشن]] (گهريلو ۽ ننڍي آفيس جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر؛ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل ڊجيٽل جوڪ باڪس]] (MP3 پليئر؛ آگسٽ 2006ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل جي سيريز|جي سيريز]] (اعليٰ/وچولي ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ)،<ref>{{cite web | title=Dell overhauls brand portfolio and adds NPU-equipped portables and desktops | date=January 6, 2025 | url=https://siliconangle.com/2025/01/06/dell-overhauls-brand-portfolio-adds-npu-equipped-portables-desktops/ }}</ref> [[ڊيل انسپائرون|انسپائرون]] (وچولي درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polanco |first=Tony |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell XPS is dead — Dell just rebranded its entire PC lineup |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/dell-xps-is-dead-dell-just-rebranded-its-entire-pc-lineup |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Tom's Guide}}</ref><ref name=mashabledellname>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/ces-2025-dell-ai-pc-rebrand-pro-max|title=Dell is refreshing and rebranding all of its PCs: What all the new names mean|first=Haley|last=Henschel|date=January 6, 2025|website=Mashable|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> ڊيل پاور ايپ (ايپليڪيشن تي ٻڌل سرور)، ڊيل آپٽي پليڪس (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ٽاور ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي اڳ سرور ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ نظام هلائڻ لاءِ سپورٽ ڪيا ويندا هئا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Luke |date=2025-01-06 |title=30 years later, XPS is dead. Here's why Dell is killing its flagship brand |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/xps-is-dead-why-dell-is-killing-it/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Digital Trends |language=en-us}}</ref>، ڊيل يونڪس (هڪ [[يونڪس سسٽم پنج|SVR4]] تي ٻڌل يونڪس آپريٽنگ نظام جيڪو ڊيل برانڊڊ PCs ۽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن لاءِ هو؛ 1993ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو)، [[ڊيل وينيو|وينيو]] (اينڊرائيڊ / ونڊوز ٽيبليٽس)،<ref>[http://www.androidcentral.com/dell-shuts-down-its-android-venue-tablet-line-ends-support-current-products Dell discontinues Android-based Venue tablet line; ends OS upgrades for current products | Android Central] </ref> ۽ ڊيل موبائل ڪنيڪٽ (ونڊوز موبائل ايپليڪيشن؛ 31 جولاءِ 2022ع تي بند ڪيو ويو) [[ڊيل ووسترو|ووسترو]] (آفيس/ننڍي ڪاروبار جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ [[ليپ ٽاپ|نوٽ بڪ]] نظام؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2022-07-25 |title=Dell is getting out of the phone syncing game |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/25/23278047/dell-mobile-connect-discontinued-2023 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ|ليٽيٽيوڊ]] (ڪاروباري مقصدن لاءِ نوٽ بڪ؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chester |first=Edward |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell ditches Inspiron, Latitude, and XPS, in sensible yet confusing rebrand |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/dell/rebrand-pro-max |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=PCGamesN}}</ref> [[فورس10]] ۽ [[ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ|پاور ڪنيڪٽ]] ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ]]؛ 2013ع ۾ [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] برانڊ تحت گڏ ڪيا ويا)، [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ڊيل ڪمپيلنٽ]] ([[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ]]؛ 2010ع واري خريداري کان پوءِ برانڊ آهستي آهستي ختم ڪيو ويو)۔ ==سيڪيورٽي== ===پاڻ-دستخط ٿيل روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ اهو ظاهر ٿيو ته ڪيترائي ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر هڪجهڙي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل [[روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ]] سان موڪليا ويا هئا، جيڪو "eDellRoot" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned>{{cite web|title=Dell does a Superfish, ships PCs with easily cloneable root certificates|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-does-superfish-ships-pcs-with-self-signed-root-certificates/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 23, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> هن اهڙا سيڪيورٽي خطرا پيدا ڪيا، جيئن حمله آور [[ايڇ ٽي ٽي پي ايس]] سان محفوظ ڪيل ويب سائيٽن، جهڙوڪ [[گوگل]] ۽ [[بينڪ آف آمريڪا]]، جي نقل ڪري سگهن، ۽ ميلويئر کي ان سرٽيفڪيٽ سان دستخط ڪري مائڪروسوفٽ جي سافٽويئر فلٽرنگ کان بچائي سگهجي۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned /> ڊيل معافي ورتي ۽ ان کي هٽائڻ لاءِ هڪ اوزار پيش ڪيو۔<ref name=ars-removal>{{cite web|title=Dell apologizes for HTTPS certificate fiasco, provides removal tool|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-apologizes-for-https-certificate-fiasco-provides-removal-tool/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 24, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ ئي، هڪ محقق دريافت ڪيو ته اهي گراهڪ جن وٽ تشخيصي پروگرام ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز موجود هو، انهن کي پروگرام طرفان ڏنل منفرد سروس ٽيگ نمبر جي ذريعي ڊجيٽل طور ٽريڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو۔<ref name=ars-dfs>{{cite web|title=PCs running Dell support app can be uniquely ID'd by snoops and scammers|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/pcs-running-dell-support-app-can-be-uniquely-idd-by-snoops-and-scammers/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> اهو ان صورت ۾ به ممڪن هو جڏهن گراهڪ [[خانگي برائوزنگ]] کي فعال ڪري ۽ پنهنجا [[برائوزر ڪوڪيز]] حذف ڪري ڇڏي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ''[[آرس ٽيڪنيڪا]]'' سفارش ڪئي ته ڊيل جا گراهڪ اهو پروگرام اَن انسٽال ڪن، جيستائين مسئلو حل نه ڪيو وڃي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ==تجارتي پهلو== ===مارڪيٽنگ=== ڊيل جا اشتهار ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي ميڊيا ۾ ظاهر ٿيا آهن، جن ۾ ٽيليويزن، انٽرنيٽ، رسالا، [[ميل-آرڊر ڪيٽلاگ|ڪيٽلاگ]] ۽ اخبارون شامل آهن۔ ڊيل اِنڪ جون ڪجهه مارڪيٽنگ حڪمت عمليون سڄي سال دوران قيمتون گهٽ رکڻ، مفت بونس مصنوعات (جهڙوڪ ڊيل پرنٽر) ۽ مفت ترسيل مهيا ڪرڻ آهن ته جيئن وڌيڪ وڪرو وڌي ۽ مقابلي ڪندڙن کي روڪي سگهجي۔ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل پنهنجي 19.2٪ مارڪيٽ شيئر کي برقرار رکڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ قيمتون گهٽايون۔ ان سان منافعي جا مارجن اڌ کان به گهٽ ٿي ويا، يعني 8.7٪ کان 4.3٪ تائين۔ پنهنجي گهٽ قيمتن کي برقرار رکڻ لاءِ، ڊيل پنهنجي مصنوعات جون گهڻيون خريداريون اڃا تائين انٽرنيٽ ۽ ٽيليفون نيٽ ورڪ ذريعي قبول ڪري ٿي، ۽ پنهنجي گراهڪ-نگهداشت واري شعبي کي ڀارت ۽ [[ايل سلواڊور]] منتقل ڪندي رهي ٿي۔<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090105132801/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2007/2007_03_20_ndi_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Michael Dell Sees India Playing a Key Role in the Online World]. Dell, New Delhi, India, March 20, 2007.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪا جي هڪ مشهور ٽيليويزن ۽ پرنٽ اشتهاري مهم ۾ اداڪار [[بين ڪرٽس (اداڪار)|بين ڪرٽس]] "اسٽيون" جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هلڪي شرارتي سنهري وارين نوجوان جي صورت ۾ مايوس ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙن جي مدد ڪندو هو۔ هر ٽيليويزن اشتهار عام طور اسٽيون جي مشهور جملي تي ختم ٿيندو هو: "Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!"<ref name=SlateDell>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Rob|title=The Mystery of the Dell Dude|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/ad_report_card/2002/06/the_mystery_of_the_dell_dude.html |website=Slate |date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> ان کان پوءِ واري اشتهاري مهم ۾ ڊيل هيڊڪوارٽرز ۾ [[انٽرن]] ڏيکاريا ويا (جنهن ۾ ڪرٽس جو ڪردار هڪ ابتدائي اشتهار جي آخر ۾ مختصر نمائش طور ظاهر ٿيو)۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي اشتهاري ايجنسين کي [[بي بي ڊي او]] کان [[ورڪنگ مدر ميڊيا]] ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو۔ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ورڪنگ مدر طرفان تيار ڪيل نوان اشتهار جاري ڪيا ته جيئن Inspiron ۽ XPS لائينن جي حمايت ڪري سگهجي۔ انهن اشتهارن ۾ [[دي فليمنگ لپس]] ۽ [[ڊيوو]] جو موسيقي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي خاص طور تي اشتهار "Work it Out" لاءِ گيت رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيهر گڏ ٿيا۔ ساڳئي 2007ع ۾، ڊيل "Yours is here" نعرو استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد اهو ظاهر ڪرڻ هو ته ڪمپيوٽر گراهڪن جي ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنا وڃن ٿا۔<ref name="engadget">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/11/21/dell-launches-star-studded-yours-is-here-ad-campaign/|title=Dell launches star-studded "Yours Is Here" ad campaign|work=[[Engadget]]|date=November 21, 2007 |access-date=July 14, 2010}}</ref> 2011ع ۾، ڊيل آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي آسٽن ڪنويشن سينٽر ۾ "ڊيل ورلڊ" نالي سالياني ڪانفرنس منعقد ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ هن تقريب ۾ ڊيل ۽ ان جي ڀائيوارن پاران مهيا ڪيل نيون ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ خدمتون پيش ڪيون ويون۔<ref>{{cite web|title=Dell World 2011 |publisher=Dell |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url=http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124094728/http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |archive-date=November 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/blog/techflash/2014/09/dell-world-speaker-schedule-without-star-keynote.html|title=Dell World speaker schedule without star keynote; panel to open show |website=bizjournals.com|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> جڏهن 2016ع ۾ ڊيل ۽ اِي.ايم.سي. ضم ٿيا، ته انهن جون سالياني ڪانفرنسون گڏ ڪري "ڊيل اِي.ايم.سي. ورلڊ" بڻايون ويون، جيڪي لاس ويگاس، نيواڊا ۾ منعقد ٿينديون هيون۔ 2018ع ۾ ان جو نالو "ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز ورلڊ" رکيو ويو۔<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kranz |first=Gary |date=25 April 2018 |title=Dell EMC storage strategy talk buzzes Dell Tech World |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/news/252439896/Dell-EMC-storage-strategy-talk-buzzes-Dell-Tech-World |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=[[TechTarget]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarraf |first=Samira |date=20 June 2019 |title=Branding shift sees EMC take back seat to Dell Technologies |url=https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/1256478/branding-shift-sees-emc-take-back-seat-to-dell-technologies.html |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=ARN}}</ref> ====ڊيل پارٽنر پروگرام==== 2007ع جي آخر ۾، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجو پروگرام [[ويليو-ايڊڊ ريسيلر]]ز (VARs) تائين وڌائڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، ۽ ان کي سرڪاري نالو "ڊيل پارٽنر ڊائريڪٽ" ۽ هڪ نئين ويب سائيٽ ڏني وئي۔<ref>{{cite web | title = Partner Direct | publisher=Dell | access-date =June 13, 2011 | url = http://partner.Dell.com/}}</ref> 2013ع ۾، ڊيل انڊيا پنهنجي ڊيل پارٽنر جي اين جي اليڪٽرانڪس پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ سان گڏ هڪ اي-ڪامرس ويب سائيٽ شروع ڪئي<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903202220/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 3, 2013 | work=The Times of India | title=Dell enables online purchases through DESA platform | date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> جنهن کي Dell Express Ship Affiliate (DESA) سڏيو ويو۔<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/dell-launches-online-estore-dell-express-ship-affiliate/article4777976.ece "Dell launches online e-store Dell Express Ship Affiliate"]. ''The Hindu''. June 3, 2013</ref> ان جو بنيادي مقصد ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ هو۔ اهي گراهڪ جيڪي ڊيل انڊيا جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ تي وڃي آن لائن خريداري جو اختيار چونڊيندا هئا، انهن کي ڊيل جي منسلڪ ويب سائيٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====ليپ ٽاپ سيڪيورٽي جي مارڪيٽنگ بابت تنقيد==== 2008ع ۾، ڊيل کي پنهنجي دعويٰ بابت پريس ڪوريج ملي ته ان وٽ دنيا جا سڀ کان محفوظ ليپ ٽاپ آهن، خاص طور تي ليٽيٽيوڊ D630 ۽ ليٽيٽيوڊ D830۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |title=Dell Scolded for Laptop Ads |publisher=Vnunet.com |author=Nichols, Shaun |date=June 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023034729/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |archive-date=October 23, 2008}}</ref> لينوو جي درخواست تي، (آمريڪي) نيشنل ايڊورٽائزنگ ڊويزن (NAD) ان دعويٰ جو جائزو ورتو ۽ رپورٽ ڏني ته ڊيل وٽ ان جي حمايت لاءِ ڪافي ثبوت موجود نه هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/20080623/dont-worry-Dell-your-laptops-are-still-the-worlds-ugliest/ |title=Dell's Claim as World's Most Secure Commercial Laptops? |publisher=Digitaldaily.allthingsd.com |date=June 23, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ===پرچون=== ڊيل پهريون ڀيرو پنهنجا پرچون اسٽور ڀارت ۾ کوليا۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====آمريڪا==== 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل پنهنجون مصنوعات [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، [[ڪوسٽڪو]] ۽ [[سامز ڪلب]] جي اسٽورن ذريعي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ڪندو هو۔ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ اهو طريقو ختم ڪيو، گهٽ منافعي جا مارجن سبب بيان ڪندي، ۽ ايندڙ ڏهاڪي تائين صرف سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل ذريعي ورڇ جاري رکي۔ 2003ع ۾، ڊيل مختصر عرصي لاءِ [[سيئرز]] اسٽورن ۾ مصنوعات وڪرو ڪيون۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ٻيهر آمريڪا جي وڏن پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙن ڏانهن پنهنجون مصنوعات موڪلڻ شروع ڪيون، شروعات [[سامز ڪلب]] ۽ [[وال مارٽ]] سان ڪئي وئي۔ [[اسٽيپلز اِنڪ]]، جيڪو آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو آفيس سپلاءِ پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، ۽ [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، جيڪو سڀ کان وڏو اليڪٽرانڪس پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، پڻ ساڳئي سال ڊيل جا پرچون ڀائيوار بڻيا۔ =====ڪيئوسڪ===== 2002ع کان شروع ٿيندي، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ [[ڪيئوسڪ]] جڳهيون کوليون ته جيئن گراهڪ ڪمپني کان سڌي خريداري کان اڳ مصنوعات جو جائزو وٺي سگهن۔ 2005ع کان، ڊيل ڪيئوسڪ جڳهن کي وڌائي آسٽريليا، ڪينيڊا، سنگاپور ۽ هانگ ڪانگ جي شاپنگ مالن تائين پهچايو۔ 30 جنوري 2008ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو ته اها آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجا سڀئي 140 ڪيوسڪ بند ڪندي، ڇو ته اها پرچون اسٽورن ۾ واڌ ڪري رهي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |title=Dell Focuses on Direct and Retail Business, Closes Kiosks in U.S |publisher=Content.dell.com |date=January 30, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113024054/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |archive-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> 3 جون 2010ع تائين، ڊيل آسٽريليا ۾ به پنهنجا سڀئي مال ڪيئوسڪ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2010/04/dell-closing-down-their-retail-kiosks-across-the-country/|title=Dell Closing Down Their Retail Kiosks Across The Country |publisher=gizmodo.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2011}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 9jj96uelk85yonkj1ell2sdw56r47t4 377735 377734 2026-05-16T01:44:43Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* ڪيئوسڪ */ 377735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==مصنوعات== ===دائرو ۽ برانڊ=== [[File:Dell wiki.JPG|thumb|2007ع کان 2011ع تائين ڊيل جو نعرو "Yours is Here"، جيئن [[ايس ايم مال آف ايشيا|مال آف ايشيا]] واري شاخ، [[پاسي]]، فلپائن ۾ ڏٺو ويو]] <!-- تبصرو ٿيل: [[File:Adamo by Dell Spring 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|ڊيل جي 2009ع واري مارڪيٽنگ مهم ۾ ان جي [[ذيلي نوٽ بڪ]] برانڊ [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] کي نمايان ڪيو ويو۔]] --> هي ڪارپوريشن مختلف [[مارڪيٽ ڀاڱو|مارڪيٽ ڀاڱن]] لاءِ مخصوص برانڊ نالا مارڪيٽ ڪري ٿي۔ ان جي ڪاروباري/ڪارپوريٽ درجي ۾ شامل آهن: * [[ڊيل اين سيريز|اين سيريز]] (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي [[لينڪس]] يا [[فري ڊاس]] سان موڪليا وڃن ٿا) * [[ڊيل پريسيجن|پريسيجن]] ([[ڪمپيوٽر ورڪ اسٽيشن|ورڪ اسٽيشن]] نظام ۽ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا "موبائل ورڪ اسٽيشن" نوٽ بڪ)،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |title=Dell Precision Open-Source Workstations with Linux |publisher=Dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810163355/http://www.dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ڊيل پاور ايج|پاور ايج]] (ڪاروباري سرور) * [[ڊيل پاور والٽ|پاور والٽ]] (سڌيءَ طرح ڳنڍيل ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل اسٽوريج]]) * [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] سيريز ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪنگ سوئچز]] ۽ [[گيٽ وي (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن)|گيٽ ويز]]) * [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] (ادارتي درجي جا [[iSCSI]] [[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ|SANs]]) ڊيل جي گهريلو آفيس/صارف درجي ۾ شامل آهن: <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو|اسٽوڊيو]] (عام استعمال جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر) --> * [[ڊيل ايڪس پي ايس|ايڪس پي ايس]] (اعليٰ درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر) <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس|اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس]] (ايڪس پي ايس نظامن جي اعليٰ ڊيزائن تي ڌيان ۽ انتهائي ملٽي ميڊيا صلاحيت) --> * [[ايلين ويئر]] (اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ نظام) <!-- * [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] (اعليٰ درجي جو پرتعیش ليپ ٽاپ) --> ڊيل جي پيريفيرل درجي ۾ [[ڪي ڊرائيو|يو ايس بي ڪي ڊرائيوز]]، [[ايل سي ڊي ٽيليويزن]] ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن؛ ڊيل مانيٽرن ۾ [[ايل سي ڊي|ايل سي ڊي ٽي ويز]]، [[پلازما ڊسپلي|پلازما ٽي ويز]] ۽ [[وڊيو پروجيڪٽر|پروجيڪٽر]] شامل آهن، جيڪي [[هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن|ايڇ ڊي ٽي وي]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر ڊسپلي|مانيٽرن]] لاءِ آهن۔ ڊيل الٽرا شارپ وڌيڪ اعليٰ درجي جي مانيٽرن جو برانڊ آهي۔ ڊيل جون خدمتون ۽ سپورٽ برانڊ شامل آهن: ''ڊيل سلوشن اسٽيشن'' (گهر اندر وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون، اڳ ۾ "ڊيل آن ڪال")، ''[[ڊيل سپورٽ سينٽر]]'' (پرڏيهي وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون)، ''ڊيل بزنس سپورٽ'' (هڪ تجارتي سروس معاهدو جيڪو عام قطارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ڪال ووليوم سان صنعت-تصديق ٿيل ٽيڪنيشن فراهم ڪري ٿو)، ''ڊيل ايور ڊريم ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ'' ("[[سافٽويئر ايز اي سروس]]" [[ريموٽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ]]، اصل ۾ هڪ SaaS ڪمپني جيڪا [[ايلان مسڪ]] جي سوٽ [[لنڊن رائيو]] قائم ڪئي هئي، جنهن کي ڊيل 2007ع ۾ خريد ڪيو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/2010/12/family-joins-colleagues-for-teslas-musk.html|title=Lyndon Rive, Elon Musk: Cousins, partners|date=December 28, 2010|work=Silicon Valley Business Journal}}</ref>)، ۽ ''يور ٽيڪ ٽيم'' (گهر جي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ سپورٽ قطار، جن پنهنجا نظام يا ته ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ يا ڊيل فون سينٽرن ذريعي خريد ڪيا هجن)۔ بند ڪيل مصنوعات ۽ برانڊن ۾ شامل آهن [[ڊيل ايڪسم|ايڪسم]] ([[ذاتي ڊجيٽل معاون|پي ڊي اَي]]؛ 9 اپريل 2007ع تي بند ڪيو ويو)،<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061330/http://direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/04/11/11397.aspx Goodbye, Axim]. Direct2Dell.com. April 11, 2007</ref> [[ڊيل ڊائمنشن|ڊائمنشن]] (گهريلو ۽ ننڍي آفيس جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر؛ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل ڊجيٽل جوڪ باڪس]] (MP3 پليئر؛ آگسٽ 2006ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل جي سيريز|جي سيريز]] (اعليٰ/وچولي ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ)،<ref>{{cite web | title=Dell overhauls brand portfolio and adds NPU-equipped portables and desktops | date=January 6, 2025 | url=https://siliconangle.com/2025/01/06/dell-overhauls-brand-portfolio-adds-npu-equipped-portables-desktops/ }}</ref> [[ڊيل انسپائرون|انسپائرون]] (وچولي درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polanco |first=Tony |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell XPS is dead — Dell just rebranded its entire PC lineup |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/dell-xps-is-dead-dell-just-rebranded-its-entire-pc-lineup |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Tom's Guide}}</ref><ref name=mashabledellname>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/ces-2025-dell-ai-pc-rebrand-pro-max|title=Dell is refreshing and rebranding all of its PCs: What all the new names mean|first=Haley|last=Henschel|date=January 6, 2025|website=Mashable|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> ڊيل پاور ايپ (ايپليڪيشن تي ٻڌل سرور)، ڊيل آپٽي پليڪس (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ٽاور ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي اڳ سرور ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ نظام هلائڻ لاءِ سپورٽ ڪيا ويندا هئا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Luke |date=2025-01-06 |title=30 years later, XPS is dead. Here's why Dell is killing its flagship brand |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/xps-is-dead-why-dell-is-killing-it/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Digital Trends |language=en-us}}</ref>، ڊيل يونڪس (هڪ [[يونڪس سسٽم پنج|SVR4]] تي ٻڌل يونڪس آپريٽنگ نظام جيڪو ڊيل برانڊڊ PCs ۽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن لاءِ هو؛ 1993ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو)، [[ڊيل وينيو|وينيو]] (اينڊرائيڊ / ونڊوز ٽيبليٽس)،<ref>[http://www.androidcentral.com/dell-shuts-down-its-android-venue-tablet-line-ends-support-current-products Dell discontinues Android-based Venue tablet line; ends OS upgrades for current products | Android Central] </ref> ۽ ڊيل موبائل ڪنيڪٽ (ونڊوز موبائل ايپليڪيشن؛ 31 جولاءِ 2022ع تي بند ڪيو ويو) [[ڊيل ووسترو|ووسترو]] (آفيس/ننڍي ڪاروبار جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ [[ليپ ٽاپ|نوٽ بڪ]] نظام؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2022-07-25 |title=Dell is getting out of the phone syncing game |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/25/23278047/dell-mobile-connect-discontinued-2023 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ|ليٽيٽيوڊ]] (ڪاروباري مقصدن لاءِ نوٽ بڪ؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chester |first=Edward |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell ditches Inspiron, Latitude, and XPS, in sensible yet confusing rebrand |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/dell/rebrand-pro-max |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=PCGamesN}}</ref> [[فورس10]] ۽ [[ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ|پاور ڪنيڪٽ]] ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ]]؛ 2013ع ۾ [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] برانڊ تحت گڏ ڪيا ويا)، [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ڊيل ڪمپيلنٽ]] ([[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ]]؛ 2010ع واري خريداري کان پوءِ برانڊ آهستي آهستي ختم ڪيو ويو)۔ ==سيڪيورٽي== ===پاڻ-دستخط ٿيل روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ اهو ظاهر ٿيو ته ڪيترائي ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر هڪجهڙي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل [[روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ]] سان موڪليا ويا هئا، جيڪو "eDellRoot" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned>{{cite web|title=Dell does a Superfish, ships PCs with easily cloneable root certificates|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-does-superfish-ships-pcs-with-self-signed-root-certificates/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 23, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> هن اهڙا سيڪيورٽي خطرا پيدا ڪيا، جيئن حمله آور [[ايڇ ٽي ٽي پي ايس]] سان محفوظ ڪيل ويب سائيٽن، جهڙوڪ [[گوگل]] ۽ [[بينڪ آف آمريڪا]]، جي نقل ڪري سگهن، ۽ ميلويئر کي ان سرٽيفڪيٽ سان دستخط ڪري مائڪروسوفٽ جي سافٽويئر فلٽرنگ کان بچائي سگهجي۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned /> ڊيل معافي ورتي ۽ ان کي هٽائڻ لاءِ هڪ اوزار پيش ڪيو۔<ref name=ars-removal>{{cite web|title=Dell apologizes for HTTPS certificate fiasco, provides removal tool|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-apologizes-for-https-certificate-fiasco-provides-removal-tool/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 24, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ ئي، هڪ محقق دريافت ڪيو ته اهي گراهڪ جن وٽ تشخيصي پروگرام ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز موجود هو، انهن کي پروگرام طرفان ڏنل منفرد سروس ٽيگ نمبر جي ذريعي ڊجيٽل طور ٽريڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو۔<ref name=ars-dfs>{{cite web|title=PCs running Dell support app can be uniquely ID'd by snoops and scammers|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/pcs-running-dell-support-app-can-be-uniquely-idd-by-snoops-and-scammers/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> اهو ان صورت ۾ به ممڪن هو جڏهن گراهڪ [[خانگي برائوزنگ]] کي فعال ڪري ۽ پنهنجا [[برائوزر ڪوڪيز]] حذف ڪري ڇڏي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ''[[آرس ٽيڪنيڪا]]'' سفارش ڪئي ته ڊيل جا گراهڪ اهو پروگرام اَن انسٽال ڪن، جيستائين مسئلو حل نه ڪيو وڃي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ==تجارتي پهلو== ===مارڪيٽنگ=== ڊيل جا اشتهار ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي ميڊيا ۾ ظاهر ٿيا آهن، جن ۾ ٽيليويزن، انٽرنيٽ، رسالا، [[ميل-آرڊر ڪيٽلاگ|ڪيٽلاگ]] ۽ اخبارون شامل آهن۔ ڊيل اِنڪ جون ڪجهه مارڪيٽنگ حڪمت عمليون سڄي سال دوران قيمتون گهٽ رکڻ، مفت بونس مصنوعات (جهڙوڪ ڊيل پرنٽر) ۽ مفت ترسيل مهيا ڪرڻ آهن ته جيئن وڌيڪ وڪرو وڌي ۽ مقابلي ڪندڙن کي روڪي سگهجي۔ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل پنهنجي 19.2٪ مارڪيٽ شيئر کي برقرار رکڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ قيمتون گهٽايون۔ ان سان منافعي جا مارجن اڌ کان به گهٽ ٿي ويا، يعني 8.7٪ کان 4.3٪ تائين۔ پنهنجي گهٽ قيمتن کي برقرار رکڻ لاءِ، ڊيل پنهنجي مصنوعات جون گهڻيون خريداريون اڃا تائين انٽرنيٽ ۽ ٽيليفون نيٽ ورڪ ذريعي قبول ڪري ٿي، ۽ پنهنجي گراهڪ-نگهداشت واري شعبي کي ڀارت ۽ [[ايل سلواڊور]] منتقل ڪندي رهي ٿي۔<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090105132801/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2007/2007_03_20_ndi_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Michael Dell Sees India Playing a Key Role in the Online World]. Dell, New Delhi, India, March 20, 2007.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪا جي هڪ مشهور ٽيليويزن ۽ پرنٽ اشتهاري مهم ۾ اداڪار [[بين ڪرٽس (اداڪار)|بين ڪرٽس]] "اسٽيون" جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هلڪي شرارتي سنهري وارين نوجوان جي صورت ۾ مايوس ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙن جي مدد ڪندو هو۔ هر ٽيليويزن اشتهار عام طور اسٽيون جي مشهور جملي تي ختم ٿيندو هو: "Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!"<ref name=SlateDell>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Rob|title=The Mystery of the Dell Dude|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/ad_report_card/2002/06/the_mystery_of_the_dell_dude.html |website=Slate |date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> ان کان پوءِ واري اشتهاري مهم ۾ ڊيل هيڊڪوارٽرز ۾ [[انٽرن]] ڏيکاريا ويا (جنهن ۾ ڪرٽس جو ڪردار هڪ ابتدائي اشتهار جي آخر ۾ مختصر نمائش طور ظاهر ٿيو)۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي اشتهاري ايجنسين کي [[بي بي ڊي او]] کان [[ورڪنگ مدر ميڊيا]] ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو۔ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ورڪنگ مدر طرفان تيار ڪيل نوان اشتهار جاري ڪيا ته جيئن Inspiron ۽ XPS لائينن جي حمايت ڪري سگهجي۔ انهن اشتهارن ۾ [[دي فليمنگ لپس]] ۽ [[ڊيوو]] جو موسيقي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي خاص طور تي اشتهار "Work it Out" لاءِ گيت رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيهر گڏ ٿيا۔ ساڳئي 2007ع ۾، ڊيل "Yours is here" نعرو استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد اهو ظاهر ڪرڻ هو ته ڪمپيوٽر گراهڪن جي ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنا وڃن ٿا۔<ref name="engadget">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/11/21/dell-launches-star-studded-yours-is-here-ad-campaign/|title=Dell launches star-studded "Yours Is Here" ad campaign|work=[[Engadget]]|date=November 21, 2007 |access-date=July 14, 2010}}</ref> 2011ع ۾، ڊيل آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي آسٽن ڪنويشن سينٽر ۾ "ڊيل ورلڊ" نالي سالياني ڪانفرنس منعقد ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ هن تقريب ۾ ڊيل ۽ ان جي ڀائيوارن پاران مهيا ڪيل نيون ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ خدمتون پيش ڪيون ويون۔<ref>{{cite web|title=Dell World 2011 |publisher=Dell |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url=http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124094728/http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |archive-date=November 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/blog/techflash/2014/09/dell-world-speaker-schedule-without-star-keynote.html|title=Dell World speaker schedule without star keynote; panel to open show |website=bizjournals.com|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> جڏهن 2016ع ۾ ڊيل ۽ اِي.ايم.سي. ضم ٿيا، ته انهن جون سالياني ڪانفرنسون گڏ ڪري "ڊيل اِي.ايم.سي. ورلڊ" بڻايون ويون، جيڪي لاس ويگاس، نيواڊا ۾ منعقد ٿينديون هيون۔ 2018ع ۾ ان جو نالو "ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز ورلڊ" رکيو ويو۔<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kranz |first=Gary |date=25 April 2018 |title=Dell EMC storage strategy talk buzzes Dell Tech World |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/news/252439896/Dell-EMC-storage-strategy-talk-buzzes-Dell-Tech-World |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=[[TechTarget]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarraf |first=Samira |date=20 June 2019 |title=Branding shift sees EMC take back seat to Dell Technologies |url=https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/1256478/branding-shift-sees-emc-take-back-seat-to-dell-technologies.html |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=ARN}}</ref> ====ڊيل پارٽنر پروگرام==== 2007ع جي آخر ۾، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجو پروگرام [[ويليو-ايڊڊ ريسيلر]]ز (VARs) تائين وڌائڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، ۽ ان کي سرڪاري نالو "ڊيل پارٽنر ڊائريڪٽ" ۽ هڪ نئين ويب سائيٽ ڏني وئي۔<ref>{{cite web | title = Partner Direct | publisher=Dell | access-date =June 13, 2011 | url = http://partner.Dell.com/}}</ref> 2013ع ۾، ڊيل انڊيا پنهنجي ڊيل پارٽنر جي اين جي اليڪٽرانڪس پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ سان گڏ هڪ اي-ڪامرس ويب سائيٽ شروع ڪئي<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903202220/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 3, 2013 | work=The Times of India | title=Dell enables online purchases through DESA platform | date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> جنهن کي Dell Express Ship Affiliate (DESA) سڏيو ويو۔<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/dell-launches-online-estore-dell-express-ship-affiliate/article4777976.ece "Dell launches online e-store Dell Express Ship Affiliate"]. ''The Hindu''. June 3, 2013</ref> ان جو بنيادي مقصد ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ هو۔ اهي گراهڪ جيڪي ڊيل انڊيا جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ تي وڃي آن لائن خريداري جو اختيار چونڊيندا هئا، انهن کي ڊيل جي منسلڪ ويب سائيٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====ليپ ٽاپ سيڪيورٽي جي مارڪيٽنگ بابت تنقيد==== 2008ع ۾، ڊيل کي پنهنجي دعويٰ بابت پريس ڪوريج ملي ته ان وٽ دنيا جا سڀ کان محفوظ ليپ ٽاپ آهن، خاص طور تي ليٽيٽيوڊ D630 ۽ ليٽيٽيوڊ D830۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |title=Dell Scolded for Laptop Ads |publisher=Vnunet.com |author=Nichols, Shaun |date=June 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023034729/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |archive-date=October 23, 2008}}</ref> لينوو جي درخواست تي، (آمريڪي) نيشنل ايڊورٽائزنگ ڊويزن (NAD) ان دعويٰ جو جائزو ورتو ۽ رپورٽ ڏني ته ڊيل وٽ ان جي حمايت لاءِ ڪافي ثبوت موجود نه هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/20080623/dont-worry-Dell-your-laptops-are-still-the-worlds-ugliest/ |title=Dell's Claim as World's Most Secure Commercial Laptops? |publisher=Digitaldaily.allthingsd.com |date=June 23, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ===پرچون=== ڊيل پهريون ڀيرو پنهنجا پرچون اسٽور ڀارت ۾ کوليا۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====آمريڪا==== 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل پنهنجون مصنوعات [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، [[ڪوسٽڪو]] ۽ [[سامز ڪلب]] جي اسٽورن ذريعي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ڪندو هو۔ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ اهو طريقو ختم ڪيو، گهٽ منافعي جا مارجن سبب بيان ڪندي، ۽ ايندڙ ڏهاڪي تائين صرف سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل ذريعي ورڇ جاري رکي۔ 2003ع ۾، ڊيل مختصر عرصي لاءِ [[سيئرز]] اسٽورن ۾ مصنوعات وڪرو ڪيون۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ٻيهر آمريڪا جي وڏن پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙن ڏانهن پنهنجون مصنوعات موڪلڻ شروع ڪيون، شروعات [[سامز ڪلب]] ۽ [[وال مارٽ]] سان ڪئي وئي۔ [[اسٽيپلز اِنڪ]]، جيڪو آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو آفيس سپلاءِ پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، ۽ [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، جيڪو سڀ کان وڏو اليڪٽرانڪس پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، پڻ ساڳئي سال ڊيل جا پرچون ڀائيوار بڻيا۔ =====ڪيئوسڪ===== 2002ع کان شروع ٿيندي، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ [[ڪيئوسڪ]] جڳهيون کوليون ته جيئن گراهڪ ڪمپني کان سڌي خريداري کان اڳ مصنوعات جو جائزو وٺي سگهن۔ 2005ع کان، ڊيل ڪيئوسڪ جڳهن کي وڌائي آسٽريليا، ڪينيڊا، سنگاپور ۽ هانگ ڪانگ جي شاپنگ مالن تائين پهچايو۔ 30 جنوري 2008ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو ته اها آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجا سڀئي 140 ڪيوسڪ بند ڪندي، ڇو ته اها پرچون اسٽورن ۾ واڌ ڪري رهي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |title=Dell Focuses on Direct and Retail Business, Closes Kiosks in U.S |publisher=Content.dell.com |date=January 30, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113024054/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |archive-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> 3 جون 2010ع تائين، ڊيل آسٽريليا ۾ به پنهنجا سڀئي مال ڪيئوسڪ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2010/04/dell-closing-down-their-retail-kiosks-across-the-country/|title=Dell Closing Down Their Retail Kiosks Across The Country |publisher=gizmodo.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2011}}</ref> ===مقابلو=== ڊيل جا وڏا مقابلي ڪندڙ [[لينووو]]، [[هيولٽ-پيڪارڊ]] (HP)، [[هاسي]]، [[ايسر]]، [[فوجيٽسو]]، [[توشيبا]]، [[گيٽ وي]]، [[سوني]]، [[ايسس]]، [[مائڪرو-اسٽار انٽرنيشنل|MSI]]، [[پيناسونڪ]]، [[سامسنگ]] ۽ [[ايپل]] شامل آهن۔ ڊيل ۽ ان جي ماتحت ڪمپني Alienware، شوقين مارڪيٽ ۾ AVADirect، [[فالڪن نارٿ ويسٽ]]، [[ووڊو پي سي]] (HP جي ماتحت ڪمپني)، ۽ ٻين ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو ڪن ٿا۔ 2006ع جي ٻئين ٽه ماهي دوران، ڊيل وٽ عالمي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جو 18٪ کان 19٪ حصو هو، جڏهن ته HP وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 15٪ حصو هو۔ 2006ع جي آخر تائين، ڊيل PC ڪاروبار ۾ پنهنجي اڳواڻي هيولٽ-پيڪارڊ کي وڃائي ويٺو۔ [[گارٽنر]] ۽ [[انٽرنيشنل ڊيٽا ڪارپوريشن|IDC]] ٻنهي اندازو لڳايو ته 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي دوران HP دنيا ڀر ۾ ڊيل کان وڌيڪ يونٽ موڪليا۔<ref>Kirdahy, Matthew (October 19, 2006) [https://www.forbes.com/2006/10/19/dell-computer-earnings-markets-equity-cx_mk_1019markets07.html]. Forbes.</ref> ڊيل جي 3.6٪ واڌ، ساڳئي عرصي دوران HP جي 15٪ واڌ جي مقابلي ۾ تمام گهٽ هئي۔ مسئلو چوٿين ٽه ماهي ۾ وڌيڪ خراب ٿيو، جڏهن گارٽنر اندازو لڳايو<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070117006106&newsLang=en |title=Gartner Says Hewlett-Packard Takes Clear Lead in Fourth Quarter Worldwide PC Shipments and Creates a Virtual Tie with Dell for 2006 Year-End Results |publisher=Business Wire |date=January 17, 2007 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721195555/http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070117006106&newsLang=en |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ته ڊيل جي PC موڪلن ۾ 8.9٪ گهٽتائي آئي (جڏهن ته HP جي واڌ 23.9٪ هئي)۔ نتيجي طور، 2006ع جي آخر تائين ڊيل جو مجموعي PC مارڪيٽ شيئر 13.9٪ رهيو (جڏهن ته HP جو 17.4٪ هو)۔ IDC رپورٽ ڪيو ته ڊيل ان شعبي ۾ مٿين چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ سرور مارڪيٽ شيئر وڃايو۔ IDC جي Q4 2006 اندازن موجب، سرور مارڪيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو حصو 8.1٪ هو، جيڪو گذريل سال جي 9.5٪ مان گهٽجي ويو۔ هي سالياني بنياد تي 8.8٪ گهٽتائي ظاهر ڪري ٿو، بنيادي طور EMC ۽ IBM جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن جي فائدي ۾۔ 2025ع تائين، ڊيل لينووو ۽ HP Inc. کان پوءِ دنيا جو ٽيون وڏو PC ٺاهيندڙ آهي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2025-10-16-gartner-says-worldwide-pc-shipments-grew-8-percent-in-third-quarter-of-2025|title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Grew 8.2% in Third Quarter of 2025|website=Gartner|date=October 16, 2026|access-date=January 9, 2026}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] nunk988mm59wwpdtojzhfaxmz13ligc 377736 377735 2026-05-16T01:51:25Z Intisar Ali 8681 377736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==مصنوعات== ===دائرو ۽ برانڊ=== [[File:Dell wiki.JPG|thumb|2007ع کان 2011ع تائين ڊيل جو نعرو "Yours is Here"، جيئن [[ايس ايم مال آف ايشيا|مال آف ايشيا]] واري شاخ، [[پاسي]]، فلپائن ۾ ڏٺو ويو]] <!-- تبصرو ٿيل: [[File:Adamo by Dell Spring 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|ڊيل جي 2009ع واري مارڪيٽنگ مهم ۾ ان جي [[ذيلي نوٽ بڪ]] برانڊ [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] کي نمايان ڪيو ويو۔]] --> هي ڪارپوريشن مختلف [[مارڪيٽ ڀاڱو|مارڪيٽ ڀاڱن]] لاءِ مخصوص برانڊ نالا مارڪيٽ ڪري ٿي۔ ان جي ڪاروباري/ڪارپوريٽ درجي ۾ شامل آهن: * [[ڊيل اين سيريز|اين سيريز]] (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي [[لينڪس]] يا [[فري ڊاس]] سان موڪليا وڃن ٿا) * [[ڊيل پريسيجن|پريسيجن]] ([[ڪمپيوٽر ورڪ اسٽيشن|ورڪ اسٽيشن]] نظام ۽ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا "موبائل ورڪ اسٽيشن" نوٽ بڪ)،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |title=Dell Precision Open-Source Workstations with Linux |publisher=Dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810163355/http://www.dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ڊيل پاور ايج|پاور ايج]] (ڪاروباري سرور) * [[ڊيل پاور والٽ|پاور والٽ]] (سڌيءَ طرح ڳنڍيل ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل اسٽوريج]]) * [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] سيريز ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪنگ سوئچز]] ۽ [[گيٽ وي (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن)|گيٽ ويز]]) * [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] (ادارتي درجي جا [[iSCSI]] [[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ|SANs]]) ڊيل جي گهريلو آفيس/صارف درجي ۾ شامل آهن: <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو|اسٽوڊيو]] (عام استعمال جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر) --> * [[ڊيل ايڪس پي ايس|ايڪس پي ايس]] (اعليٰ درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر) <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس|اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس]] (ايڪس پي ايس نظامن جي اعليٰ ڊيزائن تي ڌيان ۽ انتهائي ملٽي ميڊيا صلاحيت) --> * [[ايلين ويئر]] (اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ نظام) <!-- * [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] (اعليٰ درجي جو پرتعیش ليپ ٽاپ) --> ڊيل جي پيريفيرل درجي ۾ [[ڪي ڊرائيو|يو ايس بي ڪي ڊرائيوز]]، [[ايل سي ڊي ٽيليويزن]] ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن؛ ڊيل مانيٽرن ۾ [[ايل سي ڊي|ايل سي ڊي ٽي ويز]]، [[پلازما ڊسپلي|پلازما ٽي ويز]] ۽ [[وڊيو پروجيڪٽر|پروجيڪٽر]] شامل آهن، جيڪي [[هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن|ايڇ ڊي ٽي وي]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر ڊسپلي|مانيٽرن]] لاءِ آهن۔ ڊيل الٽرا شارپ وڌيڪ اعليٰ درجي جي مانيٽرن جو برانڊ آهي۔ ڊيل جون خدمتون ۽ سپورٽ برانڊ شامل آهن: ''ڊيل سلوشن اسٽيشن'' (گهر اندر وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون، اڳ ۾ "ڊيل آن ڪال")، ''[[ڊيل سپورٽ سينٽر]]'' (پرڏيهي وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون)، ''ڊيل بزنس سپورٽ'' (هڪ تجارتي سروس معاهدو جيڪو عام قطارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ڪال ووليوم سان صنعت-تصديق ٿيل ٽيڪنيشن فراهم ڪري ٿو)، ''ڊيل ايور ڊريم ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ'' ("[[سافٽويئر ايز اي سروس]]" [[ريموٽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ]]، اصل ۾ هڪ SaaS ڪمپني جيڪا [[ايلان مسڪ]] جي سوٽ [[لنڊن رائيو]] قائم ڪئي هئي، جنهن کي ڊيل 2007ع ۾ خريد ڪيو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/2010/12/family-joins-colleagues-for-teslas-musk.html|title=Lyndon Rive, Elon Musk: Cousins, partners|date=December 28, 2010|work=Silicon Valley Business Journal}}</ref>)، ۽ ''يور ٽيڪ ٽيم'' (گهر جي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ سپورٽ قطار، جن پنهنجا نظام يا ته ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ يا ڊيل فون سينٽرن ذريعي خريد ڪيا هجن)۔ بند ڪيل مصنوعات ۽ برانڊن ۾ شامل آهن [[ڊيل ايڪسم|ايڪسم]] ([[ذاتي ڊجيٽل معاون|پي ڊي اَي]]؛ 9 اپريل 2007ع تي بند ڪيو ويو)،<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061330/http://direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/04/11/11397.aspx Goodbye, Axim]. Direct2Dell.com. April 11, 2007</ref> [[ڊيل ڊائمنشن|ڊائمنشن]] (گهريلو ۽ ننڍي آفيس جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر؛ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل ڊجيٽل جوڪ باڪس]] (MP3 پليئر؛ آگسٽ 2006ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل جي سيريز|جي سيريز]] (اعليٰ/وچولي ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ)،<ref>{{cite web | title=Dell overhauls brand portfolio and adds NPU-equipped portables and desktops | date=January 6, 2025 | url=https://siliconangle.com/2025/01/06/dell-overhauls-brand-portfolio-adds-npu-equipped-portables-desktops/ }}</ref> [[ڊيل انسپائرون|انسپائرون]] (وچولي درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polanco |first=Tony |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell XPS is dead — Dell just rebranded its entire PC lineup |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/dell-xps-is-dead-dell-just-rebranded-its-entire-pc-lineup |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Tom's Guide}}</ref><ref name=mashabledellname>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/ces-2025-dell-ai-pc-rebrand-pro-max|title=Dell is refreshing and rebranding all of its PCs: What all the new names mean|first=Haley|last=Henschel|date=January 6, 2025|website=Mashable|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> ڊيل پاور ايپ (ايپليڪيشن تي ٻڌل سرور)، ڊيل آپٽي پليڪس (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ٽاور ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي اڳ سرور ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ نظام هلائڻ لاءِ سپورٽ ڪيا ويندا هئا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Luke |date=2025-01-06 |title=30 years later, XPS is dead. Here's why Dell is killing its flagship brand |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/xps-is-dead-why-dell-is-killing-it/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Digital Trends |language=en-us}}</ref>، ڊيل يونڪس (هڪ [[يونڪس سسٽم پنج|SVR4]] تي ٻڌل يونڪس آپريٽنگ نظام جيڪو ڊيل برانڊڊ PCs ۽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن لاءِ هو؛ 1993ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو)، [[ڊيل وينيو|وينيو]] (اينڊرائيڊ / ونڊوز ٽيبليٽس)،<ref>[http://www.androidcentral.com/dell-shuts-down-its-android-venue-tablet-line-ends-support-current-products Dell discontinues Android-based Venue tablet line; ends OS upgrades for current products | Android Central] </ref> ۽ ڊيل موبائل ڪنيڪٽ (ونڊوز موبائل ايپليڪيشن؛ 31 جولاءِ 2022ع تي بند ڪيو ويو) [[ڊيل ووسترو|ووسترو]] (آفيس/ننڍي ڪاروبار جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ [[ليپ ٽاپ|نوٽ بڪ]] نظام؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2022-07-25 |title=Dell is getting out of the phone syncing game |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/25/23278047/dell-mobile-connect-discontinued-2023 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ|ليٽيٽيوڊ]] (ڪاروباري مقصدن لاءِ نوٽ بڪ؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chester |first=Edward |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell ditches Inspiron, Latitude, and XPS, in sensible yet confusing rebrand |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/dell/rebrand-pro-max |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=PCGamesN}}</ref> [[فورس10]] ۽ [[ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ|پاور ڪنيڪٽ]] ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ]]؛ 2013ع ۾ [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] برانڊ تحت گڏ ڪيا ويا)، [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ڊيل ڪمپيلنٽ]] ([[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ]]؛ 2010ع واري خريداري کان پوءِ برانڊ آهستي آهستي ختم ڪيو ويو)۔ ==سيڪيورٽي== ===پاڻ-دستخط ٿيل روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ اهو ظاهر ٿيو ته ڪيترائي ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر هڪجهڙي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل [[روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ]] سان موڪليا ويا هئا، جيڪو "eDellRoot" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned>{{cite web|title=Dell does a Superfish, ships PCs with easily cloneable root certificates|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-does-superfish-ships-pcs-with-self-signed-root-certificates/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 23, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> هن اهڙا سيڪيورٽي خطرا پيدا ڪيا، جيئن حمله آور [[ايڇ ٽي ٽي پي ايس]] سان محفوظ ڪيل ويب سائيٽن، جهڙوڪ [[گوگل]] ۽ [[بينڪ آف آمريڪا]]، جي نقل ڪري سگهن، ۽ ميلويئر کي ان سرٽيفڪيٽ سان دستخط ڪري مائڪروسوفٽ جي سافٽويئر فلٽرنگ کان بچائي سگهجي۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned /> ڊيل معافي ورتي ۽ ان کي هٽائڻ لاءِ هڪ اوزار پيش ڪيو۔<ref name=ars-removal>{{cite web|title=Dell apologizes for HTTPS certificate fiasco, provides removal tool|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-apologizes-for-https-certificate-fiasco-provides-removal-tool/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 24, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ ئي، هڪ محقق دريافت ڪيو ته اهي گراهڪ جن وٽ تشخيصي پروگرام ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز موجود هو، انهن کي پروگرام طرفان ڏنل منفرد سروس ٽيگ نمبر جي ذريعي ڊجيٽل طور ٽريڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو۔<ref name=ars-dfs>{{cite web|title=PCs running Dell support app can be uniquely ID'd by snoops and scammers|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/pcs-running-dell-support-app-can-be-uniquely-idd-by-snoops-and-scammers/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> اهو ان صورت ۾ به ممڪن هو جڏهن گراهڪ [[خانگي برائوزنگ]] کي فعال ڪري ۽ پنهنجا [[برائوزر ڪوڪيز]] حذف ڪري ڇڏي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ''[[آرس ٽيڪنيڪا]]'' سفارش ڪئي ته ڊيل جا گراهڪ اهو پروگرام اَن انسٽال ڪن، جيستائين مسئلو حل نه ڪيو وڃي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ==تجارتي پهلو== ===مارڪيٽنگ=== ڊيل جا اشتهار ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي ميڊيا ۾ ظاهر ٿيا آهن، جن ۾ ٽيليويزن، انٽرنيٽ، رسالا، [[ميل-آرڊر ڪيٽلاگ|ڪيٽلاگ]] ۽ اخبارون شامل آهن۔ ڊيل اِنڪ جون ڪجهه مارڪيٽنگ حڪمت عمليون سڄي سال دوران قيمتون گهٽ رکڻ، مفت بونس مصنوعات (جهڙوڪ ڊيل پرنٽر) ۽ مفت ترسيل مهيا ڪرڻ آهن ته جيئن وڌيڪ وڪرو وڌي ۽ مقابلي ڪندڙن کي روڪي سگهجي۔ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل پنهنجي 19.2٪ مارڪيٽ شيئر کي برقرار رکڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ قيمتون گهٽايون۔ ان سان منافعي جا مارجن اڌ کان به گهٽ ٿي ويا، يعني 8.7٪ کان 4.3٪ تائين۔ پنهنجي گهٽ قيمتن کي برقرار رکڻ لاءِ، ڊيل پنهنجي مصنوعات جون گهڻيون خريداريون اڃا تائين انٽرنيٽ ۽ ٽيليفون نيٽ ورڪ ذريعي قبول ڪري ٿي، ۽ پنهنجي گراهڪ-نگهداشت واري شعبي کي ڀارت ۽ [[ايل سلواڊور]] منتقل ڪندي رهي ٿي۔<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090105132801/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2007/2007_03_20_ndi_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Michael Dell Sees India Playing a Key Role in the Online World]. Dell, New Delhi, India, March 20, 2007.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪا جي هڪ مشهور ٽيليويزن ۽ پرنٽ اشتهاري مهم ۾ اداڪار [[بين ڪرٽس (اداڪار)|بين ڪرٽس]] "اسٽيون" جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هلڪي شرارتي سنهري وارين نوجوان جي صورت ۾ مايوس ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙن جي مدد ڪندو هو۔ هر ٽيليويزن اشتهار عام طور اسٽيون جي مشهور جملي تي ختم ٿيندو هو: "Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!"<ref name=SlateDell>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Rob|title=The Mystery of the Dell Dude|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/ad_report_card/2002/06/the_mystery_of_the_dell_dude.html |website=Slate |date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> ان کان پوءِ واري اشتهاري مهم ۾ ڊيل هيڊڪوارٽرز ۾ [[انٽرن]] ڏيکاريا ويا (جنهن ۾ ڪرٽس جو ڪردار هڪ ابتدائي اشتهار جي آخر ۾ مختصر نمائش طور ظاهر ٿيو)۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي اشتهاري ايجنسين کي [[بي بي ڊي او]] کان [[ورڪنگ مدر ميڊيا]] ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو۔ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ورڪنگ مدر طرفان تيار ڪيل نوان اشتهار جاري ڪيا ته جيئن Inspiron ۽ XPS لائينن جي حمايت ڪري سگهجي۔ انهن اشتهارن ۾ [[دي فليمنگ لپس]] ۽ [[ڊيوو]] جو موسيقي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي خاص طور تي اشتهار "Work it Out" لاءِ گيت رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيهر گڏ ٿيا۔ ساڳئي 2007ع ۾، ڊيل "Yours is here" نعرو استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد اهو ظاهر ڪرڻ هو ته ڪمپيوٽر گراهڪن جي ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنا وڃن ٿا۔<ref name="engadget">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/11/21/dell-launches-star-studded-yours-is-here-ad-campaign/|title=Dell launches star-studded "Yours Is Here" ad campaign|work=[[Engadget]]|date=November 21, 2007 |access-date=July 14, 2010}}</ref> 2011ع ۾، ڊيل آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي آسٽن ڪنويشن سينٽر ۾ "ڊيل ورلڊ" نالي سالياني ڪانفرنس منعقد ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ هن تقريب ۾ ڊيل ۽ ان جي ڀائيوارن پاران مهيا ڪيل نيون ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ خدمتون پيش ڪيون ويون۔<ref>{{cite web|title=Dell World 2011 |publisher=Dell |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url=http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124094728/http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |archive-date=November 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/blog/techflash/2014/09/dell-world-speaker-schedule-without-star-keynote.html|title=Dell World speaker schedule without star keynote; panel to open show |website=bizjournals.com|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> جڏهن 2016ع ۾ ڊيل ۽ اِي.ايم.سي. ضم ٿيا، ته انهن جون سالياني ڪانفرنسون گڏ ڪري "ڊيل اِي.ايم.سي. ورلڊ" بڻايون ويون، جيڪي لاس ويگاس، نيواڊا ۾ منعقد ٿينديون هيون۔ 2018ع ۾ ان جو نالو "ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز ورلڊ" رکيو ويو۔<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kranz |first=Gary |date=25 April 2018 |title=Dell EMC storage strategy talk buzzes Dell Tech World |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/news/252439896/Dell-EMC-storage-strategy-talk-buzzes-Dell-Tech-World |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=[[TechTarget]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarraf |first=Samira |date=20 June 2019 |title=Branding shift sees EMC take back seat to Dell Technologies |url=https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/1256478/branding-shift-sees-emc-take-back-seat-to-dell-technologies.html |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=ARN}}</ref> ====ڊيل پارٽنر پروگرام==== 2007ع جي آخر ۾، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجو پروگرام [[ويليو-ايڊڊ ريسيلر]]ز (VARs) تائين وڌائڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، ۽ ان کي سرڪاري نالو "ڊيل پارٽنر ڊائريڪٽ" ۽ هڪ نئين ويب سائيٽ ڏني وئي۔<ref>{{cite web | title = Partner Direct | publisher=Dell | access-date =June 13, 2011 | url = http://partner.Dell.com/}}</ref> 2013ع ۾، ڊيل انڊيا پنهنجي ڊيل پارٽنر جي اين جي اليڪٽرانڪس پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ سان گڏ هڪ اي-ڪامرس ويب سائيٽ شروع ڪئي<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903202220/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 3, 2013 | work=The Times of India | title=Dell enables online purchases through DESA platform | date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> جنهن کي Dell Express Ship Affiliate (DESA) سڏيو ويو۔<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/dell-launches-online-estore-dell-express-ship-affiliate/article4777976.ece "Dell launches online e-store Dell Express Ship Affiliate"]. ''The Hindu''. June 3, 2013</ref> ان جو بنيادي مقصد ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ هو۔ اهي گراهڪ جيڪي ڊيل انڊيا جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ تي وڃي آن لائن خريداري جو اختيار چونڊيندا هئا، انهن کي ڊيل جي منسلڪ ويب سائيٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====ليپ ٽاپ سيڪيورٽي جي مارڪيٽنگ بابت تنقيد==== 2008ع ۾، ڊيل کي پنهنجي دعويٰ بابت پريس ڪوريج ملي ته ان وٽ دنيا جا سڀ کان محفوظ ليپ ٽاپ آهن، خاص طور تي ليٽيٽيوڊ D630 ۽ ليٽيٽيوڊ D830۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |title=Dell Scolded for Laptop Ads |publisher=Vnunet.com |author=Nichols, Shaun |date=June 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023034729/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |archive-date=October 23, 2008}}</ref> لينوو جي درخواست تي، (آمريڪي) نيشنل ايڊورٽائزنگ ڊويزن (NAD) ان دعويٰ جو جائزو ورتو ۽ رپورٽ ڏني ته ڊيل وٽ ان جي حمايت لاءِ ڪافي ثبوت موجود نه هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/20080623/dont-worry-Dell-your-laptops-are-still-the-worlds-ugliest/ |title=Dell's Claim as World's Most Secure Commercial Laptops? |publisher=Digitaldaily.allthingsd.com |date=June 23, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ===پرچون=== ڊيل پهريون ڀيرو پنهنجا پرچون اسٽور ڀارت ۾ کوليا۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====آمريڪا==== 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل پنهنجون مصنوعات [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، [[ڪوسٽڪو]] ۽ [[سامز ڪلب]] جي اسٽورن ذريعي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ڪندو هو۔ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ اهو طريقو ختم ڪيو، گهٽ منافعي جا مارجن سبب بيان ڪندي، ۽ ايندڙ ڏهاڪي تائين صرف سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل ذريعي ورڇ جاري رکي۔ 2003ع ۾، ڊيل مختصر عرصي لاءِ [[سيئرز]] اسٽورن ۾ مصنوعات وڪرو ڪيون۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ٻيهر آمريڪا جي وڏن پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙن ڏانهن پنهنجون مصنوعات موڪلڻ شروع ڪيون، شروعات [[سامز ڪلب]] ۽ [[وال مارٽ]] سان ڪئي وئي۔ [[اسٽيپلز اِنڪ]]، جيڪو آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو آفيس سپلاءِ پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، ۽ [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، جيڪو سڀ کان وڏو اليڪٽرانڪس پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، پڻ ساڳئي سال ڊيل جا پرچون ڀائيوار بڻيا۔ =====ڪيئوسڪ===== 2002ع کان شروع ٿيندي، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ [[ڪيئوسڪ]] جڳهيون کوليون ته جيئن گراهڪ ڪمپني کان سڌي خريداري کان اڳ مصنوعات جو جائزو وٺي سگهن۔ 2005ع کان، ڊيل ڪيئوسڪ جڳهن کي وڌائي آسٽريليا، ڪينيڊا، سنگاپور ۽ هانگ ڪانگ جي شاپنگ مالن تائين پهچايو۔ 30 جنوري 2008ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو ته اها آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجا سڀئي 140 ڪيوسڪ بند ڪندي، ڇو ته اها پرچون اسٽورن ۾ واڌ ڪري رهي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |title=Dell Focuses on Direct and Retail Business, Closes Kiosks in U.S |publisher=Content.dell.com |date=January 30, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113024054/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |archive-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> 3 جون 2010ع تائين، ڊيل آسٽريليا ۾ به پنهنجا سڀئي مال ڪيئوسڪ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2010/04/dell-closing-down-their-retail-kiosks-across-the-country/|title=Dell Closing Down Their Retail Kiosks Across The Country |publisher=gizmodo.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2011}}</ref> ===مقابلو=== ڊيل جا وڏا مقابلي ڪندڙ [[لينووو]]، [[هيولٽ-پيڪارڊ]] (HP)، [[هاسي]]، [[ايسر]]، [[فوجيٽسو]]، [[توشيبا]]، [[گيٽ وي]]، [[سوني]]، [[ايسس]]، [[مائڪرو-اسٽار انٽرنيشنل|MSI]]، [[پيناسونڪ]]، [[سامسنگ]] ۽ [[ايپل]] شامل آهن۔ ڊيل ۽ ان جي ماتحت ڪمپني Alienware، شوقين مارڪيٽ ۾ AVADirect، [[فالڪن نارٿ ويسٽ]]، [[ووڊو پي سي]] (HP جي ماتحت ڪمپني)، ۽ ٻين ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو ڪن ٿا۔ 2006ع جي ٻئين ٽه ماهي دوران، ڊيل وٽ عالمي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جو 18٪ کان 19٪ حصو هو، جڏهن ته HP وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 15٪ حصو هو۔ 2006ع جي آخر تائين، ڊيل PC ڪاروبار ۾ پنهنجي اڳواڻي هيولٽ-پيڪارڊ کي وڃائي ويٺو۔ [[گارٽنر]] ۽ [[انٽرنيشنل ڊيٽا ڪارپوريشن|IDC]] ٻنهي اندازو لڳايو ته 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي دوران HP دنيا ڀر ۾ ڊيل کان وڌيڪ يونٽ موڪليا۔<ref>Kirdahy, Matthew (October 19, 2006) [https://www.forbes.com/2006/10/19/dell-computer-earnings-markets-equity-cx_mk_1019markets07.html]. Forbes.</ref> ڊيل جي 3.6٪ واڌ، ساڳئي عرصي دوران HP جي 15٪ واڌ جي مقابلي ۾ تمام گهٽ هئي۔ مسئلو چوٿين ٽه ماهي ۾ وڌيڪ خراب ٿيو، جڏهن گارٽنر اندازو لڳايو<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070117006106&newsLang=en |title=Gartner Says Hewlett-Packard Takes Clear Lead in Fourth Quarter Worldwide PC Shipments and Creates a Virtual Tie with Dell for 2006 Year-End Results |publisher=Business Wire |date=January 17, 2007 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721195555/http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070117006106&newsLang=en |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ته ڊيل جي PC موڪلن ۾ 8.9٪ گهٽتائي آئي (جڏهن ته HP جي واڌ 23.9٪ هئي)۔ نتيجي طور، 2006ع جي آخر تائين ڊيل جو مجموعي PC مارڪيٽ شيئر 13.9٪ رهيو (جڏهن ته HP جو 17.4٪ هو)۔ IDC رپورٽ ڪيو ته ڊيل ان شعبي ۾ مٿين چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ سرور مارڪيٽ شيئر وڃايو۔ IDC جي Q4 2006 اندازن موجب، سرور مارڪيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو حصو 8.1٪ هو، جيڪو گذريل سال جي 9.5٪ مان گهٽجي ويو۔ هي سالياني بنياد تي 8.8٪ گهٽتائي ظاهر ڪري ٿو، بنيادي طور EMC ۽ IBM جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن جي فائدي ۾۔ 2025ع تائين، ڊيل لينووو ۽ HP Inc. کان پوءِ دنيا جو ٽيون وڏو PC ٺاهيندڙ آهي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2025-10-16-gartner-says-worldwide-pc-shipments-grew-8-percent-in-third-quarter-of-2025|title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Grew 8.2% in Third Quarter of 2025|website=Gartner|date=October 16, 2026|access-date=January 9, 2026}}</ref> ==ماحولي رڪارڊ== ڊيل 2015ع تائين پنهنجي عالمي سرگرمين مان پيدا ٿيندڙ گرين هائوس گيسن جي اخراج کي 40٪ گهٽائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو، جنهن لاءِ 2008ع جي مالي سال کي بنيادي سال طور مقرر ڪيو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/corp-comm/cr-earth-emissions.aspx |title=Walking the Walk on Greenhouse Gas Reduction |publisher=Dell|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> اها [[گرين پيس]] جي '' گرينر اليڪٽرانڪس لاء گائيڊ'' ۾ شامل آهي، جيڪا وڏن اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙن کي استحڪام، [[آبهوا ۽ توانائي]] ۽ انهن جي مصنوعات جي ماحول دوست هجڻ بابت پاليسين جي بنياد تي درجا ڏئي ٿي۔ نومبر 2011ع ۾، ڊيل 15 درج ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙن مان ٻئي نمبر تي رهي (پنهنجو اسڪور 4.9 مان وڌائي 5.1 ڪيو، جيڪو ان کي آڪٽوبر 2010ع واري اڳوڻي درجابندي ۾ مليو هو)۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/cool-it/Guide-to-Greener-Electronics/ |title=Guide to Greener Electronics |publisher=Greenpeace International |access-date=November 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112022636/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/cool-it/Guide-to-Greener-Electronics/ |archive-date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل پهرين ڪمپني هئي جنهن زهريلي پوليونيل ڪلورائيڊ (PVC) ۽ برومنيٽيڊ فليم رٽارڊنٽس (BFRs) کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي طور هڪ وقتي خاڪو بيان ڪيو، جنهن کي اها 2009ع جي آخر تائين مرحليوار ختم ڪرڻ چاهيندي هئي۔ هن بعد ۾ هن واعدي ۾ تبديلي ڪئي ۽ هاڻي 2011ع جي آخر تائين زهريلا مادا ختم ڪرڻ جو هدف رکي ٿي، پر صرف پنهنجي ڪمپيوٽنگ مصنوعات ۾۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/toxics/2010/version16/Ranking%20tables%20Oct%202010-Dell.pdf|title=Ranking tables – October 2010|publisher=Greenpeace International|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> مارچ 2010ع ۾، گرين پيس جي ڪارڪنن بنگلور، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ ڪوپن هيگن ۾ ڊيل جي آفيسن ٻاهران احتجاج ڪيو، ڊيل جي باني ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل کان مطالبو ڪيو ته هو "زهريلا مادا ختم ڪري"، ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي ته ڊيل جو پاڻ کي "ڌرتيءَ جي سڀ کان ماحول دوست ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني" بڻائڻ جو ارادو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2007/2007_06_05_lon_000?c=us&l=en |title=Dell Sets Goal Of Becoming Greenest Technology Company|publisher=Dell|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> "منافقت" آهي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/dell-breaking-promise-290310/ |title=Dell targeted for breaking promise on toxic chemicals|publisher=Greenpeace International|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل 2009ع ۾ G-Series مانيٽرن (G2210 ۽ G2410) سان پنهنجي پهرين مڪمل طور PVC ۽ BFR کان پاڪ مصنوعات متعارف ڪرايون۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/corp-comm/earth-greener-products-materials.aspx |title=Materials Use: What's Inside Our Products – And What's Not|publisher=Dell|access-date=August 16, 2010}}</ref> [[تڪراري معدنيات]] بابت 2012ع جي پنهنجي پيش رفت واري رپورٽ ۾، [[اينف پراجيڪٽ]] ڊيل کي 24 صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنين مان اٺين اعليٰ درجي تي رکيو۔<ref name='EnoughProject2012'>{{cite web | url = http://www.enoughproject.org/files/CorporateRankings2012.pdf | title = Taking Conflict Out of Consumer Gadgets: Company Rankings on Conflict Minerals 2012 | access-date = August 17, 2012 | last1 = Lezhnev | first1 = Sasha |author2=Alex Hellmuth | date = Aug 2012 | publisher = [[Enough Project]]}}</ref> پنهنجي اداري واري مصنوعات واري لائين ۾، ڊيل توانائي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا پاور سپلاء يونٽ (PSUs) شامل ڪيا آهن۔ 2025ع تائين، ڪيترن ئي ڊيل سرور حصن [[80 پلس|80 پلس]] ٽائٽينيم سرٽيفڪيشن حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا معياري توانائي فراهمي لاءِ سڀ کان اعليٰ توانائي ڪارڪردگي درجو آهي، ۽ جيڪا 50٪ لوڊ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 96٪ ڪارڪردگي يقيني بڻائي ٿي۔<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell 80 PLUS® Certified PSUs {{!}} 80 PLUS® {{!}} CLEAResult |url=https://www.clearesult.com/80plus/manufacturers/Dell |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=www.clearesult.com}}</ref> ===سبز شروعاتون=== ڊيل [[معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي صنعت]] ۾ پهرين ڪمپني بڻجي جيڪا مصنوعات جي [[ري سائيڪلنگ]] جو هدف مقرر ڪيو (2004ع ۾)، ۽ 2006ع ۾ پنهنجي عالمي صارف ري سائيڪلنگ پروگرام جي نفاذ کي مڪمل ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialfunds.com/news/article.cgi/1421.html|title=Dell First US Computer Company to Commit to a Global Recycling Goal|author=William Baue|publisher=SocialFunds|access-date=August 2, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804185622/http://www.socialfunds.com/news/article.cgi/1421.html|archive-date=August 4, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> 6 فيبروري 2007ع تي، National Recycling Coalition ڊيل کي پيدا ڪندڙ ذميواري جي واڌاري لاءِ ڪيل ڪوششن تي پنهنجو "Recycling Works" انعام ڏنو۔<ref name="National Recycling Coalition">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100308223409/http://www.nrc-recycle.org/recyclingworkswinners.aspx Winners of NRC's "Recycling Works" Award]}}. National Recycling Coalition</ref> 19 جولاءِ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو ته هن 2009ع تائين 275 ملين پائونڊ ڪمپيوٽر سامان واپس حاصل ڪرڻ واري گهڻ-سالياني هدف ۾ مقرر ڪيل حدن کان اڳتي وڌي چڪي آهي۔ ڪمپني ٻڌايو ته هن 2006ع ۾ گراهڪن کان 78 ملين پائونڊ (تقريباً 40,000 ٽن) آءِ ٽي سامان واپس حاصل ڪيو، جيڪو 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 93٪ واڌ هو؛ ۽ اهو سامان جيڪو ڊيل ست سال اڳ وڪرو ڪيو هو، ان جو 12.4٪ حصو هو۔<ref name="Dell Inc.">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116172136/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2007-07-19-01-recycle.aspx Dell Ahead of Schedule to Achieve Multi-Year Product Recycling Goal]. Dell. July 19, 2007</ref> 5 جون 2007ع تي، ڊيل ڊگهي مدي لاءِ ڌرتيءَ جي سڀ کان ماحول دوست ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو هدف مقرر ڪيو۔<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070605005323/en/Dell-Sets-Goal-Greenest-Technology-Company|title=Dell Sets Goal of Becoming Greenest Technology Company|access-date=March 8, 2018|language=en}}</ref> ڪمپني هڪ [[صفر-ڪاربن]] شروعات شروع ڪئي، جنهن ۾ شامل هو: # 2012ع تائين ڊيل جي [[ڪاربن شدت]] کي 15٪ گهٽائڻ # بنيادي سپلائرز کان هر ٽه-ماهي ڪاروباري جائزي دوران ڪاربن اخراج بابت ڊيٽا رپورٽ ڪرڻ جي گهر # گراهڪن سان گڏجي "ڌرتيءَ جو سڀ کان ماحول دوست PC" تيار ڪرڻ # ڪمپني جي ڪاربن-گھٽائڻ وارو پروگرام "Plant a Tree for Me" کي وڌائڻ ڊيل پنهنجي ماحولياتي ڪارڪردگي بابت رپورٽ سالياني [[ڪارپوريٽ سماجي ذميواري]] (CSR) رپورٽ ۾ شايع ڪري ٿي، جيڪا [[گلوبل رپورٽنگ انيشيئيٽو]] (GRI) پروٽوڪول جي پيروي ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جي 2008ع واري CSR رپورٽ کي "ايپليڪيشن ليول بي" درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن کي "جي آر آءپاران جانچيل" قرار ڏنو ويو۔<ref>Dell 2008 Corporate Social Responsibility Report: [http://i.Dell.com/sites/content/corporate/environment/en/Documents/Dell%20Corporate%20Responsibility%20Report%202008.pdf Section "GRI Performance Indicators Index"], Dell Inc, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2012</ref> ڪمپني جو مقصد آهي ته مصنوعات جي توانائي-ڪارڪردگي واري ارتقا ذريعي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ماحولياتي اثر کي گهٽائي، ۽ ساڳئي وقت توانائي-ڪارڪردگي پروگرامن ذريعي پنهنجي سڌي عملي اثر کي به گهٽائي۔{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 35m4q9l5ax31vqtstivl7oxxgbvin9b 377737 377736 2026-05-16T01:58:10Z Intisar Ali 8681 377737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==مصنوعات== ===دائرو ۽ برانڊ=== [[File:Dell wiki.JPG|thumb|2007ع کان 2011ع تائين ڊيل جو نعرو "Yours is Here"، جيئن [[ايس ايم مال آف ايشيا|مال آف ايشيا]] واري شاخ، [[پاسي]]، فلپائن ۾ ڏٺو ويو]] <!-- تبصرو ٿيل: [[File:Adamo by Dell Spring 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|ڊيل جي 2009ع واري مارڪيٽنگ مهم ۾ ان جي [[ذيلي نوٽ بڪ]] برانڊ [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] کي نمايان ڪيو ويو۔]] --> هي ڪارپوريشن مختلف [[مارڪيٽ ڀاڱو|مارڪيٽ ڀاڱن]] لاءِ مخصوص برانڊ نالا مارڪيٽ ڪري ٿي۔ ان جي ڪاروباري/ڪارپوريٽ درجي ۾ شامل آهن: * [[ڊيل اين سيريز|اين سيريز]] (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي [[لينڪس]] يا [[فري ڊاس]] سان موڪليا وڃن ٿا) * [[ڊيل پريسيجن|پريسيجن]] ([[ڪمپيوٽر ورڪ اسٽيشن|ورڪ اسٽيشن]] نظام ۽ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا "موبائل ورڪ اسٽيشن" نوٽ بڪ)،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |title=Dell Precision Open-Source Workstations with Linux |publisher=Dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810163355/http://www.dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ڊيل پاور ايج|پاور ايج]] (ڪاروباري سرور) * [[ڊيل پاور والٽ|پاور والٽ]] (سڌيءَ طرح ڳنڍيل ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل اسٽوريج]]) * [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] سيريز ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪنگ سوئچز]] ۽ [[گيٽ وي (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن)|گيٽ ويز]]) * [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] (ادارتي درجي جا [[iSCSI]] [[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ|SANs]]) ڊيل جي گهريلو آفيس/صارف درجي ۾ شامل آهن: <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو|اسٽوڊيو]] (عام استعمال جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر) --> * [[ڊيل ايڪس پي ايس|ايڪس پي ايس]] (اعليٰ درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر) <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس|اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس]] (ايڪس پي ايس نظامن جي اعليٰ ڊيزائن تي ڌيان ۽ انتهائي ملٽي ميڊيا صلاحيت) --> * [[ايلين ويئر]] (اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ نظام) <!-- * [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] (اعليٰ درجي جو پرتعیش ليپ ٽاپ) --> ڊيل جي پيريفيرل درجي ۾ [[ڪي ڊرائيو|يو ايس بي ڪي ڊرائيوز]]، [[ايل سي ڊي ٽيليويزن]] ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن؛ ڊيل مانيٽرن ۾ [[ايل سي ڊي|ايل سي ڊي ٽي ويز]]، [[پلازما ڊسپلي|پلازما ٽي ويز]] ۽ [[وڊيو پروجيڪٽر|پروجيڪٽر]] شامل آهن، جيڪي [[هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن|ايڇ ڊي ٽي وي]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر ڊسپلي|مانيٽرن]] لاءِ آهن۔ ڊيل الٽرا شارپ وڌيڪ اعليٰ درجي جي مانيٽرن جو برانڊ آهي۔ ڊيل جون خدمتون ۽ سپورٽ برانڊ شامل آهن: ''ڊيل سلوشن اسٽيشن'' (گهر اندر وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون، اڳ ۾ "ڊيل آن ڪال")، ''[[ڊيل سپورٽ سينٽر]]'' (پرڏيهي وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون)، ''ڊيل بزنس سپورٽ'' (هڪ تجارتي سروس معاهدو جيڪو عام قطارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ڪال ووليوم سان صنعت-تصديق ٿيل ٽيڪنيشن فراهم ڪري ٿو)، ''ڊيل ايور ڊريم ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ'' ("[[سافٽويئر ايز اي سروس]]" [[ريموٽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ]]، اصل ۾ هڪ SaaS ڪمپني جيڪا [[ايلان مسڪ]] جي سوٽ [[لنڊن رائيو]] قائم ڪئي هئي، جنهن کي ڊيل 2007ع ۾ خريد ڪيو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/2010/12/family-joins-colleagues-for-teslas-musk.html|title=Lyndon Rive, Elon Musk: Cousins, partners|date=December 28, 2010|work=Silicon Valley Business Journal}}</ref>)، ۽ ''يور ٽيڪ ٽيم'' (گهر جي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ سپورٽ قطار، جن پنهنجا نظام يا ته ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ يا ڊيل فون سينٽرن ذريعي خريد ڪيا هجن)۔ بند ڪيل مصنوعات ۽ برانڊن ۾ شامل آهن [[ڊيل ايڪسم|ايڪسم]] ([[ذاتي ڊجيٽل معاون|پي ڊي اَي]]؛ 9 اپريل 2007ع تي بند ڪيو ويو)،<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061330/http://direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/04/11/11397.aspx Goodbye, Axim]. Direct2Dell.com. April 11, 2007</ref> [[ڊيل ڊائمنشن|ڊائمنشن]] (گهريلو ۽ ننڍي آفيس جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر؛ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل ڊجيٽل جوڪ باڪس]] (MP3 پليئر؛ آگسٽ 2006ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل جي سيريز|جي سيريز]] (اعليٰ/وچولي ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ)،<ref>{{cite web | title=Dell overhauls brand portfolio and adds NPU-equipped portables and desktops | date=January 6, 2025 | url=https://siliconangle.com/2025/01/06/dell-overhauls-brand-portfolio-adds-npu-equipped-portables-desktops/ }}</ref> [[ڊيل انسپائرون|انسپائرون]] (وچولي درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polanco |first=Tony |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell XPS is dead — Dell just rebranded its entire PC lineup |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/dell-xps-is-dead-dell-just-rebranded-its-entire-pc-lineup |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Tom's Guide}}</ref><ref name=mashabledellname>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/ces-2025-dell-ai-pc-rebrand-pro-max|title=Dell is refreshing and rebranding all of its PCs: What all the new names mean|first=Haley|last=Henschel|date=January 6, 2025|website=Mashable|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> ڊيل پاور ايپ (ايپليڪيشن تي ٻڌل سرور)، ڊيل آپٽي پليڪس (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ٽاور ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي اڳ سرور ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ نظام هلائڻ لاءِ سپورٽ ڪيا ويندا هئا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Luke |date=2025-01-06 |title=30 years later, XPS is dead. Here's why Dell is killing its flagship brand |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/xps-is-dead-why-dell-is-killing-it/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Digital Trends |language=en-us}}</ref>، ڊيل يونڪس (هڪ [[يونڪس سسٽم پنج|SVR4]] تي ٻڌل يونڪس آپريٽنگ نظام جيڪو ڊيل برانڊڊ PCs ۽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن لاءِ هو؛ 1993ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو)، [[ڊيل وينيو|وينيو]] (اينڊرائيڊ / ونڊوز ٽيبليٽس)،<ref>[http://www.androidcentral.com/dell-shuts-down-its-android-venue-tablet-line-ends-support-current-products Dell discontinues Android-based Venue tablet line; ends OS upgrades for current products | Android Central] </ref> ۽ ڊيل موبائل ڪنيڪٽ (ونڊوز موبائل ايپليڪيشن؛ 31 جولاءِ 2022ع تي بند ڪيو ويو) [[ڊيل ووسترو|ووسترو]] (آفيس/ننڍي ڪاروبار جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ [[ليپ ٽاپ|نوٽ بڪ]] نظام؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2022-07-25 |title=Dell is getting out of the phone syncing game |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/25/23278047/dell-mobile-connect-discontinued-2023 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ|ليٽيٽيوڊ]] (ڪاروباري مقصدن لاءِ نوٽ بڪ؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chester |first=Edward |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell ditches Inspiron, Latitude, and XPS, in sensible yet confusing rebrand |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/dell/rebrand-pro-max |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=PCGamesN}}</ref> [[فورس10]] ۽ [[ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ|پاور ڪنيڪٽ]] ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ]]؛ 2013ع ۾ [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] برانڊ تحت گڏ ڪيا ويا)، [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ڊيل ڪمپيلنٽ]] ([[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ]]؛ 2010ع واري خريداري کان پوءِ برانڊ آهستي آهستي ختم ڪيو ويو)۔ ==سيڪيورٽي== ===پاڻ-دستخط ٿيل روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ اهو ظاهر ٿيو ته ڪيترائي ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر هڪجهڙي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل [[روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ]] سان موڪليا ويا هئا، جيڪو "eDellRoot" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned>{{cite web|title=Dell does a Superfish, ships PCs with easily cloneable root certificates|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-does-superfish-ships-pcs-with-self-signed-root-certificates/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 23, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> هن اهڙا سيڪيورٽي خطرا پيدا ڪيا، جيئن حمله آور [[ايڇ ٽي ٽي پي ايس]] سان محفوظ ڪيل ويب سائيٽن، جهڙوڪ [[گوگل]] ۽ [[بينڪ آف آمريڪا]]، جي نقل ڪري سگهن، ۽ ميلويئر کي ان سرٽيفڪيٽ سان دستخط ڪري مائڪروسوفٽ جي سافٽويئر فلٽرنگ کان بچائي سگهجي۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned /> ڊيل معافي ورتي ۽ ان کي هٽائڻ لاءِ هڪ اوزار پيش ڪيو۔<ref name=ars-removal>{{cite web|title=Dell apologizes for HTTPS certificate fiasco, provides removal tool|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-apologizes-for-https-certificate-fiasco-provides-removal-tool/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 24, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ ئي، هڪ محقق دريافت ڪيو ته اهي گراهڪ جن وٽ تشخيصي پروگرام ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز موجود هو، انهن کي پروگرام طرفان ڏنل منفرد سروس ٽيگ نمبر جي ذريعي ڊجيٽل طور ٽريڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو۔<ref name=ars-dfs>{{cite web|title=PCs running Dell support app can be uniquely ID'd by snoops and scammers|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/pcs-running-dell-support-app-can-be-uniquely-idd-by-snoops-and-scammers/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> اهو ان صورت ۾ به ممڪن هو جڏهن گراهڪ [[خانگي برائوزنگ]] کي فعال ڪري ۽ پنهنجا [[برائوزر ڪوڪيز]] حذف ڪري ڇڏي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ''[[آرس ٽيڪنيڪا]]'' سفارش ڪئي ته ڊيل جا گراهڪ اهو پروگرام اَن انسٽال ڪن، جيستائين مسئلو حل نه ڪيو وڃي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ==تجارتي پهلو== ===مارڪيٽنگ=== ڊيل جا اشتهار ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي ميڊيا ۾ ظاهر ٿيا آهن، جن ۾ ٽيليويزن، انٽرنيٽ، رسالا، [[ميل-آرڊر ڪيٽلاگ|ڪيٽلاگ]] ۽ اخبارون شامل آهن۔ ڊيل اِنڪ جون ڪجهه مارڪيٽنگ حڪمت عمليون سڄي سال دوران قيمتون گهٽ رکڻ، مفت بونس مصنوعات (جهڙوڪ ڊيل پرنٽر) ۽ مفت ترسيل مهيا ڪرڻ آهن ته جيئن وڌيڪ وڪرو وڌي ۽ مقابلي ڪندڙن کي روڪي سگهجي۔ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل پنهنجي 19.2٪ مارڪيٽ شيئر کي برقرار رکڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ قيمتون گهٽايون۔ ان سان منافعي جا مارجن اڌ کان به گهٽ ٿي ويا، يعني 8.7٪ کان 4.3٪ تائين۔ پنهنجي گهٽ قيمتن کي برقرار رکڻ لاءِ، ڊيل پنهنجي مصنوعات جون گهڻيون خريداريون اڃا تائين انٽرنيٽ ۽ ٽيليفون نيٽ ورڪ ذريعي قبول ڪري ٿي، ۽ پنهنجي گراهڪ-نگهداشت واري شعبي کي ڀارت ۽ [[ايل سلواڊور]] منتقل ڪندي رهي ٿي۔<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090105132801/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2007/2007_03_20_ndi_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Michael Dell Sees India Playing a Key Role in the Online World]. Dell, New Delhi, India, March 20, 2007.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪا جي هڪ مشهور ٽيليويزن ۽ پرنٽ اشتهاري مهم ۾ اداڪار [[بين ڪرٽس (اداڪار)|بين ڪرٽس]] "اسٽيون" جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هلڪي شرارتي سنهري وارين نوجوان جي صورت ۾ مايوس ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙن جي مدد ڪندو هو۔ هر ٽيليويزن اشتهار عام طور اسٽيون جي مشهور جملي تي ختم ٿيندو هو: "Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!"<ref name=SlateDell>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Rob|title=The Mystery of the Dell Dude|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/ad_report_card/2002/06/the_mystery_of_the_dell_dude.html |website=Slate |date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> ان کان پوءِ واري اشتهاري مهم ۾ ڊيل هيڊڪوارٽرز ۾ [[انٽرن]] ڏيکاريا ويا (جنهن ۾ ڪرٽس جو ڪردار هڪ ابتدائي اشتهار جي آخر ۾ مختصر نمائش طور ظاهر ٿيو)۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي اشتهاري ايجنسين کي [[بي بي ڊي او]] کان [[ورڪنگ مدر ميڊيا]] ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو۔ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ورڪنگ مدر طرفان تيار ڪيل نوان اشتهار جاري ڪيا ته جيئن Inspiron ۽ XPS لائينن جي حمايت ڪري سگهجي۔ انهن اشتهارن ۾ [[دي فليمنگ لپس]] ۽ [[ڊيوو]] جو موسيقي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي خاص طور تي اشتهار "Work it Out" لاءِ گيت رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيهر گڏ ٿيا۔ ساڳئي 2007ع ۾، ڊيل "Yours is here" نعرو استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد اهو ظاهر ڪرڻ هو ته ڪمپيوٽر گراهڪن جي ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنا وڃن ٿا۔<ref name="engadget">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/11/21/dell-launches-star-studded-yours-is-here-ad-campaign/|title=Dell launches star-studded "Yours Is Here" ad campaign|work=[[Engadget]]|date=November 21, 2007 |access-date=July 14, 2010}}</ref> 2011ع ۾، ڊيل آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي آسٽن ڪنويشن سينٽر ۾ "ڊيل ورلڊ" نالي سالياني ڪانفرنس منعقد ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ هن تقريب ۾ ڊيل ۽ ان جي ڀائيوارن پاران مهيا ڪيل نيون ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ خدمتون پيش ڪيون ويون۔<ref>{{cite web|title=Dell World 2011 |publisher=Dell |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url=http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124094728/http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |archive-date=November 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/blog/techflash/2014/09/dell-world-speaker-schedule-without-star-keynote.html|title=Dell World speaker schedule without star keynote; panel to open show |website=bizjournals.com|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> جڏهن 2016ع ۾ ڊيل ۽ اِي.ايم.سي. ضم ٿيا، ته انهن جون سالياني ڪانفرنسون گڏ ڪري "ڊيل اِي.ايم.سي. ورلڊ" بڻايون ويون، جيڪي لاس ويگاس، نيواڊا ۾ منعقد ٿينديون هيون۔ 2018ع ۾ ان جو نالو "ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز ورلڊ" رکيو ويو۔<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kranz |first=Gary |date=25 April 2018 |title=Dell EMC storage strategy talk buzzes Dell Tech World |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/news/252439896/Dell-EMC-storage-strategy-talk-buzzes-Dell-Tech-World |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=[[TechTarget]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarraf |first=Samira |date=20 June 2019 |title=Branding shift sees EMC take back seat to Dell Technologies |url=https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/1256478/branding-shift-sees-emc-take-back-seat-to-dell-technologies.html |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=ARN}}</ref> ====ڊيل پارٽنر پروگرام==== 2007ع جي آخر ۾، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجو پروگرام [[ويليو-ايڊڊ ريسيلر]]ز (VARs) تائين وڌائڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، ۽ ان کي سرڪاري نالو "ڊيل پارٽنر ڊائريڪٽ" ۽ هڪ نئين ويب سائيٽ ڏني وئي۔<ref>{{cite web | title = Partner Direct | publisher=Dell | access-date =June 13, 2011 | url = http://partner.Dell.com/}}</ref> 2013ع ۾، ڊيل انڊيا پنهنجي ڊيل پارٽنر جي اين جي اليڪٽرانڪس پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ سان گڏ هڪ اي-ڪامرس ويب سائيٽ شروع ڪئي<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903202220/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 3, 2013 | work=The Times of India | title=Dell enables online purchases through DESA platform | date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> جنهن کي Dell Express Ship Affiliate (DESA) سڏيو ويو۔<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/dell-launches-online-estore-dell-express-ship-affiliate/article4777976.ece "Dell launches online e-store Dell Express Ship Affiliate"]. ''The Hindu''. June 3, 2013</ref> ان جو بنيادي مقصد ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ هو۔ اهي گراهڪ جيڪي ڊيل انڊيا جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ تي وڃي آن لائن خريداري جو اختيار چونڊيندا هئا، انهن کي ڊيل جي منسلڪ ويب سائيٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====ليپ ٽاپ سيڪيورٽي جي مارڪيٽنگ بابت تنقيد==== 2008ع ۾، ڊيل کي پنهنجي دعويٰ بابت پريس ڪوريج ملي ته ان وٽ دنيا جا سڀ کان محفوظ ليپ ٽاپ آهن، خاص طور تي ليٽيٽيوڊ D630 ۽ ليٽيٽيوڊ D830۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |title=Dell Scolded for Laptop Ads |publisher=Vnunet.com |author=Nichols, Shaun |date=June 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023034729/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |archive-date=October 23, 2008}}</ref> لينوو جي درخواست تي، (آمريڪي) نيشنل ايڊورٽائزنگ ڊويزن (NAD) ان دعويٰ جو جائزو ورتو ۽ رپورٽ ڏني ته ڊيل وٽ ان جي حمايت لاءِ ڪافي ثبوت موجود نه هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/20080623/dont-worry-Dell-your-laptops-are-still-the-worlds-ugliest/ |title=Dell's Claim as World's Most Secure Commercial Laptops? |publisher=Digitaldaily.allthingsd.com |date=June 23, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ===پرچون=== ڊيل پهريون ڀيرو پنهنجا پرچون اسٽور ڀارت ۾ کوليا۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====آمريڪا==== 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل پنهنجون مصنوعات [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، [[ڪوسٽڪو]] ۽ [[سامز ڪلب]] جي اسٽورن ذريعي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ڪندو هو۔ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ اهو طريقو ختم ڪيو، گهٽ منافعي جا مارجن سبب بيان ڪندي، ۽ ايندڙ ڏهاڪي تائين صرف سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل ذريعي ورڇ جاري رکي۔ 2003ع ۾، ڊيل مختصر عرصي لاءِ [[سيئرز]] اسٽورن ۾ مصنوعات وڪرو ڪيون۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ٻيهر آمريڪا جي وڏن پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙن ڏانهن پنهنجون مصنوعات موڪلڻ شروع ڪيون، شروعات [[سامز ڪلب]] ۽ [[وال مارٽ]] سان ڪئي وئي۔ [[اسٽيپلز اِنڪ]]، جيڪو آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو آفيس سپلاءِ پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، ۽ [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، جيڪو سڀ کان وڏو اليڪٽرانڪس پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، پڻ ساڳئي سال ڊيل جا پرچون ڀائيوار بڻيا۔ =====ڪيئوسڪ===== 2002ع کان شروع ٿيندي، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ [[ڪيئوسڪ]] جڳهيون کوليون ته جيئن گراهڪ ڪمپني کان سڌي خريداري کان اڳ مصنوعات جو جائزو وٺي سگهن۔ 2005ع کان، ڊيل ڪيئوسڪ جڳهن کي وڌائي آسٽريليا، ڪينيڊا، سنگاپور ۽ هانگ ڪانگ جي شاپنگ مالن تائين پهچايو۔ 30 جنوري 2008ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو ته اها آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجا سڀئي 140 ڪيوسڪ بند ڪندي، ڇو ته اها پرچون اسٽورن ۾ واڌ ڪري رهي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |title=Dell Focuses on Direct and Retail Business, Closes Kiosks in U.S |publisher=Content.dell.com |date=January 30, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113024054/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |archive-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> 3 جون 2010ع تائين، ڊيل آسٽريليا ۾ به پنهنجا سڀئي مال ڪيئوسڪ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2010/04/dell-closing-down-their-retail-kiosks-across-the-country/|title=Dell Closing Down Their Retail Kiosks Across The Country |publisher=gizmodo.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2011}}</ref> ===مقابلو=== ڊيل جا وڏا مقابلي ڪندڙ [[لينووو]]، [[هيولٽ-پيڪارڊ]] (HP)، [[هاسي]]، [[ايسر]]، [[فوجيٽسو]]، [[توشيبا]]، [[گيٽ وي]]، [[سوني]]، [[ايسس]]، [[مائڪرو-اسٽار انٽرنيشنل|MSI]]، [[پيناسونڪ]]، [[سامسنگ]] ۽ [[ايپل]] شامل آهن۔ ڊيل ۽ ان جي ماتحت ڪمپني Alienware، شوقين مارڪيٽ ۾ AVADirect، [[فالڪن نارٿ ويسٽ]]، [[ووڊو پي سي]] (HP جي ماتحت ڪمپني)، ۽ ٻين ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو ڪن ٿا۔ 2006ع جي ٻئين ٽه ماهي دوران، ڊيل وٽ عالمي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جو 18٪ کان 19٪ حصو هو، جڏهن ته HP وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 15٪ حصو هو۔ 2006ع جي آخر تائين، ڊيل PC ڪاروبار ۾ پنهنجي اڳواڻي هيولٽ-پيڪارڊ کي وڃائي ويٺو۔ [[گارٽنر]] ۽ [[انٽرنيشنل ڊيٽا ڪارپوريشن|IDC]] ٻنهي اندازو لڳايو ته 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي دوران HP دنيا ڀر ۾ ڊيل کان وڌيڪ يونٽ موڪليا۔<ref>Kirdahy, Matthew (October 19, 2006) [https://www.forbes.com/2006/10/19/dell-computer-earnings-markets-equity-cx_mk_1019markets07.html]. Forbes.</ref> ڊيل جي 3.6٪ واڌ، ساڳئي عرصي دوران HP جي 15٪ واڌ جي مقابلي ۾ تمام گهٽ هئي۔ مسئلو چوٿين ٽه ماهي ۾ وڌيڪ خراب ٿيو، جڏهن گارٽنر اندازو لڳايو<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070117006106&newsLang=en |title=Gartner Says Hewlett-Packard Takes Clear Lead in Fourth Quarter Worldwide PC Shipments and Creates a Virtual Tie with Dell for 2006 Year-End Results |publisher=Business Wire |date=January 17, 2007 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721195555/http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070117006106&newsLang=en |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ته ڊيل جي PC موڪلن ۾ 8.9٪ گهٽتائي آئي (جڏهن ته HP جي واڌ 23.9٪ هئي)۔ نتيجي طور، 2006ع جي آخر تائين ڊيل جو مجموعي PC مارڪيٽ شيئر 13.9٪ رهيو (جڏهن ته HP جو 17.4٪ هو)۔ IDC رپورٽ ڪيو ته ڊيل ان شعبي ۾ مٿين چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ سرور مارڪيٽ شيئر وڃايو۔ IDC جي Q4 2006 اندازن موجب، سرور مارڪيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو حصو 8.1٪ هو، جيڪو گذريل سال جي 9.5٪ مان گهٽجي ويو۔ هي سالياني بنياد تي 8.8٪ گهٽتائي ظاهر ڪري ٿو، بنيادي طور EMC ۽ IBM جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن جي فائدي ۾۔ 2025ع تائين، ڊيل لينووو ۽ HP Inc. کان پوءِ دنيا جو ٽيون وڏو PC ٺاهيندڙ آهي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2025-10-16-gartner-says-worldwide-pc-shipments-grew-8-percent-in-third-quarter-of-2025|title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Grew 8.2% in Third Quarter of 2025|website=Gartner|date=October 16, 2026|access-date=January 9, 2026}}</ref> ==ماحولي رڪارڊ== ڊيل 2015ع تائين پنهنجي عالمي سرگرمين مان پيدا ٿيندڙ گرين هائوس گيسن جي اخراج کي 40٪ گهٽائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو، جنهن لاءِ 2008ع جي مالي سال کي بنيادي سال طور مقرر ڪيو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/corp-comm/cr-earth-emissions.aspx |title=Walking the Walk on Greenhouse Gas Reduction |publisher=Dell|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> اها [[گرين پيس]] جي '' گرينر اليڪٽرانڪس لاء گائيڊ'' ۾ شامل آهي، جيڪا وڏن اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙن کي استحڪام، [[آبهوا ۽ توانائي]] ۽ انهن جي مصنوعات جي ماحول دوست هجڻ بابت پاليسين جي بنياد تي درجا ڏئي ٿي۔ نومبر 2011ع ۾، ڊيل 15 درج ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙن مان ٻئي نمبر تي رهي (پنهنجو اسڪور 4.9 مان وڌائي 5.1 ڪيو، جيڪو ان کي آڪٽوبر 2010ع واري اڳوڻي درجابندي ۾ مليو هو)۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/cool-it/Guide-to-Greener-Electronics/ |title=Guide to Greener Electronics |publisher=Greenpeace International |access-date=November 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112022636/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/cool-it/Guide-to-Greener-Electronics/ |archive-date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل پهرين ڪمپني هئي جنهن زهريلي پوليونيل ڪلورائيڊ (PVC) ۽ برومنيٽيڊ فليم رٽارڊنٽس (BFRs) کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي طور هڪ وقتي خاڪو بيان ڪيو، جنهن کي اها 2009ع جي آخر تائين مرحليوار ختم ڪرڻ چاهيندي هئي۔ هن بعد ۾ هن واعدي ۾ تبديلي ڪئي ۽ هاڻي 2011ع جي آخر تائين زهريلا مادا ختم ڪرڻ جو هدف رکي ٿي، پر صرف پنهنجي ڪمپيوٽنگ مصنوعات ۾۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/toxics/2010/version16/Ranking%20tables%20Oct%202010-Dell.pdf|title=Ranking tables – October 2010|publisher=Greenpeace International|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> مارچ 2010ع ۾، گرين پيس جي ڪارڪنن بنگلور، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ ڪوپن هيگن ۾ ڊيل جي آفيسن ٻاهران احتجاج ڪيو، ڊيل جي باني ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل کان مطالبو ڪيو ته هو "زهريلا مادا ختم ڪري"، ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي ته ڊيل جو پاڻ کي "ڌرتيءَ جي سڀ کان ماحول دوست ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني" بڻائڻ جو ارادو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2007/2007_06_05_lon_000?c=us&l=en |title=Dell Sets Goal Of Becoming Greenest Technology Company|publisher=Dell|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> "منافقت" آهي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/dell-breaking-promise-290310/ |title=Dell targeted for breaking promise on toxic chemicals|publisher=Greenpeace International|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل 2009ع ۾ G-Series مانيٽرن (G2210 ۽ G2410) سان پنهنجي پهرين مڪمل طور PVC ۽ BFR کان پاڪ مصنوعات متعارف ڪرايون۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/corp-comm/earth-greener-products-materials.aspx |title=Materials Use: What's Inside Our Products – And What's Not|publisher=Dell|access-date=August 16, 2010}}</ref> [[تڪراري معدنيات]] بابت 2012ع جي پنهنجي پيش رفت واري رپورٽ ۾، [[اينف پراجيڪٽ]] ڊيل کي 24 صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنين مان اٺين اعليٰ درجي تي رکيو۔<ref name='EnoughProject2012'>{{cite web | url = http://www.enoughproject.org/files/CorporateRankings2012.pdf | title = Taking Conflict Out of Consumer Gadgets: Company Rankings on Conflict Minerals 2012 | access-date = August 17, 2012 | last1 = Lezhnev | first1 = Sasha |author2=Alex Hellmuth | date = Aug 2012 | publisher = [[Enough Project]]}}</ref> پنهنجي اداري واري مصنوعات واري لائين ۾، ڊيل توانائي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا پاور سپلاء يونٽ (PSUs) شامل ڪيا آهن۔ 2025ع تائين، ڪيترن ئي ڊيل سرور حصن [[80 پلس|80 پلس]] ٽائٽينيم سرٽيفڪيشن حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا معياري توانائي فراهمي لاءِ سڀ کان اعليٰ توانائي ڪارڪردگي درجو آهي، ۽ جيڪا 50٪ لوڊ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 96٪ ڪارڪردگي يقيني بڻائي ٿي۔<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell 80 PLUS® Certified PSUs {{!}} 80 PLUS® {{!}} CLEAResult |url=https://www.clearesult.com/80plus/manufacturers/Dell |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=www.clearesult.com}}</ref> ===سبز شروعاتون=== ڊيل [[معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي صنعت]] ۾ پهرين ڪمپني بڻجي جيڪا مصنوعات جي [[ري سائيڪلنگ]] جو هدف مقرر ڪيو (2004ع ۾)، ۽ 2006ع ۾ پنهنجي عالمي صارف ري سائيڪلنگ پروگرام جي نفاذ کي مڪمل ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialfunds.com/news/article.cgi/1421.html|title=Dell First US Computer Company to Commit to a Global Recycling Goal|author=William Baue|publisher=SocialFunds|access-date=August 2, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804185622/http://www.socialfunds.com/news/article.cgi/1421.html|archive-date=August 4, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> 6 فيبروري 2007ع تي، National Recycling Coalition ڊيل کي پيدا ڪندڙ ذميواري جي واڌاري لاءِ ڪيل ڪوششن تي پنهنجو "Recycling Works" انعام ڏنو۔<ref name="National Recycling Coalition">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100308223409/http://www.nrc-recycle.org/recyclingworkswinners.aspx Winners of NRC's "Recycling Works" Award]}}. National Recycling Coalition</ref> 19 جولاءِ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو ته هن 2009ع تائين 275 ملين پائونڊ ڪمپيوٽر سامان واپس حاصل ڪرڻ واري گهڻ-سالياني هدف ۾ مقرر ڪيل حدن کان اڳتي وڌي چڪي آهي۔ ڪمپني ٻڌايو ته هن 2006ع ۾ گراهڪن کان 78 ملين پائونڊ (تقريباً 40,000 ٽن) آءِ ٽي سامان واپس حاصل ڪيو، جيڪو 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 93٪ واڌ هو؛ ۽ اهو سامان جيڪو ڊيل ست سال اڳ وڪرو ڪيو هو، ان جو 12.4٪ حصو هو۔<ref name="Dell Inc.">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116172136/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2007-07-19-01-recycle.aspx Dell Ahead of Schedule to Achieve Multi-Year Product Recycling Goal]. Dell. July 19, 2007</ref> 5 جون 2007ع تي، ڊيل ڊگهي مدي لاءِ ڌرتيءَ جي سڀ کان ماحول دوست ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو هدف مقرر ڪيو۔<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070605005323/en/Dell-Sets-Goal-Greenest-Technology-Company|title=Dell Sets Goal of Becoming Greenest Technology Company|access-date=March 8, 2018|language=en}}</ref> ڪمپني هڪ [[صفر-ڪاربن]] شروعات شروع ڪئي، جنهن ۾ شامل هو: # 2012ع تائين ڊيل جي [[ڪاربن شدت]] کي 15٪ گهٽائڻ # بنيادي سپلائرز کان هر ٽه-ماهي ڪاروباري جائزي دوران ڪاربن اخراج بابت ڊيٽا رپورٽ ڪرڻ جي گهر # گراهڪن سان گڏجي "ڌرتيءَ جو سڀ کان ماحول دوست PC" تيار ڪرڻ # ڪمپني جي ڪاربن-گھٽائڻ وارو پروگرام "Plant a Tree for Me" کي وڌائڻ ڊيل پنهنجي ماحولياتي ڪارڪردگي بابت رپورٽ سالياني [[ڪارپوريٽ سماجي ذميواري]] (CSR) رپورٽ ۾ شايع ڪري ٿي، جيڪا [[گلوبل رپورٽنگ انيشيئيٽو]] (GRI) پروٽوڪول جي پيروي ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جي 2008ع واري CSR رپورٽ کي "ايپليڪيشن ليول بي" درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن کي "جي آر آءپاران جانچيل" قرار ڏنو ويو۔<ref>Dell 2008 Corporate Social Responsibility Report: [http://i.Dell.com/sites/content/corporate/environment/en/Documents/Dell%20Corporate%20Responsibility%20Report%202008.pdf Section "GRI Performance Indicators Index"], Dell Inc, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2012</ref> ڪمپني جو مقصد آهي ته مصنوعات جي توانائي-ڪارڪردگي واري ارتقا ذريعي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ماحولياتي اثر کي گهٽائي، ۽ ساڳئي وقت توانائي-ڪارڪردگي پروگرامن ذريعي پنهنجي سڌي عملي اثر کي به گهٽائي۔{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==تنقيد== 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾، ڊيل بنيادي طور [[اي ٽي ايڪس]] [[مدر بورڊ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر پاور سپلاءِ|PSU]] استعمال ڪرڻ کان هٽي ڪري اهڙا بورڊ ۽ پاور سپلاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ميڪانيڪي طور هڪجهڙا هئا پر انهن جا ڪنيڪٽر مختلف طريقي سان وائر ٿيل هئا۔ ان جو مطلب اهو هو ته اهي گراهڪ جيڪي پنهنجي هارڊويئر کي اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا، انهن کي عام طور موجود حصن بدران ناياب ڊيل-مطابقت رکندڙ حصا استعمال ڪرڻا پوندا هئا۔ جيتوڻيڪ 2003ع ۾ مدر بورڊ پاور ڪنيڪشن ٻيهر صنعتي معيار مطابق ٿي ويا، ڊيل اڃا تائين پنهنجي مدر بورڊ pin-outs بابت ڳجهي رهي ٿي، خاص طور پيريفيرل (جهڙوڪ MMC readers ۽ power on/off switches ۽ LEDs) لاءِ۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=339053 |title=Dell proprietary (non-standard) ATX design &#124; Dell proprietary (non-standard) ATX design |publisher=InformIT |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>Mueller, Scott (2002). ''Upgrading and Repairing PCs'', 13ed, Indianapolis: Que Publications, {{ISBN|0-7897-2542-8}}, and subsequent editions</ref> 2005ع ۾، ڊيل بابت شڪايتون ٻيڻيون ٿي 1,533 تائين پهچي ويون، جڏهن ته ان سال ڪمپني جي آمدني 52٪ وڌي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|title = It's Dell vs. the Dell Way|url = http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060225065449/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = February 25, 2006|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل تسليم ڪيو ته ان کي گراهڪ خدمتن بابت مسئلا هئا۔ انهن مسئلن ۾ 45٪ کان وڌيڪ ڪالن جي منتقلي<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110417230232/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2006/tc20060612_046085.htm Dell Spiffs Up Its Service]. ''Business Week''. June 13, 2006</ref> ۽ ڊگها انتظار شامل هئا۔ ڊيل جي [[بلاگ]] ۾ جواب بيان ڪيو ويو: "اسان 100 ملين ڊالر کان وڌيڪ رقم خرچ ڪري رهيا آهيون—۽ ڪيترن ئي قابل ماڻهن جو رت، پگهر ۽ ڳوڙها—ته جيئن هن مسئلي کي درست ڪري سگهون۔"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704114048/http://www.direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2006/07/13/433.aspx No Magic Wands For Customer Service], The Official Dell blog. July 13, 2006</ref> بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال، ڪمپني گراهڪ خدمتن تي پنهنجو خرچ وڌائي 150 ملين ڊالر ڪري ڇڏيو۔<ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/09/18/8386121/index.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028001307/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/09/18/8386121/index.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=October 28, 2006|publisher=CNN|date=September 18, 2006|access-date=May 1, 2010|title=Dell in the penalty box|first1=David|last1=Kirkpatrick}}</ref> 2018ع کان وٺي، ڊيل ۾ صارف اطمينان ۾ نمايان واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي۔ ان کان علاوه، ان جي گراهڪ خدمتن کي اڪثر سوالن جا تيز ۽ صحيح جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ساراهيو ويو آهي، خاص طور اهي سوال جيڪي ان جي سوشل ميڊيا سپورٽ ڏانهن موڪليا ويندا آهن۔<ref>[https://www.laptopmag.com/articles/dell-tech-support Dell Customer Service Rating 2018: Undercover Tech Support Review]. ''Laptop Mag''. April 24, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.notebookcheck.net/Notebook-Service-and-Support-Satisfaction-Survey-Who-has-the-best-laptop-service.299092.0.html Notebook Service and Support Satisfaction Survey – Who has the best laptop service? – NotebookCheck.net Reviews]. ''Notebookcheck''. April 15, 2018.</ref> 17 آگسٽ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو ته پنهنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت اندروني جاچ کان پوءِ اها 2003ع کان 2007ع جي پهرين ٽه ماهي تائين پنهنجي آمدني کي ٻيهر بيان ڪندي ۽ گهٽ ڪندي، جنهن جي مجموعي رقم 50 ملين ڊالر کان 150 ملين ڊالر جي وچ ۾ هئي، يا في شيئر 2 سينٽ کان 7 سينٽ تائين۔<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/aug/17/technology.news Dell pares past profits because of "massaging"]. The Guardian. August 17, 2007.</ref> اها جاچ، جيڪا نومبر 2006ع ۾ شروع ڪئي وئي، [[آمريڪي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]] طرفان انهن دستاويزن ۽ معلومات بابت اٿاريل خدشن جو نتيجو هئي، جيڪي ڊيل اِنڪ جمع ڪرايا هئا۔<ref>{{cite news|first=Damon|last=Darlin|title=Dell Accounting Inquiry Made Formal by S.E.C|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/16/technology/16Dell.html |work=The New York Times |date=November 16, 2006|access-date=August 19, 2007}}</ref> الزام لڳايو ويو ته ڊيل [[اِنٽيل]] کان حاصل ڪيل وڏي خصوصيت ادائگين کي ظاهر نه ڪيو هو، جيڪي ان کي مقابلي ڪندڙ ٺاهيندڙ [[اي ايم ڊي]] کان پروسيسر نه خريد ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ مليون هيون۔ 2010ع ۾ ڊيل آخرڪار SEC جي فراڊ وارن الزامن کي نبيرڻ لاءِ 100 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪيا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=100000000|start_year=2010|r=-5|fmt=eq}})۔ مائيڪل ڊيل ۽ ٻين عملدارن به ڏنڊ ادا ڪيا ۽ ٻين پابندين کي منهن ڏنو، بغير الزامن کي مڃڻ يا رد ڪرڻ جي۔<ref>{{cite news |first=Kevin |last=Reed |title=Dell pays $100m penalty to settle accounting fraud charges |url=http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2266948/dell-pays-100m-penalty-settle |work=Accountancy Age |date=July 23, 2010 |access-date=July 23, 2010 |archive-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725104512/http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2266948/dell-pays-100m-penalty-settle |url-status=dead}}</ref> جولاءِ 2009ع ۾، ڊيل معافي ورتي جڏهن تائيوان جي ڪنزيومر پروٽيڪشن ڪميشن ان تي ناراضگي ظاهر ڪئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪمپني پنهنجي تائيواني ويب سائيٽ تي غيرمعمولي گهٽ قيمتن تي ڏنل آرڊرن کي ٻه ڀيرا قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو۔ پهرين واقعي ۾، ڊيل هڪ 19" LCD پينل صرف 15 ڊالر ۾ پيش ڪيو۔ ٻي واقعي ۾، ڊيل پنهنجو ليٽيٽيوڊ E4300 نوٽ بڪ NT$18,558 (US$580) ۾ پيش ڪيو، جيڪو عام قيمت NT$60,900 (US$1900) کان 70٪ گهٽ هو۔ E4300 جي معاملي ۾، وڏي نقصان سان رعايت قبول ڪرڻ بدران، ڪمپني آرڊر واپس ورتا ۽ گراهڪن کي معاوضي طور NT$20,000 (US$625) تائين جو وائوچر پيش ڪيو۔ تائيوان ۾ صارف حقن واري اختيارين ڊيل تي گراهڪن جي حقن جي ڀڃڪڙي سبب NT$1 ملين (US$31,250) ڏنڊ وڌو۔ ڪيترن ئي صارفين ڪمپني تي غيرمنصفانه معاوضي سبب مقدما داخل ڪيا۔ ڏاکڻي تائيوان جي هڪ عدالت ڪمپني کي حڪم ڏنو ته اها 31 صارفين کي NT$490,000 (US$15,120) ۾ 18 ليپ ٽاپ ۽ 76 ھموار-ہينل مانيٽر فراهم ڪري، جيڪا عام قيمت جي ٽئين حصي کان به گهٽ هئي۔<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2010/06/07/2003474881 Dell loses Taiwan consumer lawsuit: report], June 7, 2010. Visited: October 28, 2012.</ref> عدالت چيو ته ان واقعي کي مشڪل سان غلطي قرار ڏئي سگهجي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اها معزز ڪمپني صرف 3 هفتن اندر پنهنجي تائيواني ويب سائيٽ تي ٻه ڀيرا غلط قيمتون ظاهر ڪري چڪي هئي۔<ref>Taiwanese lawsuit: [http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/PrintFJUD03_0.aspx?jrecno=98%2c%e8%a8%b4%2c1009%2c20100531%2c2&v_court=TND+%e8%87%ba%e7%81%a3%e8%87%ba%e5%8d%97%e5%9c%b0%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95%e9%99%a2&v_sys=V&jyear=98&jcase=%e8%a8%b4&jno=1009&jdate=990531&jcheck=2 full-text verdict]. Retrieved October 28, 2012</ref> جڏهن مائيڪل ڊيل آگسٽ 2013ع ۾ 24.4 بلين ڊالر جي سموري حصن خريدڻ جي آڇ ڪئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، تڏهن سرگرم شيئر هولڊر [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڪمپني ۽ ان جي بورڊ تي مقدمو داخل ڪيو ته جيئن اها آڇ ناڪام بڻائي وڃي ۽ پنهنجي ايندڙ آڇ کي اڳتي وڌائي سگهجي۔<ref>{{cite news| title=Icahn sues Dell in latest attempt to foil buyout |author1=Poornima Gupta |author2=Edwin Chan | work=Reuters| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-icahn-idUSBRE97012520130802| date=August 1, 2013}}</ref> 2020ع ۾، [[آسٽريليئن اسٽرٽيجڪ پاليسي انسٽيٽيوٽ]] گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 82 وڏن برانڊن، جن ۾ ڊيل به شامل هئي، تي الزام لڳايو ته اهي [[يوغور]] جبري مزدوري سان [[سنڪيانگ]] ۾ لاڳاپيل آهن۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale |title=Uyghurs for Sale |publisher=[[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]] |first1=Vicky Xiuzhong |last1=Xu |first2=Danielle |last2=Cave |first3=James |last3=Leibold |first4=Kelsey |last4=Munro |first5=Nathan |last5=Ruser |date=March 1, 2020 |access-date=March 17, 2022 |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824215335/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 0bcxh3s0i6b4fe06x6mdd1kwiibz1cj 377738 377737 2026-05-16T02:03:19Z Intisar Ali 8681 377738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==مصنوعات== ===دائرو ۽ برانڊ=== [[File:Dell wiki.JPG|thumb|2007ع کان 2011ع تائين ڊيل جو نعرو "Yours is Here"، جيئن [[ايس ايم مال آف ايشيا|مال آف ايشيا]] واري شاخ، [[پاسي]]، فلپائن ۾ ڏٺو ويو]] <!-- تبصرو ٿيل: [[File:Adamo by Dell Spring 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|ڊيل جي 2009ع واري مارڪيٽنگ مهم ۾ ان جي [[ذيلي نوٽ بڪ]] برانڊ [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] کي نمايان ڪيو ويو۔]] --> هي ڪارپوريشن مختلف [[مارڪيٽ ڀاڱو|مارڪيٽ ڀاڱن]] لاءِ مخصوص برانڊ نالا مارڪيٽ ڪري ٿي۔ ان جي ڪاروباري/ڪارپوريٽ درجي ۾ شامل آهن: * [[ڊيل اين سيريز|اين سيريز]] (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي [[لينڪس]] يا [[فري ڊاس]] سان موڪليا وڃن ٿا) * [[ڊيل پريسيجن|پريسيجن]] ([[ڪمپيوٽر ورڪ اسٽيشن|ورڪ اسٽيشن]] نظام ۽ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا "موبائل ورڪ اسٽيشن" نوٽ بڪ)،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.Dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |title=Dell Precision Open-Source Workstations with Linux |publisher=Dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810163355/http://www.dell.com/content/products/features.aspx/precn_n?c=us&cs=04&l=en&s=bsd |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ڊيل پاور ايج|پاور ايج]] (ڪاروباري سرور) * [[ڊيل پاور والٽ|پاور والٽ]] (سڌيءَ طرح ڳنڍيل ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل اسٽوريج]]) * [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] سيريز ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪنگ سوئچز]] ۽ [[گيٽ وي (ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن)|گيٽ ويز]]) * [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] (ادارتي درجي جا [[iSCSI]] [[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ|SANs]]) ڊيل جي گهريلو آفيس/صارف درجي ۾ شامل آهن: <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو|اسٽوڊيو]] (عام استعمال جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر) --> * [[ڊيل ايڪس پي ايس|ايڪس پي ايس]] (اعليٰ درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر) <!-- * [[ڊيل اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس|اسٽوڊيو ايڪس پي ايس]] (ايڪس پي ايس نظامن جي اعليٰ ڊيزائن تي ڌيان ۽ انتهائي ملٽي ميڊيا صلاحيت) --> * [[ايلين ويئر]] (اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ نظام) <!-- * [[ڊيل اڊامو|اڊامو]] (اعليٰ درجي جو پرتعیش ليپ ٽاپ) --> ڊيل جي پيريفيرل درجي ۾ [[ڪي ڊرائيو|يو ايس بي ڪي ڊرائيوز]]، [[ايل سي ڊي ٽيليويزن]] ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن؛ ڊيل مانيٽرن ۾ [[ايل سي ڊي|ايل سي ڊي ٽي ويز]]، [[پلازما ڊسپلي|پلازما ٽي ويز]] ۽ [[وڊيو پروجيڪٽر|پروجيڪٽر]] شامل آهن، جيڪي [[هاءِ ڊيفينيشن ٽيليويزن|ايڇ ڊي ٽي وي]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر ڊسپلي|مانيٽرن]] لاءِ آهن۔ ڊيل الٽرا شارپ وڌيڪ اعليٰ درجي جي مانيٽرن جو برانڊ آهي۔ ڊيل جون خدمتون ۽ سپورٽ برانڊ شامل آهن: ''ڊيل سلوشن اسٽيشن'' (گهر اندر وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون، اڳ ۾ "ڊيل آن ڪال")، ''[[ڊيل سپورٽ سينٽر]]'' (پرڏيهي وڌايل سپورٽ خدمتون)، ''ڊيل بزنس سپورٽ'' (هڪ تجارتي سروس معاهدو جيڪو عام قطارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ڪال ووليوم سان صنعت-تصديق ٿيل ٽيڪنيشن فراهم ڪري ٿو)، ''ڊيل ايور ڊريم ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ'' ("[[سافٽويئر ايز اي سروس]]" [[ريموٽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مينيجمينٽ]]، اصل ۾ هڪ SaaS ڪمپني جيڪا [[ايلان مسڪ]] جي سوٽ [[لنڊن رائيو]] قائم ڪئي هئي، جنهن کي ڊيل 2007ع ۾ خريد ڪيو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/2010/12/family-joins-colleagues-for-teslas-musk.html|title=Lyndon Rive, Elon Musk: Cousins, partners|date=December 28, 2010|work=Silicon Valley Business Journal}}</ref>)، ۽ ''يور ٽيڪ ٽيم'' (گهر جي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ سپورٽ قطار، جن پنهنجا نظام يا ته ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ يا ڊيل فون سينٽرن ذريعي خريد ڪيا هجن)۔ بند ڪيل مصنوعات ۽ برانڊن ۾ شامل آهن [[ڊيل ايڪسم|ايڪسم]] ([[ذاتي ڊجيٽل معاون|پي ڊي اَي]]؛ 9 اپريل 2007ع تي بند ڪيو ويو)،<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061330/http://direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/04/11/11397.aspx Goodbye, Axim]. Direct2Dell.com. April 11, 2007</ref> [[ڊيل ڊائمنشن|ڊائمنشن]] (گهريلو ۽ ننڍي آفيس جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر؛ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل ڊجيٽل جوڪ باڪس]] (MP3 پليئر؛ آگسٽ 2006ع ۾ بند)، [[ڊيل جي سيريز|جي سيريز]] (اعليٰ/وچولي ڪارڪردگي وارا گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ)،<ref>{{cite web | title=Dell overhauls brand portfolio and adds NPU-equipped portables and desktops | date=January 6, 2025 | url=https://siliconangle.com/2025/01/06/dell-overhauls-brand-portfolio-adds-npu-equipped-portables-desktops/ }}</ref> [[ڊيل انسپائرون|انسپائرون]] (وچولي درجي جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ نوٽ بڪ ڪمپيوٽر)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polanco |first=Tony |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell XPS is dead — Dell just rebranded its entire PC lineup |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/computing/dell-xps-is-dead-dell-just-rebranded-its-entire-pc-lineup |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Tom's Guide}}</ref><ref name=mashabledellname>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/ces-2025-dell-ai-pc-rebrand-pro-max|title=Dell is refreshing and rebranding all of its PCs: What all the new names mean|first=Haley|last=Henschel|date=January 6, 2025|website=Mashable|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> ڊيل پاور ايپ (ايپليڪيشن تي ٻڌل سرور)، ڊيل آپٽي پليڪس (ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ٽاور ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي اڳ سرور ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ آپريٽنگ نظام هلائڻ لاءِ سپورٽ ڪيا ويندا هئا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=Luke |date=2025-01-06 |title=30 years later, XPS is dead. Here's why Dell is killing its flagship brand |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/xps-is-dead-why-dell-is-killing-it/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Digital Trends |language=en-us}}</ref>، ڊيل يونڪس (هڪ [[يونڪس سسٽم پنج|SVR4]] تي ٻڌل يونڪس آپريٽنگ نظام جيڪو ڊيل برانڊڊ PCs ۽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن لاءِ هو؛ 1993ع ۾ بند ڪيو ويو)، [[ڊيل وينيو|وينيو]] (اينڊرائيڊ / ونڊوز ٽيبليٽس)،<ref>[http://www.androidcentral.com/dell-shuts-down-its-android-venue-tablet-line-ends-support-current-products Dell discontinues Android-based Venue tablet line; ends OS upgrades for current products | Android Central] </ref> ۽ ڊيل موبائل ڪنيڪٽ (ونڊوز موبائل ايپليڪيشن؛ 31 جولاءِ 2022ع تي بند ڪيو ويو) [[ڊيل ووسترو|ووسترو]] (آفيس/ننڍي ڪاروبار جا ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ [[ليپ ٽاپ|نوٽ بڪ]] نظام؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2022-07-25 |title=Dell is getting out of the phone syncing game |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/25/23278047/dell-mobile-connect-discontinued-2023 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ|ليٽيٽيوڊ]] (ڪاروباري مقصدن لاءِ نوٽ بڪ؛ 2025ع ۾ بند)،<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chester |first=Edward |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Dell ditches Inspiron, Latitude, and XPS, in sensible yet confusing rebrand |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/dell/rebrand-pro-max |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=PCGamesN}}</ref> [[فورس10]] ۽ [[ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ|پاور ڪنيڪٽ]] ([[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ]]؛ 2013ع ۾ [[ڊيل نيٽ ورڪنگ]] برانڊ تحت گڏ ڪيا ويا)، [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز|ڊيل ڪمپيلنٽ]] ([[اسٽوريج ايريا نيٽ ورڪ]]؛ 2010ع واري خريداري کان پوءِ برانڊ آهستي آهستي ختم ڪيو ويو)۔ ==سيڪيورٽي== ===پاڻ-دستخط ٿيل روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ اهو ظاهر ٿيو ته ڪيترائي ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر هڪجهڙي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل [[روٽ سرٽيفڪيٽ]] سان موڪليا ويا هئا، جيڪو "eDellRoot" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned>{{cite web|title=Dell does a Superfish, ships PCs with easily cloneable root certificates|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-does-superfish-ships-pcs-with-self-signed-root-certificates/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 23, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> هن اهڙا سيڪيورٽي خطرا پيدا ڪيا، جيئن حمله آور [[ايڇ ٽي ٽي پي ايس]] سان محفوظ ڪيل ويب سائيٽن، جهڙوڪ [[گوگل]] ۽ [[بينڪ آف آمريڪا]]، جي نقل ڪري سگهن، ۽ ميلويئر کي ان سرٽيفڪيٽ سان دستخط ڪري مائڪروسوفٽ جي سافٽويئر فلٽرنگ کان بچائي سگهجي۔<ref name=ars-selfsigned /> ڊيل معافي ورتي ۽ ان کي هٽائڻ لاءِ هڪ اوزار پيش ڪيو۔<ref name=ars-removal>{{cite web|title=Dell apologizes for HTTPS certificate fiasco, provides removal tool|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/dell-apologizes-for-https-certificate-fiasco-provides-removal-tool/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 24, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز=== نومبر 2015ع ۾ ئي، هڪ محقق دريافت ڪيو ته اهي گراهڪ جن وٽ تشخيصي پروگرام ڊيل فائونڊيشن سروسز موجود هو، انهن کي پروگرام طرفان ڏنل منفرد سروس ٽيگ نمبر جي ذريعي ڊجيٽل طور ٽريڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو۔<ref name=ars-dfs>{{cite web|title=PCs running Dell support app can be uniquely ID'd by snoops and scammers|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/11/pcs-running-dell-support-app-can-be-uniquely-idd-by-snoops-and-scammers/|website=Ars Technica|date=November 25, 2015 |publisher=Conde Nast|access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> اهو ان صورت ۾ به ممڪن هو جڏهن گراهڪ [[خانگي برائوزنگ]] کي فعال ڪري ۽ پنهنجا [[برائوزر ڪوڪيز]] حذف ڪري ڇڏي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ''[[آرس ٽيڪنيڪا]]'' سفارش ڪئي ته ڊيل جا گراهڪ اهو پروگرام اَن انسٽال ڪن، جيستائين مسئلو حل نه ڪيو وڃي۔<ref name=ars-dfs /> ==تجارتي پهلو== ===مارڪيٽنگ=== ڊيل جا اشتهار ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي ميڊيا ۾ ظاهر ٿيا آهن، جن ۾ ٽيليويزن، انٽرنيٽ، رسالا، [[ميل-آرڊر ڪيٽلاگ|ڪيٽلاگ]] ۽ اخبارون شامل آهن۔ ڊيل اِنڪ جون ڪجهه مارڪيٽنگ حڪمت عمليون سڄي سال دوران قيمتون گهٽ رکڻ، مفت بونس مصنوعات (جهڙوڪ ڊيل پرنٽر) ۽ مفت ترسيل مهيا ڪرڻ آهن ته جيئن وڌيڪ وڪرو وڌي ۽ مقابلي ڪندڙن کي روڪي سگهجي۔ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل پنهنجي 19.2٪ مارڪيٽ شيئر کي برقرار رکڻ جي ڪوشش ۾ قيمتون گهٽايون۔ ان سان منافعي جا مارجن اڌ کان به گهٽ ٿي ويا، يعني 8.7٪ کان 4.3٪ تائين۔ پنهنجي گهٽ قيمتن کي برقرار رکڻ لاءِ، ڊيل پنهنجي مصنوعات جون گهڻيون خريداريون اڃا تائين انٽرنيٽ ۽ ٽيليفون نيٽ ورڪ ذريعي قبول ڪري ٿي، ۽ پنهنجي گراهڪ-نگهداشت واري شعبي کي ڀارت ۽ [[ايل سلواڊور]] منتقل ڪندي رهي ٿي۔<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090105132801/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2007/2007_03_20_ndi_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Michael Dell Sees India Playing a Key Role in the Online World]. Dell, New Delhi, India, March 20, 2007.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪا جي هڪ مشهور ٽيليويزن ۽ پرنٽ اشتهاري مهم ۾ اداڪار [[بين ڪرٽس (اداڪار)|بين ڪرٽس]] "اسٽيون" جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جيڪو هلڪي شرارتي سنهري وارين نوجوان جي صورت ۾ مايوس ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙن جي مدد ڪندو هو۔ هر ٽيليويزن اشتهار عام طور اسٽيون جي مشهور جملي تي ختم ٿيندو هو: "Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!"<ref name=SlateDell>{{cite web|last1=Walker|first1=Rob|title=The Mystery of the Dell Dude|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/ad_report_card/2002/06/the_mystery_of_the_dell_dude.html |website=Slate |date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> ان کان پوءِ واري اشتهاري مهم ۾ ڊيل هيڊڪوارٽرز ۾ [[انٽرن]] ڏيکاريا ويا (جنهن ۾ ڪرٽس جو ڪردار هڪ ابتدائي اشتهار جي آخر ۾ مختصر نمائش طور ظاهر ٿيو)۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجي اشتهاري ايجنسين کي [[بي بي ڊي او]] کان [[ورڪنگ مدر ميڊيا]] ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو۔ جولاءِ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ورڪنگ مدر طرفان تيار ڪيل نوان اشتهار جاري ڪيا ته جيئن Inspiron ۽ XPS لائينن جي حمايت ڪري سگهجي۔ انهن اشتهارن ۾ [[دي فليمنگ لپس]] ۽ [[ڊيوو]] جو موسيقي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي خاص طور تي اشتهار "Work it Out" لاءِ گيت رڪارڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻيهر گڏ ٿيا۔ ساڳئي 2007ع ۾، ڊيل "Yours is here" نعرو استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد اهو ظاهر ڪرڻ هو ته ڪمپيوٽر گراهڪن جي ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنا وڃن ٿا۔<ref name="engadget">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/11/21/dell-launches-star-studded-yours-is-here-ad-campaign/|title=Dell launches star-studded "Yours Is Here" ad campaign|work=[[Engadget]]|date=November 21, 2007 |access-date=July 14, 2010}}</ref> 2011ع ۾، ڊيل آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي آسٽن ڪنويشن سينٽر ۾ "ڊيل ورلڊ" نالي سالياني ڪانفرنس منعقد ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ هن تقريب ۾ ڊيل ۽ ان جي ڀائيوارن پاران مهيا ڪيل نيون ٽيڪنالاجيون ۽ خدمتون پيش ڪيون ويون۔<ref>{{cite web|title=Dell World 2011 |publisher=Dell |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url=http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124094728/http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/pk-dellworld-2011 |archive-date=November 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/blog/techflash/2014/09/dell-world-speaker-schedule-without-star-keynote.html|title=Dell World speaker schedule without star keynote; panel to open show |website=bizjournals.com|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> جڏهن 2016ع ۾ ڊيل ۽ اِي.ايم.سي. ضم ٿيا، ته انهن جون سالياني ڪانفرنسون گڏ ڪري "ڊيل اِي.ايم.سي. ورلڊ" بڻايون ويون، جيڪي لاس ويگاس، نيواڊا ۾ منعقد ٿينديون هيون۔ 2018ع ۾ ان جو نالو "ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز ورلڊ" رکيو ويو۔<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kranz |first=Gary |date=25 April 2018 |title=Dell EMC storage strategy talk buzzes Dell Tech World |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/news/252439896/Dell-EMC-storage-strategy-talk-buzzes-Dell-Tech-World |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=[[TechTarget]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarraf |first=Samira |date=20 June 2019 |title=Branding shift sees EMC take back seat to Dell Technologies |url=https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/1256478/branding-shift-sees-emc-take-back-seat-to-dell-technologies.html |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=ARN}}</ref> ====ڊيل پارٽنر پروگرام==== 2007ع جي آخر ۾، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو ته اها پنهنجو پروگرام [[ويليو-ايڊڊ ريسيلر]]ز (VARs) تائين وڌائڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، ۽ ان کي سرڪاري نالو "ڊيل پارٽنر ڊائريڪٽ" ۽ هڪ نئين ويب سائيٽ ڏني وئي۔<ref>{{cite web | title = Partner Direct | publisher=Dell | access-date =June 13, 2011 | url = http://partner.Dell.com/}}</ref> 2013ع ۾، ڊيل انڊيا پنهنجي ڊيل پارٽنر جي اين جي اليڪٽرانڪس پرائيويٽ لميٽيڊ سان گڏ هڪ اي-ڪامرس ويب سائيٽ شروع ڪئي<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903202220/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714982_1_dell-india-consumer-products-vostro | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 3, 2013 | work=The Times of India | title=Dell enables online purchases through DESA platform | date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> جنهن کي Dell Express Ship Affiliate (DESA) سڏيو ويو۔<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/dell-launches-online-estore-dell-express-ship-affiliate/article4777976.ece "Dell launches online e-store Dell Express Ship Affiliate"]. ''The Hindu''. June 3, 2013</ref> ان جو بنيادي مقصد ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ هو۔ اهي گراهڪ جيڪي ڊيل انڊيا جي سرڪاري ويب سائيٽ تي وڃي آن لائن خريداري جو اختيار چونڊيندا هئا، انهن کي ڊيل جي منسلڪ ويب سائيٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويندو هو۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====ليپ ٽاپ سيڪيورٽي جي مارڪيٽنگ بابت تنقيد==== 2008ع ۾، ڊيل کي پنهنجي دعويٰ بابت پريس ڪوريج ملي ته ان وٽ دنيا جا سڀ کان محفوظ ليپ ٽاپ آهن، خاص طور تي ليٽيٽيوڊ D630 ۽ ليٽيٽيوڊ D830۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |title=Dell Scolded for Laptop Ads |publisher=Vnunet.com |author=Nichols, Shaun |date=June 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023034729/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2220173/dell-scolded-laptop-ads |archive-date=October 23, 2008}}</ref> لينوو جي درخواست تي، (آمريڪي) نيشنل ايڊورٽائزنگ ڊويزن (NAD) ان دعويٰ جو جائزو ورتو ۽ رپورٽ ڏني ته ڊيل وٽ ان جي حمايت لاءِ ڪافي ثبوت موجود نه هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaldaily.allthingsd.com/20080623/dont-worry-Dell-your-laptops-are-still-the-worlds-ugliest/ |title=Dell's Claim as World's Most Secure Commercial Laptops? |publisher=Digitaldaily.allthingsd.com |date=June 23, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ===پرچون=== ڊيل پهريون ڀيرو پنهنجا پرچون اسٽور ڀارت ۾ کوليا۔<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com"/> ====آمريڪا==== 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل پنهنجون مصنوعات [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، [[ڪوسٽڪو]] ۽ [[سامز ڪلب]] جي اسٽورن ذريعي آمريڪا ۾ وڪرو ڪندو هو۔ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ اهو طريقو ختم ڪيو، گهٽ منافعي جا مارجن سبب بيان ڪندي، ۽ ايندڙ ڏهاڪي تائين صرف سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل ذريعي ورڇ جاري رکي۔ 2003ع ۾، ڊيل مختصر عرصي لاءِ [[سيئرز]] اسٽورن ۾ مصنوعات وڪرو ڪيون۔ 2007ع ۾، ڊيل ٻيهر آمريڪا جي وڏن پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙن ڏانهن پنهنجون مصنوعات موڪلڻ شروع ڪيون، شروعات [[سامز ڪلب]] ۽ [[وال مارٽ]] سان ڪئي وئي۔ [[اسٽيپلز اِنڪ]]، جيڪو آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو آفيس سپلاءِ پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، ۽ [[بيسٽ باءِ]]، جيڪو سڀ کان وڏو اليڪٽرانڪس پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ آهي، پڻ ساڳئي سال ڊيل جا پرچون ڀائيوار بڻيا۔ =====ڪيئوسڪ===== 2002ع کان شروع ٿيندي، ڊيل آمريڪا ۾ [[ڪيئوسڪ]] جڳهيون کوليون ته جيئن گراهڪ ڪمپني کان سڌي خريداري کان اڳ مصنوعات جو جائزو وٺي سگهن۔ 2005ع کان، ڊيل ڪيئوسڪ جڳهن کي وڌائي آسٽريليا، ڪينيڊا، سنگاپور ۽ هانگ ڪانگ جي شاپنگ مالن تائين پهچايو۔ 30 جنوري 2008ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو ته اها آمريڪا ۾ پنهنجا سڀئي 140 ڪيوسڪ بند ڪندي، ڇو ته اها پرچون اسٽورن ۾ واڌ ڪري رهي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |title=Dell Focuses on Direct and Retail Business, Closes Kiosks in U.S |publisher=Content.dell.com |date=January 30, 2008 |access-date=November 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113024054/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2008-01-30-00-direct-retail.aspx |archive-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref> 3 جون 2010ع تائين، ڊيل آسٽريليا ۾ به پنهنجا سڀئي مال ڪيئوسڪ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2010/04/dell-closing-down-their-retail-kiosks-across-the-country/|title=Dell Closing Down Their Retail Kiosks Across The Country |publisher=gizmodo.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2011}}</ref> ===مقابلو=== ڊيل جا وڏا مقابلي ڪندڙ [[لينووو]]، [[هيولٽ-پيڪارڊ]] (HP)، [[هاسي]]، [[ايسر]]، [[فوجيٽسو]]، [[توشيبا]]، [[گيٽ وي]]، [[سوني]]، [[ايسس]]، [[مائڪرو-اسٽار انٽرنيشنل|MSI]]، [[پيناسونڪ]]، [[سامسنگ]] ۽ [[ايپل]] شامل آهن۔ ڊيل ۽ ان جي ماتحت ڪمپني Alienware، شوقين مارڪيٽ ۾ AVADirect، [[فالڪن نارٿ ويسٽ]]، [[ووڊو پي سي]] (HP جي ماتحت ڪمپني)، ۽ ٻين ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو ڪن ٿا۔ 2006ع جي ٻئين ٽه ماهي دوران، ڊيل وٽ عالمي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جو 18٪ کان 19٪ حصو هو، جڏهن ته HP وٽ لڳ ڀڳ 15٪ حصو هو۔ 2006ع جي آخر تائين، ڊيل PC ڪاروبار ۾ پنهنجي اڳواڻي هيولٽ-پيڪارڊ کي وڃائي ويٺو۔ [[گارٽنر]] ۽ [[انٽرنيشنل ڊيٽا ڪارپوريشن|IDC]] ٻنهي اندازو لڳايو ته 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي دوران HP دنيا ڀر ۾ ڊيل کان وڌيڪ يونٽ موڪليا۔<ref>Kirdahy, Matthew (October 19, 2006) [https://www.forbes.com/2006/10/19/dell-computer-earnings-markets-equity-cx_mk_1019markets07.html]. Forbes.</ref> ڊيل جي 3.6٪ واڌ، ساڳئي عرصي دوران HP جي 15٪ واڌ جي مقابلي ۾ تمام گهٽ هئي۔ مسئلو چوٿين ٽه ماهي ۾ وڌيڪ خراب ٿيو، جڏهن گارٽنر اندازو لڳايو<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070117006106&newsLang=en |title=Gartner Says Hewlett-Packard Takes Clear Lead in Fourth Quarter Worldwide PC Shipments and Creates a Virtual Tie with Dell for 2006 Year-End Results |publisher=Business Wire |date=January 17, 2007 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721195555/http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070117006106&newsLang=en |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ته ڊيل جي PC موڪلن ۾ 8.9٪ گهٽتائي آئي (جڏهن ته HP جي واڌ 23.9٪ هئي)۔ نتيجي طور، 2006ع جي آخر تائين ڊيل جو مجموعي PC مارڪيٽ شيئر 13.9٪ رهيو (جڏهن ته HP جو 17.4٪ هو)۔ IDC رپورٽ ڪيو ته ڊيل ان شعبي ۾ مٿين چئن مقابلي ڪندڙن مان سڀ کان وڌيڪ سرور مارڪيٽ شيئر وڃايو۔ IDC جي Q4 2006 اندازن موجب، سرور مارڪيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو حصو 8.1٪ هو، جيڪو گذريل سال جي 9.5٪ مان گهٽجي ويو۔ هي سالياني بنياد تي 8.8٪ گهٽتائي ظاهر ڪري ٿو، بنيادي طور EMC ۽ IBM جهڙن مقابلي ڪندڙن جي فائدي ۾۔ 2025ع تائين، ڊيل لينووو ۽ HP Inc. کان پوءِ دنيا جو ٽيون وڏو PC ٺاهيندڙ آهي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2025-10-16-gartner-says-worldwide-pc-shipments-grew-8-percent-in-third-quarter-of-2025|title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Grew 8.2% in Third Quarter of 2025|website=Gartner|date=October 16, 2026|access-date=January 9, 2026}}</ref> ==ماحولي رڪارڊ== ڊيل 2015ع تائين پنهنجي عالمي سرگرمين مان پيدا ٿيندڙ گرين هائوس گيسن جي اخراج کي 40٪ گهٽائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو، جنهن لاءِ 2008ع جي مالي سال کي بنيادي سال طور مقرر ڪيو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/corp-comm/cr-earth-emissions.aspx |title=Walking the Walk on Greenhouse Gas Reduction |publisher=Dell|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> اها [[گرين پيس]] جي '' گرينر اليڪٽرانڪس لاء گائيڊ'' ۾ شامل آهي، جيڪا وڏن اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙن کي استحڪام، [[آبهوا ۽ توانائي]] ۽ انهن جي مصنوعات جي ماحول دوست هجڻ بابت پاليسين جي بنياد تي درجا ڏئي ٿي۔ نومبر 2011ع ۾، ڊيل 15 درج ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙن مان ٻئي نمبر تي رهي (پنهنجو اسڪور 4.9 مان وڌائي 5.1 ڪيو، جيڪو ان کي آڪٽوبر 2010ع واري اڳوڻي درجابندي ۾ مليو هو)۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/cool-it/Guide-to-Greener-Electronics/ |title=Guide to Greener Electronics |publisher=Greenpeace International |access-date=November 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112022636/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/cool-it/Guide-to-Greener-Electronics/ |archive-date=November 12, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل پهرين ڪمپني هئي جنهن زهريلي پوليونيل ڪلورائيڊ (PVC) ۽ برومنيٽيڊ فليم رٽارڊنٽس (BFRs) کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ عوامي طور هڪ وقتي خاڪو بيان ڪيو، جنهن کي اها 2009ع جي آخر تائين مرحليوار ختم ڪرڻ چاهيندي هئي۔ هن بعد ۾ هن واعدي ۾ تبديلي ڪئي ۽ هاڻي 2011ع جي آخر تائين زهريلا مادا ختم ڪرڻ جو هدف رکي ٿي، پر صرف پنهنجي ڪمپيوٽنگ مصنوعات ۾۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/toxics/2010/version16/Ranking%20tables%20Oct%202010-Dell.pdf|title=Ranking tables – October 2010|publisher=Greenpeace International|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> مارچ 2010ع ۾، گرين پيس جي ڪارڪنن بنگلور، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ ڪوپن هيگن ۾ ڊيل جي آفيسن ٻاهران احتجاج ڪيو، ڊيل جي باني ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل کان مطالبو ڪيو ته هو "زهريلا مادا ختم ڪري"، ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي ته ڊيل جو پاڻ کي "ڌرتيءَ جي سڀ کان ماحول دوست ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني" بڻائڻ جو ارادو<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2007/2007_06_05_lon_000?c=us&l=en |title=Dell Sets Goal Of Becoming Greenest Technology Company|publisher=Dell|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> "منافقت" آهي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/dell-breaking-promise-290310/ |title=Dell targeted for breaking promise on toxic chemicals|publisher=Greenpeace International|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل 2009ع ۾ G-Series مانيٽرن (G2210 ۽ G2410) سان پنهنجي پهرين مڪمل طور PVC ۽ BFR کان پاڪ مصنوعات متعارف ڪرايون۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/corp-comm/earth-greener-products-materials.aspx |title=Materials Use: What's Inside Our Products – And What's Not|publisher=Dell|access-date=August 16, 2010}}</ref> [[تڪراري معدنيات]] بابت 2012ع جي پنهنجي پيش رفت واري رپورٽ ۾، [[اينف پراجيڪٽ]] ڊيل کي 24 صارف اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنين مان اٺين اعليٰ درجي تي رکيو۔<ref name='EnoughProject2012'>{{cite web | url = http://www.enoughproject.org/files/CorporateRankings2012.pdf | title = Taking Conflict Out of Consumer Gadgets: Company Rankings on Conflict Minerals 2012 | access-date = August 17, 2012 | last1 = Lezhnev | first1 = Sasha |author2=Alex Hellmuth | date = Aug 2012 | publisher = [[Enough Project]]}}</ref> پنهنجي اداري واري مصنوعات واري لائين ۾، ڊيل توانائي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارا پاور سپلاء يونٽ (PSUs) شامل ڪيا آهن۔ 2025ع تائين، ڪيترن ئي ڊيل سرور حصن [[80 پلس|80 پلس]] ٽائٽينيم سرٽيفڪيشن حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا معياري توانائي فراهمي لاءِ سڀ کان اعليٰ توانائي ڪارڪردگي درجو آهي، ۽ جيڪا 50٪ لوڊ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 96٪ ڪارڪردگي يقيني بڻائي ٿي۔<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell 80 PLUS® Certified PSUs {{!}} 80 PLUS® {{!}} CLEAResult |url=https://www.clearesult.com/80plus/manufacturers/Dell |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=www.clearesult.com}}</ref> ===سبز شروعاتون=== ڊيل [[معلوماتي ٽيڪنالاجي صنعت]] ۾ پهرين ڪمپني بڻجي جيڪا مصنوعات جي [[ري سائيڪلنگ]] جو هدف مقرر ڪيو (2004ع ۾)، ۽ 2006ع ۾ پنهنجي عالمي صارف ري سائيڪلنگ پروگرام جي نفاذ کي مڪمل ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialfunds.com/news/article.cgi/1421.html|title=Dell First US Computer Company to Commit to a Global Recycling Goal|author=William Baue|publisher=SocialFunds|access-date=August 2, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804185622/http://www.socialfunds.com/news/article.cgi/1421.html|archive-date=August 4, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> 6 فيبروري 2007ع تي، National Recycling Coalition ڊيل کي پيدا ڪندڙ ذميواري جي واڌاري لاءِ ڪيل ڪوششن تي پنهنجو "Recycling Works" انعام ڏنو۔<ref name="National Recycling Coalition">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100308223409/http://www.nrc-recycle.org/recyclingworkswinners.aspx Winners of NRC's "Recycling Works" Award]}}. National Recycling Coalition</ref> 19 جولاءِ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو ته هن 2009ع تائين 275 ملين پائونڊ ڪمپيوٽر سامان واپس حاصل ڪرڻ واري گهڻ-سالياني هدف ۾ مقرر ڪيل حدن کان اڳتي وڌي چڪي آهي۔ ڪمپني ٻڌايو ته هن 2006ع ۾ گراهڪن کان 78 ملين پائونڊ (تقريباً 40,000 ٽن) آءِ ٽي سامان واپس حاصل ڪيو، جيڪو 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 93٪ واڌ هو؛ ۽ اهو سامان جيڪو ڊيل ست سال اڳ وڪرو ڪيو هو، ان جو 12.4٪ حصو هو۔<ref name="Dell Inc.">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116172136/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press-releases/2007-07-19-01-recycle.aspx Dell Ahead of Schedule to Achieve Multi-Year Product Recycling Goal]. Dell. July 19, 2007</ref> 5 جون 2007ع تي، ڊيل ڊگهي مدي لاءِ ڌرتيءَ جي سڀ کان ماحول دوست ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو هدف مقرر ڪيو۔<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070605005323/en/Dell-Sets-Goal-Greenest-Technology-Company|title=Dell Sets Goal of Becoming Greenest Technology Company|access-date=March 8, 2018|language=en}}</ref> ڪمپني هڪ [[صفر-ڪاربن]] شروعات شروع ڪئي، جنهن ۾ شامل هو: # 2012ع تائين ڊيل جي [[ڪاربن شدت]] کي 15٪ گهٽائڻ # بنيادي سپلائرز کان هر ٽه-ماهي ڪاروباري جائزي دوران ڪاربن اخراج بابت ڊيٽا رپورٽ ڪرڻ جي گهر # گراهڪن سان گڏجي "ڌرتيءَ جو سڀ کان ماحول دوست PC" تيار ڪرڻ # ڪمپني جي ڪاربن-گھٽائڻ وارو پروگرام "Plant a Tree for Me" کي وڌائڻ ڊيل پنهنجي ماحولياتي ڪارڪردگي بابت رپورٽ سالياني [[ڪارپوريٽ سماجي ذميواري]] (CSR) رپورٽ ۾ شايع ڪري ٿي، جيڪا [[گلوبل رپورٽنگ انيشيئيٽو]] (GRI) پروٽوڪول جي پيروي ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جي 2008ع واري CSR رپورٽ کي "ايپليڪيشن ليول بي" درجو ڏنو ويو، جنهن کي "جي آر آءپاران جانچيل" قرار ڏنو ويو۔<ref>Dell 2008 Corporate Social Responsibility Report: [http://i.Dell.com/sites/content/corporate/environment/en/Documents/Dell%20Corporate%20Responsibility%20Report%202008.pdf Section "GRI Performance Indicators Index"], Dell Inc, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2012</ref> ڪمپني جو مقصد آهي ته مصنوعات جي توانائي-ڪارڪردگي واري ارتقا ذريعي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ماحولياتي اثر کي گهٽائي، ۽ ساڳئي وقت توانائي-ڪارڪردگي پروگرامن ذريعي پنهنجي سڌي عملي اثر کي به گهٽائي۔{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==تنقيد== 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾، ڊيل بنيادي طور [[اي ٽي ايڪس]] [[مدر بورڊ]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر پاور سپلاءِ|PSU]] استعمال ڪرڻ کان هٽي ڪري اهڙا بورڊ ۽ پاور سپلاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي ميڪانيڪي طور هڪجهڙا هئا پر انهن جا ڪنيڪٽر مختلف طريقي سان وائر ٿيل هئا۔ ان جو مطلب اهو هو ته اهي گراهڪ جيڪي پنهنجي هارڊويئر کي اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا، انهن کي عام طور موجود حصن بدران ناياب ڊيل-مطابقت رکندڙ حصا استعمال ڪرڻا پوندا هئا۔ جيتوڻيڪ 2003ع ۾ مدر بورڊ پاور ڪنيڪشن ٻيهر صنعتي معيار مطابق ٿي ويا، ڊيل اڃا تائين پنهنجي مدر بورڊ pin-outs بابت ڳجهي رهي ٿي، خاص طور پيريفيرل (جهڙوڪ MMC readers ۽ power on/off switches ۽ LEDs) لاءِ۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=339053 |title=Dell proprietary (non-standard) ATX design &#124; Dell proprietary (non-standard) ATX design |publisher=InformIT |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>Mueller, Scott (2002). ''Upgrading and Repairing PCs'', 13ed, Indianapolis: Que Publications, {{ISBN|0-7897-2542-8}}, and subsequent editions</ref> 2005ع ۾، ڊيل بابت شڪايتون ٻيڻيون ٿي 1,533 تائين پهچي ويون، جڏهن ته ان سال ڪمپني جي آمدني 52٪ وڌي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|title = It's Dell vs. the Dell Way|url = http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060225065449/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = February 25, 2006|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل تسليم ڪيو ته ان کي گراهڪ خدمتن بابت مسئلا هئا۔ انهن مسئلن ۾ 45٪ کان وڌيڪ ڪالن جي منتقلي<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110417230232/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2006/tc20060612_046085.htm Dell Spiffs Up Its Service]. ''Business Week''. June 13, 2006</ref> ۽ ڊگها انتظار شامل هئا۔ ڊيل جي [[بلاگ]] ۾ جواب بيان ڪيو ويو: "اسان 100 ملين ڊالر کان وڌيڪ رقم خرچ ڪري رهيا آهيون—۽ ڪيترن ئي قابل ماڻهن جو رت، پگهر ۽ ڳوڙها—ته جيئن هن مسئلي کي درست ڪري سگهون۔"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704114048/http://www.direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2006/07/13/433.aspx No Magic Wands For Customer Service], The Official Dell blog. July 13, 2006</ref> بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال، ڪمپني گراهڪ خدمتن تي پنهنجو خرچ وڌائي 150 ملين ڊالر ڪري ڇڏيو۔<ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/09/18/8386121/index.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028001307/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/09/18/8386121/index.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=October 28, 2006|publisher=CNN|date=September 18, 2006|access-date=May 1, 2010|title=Dell in the penalty box|first1=David|last1=Kirkpatrick}}</ref> 2018ع کان وٺي، ڊيل ۾ صارف اطمينان ۾ نمايان واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي۔ ان کان علاوه، ان جي گراهڪ خدمتن کي اڪثر سوالن جا تيز ۽ صحيح جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ساراهيو ويو آهي، خاص طور اهي سوال جيڪي ان جي سوشل ميڊيا سپورٽ ڏانهن موڪليا ويندا آهن۔<ref>[https://www.laptopmag.com/articles/dell-tech-support Dell Customer Service Rating 2018: Undercover Tech Support Review]. ''Laptop Mag''. April 24, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.notebookcheck.net/Notebook-Service-and-Support-Satisfaction-Survey-Who-has-the-best-laptop-service.299092.0.html Notebook Service and Support Satisfaction Survey – Who has the best laptop service? – NotebookCheck.net Reviews]. ''Notebookcheck''. April 15, 2018.</ref> 17 آگسٽ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو ته پنهنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت اندروني جاچ کان پوءِ اها 2003ع کان 2007ع جي پهرين ٽه ماهي تائين پنهنجي آمدني کي ٻيهر بيان ڪندي ۽ گهٽ ڪندي، جنهن جي مجموعي رقم 50 ملين ڊالر کان 150 ملين ڊالر جي وچ ۾ هئي، يا في شيئر 2 سينٽ کان 7 سينٽ تائين۔<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/aug/17/technology.news Dell pares past profits because of "massaging"]. The Guardian. August 17, 2007.</ref> اها جاچ، جيڪا نومبر 2006ع ۾ شروع ڪئي وئي، [[آمريڪي سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن]] طرفان انهن دستاويزن ۽ معلومات بابت اٿاريل خدشن جو نتيجو هئي، جيڪي ڊيل اِنڪ جمع ڪرايا هئا۔<ref>{{cite news|first=Damon|last=Darlin|title=Dell Accounting Inquiry Made Formal by S.E.C|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/16/technology/16Dell.html |work=The New York Times |date=November 16, 2006|access-date=August 19, 2007}}</ref> الزام لڳايو ويو ته ڊيل [[اِنٽيل]] کان حاصل ڪيل وڏي خصوصيت ادائگين کي ظاهر نه ڪيو هو، جيڪي ان کي مقابلي ڪندڙ ٺاهيندڙ [[اي ايم ڊي]] کان پروسيسر نه خريد ڪرڻ جي بدلي ۾ مليون هيون۔ 2010ع ۾ ڊيل آخرڪار SEC جي فراڊ وارن الزامن کي نبيرڻ لاءِ 100 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪيا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=100000000|start_year=2010|r=-5|fmt=eq}})۔ مائيڪل ڊيل ۽ ٻين عملدارن به ڏنڊ ادا ڪيا ۽ ٻين پابندين کي منهن ڏنو، بغير الزامن کي مڃڻ يا رد ڪرڻ جي۔<ref>{{cite news |first=Kevin |last=Reed |title=Dell pays $100m penalty to settle accounting fraud charges |url=http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2266948/dell-pays-100m-penalty-settle |work=Accountancy Age |date=July 23, 2010 |access-date=July 23, 2010 |archive-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725104512/http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2266948/dell-pays-100m-penalty-settle |url-status=dead}}</ref> جولاءِ 2009ع ۾، ڊيل معافي ورتي جڏهن تائيوان جي ڪنزيومر پروٽيڪشن ڪميشن ان تي ناراضگي ظاهر ڪئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪمپني پنهنجي تائيواني ويب سائيٽ تي غيرمعمولي گهٽ قيمتن تي ڏنل آرڊرن کي ٻه ڀيرا قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو۔ پهرين واقعي ۾، ڊيل هڪ 19" LCD پينل صرف 15 ڊالر ۾ پيش ڪيو۔ ٻي واقعي ۾، ڊيل پنهنجو ليٽيٽيوڊ E4300 نوٽ بڪ NT$18,558 (US$580) ۾ پيش ڪيو، جيڪو عام قيمت NT$60,900 (US$1900) کان 70٪ گهٽ هو۔ E4300 جي معاملي ۾، وڏي نقصان سان رعايت قبول ڪرڻ بدران، ڪمپني آرڊر واپس ورتا ۽ گراهڪن کي معاوضي طور NT$20,000 (US$625) تائين جو وائوچر پيش ڪيو۔ تائيوان ۾ صارف حقن واري اختيارين ڊيل تي گراهڪن جي حقن جي ڀڃڪڙي سبب NT$1 ملين (US$31,250) ڏنڊ وڌو۔ ڪيترن ئي صارفين ڪمپني تي غيرمنصفانه معاوضي سبب مقدما داخل ڪيا۔ ڏاکڻي تائيوان جي هڪ عدالت ڪمپني کي حڪم ڏنو ته اها 31 صارفين کي NT$490,000 (US$15,120) ۾ 18 ليپ ٽاپ ۽ 76 ھموار-ہينل مانيٽر فراهم ڪري، جيڪا عام قيمت جي ٽئين حصي کان به گهٽ هئي۔<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2010/06/07/2003474881 Dell loses Taiwan consumer lawsuit: report], June 7, 2010. Visited: October 28, 2012.</ref> عدالت چيو ته ان واقعي کي مشڪل سان غلطي قرار ڏئي سگهجي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته اها معزز ڪمپني صرف 3 هفتن اندر پنهنجي تائيواني ويب سائيٽ تي ٻه ڀيرا غلط قيمتون ظاهر ڪري چڪي هئي۔<ref>Taiwanese lawsuit: [http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/PrintFJUD03_0.aspx?jrecno=98%2c%e8%a8%b4%2c1009%2c20100531%2c2&v_court=TND+%e8%87%ba%e7%81%a3%e8%87%ba%e5%8d%97%e5%9c%b0%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95%e9%99%a2&v_sys=V&jyear=98&jcase=%e8%a8%b4&jno=1009&jdate=990531&jcheck=2 full-text verdict]. Retrieved October 28, 2012</ref> جڏهن مائيڪل ڊيل آگسٽ 2013ع ۾ 24.4 بلين ڊالر جي سموري حصن خريدڻ جي آڇ ڪئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، تڏهن سرگرم شيئر هولڊر [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڪمپني ۽ ان جي بورڊ تي مقدمو داخل ڪيو ته جيئن اها آڇ ناڪام بڻائي وڃي ۽ پنهنجي ايندڙ آڇ کي اڳتي وڌائي سگهجي۔<ref>{{cite news| title=Icahn sues Dell in latest attempt to foil buyout |author1=Poornima Gupta |author2=Edwin Chan | work=Reuters| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-icahn-idUSBRE97012520130802| date=August 1, 2013}}</ref> 2020ع ۾، [[آسٽريليئن اسٽرٽيجڪ پاليسي انسٽيٽيوٽ]] گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 82 وڏن برانڊن، جن ۾ ڊيل به شامل هئي، تي الزام لڳايو ته اهي [[يوغور]] جبري مزدوري سان [[سنڪيانگ]] ۾ لاڳاپيل آهن۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale |title=Uyghurs for Sale |publisher=[[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]] |first1=Vicky Xiuzhong |last1=Xu |first2=Danielle |last2=Cave |first3=James |last3=Leibold |first4=Kelsey |last4=Munro |first5=Nathan |last5=Ruser |date=March 1, 2020 |access-date=March 17, 2022 |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824215335/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ڪنفيگريٽر]] * [[ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ]] * [[ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ٺاهيندڙن جي فهرست]] * [[ڊيل جي ملڪيت وارين سرگرمين جي فهرست]] * [[وڏي پيماني تي حسب ضرورت تياري]] {{Portal|Texas|Companies|Telecommunication|Electronics|Technology}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ لاء== {{Refbegin|35em}} * [http://www.hoovers.com/Dell/--ID__13193--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml ڊيل ڪمپني بابت معلومات] * [[مائيڪل ڊيل]]، Catherine Fredman، ''Direct from Dell''، {{ISBN|0-88730-914-3}} * {{cite news|first = Andy|last = Serwer|title = Dell's Midlife Crisis|work=[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]|pages = 63–66|date = November 28, 2005}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509091240/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostadmired/industries/industry_114.html آمريڪا ۾ ڊيل ستين سڀ کان وڌيڪ ساراهيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپني طور]، [https://web.archive.org/web/20060410161035/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostadmired/ مجموعي طور اٺين]، [https://web.archive.org/web/20060412173445/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/globalmostadmired/top50/ ۽ عالمي سطح تي ستين]. ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]''، "Most Admired Companies 2006". <!-- هي ڳالهه سمجهه ۾ نٿي اچي... مجموعي طور اٺين پر عالمي سطح تي ستين؟--> * [[بي بي سي نيوز]]، 21 آگسٽ 2003ع، [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3169407.stm "ڊيل مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ قدم کڻي ٿي"] * ''[[يو ايس اي ٽوڊي]]''، 20 جنوري 2001ع، [https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/2003-01-19-Dell-cover_x.htm "ڊيل جو ڪاروباري ماڊل طاقتور بڻجي ٿو جڏهن مقابلي ڪندڙ جدوجهد ڪن ٿا"] * [[اوبنٽو فورمز]]، 7 جون 2007ع، [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007032518/http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=465723&highlight=dellbuntu "اوبنٽو سان گڏ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽرن کي Dellbuntu سڏيو ويو"] {{Refend}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ڌيان! مهرباني ڪري ڳالهه ٻولهه واري صفحي تي بحث ۽ اتفاق کان سواءِ ڳنڍڻا شامل نه ڪريو۔ بغير بحث وارا ڳنڍڻا هٽايا ويندا۔ --> * {{Official website}} {{Dell}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Austin}} <!-- باني هنڌ --> {{Electronics industry in the United States}} {{Greater Austin}} <!-- هيڊڪوارٽر هنڌ --> {{Major computer hardware companies}} }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:Dell| ]] [[زمرو:1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جون شروعاتي عوامي پيشڪشون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊ]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:اڳ ۾ Nasdaq تي درج ٿيل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزه جنگ ۾ شامل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ٿيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:صارف اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊ]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ٿيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:گهريلو ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداواري ڪمپنيون]]<!-- 1996ع تائين هيڊڪوارٽر آسٽن ۾ هو --> [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر رکندڙ گهڻ قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون وڪرو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] dfq157q89y5pkus8y9ekps9jdb8a0fy 0 96632 377671 377599 2026-05-15T17:00:27Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 377671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] t75p4w6bparm7byihc0j7r6gxawe9wu 377672 377671 2026-05-15T17:02:41Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 377672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{other uses|Brahmaputra (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} The '''Brahmaputra''' is a [[trans-boundary river]] which flows through [[Southwestern China]], [[Northeastern India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. It is known as the Brahmaputra or Luit in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], the Siang/Dihang River in [[Arunachal languages|Arunachali]], and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] in [[Bangladesh]]. By itself, it is the 9th [[List of rivers by discharge|largest river]] in the world by discharge, and the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest]]. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===Tibet (China)=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} In course of last 64 years, since Tibet became part of China as an Autonomous region, at least 10 Bridges have been built on Brahmaputra River. Currently as per satellite imagery, only 4–5 bridges built on River Brahmaputra have been confirmed. These are as follows as per Google Map Satellite View:- # Ziajhulinzhen Bridge, Built in 2009–2012 at {{convert|4350|m|ft}}, this is the Second longest Bridge on Brahmaputra river. # Nyingchi Bridge, built in 2014 to connect Nyingchi with Lhasa by railway, this bridge is {{convert|750|m|ft}} long. # Lasahe Bridge, built over Lhasa River, this road bridge is {{convert|929|m|ft}} long. # Shigatse Bridge, this {{convert|2750|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Shigatse by both road & Rail. # Lhatse Bridge, this {{convert|2250|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Kailash-Mansarovar region with Lhasa by Road. # Shannan Bridge, this {{convert|2000|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # Shangri Bridge, this {{convert|1500|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # 3 more Bridges over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River is in Tibet (China) Autonomous Region, but details are unknown. ==National Waterway 2 in India== [[National Waterway 2]] (NW2) is 891&nbsp;km long [[Sadiya]]-[[Dhubri]] stretch of Brahmaputra River in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |title=The National Waterways Act, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426102233/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == Cultural depictions == * Namami Brahmaputra Theme Song (in Hindi and Assamese) of [[Namami Brahmaputra]] festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=Namami Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} == Notes == {{reflist|group=n}} == References == {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] == External links == {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] d6dj084c0t8tneu59erho5ejpqsa975 377673 377672 2026-05-15T18:31:47Z Memon2025 21315 377673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{other uses|Brahmaputra (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} The '''Brahmaputra''' is a [[trans-boundary river]] which flows through [[Southwestern China]], [[Northeastern India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. It is known as the Brahmaputra or Luit in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], the Siang/Dihang River in [[Arunachal languages|Arunachali]], and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] in [[Bangladesh]]. By itself, it is the 9th [[List of rivers by discharge|largest river]] in the world by discharge, and the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest]]. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===Tibet (China)=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} In course of last 64 years, since Tibet became part of China as an Autonomous region, at least 10 Bridges have been built on Brahmaputra River. Currently as per satellite imagery, only 4–5 bridges built on River Brahmaputra have been confirmed. These are as follows as per Google Map Satellite View:- # Ziajhulinzhen Bridge, Built in 2009–2012 at {{convert|4350|m|ft}}, this is the Second longest Bridge on Brahmaputra river. # Nyingchi Bridge, built in 2014 to connect Nyingchi with Lhasa by railway, this bridge is {{convert|750|m|ft}} long. # Lasahe Bridge, built over Lhasa River, this road bridge is {{convert|929|m|ft}} long. # Shigatse Bridge, this {{convert|2750|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Shigatse by both road & Rail. # Lhatse Bridge, this {{convert|2250|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Kailash-Mansarovar region with Lhasa by Road. # Shannan Bridge, this {{convert|2000|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # Shangri Bridge, this {{convert|1500|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # 3 more Bridges over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River is in Tibet (China) Autonomous Region, but details are unknown. ==National Waterway 2 in India== [[National Waterway 2]] (NW2) is 891&nbsp;km long [[Sadiya]]-[[Dhubri]] stretch of Brahmaputra River in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |title=The National Waterways Act, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426102233/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == Cultural depictions == * Namami Brahmaputra Theme Song (in Hindi and Assamese) of [[Namami Brahmaputra]] festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=Namami Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} == Notes == {{reflist|group=n}} == References == {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] aaoiniofi925hcr9u5y3cmeb6oa96zh 377674 377673 2026-05-15T18:32:23Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 377674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{other uses|Brahmaputra (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} The '''Brahmaputra''' is a [[trans-boundary river]] which flows through [[Southwestern China]], [[Northeastern India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. It is known as the Brahmaputra or Luit in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], the Siang/Dihang River in [[Arunachal languages|Arunachali]], and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] in [[Bangladesh]]. By itself, it is the 9th [[List of rivers by discharge|largest river]] in the world by discharge, and the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest]]. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===Tibet (China)=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} In course of last 64 years, since Tibet became part of China as an Autonomous region, at least 10 Bridges have been built on Brahmaputra River. Currently as per satellite imagery, only 4–5 bridges built on River Brahmaputra have been confirmed. These are as follows as per Google Map Satellite View:- # Ziajhulinzhen Bridge, Built in 2009–2012 at {{convert|4350|m|ft}}, this is the Second longest Bridge on Brahmaputra river. # Nyingchi Bridge, built in 2014 to connect Nyingchi with Lhasa by railway, this bridge is {{convert|750|m|ft}} long. # Lasahe Bridge, built over Lhasa River, this road bridge is {{convert|929|m|ft}} long. # Shigatse Bridge, this {{convert|2750|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Shigatse by both road & Rail. # Lhatse Bridge, this {{convert|2250|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Kailash-Mansarovar region with Lhasa by Road. # Shannan Bridge, this {{convert|2000|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # Shangri Bridge, this {{convert|1500|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # 3 more Bridges over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River is in Tibet (China) Autonomous Region, but details are unknown. ==National Waterway 2 in India== [[National Waterway 2]] (NW2) is 891&nbsp;km long [[Sadiya]]-[[Dhubri]] stretch of Brahmaputra River in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |title=The National Waterways Act, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426102233/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == Cultural depictions == * Namami Brahmaputra Theme Song (in Hindi and Assamese) of [[Namami Brahmaputra]] festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=Namami Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} == Notes == {{reflist|group=n}} == References == {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] sc4tf9ur0un21p15ypi4z1s3290v737 377675 377674 2026-05-15T18:32:49Z Memon2025 21315 377675 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{other uses|Brahmaputra (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} The '''Brahmaputra''' is a [[trans-boundary river]] which flows through [[Southwestern China]], [[Northeastern India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. It is known as the Brahmaputra or Luit in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], the Siang/Dihang River in [[Arunachal languages|Arunachali]], and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] in [[Bangladesh]]. By itself, it is the 9th [[List of rivers by discharge|largest river]] in the world by discharge, and the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest]]. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===Tibet (China)=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} In course of last 64 years, since Tibet became part of China as an Autonomous region, at least 10 Bridges have been built on Brahmaputra River. Currently as per satellite imagery, only 4–5 bridges built on River Brahmaputra have been confirmed. These are as follows as per Google Map Satellite View:- # Ziajhulinzhen Bridge, Built in 2009–2012 at {{convert|4350|m|ft}}, this is the Second longest Bridge on Brahmaputra river. # Nyingchi Bridge, built in 2014 to connect Nyingchi with Lhasa by railway, this bridge is {{convert|750|m|ft}} long. # Lasahe Bridge, built over Lhasa River, this road bridge is {{convert|929|m|ft}} long. # Shigatse Bridge, this {{convert|2750|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Shigatse by both road & Rail. # Lhatse Bridge, this {{convert|2250|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Kailash-Mansarovar region with Lhasa by Road. # Shannan Bridge, this {{convert|2000|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # Shangri Bridge, this {{convert|1500|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # 3 more Bridges over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River is in Tibet (China) Autonomous Region, but details are unknown. ==National Waterway 2 in India== [[National Waterway 2]] (NW2) is 891&nbsp;km long [[Sadiya]]-[[Dhubri]] stretch of Brahmaputra River in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |title=The National Waterways Act, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426102233/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == Cultural depictions == * Namami Brahmaputra Theme Song (in Hindi and Assamese) of [[Namami Brahmaputra]] festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=Namami Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} == Notes == {{reflist|group=n}} == References == {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] m3mhxgfw60vl9duilum37bx1dbwud6l 377676 377675 2026-05-15T18:34:00Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 377676 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{other uses|Brahmaputra (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} The '''Brahmaputra''' is a [[trans-boundary river]] which flows through [[Southwestern China]], [[Northeastern India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. It is known as the Brahmaputra or Luit in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], the Siang/Dihang River in [[Arunachal languages|Arunachali]], and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] in [[Bangladesh]]. By itself, it is the 9th [[List of rivers by discharge|largest river]] in the world by discharge, and the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest]]. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===Tibet (China)=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} In course of last 64 years, since Tibet became part of China as an Autonomous region, at least 10 Bridges have been built on Brahmaputra River. Currently as per satellite imagery, only 4–5 bridges built on River Brahmaputra have been confirmed. These are as follows as per Google Map Satellite View:- # Ziajhulinzhen Bridge, Built in 2009–2012 at {{convert|4350|m|ft}}, this is the Second longest Bridge on Brahmaputra river. # Nyingchi Bridge, built in 2014 to connect Nyingchi with Lhasa by railway, this bridge is {{convert|750|m|ft}} long. # Lasahe Bridge, built over Lhasa River, this road bridge is {{convert|929|m|ft}} long. # Shigatse Bridge, this {{convert|2750|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Shigatse by both road & Rail. # Lhatse Bridge, this {{convert|2250|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Kailash-Mansarovar region with Lhasa by Road. # Shannan Bridge, this {{convert|2000|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # Shangri Bridge, this {{convert|1500|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # 3 more Bridges over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River is in Tibet (China) Autonomous Region, but details are unknown. ==National Waterway 2 in India== [[National Waterway 2]] (NW2) is 891&nbsp;km long [[Sadiya]]-[[Dhubri]] stretch of Brahmaputra River in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |title=The National Waterways Act, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426102233/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == Cultural depictions == * Namami Brahmaputra Theme Song (in Hindi and Assamese) of [[Namami Brahmaputra]] festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=Namami Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Notes === {{reflist|group=n}} == References == {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] o3n7v4y5iz5qnfyw1q6j69gxacclal8 377677 377676 2026-05-15T18:34:40Z Memon2025 21315 /* Bibliography */ 377677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{other uses|Brahmaputra (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} The '''Brahmaputra''' is a [[trans-boundary river]] which flows through [[Southwestern China]], [[Northeastern India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. It is known as the Brahmaputra or Luit in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], the Siang/Dihang River in [[Arunachal languages|Arunachali]], and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] in [[Bangladesh]]. By itself, it is the 9th [[List of rivers by discharge|largest river]] in the world by discharge, and the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest]]. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===Tibet (China)=== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} In course of last 64 years, since Tibet became part of China as an Autonomous region, at least 10 Bridges have been built on Brahmaputra River. Currently as per satellite imagery, only 4–5 bridges built on River Brahmaputra have been confirmed. These are as follows as per Google Map Satellite View:- # Ziajhulinzhen Bridge, Built in 2009–2012 at {{convert|4350|m|ft}}, this is the Second longest Bridge on Brahmaputra river. # Nyingchi Bridge, built in 2014 to connect Nyingchi with Lhasa by railway, this bridge is {{convert|750|m|ft}} long. # Lasahe Bridge, built over Lhasa River, this road bridge is {{convert|929|m|ft}} long. # Shigatse Bridge, this {{convert|2750|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Shigatse by both road & Rail. # Lhatse Bridge, this {{convert|2250|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Kailash-Mansarovar region with Lhasa by Road. # Shannan Bridge, this {{convert|2000|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # Shangri Bridge, this {{convert|1500|m|ft}} long bridge built over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River to connect Lhasa with Nyingchi by road. # 3 more Bridges over Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) River is in Tibet (China) Autonomous Region, but details are unknown. ==National Waterway 2 in India== [[National Waterway 2]] (NW2) is 891&nbsp;km long [[Sadiya]]-[[Dhubri]] stretch of Brahmaputra River in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |title=The National Waterways Act, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426102233/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == Cultural depictions == * Namami Brahmaputra Theme Song (in Hindi and Assamese) of [[Namami Brahmaputra]] festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=Namami Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Notes === {{reflist|group=n}} {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] sqqkxp6cs4s4cbystxdux28r6fyj6lp 377678 377677 2026-05-15T18:48:15Z Memon2025 21315 /* تبت */ 377678 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{other uses|Brahmaputra (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} The '''Brahmaputra''' is a [[trans-boundary river]] which flows through [[Southwestern China]], [[Northeastern India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. It is known as the Brahmaputra or Luit in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], the Siang/Dihang River in [[Arunachal languages|Arunachali]], and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] in [[Bangladesh]]. By itself, it is the 9th [[List of rivers by discharge|largest river]] in the world by discharge, and the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest]]. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===تبت=== گذريل 64 سالن دوران. جڏهن کان تبت هڪ خودمختيار علائقي جي حيثيت سان چين جو حصو بڻيو. برهماپترا نديءَ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 10 پل ٺاهيا ويا آهن. في الحال سيٽلائيٽ تصويرن جي مطابق. برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٺهيل صرف 4-5 پلن جي تصديق ڪئي وئي آهي. اهي گوگل ميپ سيٽلائيٽ ويو موجب هيٺ ڏنل آهن: * زياجهولنزين پل. 2009-2012 ۾ 4,350 ميٽر (14,270 فوٽ) تي ٺهيل. هي برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٻيو ڊگهو پل آهي. * نائينگچي پل. 2014 ۾ ريلوي ذريعي نائينگچي کي لھاسا سان ڳنڍڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو. هي پل 750 ميٽر (2,460 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * لاساهي پل. لھاسا نديءَ تي ٺهيل. هي روڊ پل 929 ميٽر (3,048 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * شيگاٽسي پل. هي (2,750 ميٽر (9,020 فوٽ) ڊگهو) پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي شگاٽسي سان روڊ ۽ ريل ٻنهي ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * لهاتسي پل. هي 2,250 ميٽر (7,380 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. ڪيلاش-مانسروور علائقي کي لھاسا سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شانان پل. هي 2,000 ميٽر (6,600 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شنگري پل. هي 1,500 ميٽر (4,900 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. يارلونگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) درياءَ تي 3 وڌيڪ پل تبت (چين) خودمختيار علائقي ۾ آهن، پر تفصيل نامعلوم آهن. ==هندستان ۾ قومي پاڻي رستو 2== نيشنل پاڻي رستو 2 (NW2) آسام ۾ برهم پترا نديءَ جو 891 ڪلوميٽر ڊگهو سعديا-ڌوبري ٽڪرو آهي. ==ثقافتي تصويرون== نمامي برهم پترا فيسٽيول جو نمامي برهم پترا ٿيم سانگ (هندي ۽ آسامي ۾). اهو ==پڻ ڏسو== * گنگا ندي * ايشيا جي دريائن جي فهرست * بنگله ديش جي دريائن جي فهرست * چين جي دريائن جي فهرست * هندستان جي دريائن جي فهرست * دنيا جي ڊگهين دريائن جي فهرست ==National Waterway 2 in India== [[National Waterway 2]] (NW2) is 891&nbsp;km long [[Sadiya]]-[[Dhubri]] stretch of Brahmaputra River in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |title=The National Waterways Act, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426102233/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == Cultural depictions == * Namami Brahmaputra Theme Song (in Hindi and Assamese) of [[Namami Brahmaputra]] festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=Namami Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Notes === {{reflist|group=n}} {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] 0wqzdg8m3ika7ntjpd1lwjvahwarv2p 377679 377678 2026-05-15T18:48:52Z Memon2025 21315 377679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{other uses|Brahmaputra (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} The '''Brahmaputra''' is a [[trans-boundary river]] which flows through [[Southwestern China]], [[Northeastern India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. It is known as the Brahmaputra or Luit in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], the Siang/Dihang River in [[Arunachal languages|Arunachali]], and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] in [[Bangladesh]]. By itself, it is the 9th [[List of rivers by discharge|largest river]] in the world by discharge, and the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest]]. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===تبت=== گذريل 64 سالن دوران. جڏهن کان تبت هڪ خودمختيار علائقي جي حيثيت سان چين جو حصو بڻيو. برهماپترا نديءَ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 10 پل ٺاهيا ويا آهن. في الحال سيٽلائيٽ تصويرن جي مطابق. برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٺهيل صرف 4-5 پلن جي تصديق ڪئي وئي آهي. اهي گوگل ميپ سيٽلائيٽ ويو موجب هيٺ ڏنل آهن: * زياجهولنزين پل. 2009-2012 ۾ 4,350 ميٽر (14,270 فوٽ) تي ٺهيل. هي برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٻيو ڊگهو پل آهي. * نائينگچي پل. 2014 ۾ ريلوي ذريعي نائينگچي کي لھاسا سان ڳنڍڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو. هي پل 750 ميٽر (2,460 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * لاساهي پل. لھاسا نديءَ تي ٺهيل. هي روڊ پل 929 ميٽر (3,048 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * شيگاٽسي پل. هي (2,750 ميٽر (9,020 فوٽ) ڊگهو) پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي شگاٽسي سان روڊ ۽ ريل ٻنهي ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * لهاتسي پل. هي 2,250 ميٽر (7,380 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. ڪيلاش-مانسروور علائقي کي لھاسا سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شانان پل. هي 2,000 ميٽر (6,600 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شنگري پل. هي 1,500 ميٽر (4,900 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. يارلونگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) درياءَ تي 3 وڌيڪ پل تبت (چين) خودمختيار علائقي ۾ آهن، پر تفصيل نامعلوم آهن. ==هندستان ۾ قومي پاڻي رستو 2== نيشنل پاڻي رستو 2 (NW2) آسام ۾ برهم پترا نديءَ جو 891 ڪلوميٽر ڊگهو سعديا-ڌوبري ٽڪرو آهي. ==ثقافتي تصويرون== نمامي برهم پترا فيسٽيول جو نمامي برهم پترا ٿيم سانگ (هندي ۽ آسامي ۾). اهو ==پڻ ڏسو== * گنگا ندي * ايشيا جي دريائن جي فهرست * بنگله ديش جي دريائن جي فهرست * چين جي دريائن جي فهرست * هندستان جي دريائن جي فهرست * دنيا جي ڊگهين دريائن جي فهرست == Cultural depictions == * Namami Brahmaputra Theme Song (in Hindi and Assamese) of [[Namami Brahmaputra]] festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=Namami Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Notes === {{reflist|group=n}} {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] mq3um33ka03gutkvj2n5xp7mepunslq 377680 377679 2026-05-15T18:50:01Z Memon2025 21315 /* ثقافتي تصويرون */ 377680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{other uses|Brahmaputra (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} The '''Brahmaputra''' is a [[trans-boundary river]] which flows through [[Southwestern China]], [[Northeastern India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. It is known as the Brahmaputra or Luit in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], the Siang/Dihang River in [[Arunachal languages|Arunachali]], and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] in [[Bangladesh]]. By itself, it is the 9th [[List of rivers by discharge|largest river]] in the world by discharge, and the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest]]. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===تبت=== گذريل 64 سالن دوران. جڏهن کان تبت هڪ خودمختيار علائقي جي حيثيت سان چين جو حصو بڻيو. برهماپترا نديءَ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 10 پل ٺاهيا ويا آهن. في الحال سيٽلائيٽ تصويرن جي مطابق. برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٺهيل صرف 4-5 پلن جي تصديق ڪئي وئي آهي. اهي گوگل ميپ سيٽلائيٽ ويو موجب هيٺ ڏنل آهن: * زياجهولنزين پل. 2009-2012 ۾ 4,350 ميٽر (14,270 فوٽ) تي ٺهيل. هي برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٻيو ڊگهو پل آهي. * نائينگچي پل. 2014 ۾ ريلوي ذريعي نائينگچي کي لھاسا سان ڳنڍڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو. هي پل 750 ميٽر (2,460 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * لاساهي پل. لھاسا نديءَ تي ٺهيل. هي روڊ پل 929 ميٽر (3,048 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * شيگاٽسي پل. هي (2,750 ميٽر (9,020 فوٽ) ڊگهو) پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي شگاٽسي سان روڊ ۽ ريل ٻنهي ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * لهاتسي پل. هي 2,250 ميٽر (7,380 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. ڪيلاش-مانسروور علائقي کي لھاسا سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شانان پل. هي 2,000 ميٽر (6,600 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شنگري پل. هي 1,500 ميٽر (4,900 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. يارلونگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) درياءَ تي 3 وڌيڪ پل تبت (چين) خودمختيار علائقي ۾ آهن، پر تفصيل نامعلوم آهن. ==هندستان ۾ قومي پاڻي رستو 2== نيشنل پاڻي رستو 2 (NW2) آسام ۾ برهم پترا نديءَ جو 891 ڪلوميٽر ڊگهو سعديا-ڌوبري ٽڪرو آهي. ==ثقافتي تصويرون== نمامي برهم پترا فيسٽيول جو نمامي برهم پترا ٿيم سانگ (هندي ۽ آسامي ۾). ==پڻ ڏسو== * گنگا ندي * ايشيا جي دريائن جي فهرست * بنگله ديش جي دريائن جي فهرست * چين جي دريائن جي فهرست * هندستان جي دريائن جي فهرست * دنيا جي ڊگهين دريائن جي فهرست == Cultural depictions == * Namami Brahmaputra Theme Song (in Hindi and Assamese) of [[Namami Brahmaputra]] festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=Namami Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Notes === {{reflist|group=n}} {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] 0ewdkfkt8fxwyxynw88o4yjp1yck3pk 377681 377680 2026-05-15T18:50:58Z Memon2025 21315 /* هندستان ۾ قومي پاڻي رستو 2 */ 377681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{other uses|Brahmaputra (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} The '''Brahmaputra''' is a [[trans-boundary river]] which flows through [[Southwestern China]], [[Northeastern India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. It is known as the Brahmaputra or Luit in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], the Siang/Dihang River in [[Arunachal languages|Arunachali]], and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] in [[Bangladesh]]. By itself, it is the 9th [[List of rivers by discharge|largest river]] in the world by discharge, and the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest]]. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===تبت=== گذريل 64 سالن دوران. جڏهن کان تبت هڪ خودمختيار علائقي جي حيثيت سان چين جو حصو بڻيو. برهماپترا نديءَ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 10 پل ٺاهيا ويا آهن. في الحال سيٽلائيٽ تصويرن جي مطابق. برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٺهيل صرف 4-5 پلن جي تصديق ڪئي وئي آهي. اهي گوگل ميپ سيٽلائيٽ ويو موجب هيٺ ڏنل آهن: * زياجهولنزين پل. 2009-2012 ۾ 4,350 ميٽر (14,270 فوٽ) تي ٺهيل. هي برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٻيو ڊگهو پل آهي. * نائينگچي پل. 2014 ۾ ريلوي ذريعي نائينگچي کي لھاسا سان ڳنڍڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو. هي پل 750 ميٽر (2,460 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * لاساهي پل. لھاسا نديءَ تي ٺهيل. هي روڊ پل 929 ميٽر (3,048 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * شيگاٽسي پل. هي (2,750 ميٽر (9,020 فوٽ) ڊگهو) پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي شگاٽسي سان روڊ ۽ ريل ٻنهي ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * لهاتسي پل. هي 2,250 ميٽر (7,380 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. ڪيلاش-مانسروور علائقي کي لھاسا سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شانان پل. هي 2,000 ميٽر (6,600 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شنگري پل. هي 1,500 ميٽر (4,900 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. يارلونگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) درياءَ تي 3 وڌيڪ پل تبت (چين) خودمختيار علائقي ۾ آهن، پر تفصيل نامعلوم آهن. ==هندستان ۾ قومي پاڻي رستو 2== نيشنل پاڻي رستو 2 (NW2) آسام ۾ برهم پترا نديءَ جو 891 ڪلوميٽر ڊگهو سعديا-ڌوبري ٽڪرو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |title=The National Waterways Act, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426102233/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==ثقافتي تصويرون== نمامي برهم پترا فيسٽيول جو نمامي برهم پترا ٿيم سانگ (هندي ۽ آسامي ۾). ==پڻ ڏسو== * گنگا ندي * ايشيا جي دريائن جي فهرست * بنگله ديش جي دريائن جي فهرست * چين جي دريائن جي فهرست * هندستان جي دريائن جي فهرست * دنيا جي ڊگهين دريائن جي فهرست == Cultural depictions == * Namami Brahmaputra Theme Song (in Hindi and Assamese) of [[Namami Brahmaputra]] festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=Namami Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-the-river/article17577045.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Notes === {{reflist|group=n}} {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] pj73m67u367928nm3ymdr43tc6h8r9y 377682 377681 2026-05-15T18:51:39Z Memon2025 21315 377682 wikitext text/x-wiki '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{other uses|Brahmaputra (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} The '''Brahmaputra''' is a [[trans-boundary river]] which flows through [[Southwestern China]], [[Northeastern India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. It is known as the Brahmaputra or Luit in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]], the Siang/Dihang River in [[Arunachal languages|Arunachali]], and [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] in [[Bangladesh]]. By itself, it is the 9th [[List of rivers by discharge|largest river]] in the world by discharge, and the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest]]. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===تبت=== گذريل 64 سالن دوران. جڏهن کان تبت هڪ خودمختيار علائقي جي حيثيت سان چين جو حصو بڻيو. برهماپترا نديءَ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 10 پل ٺاهيا ويا آهن. في الحال سيٽلائيٽ تصويرن جي مطابق. برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٺهيل صرف 4-5 پلن جي تصديق ڪئي وئي آهي. اهي گوگل ميپ سيٽلائيٽ ويو موجب هيٺ ڏنل آهن: * زياجهولنزين پل. 2009-2012 ۾ 4,350 ميٽر (14,270 فوٽ) تي ٺهيل. هي برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٻيو ڊگهو پل آهي. * نائينگچي پل. 2014 ۾ ريلوي ذريعي نائينگچي کي لھاسا سان ڳنڍڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو. هي پل 750 ميٽر (2,460 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * لاساهي پل. لھاسا نديءَ تي ٺهيل. هي روڊ پل 929 ميٽر (3,048 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * شيگاٽسي پل. هي (2,750 ميٽر (9,020 فوٽ) ڊگهو) پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي شگاٽسي سان روڊ ۽ ريل ٻنهي ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * لهاتسي پل. هي 2,250 ميٽر (7,380 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. ڪيلاش-مانسروور علائقي کي لھاسا سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شانان پل. هي 2,000 ميٽر (6,600 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شنگري پل. هي 1,500 ميٽر (4,900 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. يارلونگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) درياءَ تي 3 وڌيڪ پل تبت (چين) خودمختيار علائقي ۾ آهن، پر تفصيل نامعلوم آهن. ==هندستان ۾ قومي پاڻي رستو 2== نيشنل پاڻي رستو 2 (NW2) آسام ۾ برهم پترا نديءَ جو 891 ڪلوميٽر ڊگهو سعديا-ڌوبري ٽڪرو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |title=The National Waterways Act, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426102233/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==ثقافتي تصويرون== نمامي برهم پترا فيسٽيول جو نمامي برهم پترا ٿيم سانگ (هندي ۽ آسامي ۾). ==پڻ ڏسو== * گنگا ندي * ايشيا جي دريائن جي فهرست * بنگله ديش جي دريائن جي فهرست * چين جي دريائن جي فهرست * هندستان جي دريائن جي فهرست * دنيا جي ڊگهين دريائن جي فهرست == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Notes === {{reflist|group=n}} {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] eko4avvws7u044yods7h48o79g26ox6 377776 377682 2026-05-16T10:37:39Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 377776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{Infobox river | name = Brahmaputra | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = From Sanskrit ब्रह्मपुत्र (brahmaputra, "son of [[Brahma]]"), from ब्रह्मा (brahmā, "Brahma") + पुत्र (putra, "son"). | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Brahmaputra River in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra (violet), Ganges (orange), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] (green). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Bangladesh]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Autonomous Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. It originates in the [[Manasarovar Lake]] region, near [[Mount Kailash]], on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]].<ref name="xinhua" /> The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]) and into Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It enters India near the village of [[Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh|Gelling]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and flows southwest through the [[Assam]] Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through [[Bangladesh]] as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] (not to be confused with the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] of India). In the vast [[Ganges Delta]], it merges with the [[Ganges]], popularly known as the [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh, and becomes the [[Meghna River|Meghna]] and ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===تبت=== گذريل 64 سالن دوران. جڏهن کان تبت هڪ خودمختيار علائقي جي حيثيت سان چين جو حصو بڻيو. برهماپترا نديءَ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 10 پل ٺاهيا ويا آهن. في الحال سيٽلائيٽ تصويرن جي مطابق. برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٺهيل صرف 4-5 پلن جي تصديق ڪئي وئي آهي. اهي گوگل ميپ سيٽلائيٽ ويو موجب هيٺ ڏنل آهن: * زياجهولنزين پل. 2009-2012 ۾ 4,350 ميٽر (14,270 فوٽ) تي ٺهيل. هي برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٻيو ڊگهو پل آهي. * نائينگچي پل. 2014 ۾ ريلوي ذريعي نائينگچي کي لھاسا سان ڳنڍڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو. هي پل 750 ميٽر (2,460 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * لاساهي پل. لھاسا نديءَ تي ٺهيل. هي روڊ پل 929 ميٽر (3,048 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * شيگاٽسي پل. هي (2,750 ميٽر (9,020 فوٽ) ڊگهو) پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي شگاٽسي سان روڊ ۽ ريل ٻنهي ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * لهاتسي پل. هي 2,250 ميٽر (7,380 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. ڪيلاش-مانسروور علائقي کي لھاسا سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شانان پل. هي 2,000 ميٽر (6,600 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شنگري پل. هي 1,500 ميٽر (4,900 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. يارلونگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) درياءَ تي 3 وڌيڪ پل تبت (چين) خودمختيار علائقي ۾ آهن، پر تفصيل نامعلوم آهن. ==هندستان ۾ قومي پاڻي رستو 2== نيشنل پاڻي رستو 2 (NW2) آسام ۾ برهم پترا نديءَ جو 891 ڪلوميٽر ڊگهو سعديا-ڌوبري ٽڪرو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |title=The National Waterways Act, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426102233/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==ثقافتي تصويرون== نمامي برهم پترا فيسٽيول جو نمامي برهم پترا ٿيم سانگ (هندي ۽ آسامي ۾). ==پڻ ڏسو== * گنگا ندي * ايشيا جي دريائن جي فهرست * بنگله ديش جي دريائن جي فهرست * چين جي دريائن جي فهرست * هندستان جي دريائن جي فهرست * دنيا جي ڊگهين دريائن جي فهرست == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Notes === {{reflist|group=n}} {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] 47ze1mbrd6bba4z5mg80b4bv6h4tuus 377777 377776 2026-05-16T11:28:03Z Memon2025 21315 377777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in China, India and Bangladesh}} {{Infobox river | name = برهم پترا ندي | native_name =Brahmaputra | name_other = | name_etymology = [[سنسڪرت]] مان برهمپوتر (ब्रह्मपुत्र, برهما پترا، "برهما جو پٽ")، برهما (ब्रह्मा) + پوتر (पुत्र، "پٽ") مان. | image = Brahmaputra from Hatisila Guwahati1.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = [[گوهاٽي]]، [[آسام]]، [[ڀارت]] ۾ برهم پترا ندي | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = برهمپترا (وائلٽ)، گنگا (نارنگي) ۽ ميگھنا (سائي) جي گڏيل پاڻي جي نيڪال جو نقشو | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name1 = {{پرچم|چين}} • {{پرچم|ڀارت}} • {{پرچم|بنگلاديش}} | subdivision_type2 = خودمختيار علائقو: * اروناچل پرديش * آسام * تبت خودمختيار علائقو. * | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = شهر: ڌماجي. ڊبرو ڳڙهه. جورٿ. تيج پور. گوهاٽي. ڍوري. سراج گنج. ميمنسنگ.ٽنگيل. * ذريعو: چيما. يونگ ڊانگ گليشيئر مان. سروور ڍنڍ. • جڳھ: هماليه. • ڪوآرڊينيٽس | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Dhemaji]]|[[Dibrugarh]]|[[Jorhat]]|[[Tezpur]]|[[Guwahati]]|[[Dhubri]]|[[Sirajganj]]|[[Mymensingh]]|[[Tangail]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|2,880|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> {{cvt|3,080|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{refn|name=length|group=n|The river is {{cvt|3,969|km|sp=us}} long according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2880 to 3364 km.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | title=Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers | publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | date=22 August 2011 | access-date=8 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503062829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-08/22/c_131067137.htm | archive-date=3 May 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|21,319.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref><ref name="books.google.hu">{{cite book |last=Webersik |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=45 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613202351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brahmaputra (Jamuna)–[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]–[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] → {{cvt|26,941.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Chemayungdung glacier, [[Manasarovar]] | source1_location = [[Himalayas]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|19|N|82|08|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|5,210|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ganges]] | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|47|46.7376|N|89|45|45.774|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Padma River|Padma]] → [[Meghna River|Meghna]] → [[Bay of Bengal]] | river_system = '''[[Ganges River]]''' | basin_size = {{cvt|625,726.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Nyang River|Nyang]], [[Parlung Zangbo]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], Nao Dihing, Buri Dihing, Dangori, Disang, [[Dikhow River|Dikhow]], [[Jhanji]], [[Dhansiri]], [[Kolong River|Kolong]], [[Kopili River|Kopili]], Bhorolu, [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]], [[Krishnai River|Krishnai]], [[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]] | tributaries_right = [[Kameng River|Kameng]], Jia Bhoroli, [[Manas River|Manas]], Beki, [[Raidak River|Raidak]], [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Jia dhol, [[Simen]], Pagladia, Sonkosh, Gadadhar | custom_label = | custom_data =* : • اوچائي: 5,210 ميٽر. * گنگا. * گنگا ڊيلٽا * ڪلوميٽر ڇڏڻ. • هنڌ: گنگا جو سنگم • سراسري: 21,319.2 ڪيوسڪ (ڪعبي ميٽر) (752,880 ڪيوبڪ فوٽ في سيڪنڊ) برهماپترا (جمنا). پراڻو برهماپترا. اپر ميگھنا. * ڇڏڻ. * • هنڌ: بهادر آباد. • سراسري: (مدت) • گهٽ ۾ گهٽ. • وڌ ۾ وڌ. • هنڌ: گوهاٽي. • سراسري: ڊبروڳڙهه. • پسي گھاٽ. پدما ۽ ميگھنا ندي. خليج بنگال * گنگا ندي * لھاسا، نانگ، پارلونگ زانگبو، لوھت، ناو ديھنگ، بُري ديھنگ، ڊانگوري، ديسانگ، ديخو، جھانجي، دھانسيري، ڪولونگ، ڪوپيلي، ڀورولو، ڪولسي، ڪرشنائي، اپر ميگھنا ندي. * ڪمنگ، جيا ڀورولي، مناس، بيڪي، ريڊڪ، جلڌڪا، ٽيستا، سبانسيري، جيا ڍول، سيمن، پگلاديا، سونڪوش، گداڌر ندي. * | discharge2_location =[[Bahadurabad Ghat railway station|Bahadurabad]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|3,280|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1980–2012){{cvt|24,027|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios">{{cite journal|journal=Environmental Research Letters|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1|last1=Anne|first1=Gädeke|last2=Michel|first2=Wortmann|last3=Christoph|first3=Menz|last4=Saiful|first4=Islam|last5=Muhammad|first5=Masood|last6=Valentina|first6=Krysanova|last7=Stefan|first7=Lange|last8=Fred|first8=Fokko Hattermann|title=Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios|date=2022|volume=17|number=9|bibcode=2022ERL....17i4036G |doi-access=free}}</ref> (Period: 2000–2015){{cvt|21,993|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|102,585|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Guwahati]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|18,850.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge4_location=[[Dibrugarh]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|8,722.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Pasighat]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,016.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> | extra = }} '''برهم پترا''' (Brahamputra River) هڪ سرحد پار درياهه آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ اولهه چين، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] مان وهندو آهي. ان کي آسامي ۾ برهم پترا يا لوئٽ، تبتي ۾ يرلونگ سانگپو، اروناچليءَ ۾ سيانگ/ديهانگ درياهه ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ جمنا درياهه سڏيو ويندو آهي. پاڻ ۾ اهو وهڪري جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو 9 هون وڏو درياهه ۽ 15 هون ڊگهو درياهه آهي. اهو [[مانسروور ڍنڍ|مانساروور ڍنڍ]] جي علائقي مان, [[ڪيلاش جبل]] جي ويجهو, [[هماليا|هماليه]] جي اترئين پاسي, [[تبت خودمختيار علائقو|تبت]] جي برانگ ڪائونٽي ۾ نڪرندو آهي, جتي اهو يارلونگ سانگپو درياهه جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. برهم پترا ڏاکڻي تبت سان وهندي هماليه جي وڏين گهاڙن ۾ (جنهن ۾ يارلنگ سانگپو گرانڊ ڪنيون به شامل آهي) ۽ [[اروناچل پرديش]] ۾ وهندو آهي.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |title=Brahmaputra River |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130005707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brahmaputra-River |archive-date=30 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> اهو اروناچل پرديش ۾ گيلنگ جي ڳوٺ جي ويجهو هندستان ۾ داخل ٿئي ٿو ۽ [[آسام]] وادي مان ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ برهم پترا جي نالي سان وهي ٿو ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[بنگلاديش]] مان جمنا (هندستان جي جمنا سان پريشان نه ٿيڻ) جي نالي سان وهي ٿو. وسيع گنگا ڊيلٽا ۾ اهو [[گنگا ندي|گنگا]], جتي اها پدما جي نالي سان مشهور آهي سان ملي ٿو ۽ ميگھنا بڻجي ٿو ۽ آخرڪار [[بنگال جي نار]] ۾ وهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133618/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/brahmaputra-river/|archive-date=6 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At {{cvt|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for [[irrigation]] and transportation in the region.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="xinhua" /> The average depth of the river is {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} (at [[Sadiya]]).<ref name=BBWR>{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Vijay |last2= Sharma |first2= Nayan |last3= Ojha |first3= C. Shekhar P. |date= 29 February 2004 |title= The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |location= Dordrecht |publisher= Springer |page= 120 |isbn= 9789048164813 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |archive-date= 20 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820081154/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC |url-status= live }}</ref> The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~{{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref name="britannica"/> and floods reach about {{cvt|103,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |title=Water Resources of Bangladesh |website=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806192531/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/bangladesh/index.stm |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> It is a classic example of a [[braided river]] and is highly susceptible to [[River channel migration|channel migration]] and [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]].<ref name="Catling1992">{{cite book |last=Catling |first=David |date=1992 |title=Rice in deep water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |page=177 |isbn=978-971-22-0005-2 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103756/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA177 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a [[tidal bore]]. It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the [[Ganga]] basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the [[Meghalaya]] hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. [[Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m) is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin and the only peak above 8,000 m. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–1886. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} The lower reaches are sacred to [[Hinduism|Hindus]]. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |date=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} ==Names== It is known by various names in different regional languages: {{lang|as-Latn|Brôhmôputrô}} in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]; {{bo|t=ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་|w=yar klung gtsang po|c=Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]; {{lang-zh|s=雅鲁藏布江|t=雅魯藏布江|p=Yǎlǔzàngbù Jiāng}}. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]).<ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"/> In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Thomas |date=2023-10-25 |title=Find the river: Discovering the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra in the age of empire |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=58 |language=en |pages=127–162 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X23000288 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Geography== ===Course=== ====Tibet==== {{main|Yarlung Tsangpo}} [[File:Yarlong Tsangpo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in Tibet]] The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] from the Tibetan language, originates on the [[Angsi Glacier]], near Mount Kailash, located on the northern side of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Burang County]] of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about {{cvt|60|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lake Manasarovar]] in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly {{cvt|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the [[Kailas Range]] to the north. [[File:Brahmaputra from ganden3.jpg|thumb|[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]]] In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of [[Xigazê]] (Shigatse), and the [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of [[Lhasa]] and joins the Tsangpo at [[Qüxü]]. The [[Nyang River]] joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of [[Gyala Peri]] and [[Namcha Barwa]] in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge (the "[[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]]") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for {{cvt|5000|m|abbr=on}} and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. ====Arunachal Pradesh==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Brahmaputra-river-basin.png|thumb|Brahmaputra basin in [[India]]]] [[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh]] The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves the part of Tibet to enter Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about {{cvt|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southward after which, it is joined by the [[Dibang River]] and the [[Lohit River]] at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribals, it then enters the state of [[Assam]], and becomes very wide—as wide as {{cvt|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising. ====Assam==== [[File:Bank of Brahmaputra river-Guwahati 2.jpg|alt=Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati.|thumb|Bank of Brahmaputra River in Guwahati]] The Dihang, winding out of the mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about {{cvt|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam, the river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart. As the river follows its braided {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bharali, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, and the Kopili. Between [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Lakhimpur District]]s, the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream, forming the [[Majuli]] island, which is the largest river island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Majuli|first1=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903033856/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Guwahati]], near the ancient pilgrimage centre of [[Hajo (India)|Hajo]], the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the [[Shillong Plateau]], and is at its narrowest at {{convert|1|km|yd|abbr=on}} bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra was constructed at [[Saraighat]]. It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra [[floodplain]]s in Assam have been described as the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] [[ecoregion]]. ====Bangladesh==== [[File:Bangladesh LOC 1996 map.jpg|left|upright=1.3|thumb|Rivers of Bangladesh, including the Brahmaputra]] In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the [[Teesta River]] (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two [[distributary]] branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ({{lang|bn-Latn|Jomuna}}) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the [[Padma River]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Pôdma}}). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or [[Old Brahmaputra]] ({{lang|bn-Latn|Brommoputro}}). It curves southeast to join the [[Meghna River]] near [[Dhaka]]. The Padma and Meghna converge near [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brahmaputra River – Map Tributaries Flow Bridges Tunnel |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Rivers Of India – All About Rivers |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171658/https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/03/brahmaputra-river-map-tributaries-flow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills right below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a {{cvt|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the [[Baral River|Baral]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]], and [[Hurasagar River|Hurasagar]] Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large [[Dhaleswari River]] on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj.<ref name=":0" /> The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about {{cvt|120|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ganga Delta]], fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is {{cvt|105,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, one of the largest [[river delta]]s in the world.<ref name="SinghSharma2004">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|author3=C. Shekhar|author4=P. Ojha|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-94-017-0540-0/page/n125 113]|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The Brahmaputra River from outer space]] ===Hydrology=== The [[Ganges]]–Brahmaputra–[[Meghna River|Meghna]] system has the second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~{{cvt|44,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge.<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ|title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III|last1=Igor Alekseevich|first1=Shiklomanov|isbn=978-1-84826-026-9|year=2009|publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref><ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name="combinedsedimentload">{{cite book |date=2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |pages=85– |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806053055/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]] districts. In an 8.8 magnitude [[1762 Arakan earthquake|earthquake on 2 April 1762]], however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] due to the result of tectonic uplift of the [[Madhupur tract]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Suess |first=Eduard |date=1904 |title=The face of the earth: (Das antlitz der erde) |url=https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog |publisher=Clarendon press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceearthdasant00sollgoog/page/n69 50]– |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> ==== Climate ==== Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s40068-015-0043-0 |volume=4 |title=Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature |journal=Environmental Systems Research |year=2015 |last1=Barman |first1=Swapnali |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=R. K. |issue=1 |article-number=16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015EnvSR...4...16B }}</ref> The discharge of the Brahmaputra River is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. ====Discharge==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[File:Naokhel At sualkuchi.jpg|thumb|Rowing competition of [[Sualkuchi]] at Brahmaputra River]] The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time, the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over {{cvt|18|km|abbr=on}} in the Bengal fore-deep to the south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in the mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about {{cvt|1.9|m|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} of discharge.<ref name="Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products">{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|doi=10.3390/rs11050501|last1=Biswa|first1=Bhattacharya|last2=Maurizio|first2=Mazzoleni|last3=Reyne|first3=Ugay|title=Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products|date=2019|volume=11|issue=5|page=501 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11..501B }}</ref> The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was {{cvt|72,726|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} August 1962 while the lowest was {{cvt|1,757|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. ====Floodplain evolution==== {{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside the water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than {{Convert|1-2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically {{Convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along small channels and {{Convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. ====Flooding==== [[File:Brahmaputra Plains in Goalpara District of Assam 857.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra]] During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the [[Kaziranga National Park]] in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected.<ref>Das, D.C. 2000. Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley (1970–71 and 1994–95). PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>Mipun, B.S. 1989. Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shrivastava | first1 = R.J. | last2 = Heinen | first2 = J.T. | year = 2005 | title = Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | journal = Journal of Ecological Anthropology | volume = 9 | pages = 20–34 | doi = 10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2 | doi-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 20 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133934/https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=jea | url-status = live }}</ref> The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During the 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging {{Convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}} embankments, and affecting {{Convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}} of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, {{Convert|1.1|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of the rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly ''aus'' (early season) rice crop lost; {{cvt|270,000|ha|abbr=on}} of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and {{Convert|63|e6t|e6ST|abbr=off}} of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now the flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of [[Majuli|Majuli Island]] has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. ===Channel morphology=== The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the [[Old Brahmaputra River|"Old Brahmaputra"]]. The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river's erosion rate has decreased to {{cvt|30|m|abbr=on}} per year as compared to {{cvt|150|m|abbr=on}} per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in the upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268404868 | title=Channel and Bed Morphology of a Part of the Brahmaputra River in Assam| journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India| volume=62| date=August 2003| last1=Gilfellon| first1=George| last2=Sarma| first2=Jogendra| last3=Gohain| first3=K.| issue=2| page=227| doi=10.17491/jgsi/2003/620209| bibcode=2003JGSI...62..227G}}</ref> ==== River engineering ==== The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of [[bank erosion]] (usually via slab failure) and [[River channel migration|channel migration]] caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit the river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report<ref>{{Cite report | date = 2004 | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | title = Monsoon Floods 2004: Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report | journal = Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group | location = Dhaka, Bangladesh | page = 23 | access-date = 25 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321070102/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0601496727BB568AC1256F230033FBC5-lcg-bang-6oct.pdf | archive-date = 21 March 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The [[Bangabandhu Bridge]], the only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is {{Convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} long with a platform {{Convert|18.5|m|abbr=on}} wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China built the [[Zangmu Dam]] in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2015 |title=China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422074545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-operationalizes-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49335741.cms |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tributaries== The main tributaries from the mouth:<ref name="Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=57&catid=219&Itemid=179|title=Ganga (Ganges)-Brahmaputra}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)^* |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]]''' |- |[[Meghna River|Upper Meghna]]–Kalni–[[Kushiyara River|Kushyiara]]–[[Barak River|Barak]] | rowspan="3" | |1,040 |85,385 |5,603.2 |- |Shaldha | |555.3 |28 |- |Beltoly | |232.7 |11.6 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]]''' |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Atrai River|Atrai]]–[[Gumani River|Gumani]] |390 |22,876.1 |800.9 |- |Ghaghat–Alay |148 |1,388.6 |46.6 |- |Jinjiram | | |2,798.5 |103 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Teesta River|Teesta]] |414 |12,466.1 |463.2 |- |[[Dharla River|Dharla]]–[[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] |289 |5,929.4 |245.1 |- |[[Torsa River|Torsa]] | |12,183 |361.7 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Brahmaputra''' |- | rowspan="3" | |Gangadhar ([[Sankosh River|Sunkosh]]) | |11,413.9 |231.5 |- |[[Tipkai River|Tipkai]]–Gaurang |108 |3,202.9 |118.7 |- |[[Champabati River|Champabuti]] (Bhur) |135 |1,259.3 |43.1 |- |[[Krishnai River|Krishnai]] | |105 |2,251.5 |82.3 |- | |[[Manas River|Manas]]–[[Beki River|Beki]] |400 |36,835.1 |875 |- |[[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] | |220 |4,615.2 |339.7 |- | |[[Puthimari River|Puthimari]] |190 |2,737.4 |149.7 |- |Kalbog Nadi | rowspan="3" | | |283.7 |23.4 |- |[[Kopili River|Kopili]] (Kalang) |297 |19,705.7 |1,802 |- |Pokoriya ([[Kolong River|Kolong]]) | |1,265.5 |103.3 |- | rowspan="3" | |Bhola | |726.2 |69.2 |- |Tangni | |500.9 |40.4 |- |[[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri Nadi]] |123 |1,821.8 |122.2 |- |Leteri | | |305.7 |24.4 |- | rowspan="4" | |Belsiri Nadi | |808.7 |67.1 |- |Gabhara Nadi | |697.7 |57.8 |- |[[Kameng River|Kameng]] ([[Bhareli River|Bhareli]]) |264 |10,841.3 |780.8 |- |Gamiripal | |262.4 |22.2 |- |[[River Diphlu|Diphlu]] | | |1,050.3 |91.3 |- | rowspan="4" | |Bargang |42 |640.5 |57.5 |- |Bihmāri Nadi | |208.4 |18.6 |- |Baroi |64 |712.7 |68.5 |- |Holongi |167 |970.9 |92.2 |- |[[Dhansiri]] | |352 |12,780.1 |978.9 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] |518 |34,833.1 |3,153.4 |- |Tuni | |186.3 |20.2 |- |[[Jhanji River|Jhānzi]] | rowspan="4" | |108 |2,102.2 |213.3 |- |Dikhu |200 |3,268.7 |359 |- |Disang |253 |4,415.1 |477.8 |- |[[Dihing River|Burhi Dihing]] |380 |5,975.2 |652.8 |- | rowspan="2" | |Simen |68.5 |1,438 |232.1 |- |Poba | |599.1 |89.4 |- |[[Lohit River|Lohit]] | rowspan="2" | |560 |29,330.1 |2,138.2 |- |[[Dibang River|Dibang]] |324 |12,502.5 |1,337.2 |- | colspan="5" |'''Siang''' |- | |Mora Lāli Korong | |201.2 |30.1 |- |Siku | rowspan="2" | | |254.8 |40.7 |- |Yamne | |1,266.3 |205.6 |- | rowspan="10" | |Sireng | | |11 |- |Yembung | |171 |30 |- |Sike ([[Siyom River|Siyom]]) |170 |5,818.3 |843.4 |- |Simyuk (Simaang) | | |12.1 |- |Siring | |143.2 |21.3 |- |Angong | |141.4 |19.9 |- |Niogang (Sirapatang) | |151.2 |21.5 |- |Shapateng | |1,044.5 |88.9 |- |Siyi (Pall Si) | |154.8 |14.6 |- |Ringong (Ripong Asi) | |785.6 |53.3 |- |Yang Sang Chu | | |1,302.1 |156 |- | colspan="5" |'''[[Yarlung Tsangpo]]''' |- | |Nagöng (Lugong) | |314.6 |17.4 |- |Nilechu | | |134.2 |10 |- | |Baimu Xiri | |695.2 |33.9 |- |Sikong | rowspan="3" | | |273.6 |18.8 |- |Simo Chu | |636.7 |37.6 |- |Chimdro Chu | |2,161.3 |99.2 |- | |Yanglang | |451.1 |20.5 |- |[[Parlung Tsangpo|Parlung Zangbo]] | rowspan="2" | |266 |28,631 |867.6 |- |[[Nyang River|Nyang]] |307.5 |17,928.7 |441.9 |- | |Nanyi | |633.3 |42.2 |- |Ga Sacouren | | |1,119.9 |32.7 |- | |Lilong | |1,562.9 |89.6 |- |Mulucuo | | |1,150.1 |23.7 |- | |Jindong Qu | |958.1 |26.7 |- |Baqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,624.6 |23 |- |Zengqiqu | |1,453.5 |12 |- | rowspan="2" | |Momequ | |2,029.7 |23.1 |- |Yalong |68 |2,263.9 |26 |- |[[Lhasa River|Lhasa]] | rowspan="2" | |568 |32,471 |335 |- |[[Nimu Maqu River|Nima Maqu]] |83 |2,385.9 |11.9 |- | |Menqu |73 |11,437.1 |102.1 |- |Wuyu Maqu | rowspan="2" | | |1,609.8 |3.4 |- |Xiangqu Qu | |7,427.6 |21.2 |- | |Nyang Qu (Nianchu) |217 |14,231.9 |77.6 |- |Nadong | | |2,422.5 |8.4 |- | |Xiabu | |5,467.2 |20.5 |- |Dogxung Zangbo | |303 |19,885.7 |58.2 |- | rowspan="2" | |Sa'gya Zangbo | |1,489.2 |6.8 |- |Ji | |1,647.3 |5.4 |- |Naxiong | | |5,771.9 |74.5 |- | rowspan="4" | |Mang Zhaxiongqu | |524.1 |14.8 |- |Galixiong | |411.1 |12.3 |- |Xuede Zangbu | |807 |25.5 |- |Jiajizi | |1,391 |24.8 |- |Menqu Qu | rowspan="2" | | |1,236.9 |7.1 |- |Chai (Tsa Chu) | |4,319.6 |9.7 |- | |[[Maquan River|Maquan]] (Matsang Tsangpo) |270 |21,502.3 |164 |} ^*Period: 1971–2000 ==History== [[File:Brahmaputra River SPOT 1125.jpg|thumb|left|Brahmaputra River seen from a [[SPOT satellite]]]] [[File:Brahmaputra system.png|thumb|The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh]] [[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the [[Teesta River]] flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787.]] ===Earlier history=== The [[Bodo-Kachari|Kachari]] group called the river "Dilao", "Tilao".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Dr. M.H|last2=Bright|first2=P.S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=9788171994519|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075845/https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ([[Ancient greek]] Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burnell|first1=A. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases|last2=Yule|first2=Henry|date=24 October 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60332-7|pages=132|language=en|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008075846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]] and [[Mymensingh]] districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about the river system in [[Bangladesh]] is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s.<ref>e.g. Rennell, 1776; Rennel, 1787</ref> The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the [[Holocene]]. One idea about the most recent [[avulsion (river)|avulsion]] is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and the Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the [[Monash (river)|Monash]] and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the [[Munshiganj]] subdivision. In 1809, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj "was scarcely inferior to the mighty river, and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country". By 1830, the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance. It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains, but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather. Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also. ===International cooperation=== The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend, with a view to diverting the waters to the north of the country. This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Tibet admits to Brahmaputra project |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426005022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/China-admits-to-Brahmaputra-project/articleshow/5842624.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Kathmandu Workshop of [[Strategic Foresight Group]] in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region, which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries, the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion.<ref>[http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf MacArthur Foundation, Asian Security Initiative] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727051907/http://asiasecurity.macfound.org/images/uploads/news_attachments/Kathmandu_Workshop_Report.pdf |date=27 July 2011 }}</ref> However, on 22 April 2010, China confirmed that it was indeed building the [[Zangmu Dam]] on the Brahmaputra in Tibet,<ref name="economictimes"/> but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese dam will not impact the flow of Brahmaputra: Krishna |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425062537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chinese-dam-will-not-impact-flow-of-brahmaputra-krishna/609953 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India, in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river, but is one that remains hotly debated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=BBC|title=Megadams: Battle on the Brahmaputra|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112603/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26663820|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition, especially in the state of Assam, against Chinese upstream dam building, as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese [[hydropower]] plans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yeophantong|first1=Pichamon|title=River activism, policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia|journal=Water International|date=2017|volume=42|issue=2|pages=163–186|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1279041|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..163Y |s2cid=157181000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/21638300 }}</ref> In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010, 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |title=The New Nation, Bangladesh, 17 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614060034/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2010/01/17/news0350.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> calling for the exchange of information in low-flow periods, and other means of collaboration. Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream, customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries. There is also the potential for China, India, and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation. ===Significance to people=== [[File:Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River, Assam, India.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of a fisherman on boat during sunset at Brahmaputra River]] [[File:River-ferry-828301 1920.jpg|thumb|{{center|People fishing in the Brahmaputra River}}]] The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra River. Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands. These people rely on the annual 'normal' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils, hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming. In fact, two of the three seasonal rice varieties (aus and aman) cannot survive without the floodwater. Furthermore, the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations. == Dams and hydropower projects == {{main|List of dams on the Brahmaputra River}} Brahmaputra and Ganges floodwaters can be supplied to most lands in India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref> ==Bridges== {{anchor | Bridges }} ===India=== {{anchor | India bridges }} ==== Current bridges==== {{anchor | India current bridges }} From east to west till Parashuram Kund, then from southwest to northeast from Parshuram Kund to Patum, finally from east to southwest from Parshuram Kund to Burhidhing: # [[Naranarayan Setu]], road and rail bridge near [[Bongaigaon]] in Assam, {{convert|2285|m|ft}} # [[Old Saraighat Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Guwahati]] in Assam. {{convert|1495|m|ft}} # [[New Saraighat Bridge]], road bridge near Guwahati in Assam. {{convert|1521|m|ft}} # [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]], road bridge near [[Tezpur]] in Assam, {{convert|3025|m|ft}} # [[New Kolia Bhomora Bridge]], parallel road bridge near the old [[Kolia Bhomora Setu]] near [[Tezpur]] in [[Assam]] .3,065.11 metres (10,056.36 ft) # [[Bogibeel Bridge]], road and rail bridge near [[Dibrugarh]] in Assam, {{convert|4940|m|ft}}, The Longest on Brahmaputra River. #[[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu]], {{convert|4050|m|ft}} in central Guwahati connecting North Guwahati with Guwahati (Pan Bazar and Bharalmukh).<ref name=nbr1/> # Ranaghat Bridge on the Brahmaputra at [[Pasighat]] in Arunachal Pradesh. {{convert|3375|m|ft}} ====Approved and under-construction bridges ==== {{anchor | Bridge | Bridges | India planned bridges }} 9 new bridges, including 3 bridges in Guwahati (New Saraighat bridge parallel to the old bridge, and 2 new bridges in greenfield locations at Bharalumukh and Kurua), 1 new bridge in Tezpur parallel to the old bridge, and 5 greenfield bridges in new locations (Dhubri, Bijoynagar, Gohpur tunnel, Nemtighat, & Sivasagar) elsewhere in Assam have been approved. 5 of these were announced in 2017 by India's Minister for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]], [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | title=PM Modi launches Mahabahu-Brahmaputra initiative ahead of polls in Assam – INSIDE NE | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=18 February 2021 | archive-date=18 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091148/https://www.insidene.com/pm-modi-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-initiative-ahead-of-polls-in-assam/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=brid1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62296136.cms |date=2 January 2018 }}, Economic Times, 29 December 2017.</ref><ref name=plan2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |title=Fencing to be over by December: Sonowal |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703233709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fencing-to-be-over-by-december-sonowal/article23982592.ece |url-status=live |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}</ref> From west to east: # Dhubri: [[Dhubri-Phulbari bridge]], road and rail bridge in Assam, near tri-junction of east Meghalaya, west Assam and north Bangladesh<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|12625|m|ft}} # Bijoynagar: Palasbari-[[Sualkuchi]] bridge, to connect [[Nalbari]] to [[Bijoynagar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati Airport]] & Shillong.<ref name=nbr1>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-bridge-over-brahmaputra-621365 PM Modi to Lay Foundation Stone of New Bridge Over Brahmaputra], Sentinel Assam, 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/three-more-bridges-over-brahmaputra-to-be-completed-in-next-five-yrs-assam-cm-4403951.html Three More Bridges Over Brahmaputra to be Completed in Next Five Yrs: Assam CM], News18, 10 November 2022.</ref> # Guwahati: Narangi-Kurua bridge, {{convert|675|m|ft}} east of Guwahati was approved in 2022.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/connecting-guwahati-city-via-mountains-on-centres-cards-622583 Connecting Guwahati City Via 'Mountains' On Centre's Cards], Sentinel Assam, 10 November 2022.</ref> # [[Numaligarh-Gohpur Tunnel]]<!--NOTE: retain redlink to encourage article creation-->: under-water tunnel between [[Gohpur]] ([[Biswanath district]]) and [[Numaligarh]] ([[Golaghat district]]) in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> {{convert|4500|m|ft}} tunnel with 33.7 total length including ramp, Rs6,000 cr DPR was ready in September 2025 and construction will take 5 years after the land acquisition and award of contract.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/assams-first-underwater-tunnel-dpr-ready-6000-crore-project-awaits-cabinet-nod/124301266 Assams first underwater tunnel DPR ready, 6000 crore project awaits cabinet nod], Economic Times, 4 Oct 2025.</ref> # [[Jorhat]]-[[Majuli]] bridge: <br /> Jorhat-Majuli bridge at [[Jorhat]] on Brahmaputra in Assam The Jorhat-Majuli bridege combined with Louit Khablu Bridge on a tributary will connect Jorhat with [[Bihpuria]] and [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]]. When completed, it will be about 8.25&nbsp;km in length.<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> # Sivasagar: Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta Bridge between Disangmukh-Tekeliphuta near Sivasagar in Assam<ref name=brid1/><ref name=plan2/> 2.8&nbsp;km ====Proposed and awaiting approval by MoRTH==== {{anchor | proposed }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra: <br>These will reduce risk of blockades, logistics cost, travel time, boost economy, and enable India's [[Look East policy (India)|Look-East]] and [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Neighbourhood-first]] connectivity. # [[Barpeta]]-Nitarkhola Reserve bridge: half-way between Narnarayan Setu (Jogighopa) and [[Guwahati]] bridge, will reduce 140&nbsp;km distance by 100&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for east Assam connectivity to south Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh and Tripura. # [[Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge]]: near [[Morigaon]] half-way between Guwahati and Tezpur, it will reduce 180&nbsp;km distance by 140&nbsp;km to 40&nbsp;km, vital for connecting [[Tawang]] and eastern end of [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]] to South Assam, [[Tripura]], Bangladesh, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]] ([[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]]), all of which are vital for tourism and trade. # [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh#Sadiya bridge|Sadiya Sille-Oyan bridge]], 40&nbsp;km long road including bridges, from Sille-Oyan<!-- As per wikiguidelines, retain redlink to encourage its creation of article. -->-Chilling Madhupur-[[Sadia]] over [[Brahmputra]] river will existing 180&nbsp;km Sille-Oyan to Sadiya distance by 140&nbsp;km and existing 150&nbsp;km Pasighat-Sadiya distance by 110&nbsp;km. It is vital for [[National Waterway 2]] and [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Arunachal Industrial Corridor Highway]]. * Bridges on Padma River #Dhulian bridge: between Pakur and Malda. * Bridges on Subansiri River #Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge to connect Narayanpur and Bodti Miri to Majuli Bridge. There is existing NH bridge near Gogamukh in north, another under construction Majuli-North Lakhimpur NH bridge in centre, and Narayanpur-Majuli Bridge in south will be third bridge. * Bridges on Manas and Beki rivers: between Chapar and Barpeta on greenfield expressway #Chamabati-Oudubi bridge #Barjana-Moinbari bridge #Balikuri-Barpeta bridge ==== Under-river tunnel ==== {{anchor | Tunnel }} {{see also | India-China Border Roads#Tunnels | l1= India-China Border Roads & tunnels}} # [[Numaligarh]]-[[Gohpur]] under-river tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|access-date=3 September 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830011134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-gives-in-principle-approval-for-tunnel-under-the-brahmaputra-amid-tension-with-china-report/story-aA9pwE331qA5SUjVcmUOJN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 15.6&nbsp;km long tunnel, 22 metres below the river bed, will have 18&nbsp;km approach roads to connect the [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]] and Numaligarh on [[National Highway 37 (India)|NH-37]]. This total ~33&nbsp;km route will boost economy and strategic defence connectivity, protect [[Kaziranga National Park]] by diverting traffic away from the congested 2-lane highway through the park, shorten 223&nbsp;km 6 hour long Gohpur-Numaligarh route to 35&nbsp;km and 30 minutes, This twin tube tunnel, with an under road water drainage and overhead ventilation fans, will have inter-connectivity the twin tubs for evacuation. It will be equipped with sensors, CCTV, automated safety and traffic control systems. It will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 billion in 2021).<ref name=goh1>{{Cite news| date= 9 September 2021| editor-last= DAS GUPTA| editor-first= MOUSHUMI DAS GUPTA| title= Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra| url= https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| access-date= 10 September 2021| work= The Print| language= en| archive-date= 11 September 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210911072212/https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-proposes-15-6-km-twin-road-tunnel-of-strategic-importance-under-brahmaputra/731790/| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== {{anchor | Bangladesh planned bridges }} {{See also | List of bridges in Bangladesh }} ==== Present bridges in Bangladesh==== * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # [[Bangabandhu Bridge]] (formerly Jamuna Bridge), road and rail bridge connects [[Siraiganj]] and [[Tangail]] on either side of the river. # [[Bangabandhu Railway Bridge]] is under contraction railway bridge over Bramhmaputra River. It is connect Bangabandhu Bridge East Railway Station to Bangabandhu West Railway station * Bridges on [[Padma River]] tributary of Brahmaputra # [[Padma Bridge]], road and rail bridge, south of Dhaka. # [[Lalon Shah Bridge]] road bridge on Padma River tributary of Brahmaputra, near Ishwardi & Pabna. # [[Hardinge Bridge]], rail bridge on Padma River next to Lalon Shah Bridge. ====Planned bridges in Bangladesh==== {{anchor | plannedban }} * Bridges on Brahmaputra (Jamuna River) # Kurigram-Mankachar bridge, rail and road bridge connecting west [[Meghalaya]] (Mankachar) and north Bangladesh (Kurigram, [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] & [[Dinajpur]]) to north West Bengal ([[Cooch Behar]] & [[Siliguri]]) and [[Sikkim]]. # Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Gaibandha]]-[[Bakshiganj]] on either side of the river. It will connect southwest Meghalaya (India) & south Assam ([[Silchar]], India) to [[Bogura]] (Bangladesh), [[Malda, Bihar|Malda]] (India), [[Bhagalpur]] (India) as an alternative to the chicken-neck [[Siliguri Corridor]]. #[[Bogura]]-[[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]] Gaibandha-Bakshiganj Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect [[Imphal]]-Silcher to [[Sylhet]]-[[Mymensingh]]-[[Bogura]] to Malda-[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]-[[Patna]]. # Shivalya-[[Golanda]]-[[Bhagulpur]] Bridge, road and rail bridge to connect existing rail and road heads at [[Siraiganj]]-[[Tangail]] on either side of the river. #Chandpur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect Northeast India ([[Aizawal]]-[[Rikhawdar]] in Mizoram & Udaipur in Tripura) to Bangladesh ([[Cumilla]]-[[Khulna]]) and [[Kolkata]]. # Elisha-Lakshmipur Bridge, rail and road bridge to connect south Mizoram ([[Lunglei]]-[[Talabung]]) and south Tripura [[Sabroom]] to Feni-[[Barisal]]-[[Port of Mongla]] and [[Diamond Harbour]]-[[Haldia]] ports. * Bridges on Padma river # Rajshahi bridge ===تبت=== گذريل 64 سالن دوران. جڏهن کان تبت هڪ خودمختيار علائقي جي حيثيت سان چين جو حصو بڻيو. برهماپترا نديءَ تي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 10 پل ٺاهيا ويا آهن. في الحال سيٽلائيٽ تصويرن جي مطابق. برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٺهيل صرف 4-5 پلن جي تصديق ڪئي وئي آهي. اهي گوگل ميپ سيٽلائيٽ ويو موجب هيٺ ڏنل آهن: * زياجهولنزين پل. 2009-2012 ۾ 4,350 ميٽر (14,270 فوٽ) تي ٺهيل. هي برهماپترا نديءَ تي ٻيو ڊگهو پل آهي. * نائينگچي پل. 2014 ۾ ريلوي ذريعي نائينگچي کي لھاسا سان ڳنڍڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو. هي پل 750 ميٽر (2,460 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * لاساهي پل. لھاسا نديءَ تي ٺهيل. هي روڊ پل 929 ميٽر (3,048 فوٽ) ڊگهو آهي. * شيگاٽسي پل. هي (2,750 ميٽر (9,020 فوٽ) ڊگهو) پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي شگاٽسي سان روڊ ۽ ريل ٻنهي ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * لهاتسي پل. هي 2,250 ميٽر (7,380 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. ڪيلاش-مانسروور علائقي کي لھاسا سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شانان پل. هي 2,000 ميٽر (6,600 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. * شنگري پل. هي 1,500 ميٽر (4,900 فوٽ) ڊگهو پل يارلنگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) نديءَ تي ٺهيل آهي. لھاسا کي ننگچي سان روڊ ذريعي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ. يارلونگ سانگپو (برهم پترا) درياءَ تي 3 وڌيڪ پل تبت (چين) خودمختيار علائقي ۾ آهن، پر تفصيل نامعلوم آهن. ==هندستان ۾ قومي پاڻي رستو 2== نيشنل پاڻي رستو 2 (NW2) آسام ۾ برهم پترا نديءَ جو 891 ڪلوميٽر ڊگهو سعديا-ڌوبري ٽڪرو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |title=The National Waterways Act, 2016 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516214245/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|website=www.pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426102233/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==ثقافتي تصويرون== نمامي برهم پترا فيسٽيول جو نمامي برهم پترا ٿيم سانگ (هندي ۽ آسامي ۾). ==پڻ ڏسو== * گنگا ندي * ايشيا جي دريائن جي فهرست * بنگله ديش جي دريائن جي فهرست * چين جي دريائن جي فهرست * هندستان جي دريائن جي فهرست * دنيا جي ڊگهين دريائن جي فهرست == See also == {{col div|colwidth=35em}} * [[BrahMos (missile)]] – A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River * [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]] * [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] * [[List of rivers of Asia]] * [[List of rivers of Assam]] * [[List of rivers of Bangladesh]] * [[List of rivers of China]] * [[List of rivers of India]] * [[Peninsular River System]] {{colend}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Notes === {{reflist|group=n}} {{reflist| refs= <ref name="NYTimes2015-03-30"> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | title = The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | author = Michael Buckley | date = 30 March 2015 | page = A25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/opinion/the-price-of-damming-tibets-rivers.html | archive-date = 31 March 2015 | access-date = 1 April 2015 | url-status = live | quote = Two of the continent's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet: the Salween and the Brahmaputra Though yes they are under threat from retreating glaciers, a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans. A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween, which now flows freely, and the Brahmaputra, where one dam is already operational. }} </ref> }} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=M. M.|last2=Varis|first2=O.|year=2009|title=Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01209.x |bibcode=2009NRF....33...60R }} * {{Cite journal|last=Sarma|first=J N|title=Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India|journal=Geomorphology|volume=70|issue=3–4|pages=226–256|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.007|bibcode=2005Geomo..70..226S}} * Ribhaba Bharali. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project. Published in Assamese Pratidin, Amar Assam in October 2012. {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]. Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509083056/http://dhemaji.nic.in/flood/rivers.htm Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045950/http://www.southasianfloods.org/document/ffb/index.html Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario] * [http://www.onlinesivasagar.com/wildlife/brahmaputra.html The Mighty Brahmaputra] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140731133055/http://www.assamportal.com/principal-rivers-in-assam/ Principal Rivers of Assam] * "The Brahmaputra", a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta. (Published by National Book Trust, New Delhi, India) * Émilie Crémin. Entre mobilité et sédentarité : les Mising, "peuple du fleuve", face à l'endiguement du Brahmapoutre (Assam, Inde du Nord-Est). Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2014. Français. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01139754 * [https://www.aksharnaad.com/2018/06/16/my-assam-trip-brahmaputra/ My Trip of Mighty Brahmaputra (in Gujarati)] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{EB1911 poster|Brahmaputra}} * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Navboxes|list= {{India Rivers}} {{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of India}} {{Hydrography of North-east India}} {{Rivers in and around Bengal}} {{Dooars}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brahmaputra River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Asia]] [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Rivers of China]] [[Category:Bay of Bengal]] [[Category:Sacred rivers]] [[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Category:Rivers of Assam]] [[Category:Rivers of Tibet]] [[Category:Rivers of Dhaka Division]] [[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]] [[Category:Braided rivers in India]] [[زمرو:برهمپترا ندي]] [[زمرو:دریاھہ ۽ نديون]] [[زمرو:سرحد پار درياهه]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش ۾ درياهه]] [[زمرو:بنگلاديش-هندستان حد]] 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سرڪاري ادارا]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا وفاقي ادارا ۽ گماشتگيري]] p53zgpsrcgxxe026w1y4jlsd1wjzgef 14 96657 377692 2026-05-15T21:09:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ راجڌانيون]] 377692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ راجڌانيون]] fx1kslfqceuca5uo2cnvu0gzfigbdwn 377693 377692 2026-05-15T21:11:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ راجڌانيون]]; added [[Category:ڏکڻ ايشيا]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا]] fx7ysbnaja5902ng1705bcch9bq7pnd 377694 377693 2026-05-15T21:15:27Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ايشيا]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا]] [[زمرو:ايشيا]] 90ktep8njqbadw90jb4av96vm3l786s 377695 377694 2026-05-15T21:17:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 377695 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ راجڌانيون]] fx1kslfqceuca5uo2cnvu0gzfigbdwn 377704 377695 2026-05-15T21:32:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 377704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ راجڌانيون]] 023f4c6jwn1bxxzpcof1f9088kkjwxp 14 96658 377696 2026-05-15T21:17:36Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] 377696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] i1f7kcyk8hww6gnu29j75tb4g55d6rz 14 96659 377701 2026-05-15T21:24:49Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] 377701 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] r762cn4blhocc1953lpwsv8pztecxxt 14 96660 377703 2026-05-15T21:31:04Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] 377703 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ راڄڌانيون]] sk2czd3abn51vi187yzxomeknngaiqy 377705 377703 2026-05-15T21:33:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 377705 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ راجڌانيون]] fx1kslfqceuca5uo2cnvu0gzfigbdwn 14 96661 377709 2026-05-15T21:41:13Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا]] 377709 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا]] on4f232x0jxa62d6iftcl0j0wrt3h6k 377710 377709 2026-05-15T21:41:47Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا]]; added [[Category:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377710 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] ehvqq8y3a2v5pet23omx69r2x9a3nm5 14 96662 377715 2026-05-15T21:49:58Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:راجڌانيون]] 377715 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:راجڌانيون]] 884qv4ewc3kw3uztonqkkjkxg8n6ku5 377716 377715 2026-05-15T21:50:31Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 377716 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:راجڌاني]] t8rp6wracukm9z3cuvcoekyxrrfje3r 377717 377716 2026-05-15T21:50:59Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:راجڌاني]]; added [[Category:گادي جا هنڌ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377717 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:گادي جا هنڌ]] lsval2xflqjerk11dwhcboomjtoerdw 377718 377717 2026-05-15T21:51:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:راڄڌانيون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377718 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:گادي جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:راڄڌانيون]] ptnwdzk2zvwhi85fizwtqx6wf9i9skt 14 96663 377722 2026-05-15T22:04:06Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:وڏا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] 377722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:وڏا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] gbtw1v2zr6h9oqtdmnh2dagy87xwhsh 14 96664 377723 2026-05-15T22:05:40Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڪرناٽڪا]] [[زمرو:ڪرناٽڪا ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن شهر]] 377723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪرناٽڪا]] [[زمرو:ڪرناٽڪا ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن شهر]] a619vlv5rxg1wri1uft9bbi2kkb03r2 14 96665 377724 2026-05-15T22:06:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڪرناٽڪا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] 377724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪرناٽڪا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] o0qv19yfii30ecuoase6nvxexwrciwd 0 96666 377739 2026-05-16T02:09:08Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Short description|بنگلاديش جي اسلامي غير سرڪاري تنظيم}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox organization | name = حقاني انجمن | image = | image_size = 250px | type = [[اسلام]]ي [[تصوف|صوفي]] [[غير سرڪاري تنظيم]] | founded = 1876 | founding_location = [[برطانوي هندستان]] | location = باغماري، [[ڪولڪاتا]]، [[اولھ بنگال]]، [[ڀارت]] | region_served = ب... 377739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|بنگلاديش جي اسلامي غير سرڪاري تنظيم}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox organization | name = حقاني انجمن | image = | image_size = 250px | type = [[اسلام]]ي [[تصوف|صوفي]] [[غير سرڪاري تنظيم]] | founded = 1876 | founding_location = [[برطانوي هندستان]] | location = باغماري، [[ڪولڪاتا]]، [[اولھ بنگال]]، [[ڀارت]] | region_served = [[بنگلاديش]] ۽ [[ڀارت]] | coordinates = {{coord|22.583878|N|88.383777|E|region:IN-WB|format=dms|display=it}} | founder = [[مولانا صوفي مفتي ازنگاڇي صاحب]] | key_people = | focus = ''انسانيت جي خدمت ڪرڻ ۽ انهن کي نصيحت ڏيڻ'' | method = | num_employees = }} {{sufism}} '''حقاني انجمن''' هڪ [[اسلام|اسلامي]] [[تصوف|صوفي]] [[غير سرڪاري تنظيم]] آهي، جيڪا [[بنگلاديش]]<ref>{{cite news |author1=Corraya, Sumon |title=Religious leaders pray for world peace |url=http://www.ucanews.com/news/church-leaders-pray-for-world-peace/36835 |access-date=17 February 2015 |work=[[Union of Catholic Asian News|UCA News]] |date=2 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Muslim festivals in Bangladesh">{{cite book |author1=Jafar, Abu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2E9AAAAIAAJ |title=Muslim festivals in Bangladesh |year=1980 |publisher=Islamic Foundation, Bangladesh, 1980 |via=University of California |page=110}}</ref> ۽ [[ڀارت]] جي علائقن ۾ خدمتون انجام ڏئي ٿي۔ هي تنظيم 1876ع ۾ [[مولانا صوفي مفتي ازنگاڇي]] پاران قائم ڪئي وئي، ۽ ان جو مرڪزي دفتر باغماري، [[ڪولڪاتا]]، [[اولھ بنگال]]، ڀارت ۾ واقع آهي۔{{fact|date=April 2025}} هي تنظيم تصوف کان متاثر آهي ۽ سماجي خدمتن سان وابسته آهي۔<ref name="nganj24"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Violence in the name of religion criticised |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/12/02/d41202061169.htm |access-date=17 February 2015 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|ڊيلي اسٽار]] |date=2 December 2004 |archive-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217171106/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/12/02/d41202061169.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> حقاني انجمن جو لفظي مطلب آهي ''سچ جي تنظيم''۔<ref name="nganj24">{{cite web |title=এক নজরে হাক্কানী আঞ্জুমান হাক্কানী আঞ্জুমানের পরিচয়|url=http://www.nganj24.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3960:2013-06-05-16-18-33&catid=43:2012-03-26-15-43-20&Itemid=10 |website=nganj24.com |access-date=17 February 2015 |date=5 June 2013 |archive-date=2014-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231161005/http://www.nganj24.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3960:2013-06-05-16-18-33&catid=43:2012-03-26-15-43-20&Itemid=10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==حوالا== fbc2v8kw1f497jgua7nv0elact0bjtx 377740 377739 2026-05-16T02:09:30Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|بنگلاديش جي اسلامي غير سرڪاري تنظيم}} {{Infobox organization | name = حقاني انجمن | image = | image_size = 250px | type = [[اسلام]]ي [[تصوف|صوفي]] [[غير سرڪاري تنظيم]] | founded = 1876 | founding_location = [[برطانوي هندستان]] | location = باغماري، [[ڪولڪاتا]]، [[اولھ بنگال]]، [[ڀارت]] | region_served = [[بنگلاديش]] ۽ [[ڀارت]] | coordinates = {{coord|22.583878|N|88.383777|E|region:IN-WB|format=dms|display=it}} | founder = [[مولانا صوفي مفتي ازنگاڇي صاحب]] | key_people = | focus = ''انسانيت جي خدمت ڪرڻ ۽ انهن کي نصيحت ڏيڻ'' | method = | num_employees = }} {{sufism}} '''حقاني انجمن''' هڪ [[اسلام|اسلامي]] [[تصوف|صوفي]] [[غير سرڪاري تنظيم]] آهي، جيڪا [[بنگلاديش]]<ref>{{cite news |author1=Corraya, Sumon |title=Religious leaders pray for world peace |url=http://www.ucanews.com/news/church-leaders-pray-for-world-peace/36835 |access-date=17 February 2015 |work=[[Union of Catholic Asian News|UCA News]] |date=2 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Muslim festivals in Bangladesh">{{cite book |author1=Jafar, Abu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2E9AAAAIAAJ |title=Muslim festivals in Bangladesh |year=1980 |publisher=Islamic Foundation, Bangladesh, 1980 |via=University of California |page=110}}</ref> ۽ [[ڀارت]] جي علائقن ۾ خدمتون انجام ڏئي ٿي۔ هي تنظيم 1876ع ۾ [[مولانا صوفي مفتي ازنگاڇي]] پاران قائم ڪئي وئي، ۽ ان جو مرڪزي دفتر باغماري، [[ڪولڪاتا]]، [[اولھ بنگال]]، ڀارت ۾ واقع آهي۔{{fact|date=April 2025}} هي تنظيم تصوف کان متاثر آهي ۽ سماجي خدمتن سان وابسته آهي۔<ref name="nganj24"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Violence in the name of religion criticised |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/12/02/d41202061169.htm |access-date=17 February 2015 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|ڊيلي اسٽار]] |date=2 December 2004 |archive-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217171106/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/12/02/d41202061169.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> حقاني انجمن جو لفظي مطلب آهي ''سچ جي تنظيم''۔<ref name="nganj24">{{cite web |title=এক নজরে হাক্কানী আঞ্জুমান হাক্কানী আঞ্জুমানের পরিচয়|url=http://www.nganj24.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3960:2013-06-05-16-18-33&catid=43:2012-03-26-15-43-20&Itemid=10 |website=nganj24.com |access-date=17 February 2015 |date=5 June 2013 |archive-date=2014-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231161005/http://www.nganj24.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3960:2013-06-05-16-18-33&catid=43:2012-03-26-15-43-20&Itemid=10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==حوالا== 3l7sg2rc7m5tyooie6h4tqd6p5apziq 0 96667 377741 2026-05-16T02:14:27Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Short description|چنگ خاندان ۾ چيني سياستدان ۽ عالم}} [[File:陳鵬年石刻像.jpg|thumb|180px|چن پينگنيان]] '''چن پينگنيان''' ({{zh|t=陳鵬年|p=Chén péngnián|w=Ch’ên P’êng-nien}}, 10 جنوري 1664ع – 9 فيبروري 1723ع) [[هان چيني]] سياستدان ۽ [[عالم-عملدار]] هو، جيڪو [[چنگ خاندان]] ۾ رهيو۔ ==سوانح== {{Infobox Chinese | t = 陳鵬年 | s = 陈鹏... 377741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|چنگ خاندان ۾ چيني سياستدان ۽ عالم}} [[File:陳鵬年石刻像.jpg|thumb|180px|چن پينگنيان]] '''چن پينگنيان''' ({{zh|t=陳鵬年|p=Chén péngnián|w=Ch’ên P’êng-nien}}, 10 جنوري 1664ع – 9 فيبروري 1723ع) [[هان چيني]] سياستدان ۽ [[عالم-عملدار]] هو، جيڪو [[چنگ خاندان]] ۾ رهيو۔ ==سوانح== {{Infobox Chinese | t = 陳鵬年 | s = 陈鹏年 | p = Chén péngnián | altname = وفات کان پوءِ ڏنل نالو | c2 = 恪勤 | p2 = Kèqín }} چن [[شيانگتان]]، [[هونان]] جو رهواسي هو۔ هن پنهنجي شروعاتي زندگيءَ جو وڏو حصو جبلن ۾ گذاريو، جتي سندس خاندان [[ٽن جاگيردارن جي بغاوت]] جي انتشار کان بچڻ لاءِ لڏي ويو هو۔ ان عرصي دوران، هن قديم ڪتابن جو مطالعو ڪيو ۽ [[شاهي امتحان]] پاس ڪيو، جڏهن هو ٻيهر شيانگتان موٽي آيو۔ هن 1691ع ۾ ''[[جنشي]]'' ڊگري حاصل ڪئي۔<ref name="Wong">{{cite ECCP |title = Ch'ên P'êng-nien|first=C. P.|last=Wong}}</ref> هن پنج سال پوءِ پنهنجي سرڪاري ڪيريئر جي شروعات [[جيجيانگ]] جي شيان ۾ مجسٽريٽ طور ڪئي، جنهن کان پوءِ ساڳئي عهدي تي [[هوائي آن ضلعو|شانگيانگ]]، [[جيانگسو]] ۾ مقرر ٿيو۔ سندس سچائي ۽ رشوت کان پاڪ ڪردار تمام مشهور ٿيو۔<ref name="Zhang">{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Qizhi |title=An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3662464823 |page=65}}</ref> چن هڪ مثالي عملدار هو، جنهن کي سندس ايمانداري ۽ سادگي سبب “چن چنگتيان” جو لقب مليو۔ 1703ع کان 1705ع تائين، هن [[نانجنگ]] جو صوبيدار طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون۔ ان عرصي دوران، سندس مٿانهون عملدار آشان، جيڪو جيانگسو جو گورنر جنرل هو، چن تي رشوت وٺڻ ۽ پراڻين [[فاحشه خانا|فاحشه خانن]] ۾ درسگاهون قائم ڪرڻ جا ڪوڙا الزام لڳايا۔<ref name="Wong"/> چن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، پر [[ڪانگشي شهنشاهه]] کيس شاهي معافي ڏئي ڇڏي، ۽ کيس ''Sichao shi'' (四朝詩) جي تدوين واري ڪميشن ۾ شامل ڪيو، جيڪا سونگ، جن، يوان ۽ منگ دور جي شاعريءَ جو انتخابي مجموعو هو۔<ref name="Wong"/> چن کي 1708ع ۾ [[سوژو]] جو صوبيدار ۽ 1709ع ۾ جيانگسو جو قائم مقام مالي ڪمشنر مقرر ڪيو ويو۔<ref name="Wong"/> 1711ع ۾، جيانگسو جي گورنر جنرل گالي، چن تي هڪ نظم لکڻ سبب بغاوت جو الزام لڳايو؛ پر شهنشاهه انهن الزامن کي رد ڪري ڇڏيو۔ ان کان پوءِ چن کي بيجنگ طلب ڪيو ويو، ۽ 1719ع کان 1722ع تائين، هن ''Fenlei zi jin'' نالي اصطلاحن جي لغت جي ترتيب تي ڪم ڪيو۔ بعد ۾ هن [[عظيم واهه (چين)|عظيم واهه]] جي سرڪاري سروي ۾ حصو ورتو، جنهن کان پوءِ 1721ع ۾ کيس [[هنان]] ۾ زرد درياهه جي حفاظت جو ڊائريڪٽر جنرل مقرر ڪيو ويو۔ هن پنهنجي وفات تائين 1723ع ۾ اهو عهدو سنڀاليو۔ کيس بعد ۾ Keqin (恪勤) جي لقب سان ياد ڪيو ويو۔<ref name="Wong"/> پنهنجي حياتيءَ دوران، چن نثري تصنيفن جا مجموعا لکيا، گڏوگڏ [[عوامي انتظاميا]] ۽ درياهن جي حفاظت بابت رسالا پڻ تحرير ڪيا۔ == حوالا == {{Reflist}} {{refbegin}} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pengnian, Chen}} [[زمرو:چنگ خاندان جا سرڪاري عملدار]] [[زمرو:1664ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:1723ع جون وفاتون]] {{China-politician-stub}} qftpcuptxuanquq4f7lbo22cwaq34k4 10 96668 377742 2026-05-16T02:16:55Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>{{#invoke:template wrapper|{{#if:{{{_debug|}}}|list|wrap}}|_template=cite encyclopedia |_exclude=link, no-links, short, wstitle, _debug |_reuse=title |title={{#if:{{{title|}}} |{{#if:{{{url|}}} |{{{title|}}} |{{cite wikisource/make link |link=Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/{{{wstitle|{{{title|}}}}}} |label={{{title|}}} }}... 377742 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:template wrapper|{{#if:{{{_debug|}}}|list|wrap}}|_template=cite encyclopedia |_exclude=link, no-links, short, wstitle, _debug |_reuse=title |title={{#if:{{{title|}}} |{{#if:{{{url|}}} |{{{title|}}} |{{cite wikisource/make link |link=Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/{{{wstitle|{{{title|}}}}}} |label={{{title|}}} }} }} |<!--for no tile set supply the index--> {{cite wikisource/make link |link=Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period |label=Index }} }} |editor-last=Hummel |editor-first=Arthur W. Sr. |editor-link={{#if:{{{link|}}}{{{no-links|}}}||Arthur W. Hummel Sr.}} |date=1943 |encyclopedia = {{#if:{{{short|}}} |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{short|}}}}} |first=[[Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period]] |#default={{#if:{{{link|}}}{{{no-links|}}} |ECCP |[[Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period|ECCP]] }} }} |{{#if:{{{link|}}}{{{no-links|}}} |Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period |[[Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period]] }} }} |publisher={{#if:{{{short|}}} | |{{#if:{{{link|}}}{{{no-links|}}} |United States Government Printing Office |[[United States Government Publishing Office|United States Government Printing Office]] }} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> h92vikp2i2ekqvs0df46vcglzkmgmmp 10 96669 377743 2026-05-16T02:18:39Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هيٺ ڏنل جاءِ تي رکو ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻا وڪي ڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> ''[[چنگ دور جا ممتاز چيني]]'' (1943ع) لاءِ حوالا ڏيڻ وارو سانچو، جيڪو آمريڪي حڪومت پاران تيار ڪيل انهن شخصيتن جي سوانحن جو ڪتاب آهي، جيڪي چين جي چن... 377743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هيٺ ڏنل جاءِ تي رکو ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻا وڪي ڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --> ''[[چنگ دور جا ممتاز چيني]]'' (1943ع) لاءِ حوالا ڏيڻ وارو سانچو، جيڪو آمريڪي حڪومت پاران تيار ڪيل انهن شخصيتن جي سوانحن جو ڪتاب آهي، جيڪي چين جي [[چنگ خاندان]] سان تعلق رکن ٿيون۔ سڀئي سوانحون وڪي سورس تي [[s:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period]] (ECCP) ۾ موجود آهن۔ ==استعمال== هي سانچو {{tl|cite encyclopedia}} لاءِ هڪ ريپر سانچو آهي، جنهن ۾ هيٺيان پيراميٽر سپورٽ ڪيا وڃن ٿا۔ سڀئي پيراميٽر نالا ننڍن اکرن ۾ هجڻ گهرجن۔ هي سانچو [[وڪي سورس]] تي لاڳاپيل سوانح ڏانهن بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻو پڻ ٺاهي ٿو۔ غير معياري پيراميٽر: * {{para|wstitle}}''سوانح جو نالو'' — لاڳاپيل وڪي سورس صفحي جو عنوان، صرف تڏهن گهربل جڏهن اهو <code>title</code> کان مختلف هجي * {{para|short}}''x'' — هي Boolean پيراميٽر آهي، جيڪڏهن ان کي ڪا به قيمت ڏني وڃي ته ڪتاب جو عنوان مختصر ڪري ECCP ڪيو ويندو ۽ ناشر (United States Government Printing Office) حذف ڪيو ويندو۔ اهو External links واري حصي ۾ مفيد آهي۔ خالي ڇڏيو يا حذف ڪريو جيڪڏهن مختصر ڪرڻو نه هجي * {{para|no-links}}''y'' — هي Boolean پيراميٽر آهي، جيڪڏهن ان کي ڪا به قيمت ڏني وڃي ته ايڊيٽر، ECCP ڪتاب ۽ United States Government Printing Office ڏانهن وڪي ڳنڍڻا ختم ڪيا ويندا۔ اهو وڌيڪ ڳنڍڻن کان بچڻ لاءِ مفيد آهي جيڪڏهن هڪ ئي وڪيپيڊيا مقالي ۾ هن ڪتاب ڏانهن هڪ کان وڌيڪ حوالا هجن۔ ڳنڍڻا شامل رکڻ لاءِ خالي ڇڏيو يا حذف ڪريو۔ هن سانچي پاران مقرر ڪيل معياري پيراميٽر: *{{para|title}} — اهو وڪي سورس تي EECP مقالي ڏانهن ڳنڍي ٿو، جيستائين {{code|wstitle}} متبادل نالي طور مقرر نه ڪيو وڃي۔ جيڪڏهن {{para|url}} مقرر ٿيل هجي ته پوءِ عنوان URL ڏانهن ڳنڍبو *{{para|editor-last}}Hummel *{{para|ditor-first}}Arthur W. Sr. *{{para|editor-link}}Arthur W. Hummel Sr. — جيستائين {{code|link}} مقرر نه ڪيو وڃي، جنهن صورت ۾ ڳنڍڻو ختم ڪيو ويندو *{{para|date}}1943 هن سانچي لاءِ گهربل معياري پيراميٽر: * {{para|title}}''سوانح جو نالو'' — سوانح جو عنوان هن سانچي لاءِ غير ضروري معياري پيراميٽر: *{{para|url}} – هاڻي [[deprecated]] آهي، ڇو ته سمورو متن هاڻي وڪي سورس تي موجود آهي۔ ٻين ممڪن پيراميٽرن لاءِ {{tl|cite encyclopedia}} ۽ [[مدد:حوالو انداز 1]] جي دستاويز ڏسو۔ ==مثال== مثال 1 — ڪجهه به مقرر نه ڪيو ويو *<kbd><nowiki>{{cite ECCP}}</nowiki></kbd> * {{cite ECCP}} مثال 2 — عنوان شامل ڪريو: *<kbd><nowiki>{{cite ECCP |title=Chin Jên-jui}}</nowiki></kbd> * {{cite ECCP |title=Chin Jên-jui}} مثال 3 — صفحي جا نمبر شامل ڪريو: *<kbd><nowiki>{{cite ECCP |title=Chin Jên-jui |pages=164–166}}</nowiki></kbd> * {{cite ECCP |title=Chin Jên-jui |pages=164–166}} مثال 3 — [[وڪي سورس]] تي استعمال ٿيل متبادل نالو طور wstitle شامل ڪريو: *<kbd><nowiki>{{Cite ECCP| title=Yin-t'i |wstitle=Yin-t'i (禔) }}</nowiki></kbd> *{{Cite ECCP| title=Yin-t'i |wstitle=Yin-t'i (禔) }} مثال 4 — first ۽ last پيراميٽرن ذريعي ليکڪ شامل ڪريو: *<kbd><nowiki>{{Cite ECCP| title=Ch'ung-hou |first=Lien-Chê |last=Tu }}</nowiki></kbd> *{{Cite ECCP| title=Ch'ung-hou |first=Lien-Chê |last=Tu}} مثال 5 — no-links پيراميٽر شامل ڪريو: *<kbd><nowiki>{{Cite ECCP| title=Ch'ung-hou |first=Lien-Chê |last=Tu |no-links=y}}</nowiki></kbd> *{{Cite ECCP| title=Ch'ung-hou |first=Lien-Chê |last=Tu |no-links=y}} مثال 6 — مختصر نسخو: *<kbd><nowiki>{{Cite ECCP| title=Ch'ung-hou |first=Lien-Chê |last=Tu |short=x}}</nowiki></kbd> *{{Cite ECCP| title=Ch'ung-hou |first=Lien-Chê |last=Tu |short=x}} مثال 7 — no-links ۽ مختصر نسخو: *<kbd><nowiki>{{Cite ECCP |title=Ch'ung-hou |no-link=y |short=x}}</nowiki></kbd> *{{Cite ECCP |title=Ch'ung-hou |no-links=y |short=x}} ==استعمال بابت نوٽ== هي سانچو item bullet شامل نٿو ڪري، تنهنڪري اهو فوٽ نوٽ حوالن ۾ آسانيءَ سان استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو۔ فهرست ۾، هن سانچي کان اڳ ستارو لڳائڻ گهرجي، جيئن مٿي استعمال واري حصي ۾ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي۔ ==پڻ ڏسو== * {{tl|ECCP}} — هن سانچي جهڙو، پر اهو [[WP:FREECOPY|انتسابي پيش لفظ]] پڻ شامل ڪري ٿو، انهن وڪيپيڊيا مقالن لاءِ جن ۾ ECCP مان ورتل متن موجود هجي <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن لائين کان هيٺ رکو؛ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻا وڪي ڊيٽا تي --> {{DEFAULTSORT:ECCP Cite}} [[زمرو:لغت حوالو سانچا|چنگ دور جا ممتاز چيني]] [[زمرو:ماڻهن ۽ شخصيتن جا ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا سانچا|چنگ دور جا ممتاز چيني]] [[زمرو:وڪي سورس ڳنڍڻا سانچا]] }}</includeonly> dk6lhiav5swq6zvmyi5ct4xh47v4k9d 10 96670 377744 2026-05-16T02:20:30Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{asbox | icon = {{Politician icon|China|30}} | subject = | qualifier = هڪ چيني سياستدان بابت | category = چيني سياستدان خاڪا | tempsort = | name = Template:China-politician-stub }}<noinclude> [[زمرو:چين جا خاڪو سانچا|Politician]] </noinclude> 377744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{asbox | icon = {{Politician icon|China|30}} | subject = | qualifier = هڪ چيني سياستدان بابت | category = چيني سياستدان خاڪا | tempsort = | name = Template:China-politician-stub }}<noinclude> [[زمرو:چين جا خاڪو سانچا|Politician]] </noinclude> 04ef2yso2pz241phs2qrta8ppa4xkaa 0 96671 377745 2026-05-16T02:32:24Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{short description|آمريڪي غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن}} [[File:Sketch of abolitionist Charles Turner Torrey (1813-1846).jpg|thumb|1840ع لڳ ڀڳ ٽوري جو خاڪو، ''Memoir of Rev. Charles T. Torrey,'' جوزف پي. لَوجواءِ، ايڊيٽر (بوسٽن: [[جان پي. جيوئٽ]] اينڊ ڪمپني)، 1847ع مان]] '''چارلس ٽرنر ٽوري''' (21 نومبر 1813ع – 9 مئي 1846ع) هڪ اهم آمريڪي آمريڪا ۾ غلا... 377745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|آمريڪي غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن}} [[File:Sketch of abolitionist Charles Turner Torrey (1813-1846).jpg|thumb|1840ع لڳ ڀڳ ٽوري جو خاڪو، ''Memoir of Rev. Charles T. Torrey,'' جوزف پي. لَوجواءِ، ايڊيٽر (بوسٽن: [[جان پي. جيوئٽ]] اينڊ ڪمپني)، 1847ع مان]] '''چارلس ٽرنر ٽوري''' (21 نومبر 1813ع – 9 مئي 1846ع) هڪ اهم آمريڪي [[آمريڪا ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي واري تحريڪ|غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن]] هو۔ جيتوڻيڪ تازو وقت تائين تاريخدانن لاءِ گهڻو ڪري وساريل رهيو،{{when|date=November 2024}} ٽوري غلامي مخالف تحريڪ کي وڌيڪ سياسي ۽ جارحاڻي حڪمت عملين ڏانهن ڌڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[زيرزميني ريلوي]] لاءِ پهرين انتهائي منظم رستن مان هڪ قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ذاتي طور لڳ ڀڳ 400 غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ شامل هو۔ ٽوري [[آزاد ڪارا|آزاد ڪارن]] سان به ويجهو ڪم ڪيو، ۽ اهڙي طرح انهن کي ساٿي طور ڏسندڙ پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ بڻيو۔ [[جان برائون (غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن)|جان برائون]] ٽوري کي انهن ٽن غلامي مخالف ڪارڪنن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو، جن کي هن پنهنجي جدوجهد لاءِ نمونو سمجهيو۔<ref name="boyer436">{{cite book|last=Boyer|first=Richard Owen|title=The Legend of John Brown|year=1973|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=039446124X|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofjohnbrown00boye/page/436 436]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofjohnbrown00boye/page/436}}</ref> ==تعليم ۽ شروعاتي ڪيريئر== ٽوري 21 نومبر 1813ع تي [[اسڪيچوئيٽ، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو۔ جڏهن هو صرف 4 سالن جو هو، تڏهن سندس ماءُ، پيءُ ۽ ننڍڙي ڀيڻ سڀئي تپ دق سبب فوت ٿي ويا، تنهنڪري هو پنهنجي ناني نانا وٽ رهڻ ويو، هڪ علائقي ۾ جيڪو بعد ۾ نورويل بڻيو۔ سندس نانو، جيڪو اڳ ۾ آمريڪي ايوانِ نمائندگان جو ميمبر رهيو هو، مقامي معاملن ۾ سرگرم رهيو ۽ پنهنجي پوٽي کي سياسي معاملن سان متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref name="torrey2013">{{cite book|last=Torrey|first=E. Fuller|title=The Martyrdom of Abolitionist Charles Torrey|year=2013|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|location=Baton Rouge}}</ref> ٽوري [[ايگزيٽر اڪيڊمي]]، نيو هيمپشائر ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ پوءِ 16 سالن جي عمر ۾ ييل ڪاليج ۾ داخلا ورتائين، جيڪو [[ييل يونيورسٽي]] جو اڳوڻو ادارو هو۔ ييل ۾ رهڻ دوران، ٽوري هڪ مذهبي revival گڏجاڻي ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، پنهنجي زندگي حضرت عيسيٰ مسيح جي نالي وقف ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ پنهنجي ان واعدي کي تمام سنجيدگي سان نڀايو۔ 1833ع ۾ گريجوئيشن ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ٽوري هڪ سال لاءِ ثانوي اسڪول ۾ تدريس ڪئي، پر پوءِ [[ڪانگريگيشنل]] پادري بڻجڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو۔ ==غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن طور شروعاتي ڪم== 1834ع ۾، ٽوري [[اينڊوور ٿيالاجيڪل سيمينري]] ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي غلامي جي خاتمي بابت بحث هڪ اهم موضوع هو۔ ٽوري هن مقصد کي پنهنجو بڻايو، ۽ جيتوڻيڪ تپ دق کيس هڪ سال لاءِ تعليم ملتوي ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، پر هو [[ميساچوسٽس اينٽي سليوري سوسائٽي]] جو سرگرم ڪارڪن بڻجي ويو، جنهن جي اڳواڻي [[وليم لوئڊ گيريسن]] ڪري رهيو هو۔ گيريسن جو خيال هو ته غلامي کي "اخلاقي قائل ڪرڻ" ذريعي ختم ڪري سگهجي ٿو، يعني ماڻهن جي سوچ کي تقريرن ۽ پمفلٽن وسيلي بدلائي۔ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ٽوري پروويڊنس، روڊ آئيلينڊ، ۽ سيلم، ميساچوسٽس ۾ ڪانگريگيشنل پادري طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون۔ بهرحال، هن پنهنجي مذهبي ذميوارين کي ڇڏي ميري لينڊ ۾ غلامي مخالف سرگرمين لاءِ پاڻ وقف ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هو پنهنجي استاد کان وڌيڪ سرگرم طريقي تي يقين رکڻ لڳو۔ ٽوري ۽ گيريسن ٻين معاملن تي به اختلاف رکندا هئا۔ مثال طور، گيريسن ۽ سندس عورت غلامي مخالف ساٿين عورتن جي حقن کي غلامي مخالف تحريڪ ۾ شامل ڪرڻ چاهيو، جڏهن ته ٽوري ۽ ٻين اڪثريت غلامي مخالف ڪارڪنن اهڙي مسئلن جي ميلاپ کي غير مناسب سمجهيو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> جنوري 1839ع ۾، ٽوري ۽ سندس ساٿي [[ايموس فيلپس]]، [[هينري اسٽينٽن]]، ۽ [[الانسن سينٽ ڪليئر]]، ميساچوسٽس اينٽي سليوري سوسائٽي جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ گيريسن جي قيادت کي چيلينج ڪيو۔ گيريسن پنهنجي حامين سان اجلاس ڀري ڇڏيو ۽ ڊرامائي مقابلي ۾ آساني سان اهو چيلينج ناڪام بڻايو۔<ref>{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Maria Weston|title=Right and Wrong in Massachusetts|year=1839|publisher=Dow and Jackson|location=Boston}}</ref> جواب ۾، ٽوري ۽ سندس ساٿين هڪ نئين غلامي مخالف تنظيم قائم ڪئي، جنهن کي عام طور “نئين تنظيم” چيو ويو، جيئن ان کي گيريسن جي “پراڻي تنظيم” کان الڳ سڃاتو وڃي۔ هي اختلاف غلامي مخالف تحريڪ ۾ “عظيم ڦيٽ” طور مشهور ٿيو۔ نئين تنظيم فوراً وڌيڪ سرگرم ۽ واضح سياسي طريقي کي اختيار ڪيو۔ جولاءِ 1839ع ۾، لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا الباني ۾ گڏ ٿيا ته جيئن غلامي جي خاتمي لاءِ وقف هڪ سياسي پارٽي ٺاهڻ تي بحث ڪري سگهجي۔ آخرڪار، 1 اپريل 1840ع تي، هڪ ٻي الباني گڏجاڻي ۾ [[لبرٽي پارٽي (آمريڪا، 1840ع)|لبرٽي پارٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي۔ ٽوري ان تنظيم ساز اجلاس جي نائب صدرن مان هڪ هو۔ اجلاس کان پوءِ، هو ميساچوسٽس لاءِ لبرٽي پارٽي جو منتظم بڻيو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> ٽوري 1841ع ۾ [[بوسٽن ويجيلنس ڪميٽي]] جي اصل باني ميمبرن مان هڪ هو، ۽ ٿوري عرصي لاءِ ان جو سيڪريٽري به رهيو۔<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nell |first1=William Cooper |authorlink=William Cooper Nell |title=William Cooper Nell, Nineteenth-Century African American Abolitionist, Historian, Integrationist: Selected Writings from 1832-1874 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRe7QTtXaFcC&pg=RA4-PA99 |year=2002 |publisher=Black Classic Press |isbn=9781574780192 |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111141019/http://books.google.com/books?id=xRe7QTtXaFcC&pg=RA4-PA99 |url-status=live }}</ref> 1kncrhn0jpibc0o8c7gh4ue3thnrw3b 377746 377745 2026-05-16T02:44:33Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن طور شروعاتي ڪم */ 377746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|آمريڪي غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن}} [[File:Sketch of abolitionist Charles Turner Torrey (1813-1846).jpg|thumb|1840ع لڳ ڀڳ ٽوري جو خاڪو، ''Memoir of Rev. Charles T. Torrey,'' جوزف پي. لَوجواءِ، ايڊيٽر (بوسٽن: [[جان پي. جيوئٽ]] اينڊ ڪمپني)، 1847ع مان]] '''چارلس ٽرنر ٽوري''' (21 نومبر 1813ع – 9 مئي 1846ع) هڪ اهم آمريڪي [[آمريڪا ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي واري تحريڪ|غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن]] هو۔ جيتوڻيڪ تازو وقت تائين تاريخدانن لاءِ گهڻو ڪري وساريل رهيو،{{when|date=November 2024}} ٽوري غلامي مخالف تحريڪ کي وڌيڪ سياسي ۽ جارحاڻي حڪمت عملين ڏانهن ڌڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[زيرزميني ريلوي]] لاءِ پهرين انتهائي منظم رستن مان هڪ قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ذاتي طور لڳ ڀڳ 400 غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ شامل هو۔ ٽوري [[آزاد ڪارا|آزاد ڪارن]] سان به ويجهو ڪم ڪيو، ۽ اهڙي طرح انهن کي ساٿي طور ڏسندڙ پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ بڻيو۔ [[جان برائون (غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن)|جان برائون]] ٽوري کي انهن ٽن غلامي مخالف ڪارڪنن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو، جن کي هن پنهنجي جدوجهد لاءِ نمونو سمجهيو۔<ref name="boyer436">{{cite book|last=Boyer|first=Richard Owen|title=The Legend of John Brown|year=1973|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=039446124X|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofjohnbrown00boye/page/436 436]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofjohnbrown00boye/page/436}}</ref> ==تعليم ۽ شروعاتي ڪيريئر== ٽوري 21 نومبر 1813ع تي [[اسڪيچوئيٽ، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو۔ جڏهن هو صرف 4 سالن جو هو، تڏهن سندس ماءُ، پيءُ ۽ ننڍڙي ڀيڻ سڀئي تپ دق سبب فوت ٿي ويا، تنهنڪري هو پنهنجي ناني نانا وٽ رهڻ ويو، هڪ علائقي ۾ جيڪو بعد ۾ نورويل بڻيو۔ سندس نانو، جيڪو اڳ ۾ آمريڪي ايوانِ نمائندگان جو ميمبر رهيو هو، مقامي معاملن ۾ سرگرم رهيو ۽ پنهنجي پوٽي کي سياسي معاملن سان متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref name="torrey2013">{{cite book|last=Torrey|first=E. Fuller|title=The Martyrdom of Abolitionist Charles Torrey|year=2013|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|location=Baton Rouge}}</ref> ٽوري [[ايگزيٽر اڪيڊمي]]، نيو هيمپشائر ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ پوءِ 16 سالن جي عمر ۾ ييل ڪاليج ۾ داخلا ورتائين، جيڪو [[ييل يونيورسٽي]] جو اڳوڻو ادارو هو۔ ييل ۾ رهڻ دوران، ٽوري هڪ مذهبي revival گڏجاڻي ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، پنهنجي زندگي حضرت عيسيٰ مسيح جي نالي وقف ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ پنهنجي ان واعدي کي تمام سنجيدگي سان نڀايو۔ 1833ع ۾ گريجوئيشن ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ٽوري هڪ سال لاءِ ثانوي اسڪول ۾ تدريس ڪئي، پر پوءِ [[ڪانگريگيشنل]] پادري بڻجڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو۔ ==غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن طور شروعاتي ڪم== 1834ع ۾، ٽوري [[اينڊوور ٿيالاجيڪل سيمينري]] ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي غلامي جي خاتمي بابت بحث هڪ اهم موضوع هو۔ ٽوري هن مقصد کي پنهنجو بڻايو، ۽ جيتوڻيڪ تپ دق کيس هڪ سال لاءِ تعليم ملتوي ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، پر هو [[ميساچوسٽس اينٽي سليوري سوسائٽي]] جو سرگرم ڪارڪن بڻجي ويو، جنهن جي اڳواڻي [[وليم لوئڊ گيريسن]] ڪري رهيو هو۔ گيريسن جو خيال هو ته غلامي کي "اخلاقي قائل ڪرڻ" ذريعي ختم ڪري سگهجي ٿو، يعني ماڻهن جي سوچ کي تقريرن ۽ پمفلٽن وسيلي بدلائي۔ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ٽوري پروويڊنس، روڊ آئيلينڊ، ۽ سيلم، ميساچوسٽس ۾ ڪانگريگيشنل پادري طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون۔ بهرحال، هن پنهنجي مذهبي ذميوارين کي ڇڏي ميري لينڊ ۾ غلامي مخالف سرگرمين لاءِ پاڻ وقف ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هو پنهنجي استاد کان وڌيڪ سرگرم طريقي تي يقين رکڻ لڳو۔ ٽوري ۽ گيريسن ٻين معاملن تي به اختلاف رکندا هئا۔ مثال طور، گيريسن ۽ سندس عورت غلامي مخالف ساٿين عورتن جي حقن کي غلامي مخالف تحريڪ ۾ شامل ڪرڻ چاهيو، جڏهن ته ٽوري ۽ ٻين اڪثريت غلامي مخالف ڪارڪنن اهڙي مسئلن جي ميلاپ کي غير مناسب سمجهيو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> جنوري 1839ع ۾، ٽوري ۽ سندس ساٿي [[ايموس فيلپس]]، [[هينري اسٽينٽن]]، ۽ [[الانسن سينٽ ڪليئر]]، ميساچوسٽس اينٽي سليوري سوسائٽي جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ گيريسن جي قيادت کي چيلينج ڪيو۔ گيريسن پنهنجي حامين سان اجلاس ڀري ڇڏيو ۽ ڊرامائي مقابلي ۾ آساني سان اهو چيلينج ناڪام بڻايو۔<ref>{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Maria Weston|title=Right and Wrong in Massachusetts|year=1839|publisher=Dow and Jackson|location=Boston}}</ref> جواب ۾، ٽوري ۽ سندس ساٿين هڪ نئين غلامي مخالف تنظيم قائم ڪئي، جنهن کي عام طور “نئين تنظيم” چيو ويو، جيئن ان کي گيريسن جي “پراڻي تنظيم” کان الڳ سڃاتو وڃي۔ هي اختلاف غلامي مخالف تحريڪ ۾ “عظيم ڦيٽ” طور مشهور ٿيو۔ نئين تنظيم فوراً وڌيڪ سرگرم ۽ واضح سياسي طريقي کي اختيار ڪيو۔ جولاءِ 1839ع ۾، لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا الباني ۾ گڏ ٿيا ته جيئن غلامي جي خاتمي لاءِ وقف هڪ سياسي پارٽي ٺاهڻ تي بحث ڪري سگهجي۔ آخرڪار، 1 اپريل 1840ع تي، هڪ ٻي الباني گڏجاڻي ۾ [[لبرٽي پارٽي (آمريڪا، 1840ع)|لبرٽي پارٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي۔ ٽوري ان تنظيم ساز اجلاس جي نائب صدرن مان هڪ هو۔ اجلاس کان پوءِ، هو ميساچوسٽس لاءِ لبرٽي پارٽي جو منتظم بڻيو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> ٽوري 1841ع ۾ [[بوسٽن ويجيلنس ڪميٽي]] جي اصل باني ميمبرن مان هڪ هو، ۽ ٿوري عرصي لاءِ ان جو سيڪريٽري به رهيو۔<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nell |first1=William Cooper |authorlink=William Cooper Nell |title=William Cooper Nell, Nineteenth-Century African American Abolitionist, Historian, Integrationist: Selected Writings from 1832-1874 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRe7QTtXaFcC&pg=RA4-PA99 |year=2002 |publisher=Black Classic Press |isbn=9781574780192 |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111141019/http://books.google.com/books?id=xRe7QTtXaFcC&pg=RA4-PA99 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ== 1841ع جي آخر تائين، ٽوري سياسي غلامي مخالف سرگرمين جي سست رفتاري کان ٿڪجي پيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي غلامي مخالف اخبارن لاءِ رپورٽر طور واشنگٽن، ڊي.سي. هليو ويو۔ لڳي ٿو ته هن اڳ ئي غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪري ڇڏيو هو۔ هن فوراً ڪارن جي گرجائن ۾ وڃڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ ڪانگريس جي غلامي مخالف ميمبرن، خاص طور [[جوشوا ريڊ گڊنگس|جوشوا گڊنگس]] (اوهايو) سان دوستي وڌائي۔ جنوري 1842ع ۾، ٽوري هڪ رپورٽر جي حيثيت سان اينپولس ۾ ميري لينڊ جي غلام مالڪن جي گڏجاڻي ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، جتي کيس “اشتعال انگيز” مواد لکڻ جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ چار ڏينهن لاءِ جيل موڪليو ويو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> جيل مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ٽوري رپورٽر واري پنهنجي ڍال کي برقرار رکيو، پر فوراً واشنگٽن کان بالٽيمور، فلاڊيلفيا ۽ الباني تائين هڪ پيچيده زيرزميني ريلوي رستو منظم ڪيو۔ هن [[ٿامس سمال ووڊ]] نالي هڪ آزاد ڪاري سان ويجهو ڪم ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite book|last=Smallwood|first=Thomas|title=A Narrative of Thomas Smallwood (Colored Man)|year=1851|publisher=James Stephens|location=Toronto}} {{isbn|1429707143}}.</ref> گڏجي، اهي واشنگٽن ۾ غلامن کي ڀڄڻ لاءِ قائل ڪندا هئا ۽ پوءِ انهن کي اتر طرف پنسلوانيا ۾ آزادي ڏانهن منتقل ڪندا هئا۔ اتي، انهن کي محفوظ گهرن جي هڪ سلسلي ذريعي، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري [[ڪويڪر]]ن جي ملڪيت هئا، فلاڊيلفيا، الباني ۽ آخرڪار ڪيترن لاءِ ڪينيڊا تائين پهچايو ويندو هو۔ ٽوري ۽ سندس ساٿي گهوڙا ۽ گاڏيون ڪرائي تي وٺندا هئا ۽ اڪثر هڪ وقت ۾ 15 يا 20 غلامن کي منتقل ڪندا هئا۔ ٽوري ۽ سمال ووڊ خاص طور ڏاکڻي ڪانگريس ميمبرن ۽ اهم سياسي شخصيتن جي غلامن کي نشانو بڻائيندا هئا ته جيئن وڌ ۾ وڌ عوامي خلل پيدا ٿئي۔ پروفيسر [[اسٽينلي هيرولڊ]] ٽوري جي غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ واري ڪارنامن جو پهريون علمي احوال پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite journal|last=Harrold|first=Stanley|title=On the borders of slavery and race: Charles T. Torrey and the Underground Railroad|journal=Journal of the Early Republic|year=2000|volume=20|issue=2|pages=273–292|doi=10.2307/3124704|jstor=3124704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Harrold|first=Stanley|title=Subversives: Antislavery Community in Washington, D.C., 1828-1865|year=2003|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|location=Baton Rouge|isbn=0807128384|pages=64–93}}</ref> آڪٽوبر 1842ع تائين، واشنگٽن جي پوليس ٽوري کي سندس سرگرمين سبب نشانو بڻايو، تنهنڪري هو الباني منتقل ٿي ويو۔ سمال ووڊ 1843ع جي بهار تائين غلامن کي ڀڄڻ لاءِ ڀرتي ڪندو رهيو، جنهن وقت تائين اهي لڳ ڀڳ 400 غلام آزاد ڪرائي چڪا هئا۔ پوءِ گرفتاري جي خطري سبب سمال ووڊ به اتر طرف منتقل ٿي ويو۔ ٽوري ۽ سمال ووڊ جي ڪم لاءِ گهڻي مالي مدد غالباً [[گيرٽ سمٿ]]، اپ اسٽيٽ نيو يارڪ جي هڪ مالدار غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن، کان ملي۔ نومبر 1843ع ۾، ٽوري ۽ سمال ووڊ، جيتوڻيڪ پوليس ٻنهي کي ڳولي رهي هئي، ٻيهر واشنگٽن موٽيا ۽ مشڪل سان گرفتاري کان بچيا۔ پوءِ سمال ووڊ ٽورانٽو ۾ وڃي رهيو، جڏهن ته ٽوري بالٽيمور هليو ويو، جتي هن غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ جو ڪم جاري رکيو۔ آخرڪار، جون 1844ع ۾، ٽوري گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ جيل ۾ وڌو ويو۔ چيو وڃي ٿو ته گرفتاري وقت هو ٻه پستول کڻي رهيو هو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> ==جيل ۽ وفات== [[File:Torrey monument.jpg|thumb|[[جوزف ڪيريو]] پاران چارلس ٽرنر ٽوري جي يادگار، مائونٽ آبرن قبرستان ۾]] ٽوري تي غلام چوري جا ٽي الزام لڳايا ويا۔ شروعات ۾ هن پنهنجي گرفتاري کي عام طور غلامي جي آئيني قانوني حيثيت کي چيلينج ڪرڻ جو موقعو سمجهيو؛ جيڪڏهن غلامي جائز نه هئي، ته پوءِ غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ جرم نه هو۔ سيپٽمبر 1844ع تائين واضح ٿي ويو ته هي حڪمت عملي ڪامياب نه ٿيندي، تنهنڪري هن جيل مان ڀڄڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ تقريباً ڪامياب ٿي ويو۔ هن پنهنجي زال کي لکيو ته ڀڄڻ جي رٿ ساٿي قيدي Dryer جي غداري سبب ناڪام ٿي، جيڪو اتفاق سان جيل ۾ جعلي ڪرنسي ٺاهڻ جي الزام هيٺ قيد هڪ “negro trader” هو۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=1844-09-27 |title=TORREY, the abolitionist in Baltimore jail... |pages=2 |work=Alexandria Gazette |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/alexandria-gazette-torrey-the-abolition/131987626/ |access-date=2023-09-18}}</ref> ڊسمبر ۾، ٽوري تي مقدمو هليو، کيس ڏوهاري قرار ڏنو ويو، ۽ ڇهه سال رياستي قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي۔ جيل جون حالتون ٽوري جي تپ دق جي واپسي جو سبب بڻيون۔ سڄي نيو انگلينڊ ۾، جنهن ۾ [[لوئل، ميساچوسٽس]] به شامل هو، ماڻهن ٽوري ڪميٽيون قائم ڪيون ته جيئن سندس قانوني بچاءَ لاءِ رقم گڏ ڪري سگهجي۔ [[لينس چائلڊ]] ([[بوٽ ڪاٽن ملز]] جو Agent/CEO) پاران [[فرانسس ٿامس]]، ميري لينڊ جي گورنر، کي رحم جي درخواستون موڪليون ويون، جيڪي شروعات ۾ رد ڪيون ويون؛ پر جڏهن گورنر آخرڪار راضي ٿيو ۽ معافي نامو موڪليو، اهو خط ساڳئي ڏينهن جيل پهتو جنهن ڏينهن ٽوري فوت ٿيو (9 مئي 1846ع)۔<ref>{{cite web |title=SECRETARY OF STATE (Pardon Record) MSA S1108, Rev. Charles T. Torrey, May 9, 1846, p 6, MSA S 1108-2, MdHR 7931. |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5400/sc5496/003300/003363/html/003363sources.html |website=Maryland State Archive |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803194135/https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5400/sc5496/003300/003363/html/003363sources.html |url-status=live }}</ref> سندس لاش بوسٽن آندو ويو، جتي [[ٽريمونٽ ٽيمپل]] ۾ سندس جنازي ۾ ڪيترائي ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> کيس [[مائونٽ آبرن قبرستان]]، [[ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ دفنايو ويو، جتي سندس قبر تي هڪ عورت غلام جي مجسمي واري يادگار تعمير ڪئي وئي۔<ref>Nelson T. Strobert, Daniel Alexander Payne: The Venerable Preceptor of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (University Press of America, 2012) pp. 55-56</ref> غلامي مخالف سوسائٽي ۽ غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن [[فوٽيوس فسڪ]] هن يادگار جي مالي مدد ڪئي۔<ref>{{cite book |last= Hodge |first= Lyman F. |date= 1891 |title= Photius Fisk A Biography |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=X-l_AdfbROMC&dq=Photius+Fisk+A+Biography+anti-slave+Torrey&pg=PA136 |location= Boston, Mass |publisher= Lyman F. Hodge |page= 136 |access-date= 2022-08-03 |archive-date= 2022-08-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220803194135/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Photius_Fisk/X-l_AdfbROMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Photius+Fisk+A+Biography+anti-slave+Torrey&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover |url-status= live }}</ref> “ٽوري جو رت پڪار ڪري ٿو” غلامي مخالف نعرو بڻجي ويو، ۽ سندس تڪليفن ۽ موت جي ڪهاڻي آمريڪا ۽ يورپ ٻنهي ۾ گهري دلچسپي پيدا ڪئي، جنهن غلامي مخالف مقصد کي نئين طاقت بخشي۔ واشنگٽن زيرزميني ريلوي جي سربراهه طور سندس جاءِ [[وليم ايل. چيپلن]] ورتي۔<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skelcher |first=Bradley |date=April 2004 |title=Skelcher on Harrold, 'Subversives: Antislavery Community in Washington, D.C., 1828-1865' {{!}} H-DC |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/28441/reviews/32955/skelcher-harrold-subversives-antislavery-community-washington-dc-1828 |access-date=2021-03-25 |website=networks.h-net.org |archive-date=2022-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803194137/https://networks.h-net.org/node/28441/reviews/32955/skelcher-harrold-subversives-antislavery-community-washington-dc-1828 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[جوزف ڪيمٽ لَوجواءِ]]، جنهن جو ڀاءُ [[ايليجا لَوجواءِ]] غلامي مخالف اخبار شايع ڪرڻ سبب هجوم هٿان قتل ڪيو ويو هو، ''Memoir of Rev. Charles T. Torrey: Who Died in the Penitentiary of Maryland, where He was Confined for Showing Mercy to the Poor'' نالي ڪتاب لکيو، جيڪو 1847ع ۾ شايع ٿيو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DE5gEAhfHvAC&q=J.c.+lovejoy+torrey|title = Memoir of Rev. Charles T. Torrey: Who Died in the Penitentiary of Maryland, where He was Confined for Showing Mercy to the Poor. By J. C. Lovejoy|last1 = Lovejoy|first1 = Joseph Cammet|year = 1847|access-date = 2022-08-03|archive-date = 2022-08-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220803194137/https://books.google.com/books?id=DE5gEAhfHvAC&q=J.c.+lovejoy+torrey|url-status = live}}</ref> ==جائزو== آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه جي پڄاڻي کان پوءِ، چارلس ٽوري تقريباً تاريخ مان وسري ويو۔ ان جو مکيه سبب اهو هو ته غلامي مخالف تحريڪ جي تاريخ گهڻو ڪري گيريسن ۽ سندس حامين طرفان لکي وئي، جن مان اڪثر ان وقت تائين زنده هئا۔ ان جي ابتڙ، ٽوري جا گهڻا حامي فوت ٿي چڪا هئا۔ جيتوڻيڪ سندس غلامي مخالف جدوجهد نسبتاً مختصر رهي، ٽوري غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ وڏو ڪردار ادا ڪيو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> * هن 1839ع ۾ وليم لائيڊ گيريسن جي قيادت خلاف چئلينج جي گڏيل اڳواڻي ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ گيريسن جي “پراڻي” ۽ ٽوري جي “نئين” غلامي مخالف ڌڙن ۾ مستقل اختلاف پيدا ٿيو۔ نئون گروهه پنهنجي حڪمت عملين ۾ گهڻو وڌيڪ جارحاڻو هو۔ گيريسن ۽ ٽوري هڪ ٻئي جا سخت مخالف بڻجي ويا۔ * هن 1840ع ۾ [[لبرٽي پارٽي (آمريڪا، 1840)|لبرٽي پارٽي]] جي گڏيل بنياد رکي، جنهن جو واحد مقصد غلامي جو خاتمو هو۔ * هن 1842ع ۾ پهريون انتهائي منظم زيرزميني ريلوي رستو قائم ڪيو، جيڪو واشنگٽن، ڊي.سي. کان الباني، نيو يارڪ تائين هلندو هو۔ ان وقت ڪجهه ماڻهن کيس زيرزميني ريلوي جو “پيءُ” به سڏيو۔ * هن ذاتي طور تقريباً 400 غلام آزاد ڪرايا، جيڪو گهڻن ٻين غلامي مخالف ڪارڪنن کان وڌيڪ هو۔ ٽوري واشنگٽن ۽ بالٽيمور واري علائقي مان غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائيندو هو ۽ خاص طور ڏاکڻي ڪانگريس ميمبرن ۽ ٻين اعليٰ سرڪاري عملدارن جي غلامن کي ڀرتي ڪندو هو۔ * هو پهرين اڇن غلامي مخالفن مان هڪ هو جنهن ڪارن ساٿين سان ويجهو گڏجي ڪم ڪيو، انهن جي گهرن ۾ رهيو ۽ سندن خطرن کي ورهايو۔ * هن پنهنجي کان پوءِ ايندڙ جارحاڻن غلامي مخالفن تي گهرو اثر ڇڏيو۔ مثال طور، [[جان برائون (غلامي مخالف)|جان برائون]] ٽوري کي انهن ٽن غلامي مخالفن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو جن کي هن پنهنجي جدوجهد لاءِ نمونو بڻايو۔<ref name="boyer436"/>{{failed verification|date=March 2022}} ==تصنيفون== * ''Home, or the Pilgrim's Faith Revived''، ميساچوسٽس جي زندگي بابت خاڪن جو مجموعو، جيڪو ٽوري جيل ۾ تيار ڪيو (1846ع) ==حوالا== {{reflist}} ==ماخذ== *{{Appletons'|wstitle=Torrey, Charles Turner|year=1889}} هيءُ ڪم وري هن ماخذ جو حوالو ڏئي ٿو: ** ''Memoir of the Martyr Torrey'' (1847ع) ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * {{commons category-inline}} * {{cite book |title=Memoir of Rev. Charles T. Torrey : who died in the penitentiary of Maryland, where he was confined for showing mercy to the poor |last=Lovejoy |first=Joseph C. |date=1847 |publisher=[[جان پي. جيوئٽ]] |location=Boston |url=https://archive.org/details/ASPC0005166000/page/n1}} * {{ cite book |title=Home!, or, The pilgrim's faith revived / written during his incarceration in Baltimore Jail, after his conviction and while awaiting--his sentence [four lines of poetry] ; published for the benefit of his family |first=Charles T. |last=Torrey |year=1845 |authorlink=Charles Turner Torrey |location=[[سالم، ميساچوسٽس]] and Cincinnati |publisher=[[جان پي. جيوئٽ]] and George L. Weed |url=https://archive.org/details/home00torr/page/n6}} {{Underground Railroad}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Torrey, Charles Turner}} [[زمرو:1813ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:1846ع جون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪانگريگيشنلسٽ پادري]] [[زمرو:اسڪچوئيٽ، ميساچوسٽس جا ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:ييل يونيورسٽي جا سابق شاگرد]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ماڻهو جيڪي جيل جي حراست ۾ فوت ٿيا]] [[زمرو:19هين صديءَ ۾ تپ دق سبب فوتگيون]] [[زمرو:زيرزميني ريلوي سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:بوسٽن جا غلامي مخالف]] [[زمرو:ميري لينڊ جي قيد ۾ فوت ٿيندڙ قيدي]] [[زمرو:ميري لينڊ ۾ تپ دق سبب فوتگيون]] [[زمرو:مائونٽ آبرن قبرستان ۾ دفن ٿيل ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:فلپس ايڪسٽر اڪيڊمي جا سابق شاگرد]] [[زمرو:ميري لينڊ ۾ گورنري معافي حاصل ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا آمريڪي عيسائي مذهبي اڳواڻ]] 4a4c11ag472fbole5njgs2bc9qphmfz 377749 377746 2026-05-16T02:54:11Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* جيل ۽ وفات */ 377749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|آمريڪي غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن}} [[File:Sketch of abolitionist Charles Turner Torrey (1813-1846).jpg|thumb|1840ع لڳ ڀڳ ٽوري جو خاڪو، ''Memoir of Rev. Charles T. Torrey,'' جوزف پي. لَوجواءِ، ايڊيٽر (بوسٽن: [[جان پي. جيوئٽ]] اينڊ ڪمپني)، 1847ع مان]] '''چارلس ٽرنر ٽوري''' (21 نومبر 1813ع – 9 مئي 1846ع) هڪ اهم آمريڪي [[آمريڪا ۾ غلامي جي خاتمي واري تحريڪ|غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن]] هو۔ جيتوڻيڪ تازو وقت تائين تاريخدانن لاءِ گهڻو ڪري وساريل رهيو،{{when|date=November 2024}} ٽوري غلامي مخالف تحريڪ کي وڌيڪ سياسي ۽ جارحاڻي حڪمت عملين ڏانهن ڌڪيو، جنهن ۾ [[زيرزميني ريلوي]] لاءِ پهرين انتهائي منظم رستن مان هڪ قائم ڪرڻ ۽ ذاتي طور لڳ ڀڳ 400 غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ شامل هو۔ ٽوري [[آزاد ڪارا|آزاد ڪارن]] سان به ويجهو ڪم ڪيو، ۽ اهڙي طرح انهن کي ساٿي طور ڏسندڙ پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ بڻيو۔ [[جان برائون (غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن)|جان برائون]] ٽوري کي انهن ٽن غلامي مخالف ڪارڪنن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو، جن کي هن پنهنجي جدوجهد لاءِ نمونو سمجهيو۔<ref name="boyer436">{{cite book|last=Boyer|first=Richard Owen|title=The Legend of John Brown|year=1973|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=039446124X|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofjohnbrown00boye/page/436 436]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofjohnbrown00boye/page/436}}</ref> ==تعليم ۽ شروعاتي ڪيريئر== ٽوري 21 نومبر 1813ع تي [[اسڪيچوئيٽ، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو۔ جڏهن هو صرف 4 سالن جو هو، تڏهن سندس ماءُ، پيءُ ۽ ننڍڙي ڀيڻ سڀئي تپ دق سبب فوت ٿي ويا، تنهنڪري هو پنهنجي ناني نانا وٽ رهڻ ويو، هڪ علائقي ۾ جيڪو بعد ۾ نورويل بڻيو۔ سندس نانو، جيڪو اڳ ۾ آمريڪي ايوانِ نمائندگان جو ميمبر رهيو هو، مقامي معاملن ۾ سرگرم رهيو ۽ پنهنجي پوٽي کي سياسي معاملن سان متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref name="torrey2013">{{cite book|last=Torrey|first=E. Fuller|title=The Martyrdom of Abolitionist Charles Torrey|year=2013|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|location=Baton Rouge}}</ref> ٽوري [[ايگزيٽر اڪيڊمي]]، نيو هيمپشائر ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ پوءِ 16 سالن جي عمر ۾ ييل ڪاليج ۾ داخلا ورتائين، جيڪو [[ييل يونيورسٽي]] جو اڳوڻو ادارو هو۔ ييل ۾ رهڻ دوران، ٽوري هڪ مذهبي revival گڏجاڻي ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، پنهنجي زندگي حضرت عيسيٰ مسيح جي نالي وقف ڪئي، ۽ پوءِ پنهنجي ان واعدي کي تمام سنجيدگي سان نڀايو۔ 1833ع ۾ گريجوئيشن ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ٽوري هڪ سال لاءِ ثانوي اسڪول ۾ تدريس ڪئي، پر پوءِ [[ڪانگريگيشنل]] پادري بڻجڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو۔ ==غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن طور شروعاتي ڪم== 1834ع ۾، ٽوري [[اينڊوور ٿيالاجيڪل سيمينري]] ۾ داخلا ورتي، جتي غلامي جي خاتمي بابت بحث هڪ اهم موضوع هو۔ ٽوري هن مقصد کي پنهنجو بڻايو، ۽ جيتوڻيڪ تپ دق کيس هڪ سال لاءِ تعليم ملتوي ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪيو، پر هو [[ميساچوسٽس اينٽي سليوري سوسائٽي]] جو سرگرم ڪارڪن بڻجي ويو، جنهن جي اڳواڻي [[وليم لوئڊ گيريسن]] ڪري رهيو هو۔ گيريسن جو خيال هو ته غلامي کي "اخلاقي قائل ڪرڻ" ذريعي ختم ڪري سگهجي ٿو، يعني ماڻهن جي سوچ کي تقريرن ۽ پمفلٽن وسيلي بدلائي۔ تعليم مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ٽوري پروويڊنس، روڊ آئيلينڊ، ۽ سيلم، ميساچوسٽس ۾ ڪانگريگيشنل پادري طور خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون۔ بهرحال، هن پنهنجي مذهبي ذميوارين کي ڇڏي ميري لينڊ ۾ غلامي مخالف سرگرمين لاءِ پاڻ وقف ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هو پنهنجي استاد کان وڌيڪ سرگرم طريقي تي يقين رکڻ لڳو۔ ٽوري ۽ گيريسن ٻين معاملن تي به اختلاف رکندا هئا۔ مثال طور، گيريسن ۽ سندس عورت غلامي مخالف ساٿين عورتن جي حقن کي غلامي مخالف تحريڪ ۾ شامل ڪرڻ چاهيو، جڏهن ته ٽوري ۽ ٻين اڪثريت غلامي مخالف ڪارڪنن اهڙي مسئلن جي ميلاپ کي غير مناسب سمجهيو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> جنوري 1839ع ۾، ٽوري ۽ سندس ساٿي [[ايموس فيلپس]]، [[هينري اسٽينٽن]]، ۽ [[الانسن سينٽ ڪليئر]]، ميساچوسٽس اينٽي سليوري سوسائٽي جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ گيريسن جي قيادت کي چيلينج ڪيو۔ گيريسن پنهنجي حامين سان اجلاس ڀري ڇڏيو ۽ ڊرامائي مقابلي ۾ آساني سان اهو چيلينج ناڪام بڻايو۔<ref>{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Maria Weston|title=Right and Wrong in Massachusetts|year=1839|publisher=Dow and Jackson|location=Boston}}</ref> جواب ۾، ٽوري ۽ سندس ساٿين هڪ نئين غلامي مخالف تنظيم قائم ڪئي، جنهن کي عام طور “نئين تنظيم” چيو ويو، جيئن ان کي گيريسن جي “پراڻي تنظيم” کان الڳ سڃاتو وڃي۔ هي اختلاف غلامي مخالف تحريڪ ۾ “عظيم ڦيٽ” طور مشهور ٿيو۔ نئين تنظيم فوراً وڌيڪ سرگرم ۽ واضح سياسي طريقي کي اختيار ڪيو۔ جولاءِ 1839ع ۾، لڳ ڀڳ 500 نمائندا الباني ۾ گڏ ٿيا ته جيئن غلامي جي خاتمي لاءِ وقف هڪ سياسي پارٽي ٺاهڻ تي بحث ڪري سگهجي۔ آخرڪار، 1 اپريل 1840ع تي، هڪ ٻي الباني گڏجاڻي ۾ [[لبرٽي پارٽي (آمريڪا، 1840ع)|لبرٽي پارٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي۔ ٽوري ان تنظيم ساز اجلاس جي نائب صدرن مان هڪ هو۔ اجلاس کان پوءِ، هو ميساچوسٽس لاءِ لبرٽي پارٽي جو منتظم بڻيو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> ٽوري 1841ع ۾ [[بوسٽن ويجيلنس ڪميٽي]] جي اصل باني ميمبرن مان هڪ هو، ۽ ٿوري عرصي لاءِ ان جو سيڪريٽري به رهيو۔<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nell |first1=William Cooper |authorlink=William Cooper Nell |title=William Cooper Nell, Nineteenth-Century African American Abolitionist, Historian, Integrationist: Selected Writings from 1832-1874 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRe7QTtXaFcC&pg=RA4-PA99 |year=2002 |publisher=Black Classic Press |isbn=9781574780192 |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111141019/http://books.google.com/books?id=xRe7QTtXaFcC&pg=RA4-PA99 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ== 1841ع جي آخر تائين، ٽوري سياسي غلامي مخالف سرگرمين جي سست رفتاري کان ٿڪجي پيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي غلامي مخالف اخبارن لاءِ رپورٽر طور واشنگٽن، ڊي.سي. هليو ويو۔ لڳي ٿو ته هن اڳ ئي غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ جو منصوبو تيار ڪري ڇڏيو هو۔ هن فوراً ڪارن جي گرجائن ۾ وڃڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ ڪانگريس جي غلامي مخالف ميمبرن، خاص طور [[جوشوا ريڊ گڊنگس|جوشوا گڊنگس]] (اوهايو) سان دوستي وڌائي۔ جنوري 1842ع ۾، ٽوري هڪ رپورٽر جي حيثيت سان اينپولس ۾ ميري لينڊ جي غلام مالڪن جي گڏجاڻي ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، جتي کيس “اشتعال انگيز” مواد لکڻ جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ چار ڏينهن لاءِ جيل موڪليو ويو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> جيل مان آزاد ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ٽوري رپورٽر واري پنهنجي ڍال کي برقرار رکيو، پر فوراً واشنگٽن کان بالٽيمور، فلاڊيلفيا ۽ الباني تائين هڪ پيچيده زيرزميني ريلوي رستو منظم ڪيو۔ هن [[ٿامس سمال ووڊ]] نالي هڪ آزاد ڪاري سان ويجهو ڪم ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite book|last=Smallwood|first=Thomas|title=A Narrative of Thomas Smallwood (Colored Man)|year=1851|publisher=James Stephens|location=Toronto}} {{isbn|1429707143}}.</ref> گڏجي، اهي واشنگٽن ۾ غلامن کي ڀڄڻ لاءِ قائل ڪندا هئا ۽ پوءِ انهن کي اتر طرف پنسلوانيا ۾ آزادي ڏانهن منتقل ڪندا هئا۔ اتي، انهن کي محفوظ گهرن جي هڪ سلسلي ذريعي، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري [[ڪويڪر]]ن جي ملڪيت هئا، فلاڊيلفيا، الباني ۽ آخرڪار ڪيترن لاءِ ڪينيڊا تائين پهچايو ويندو هو۔ ٽوري ۽ سندس ساٿي گهوڙا ۽ گاڏيون ڪرائي تي وٺندا هئا ۽ اڪثر هڪ وقت ۾ 15 يا 20 غلامن کي منتقل ڪندا هئا۔ ٽوري ۽ سمال ووڊ خاص طور ڏاکڻي ڪانگريس ميمبرن ۽ اهم سياسي شخصيتن جي غلامن کي نشانو بڻائيندا هئا ته جيئن وڌ ۾ وڌ عوامي خلل پيدا ٿئي۔ پروفيسر [[اسٽينلي هيرولڊ]] ٽوري جي غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ واري ڪارنامن جو پهريون علمي احوال پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite journal|last=Harrold|first=Stanley|title=On the borders of slavery and race: Charles T. Torrey and the Underground Railroad|journal=Journal of the Early Republic|year=2000|volume=20|issue=2|pages=273–292|doi=10.2307/3124704|jstor=3124704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Harrold|first=Stanley|title=Subversives: Antislavery Community in Washington, D.C., 1828-1865|year=2003|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|location=Baton Rouge|isbn=0807128384|pages=64–93}}</ref> آڪٽوبر 1842ع تائين، واشنگٽن جي پوليس ٽوري کي سندس سرگرمين سبب نشانو بڻايو، تنهنڪري هو الباني منتقل ٿي ويو۔ سمال ووڊ 1843ع جي بهار تائين غلامن کي ڀڄڻ لاءِ ڀرتي ڪندو رهيو، جنهن وقت تائين اهي لڳ ڀڳ 400 غلام آزاد ڪرائي چڪا هئا۔ پوءِ گرفتاري جي خطري سبب سمال ووڊ به اتر طرف منتقل ٿي ويو۔ ٽوري ۽ سمال ووڊ جي ڪم لاءِ گهڻي مالي مدد غالباً [[گيرٽ سمٿ]]، اپ اسٽيٽ نيو يارڪ جي هڪ مالدار غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن، کان ملي۔ نومبر 1843ع ۾، ٽوري ۽ سمال ووڊ، جيتوڻيڪ پوليس ٻنهي کي ڳولي رهي هئي، ٻيهر واشنگٽن موٽيا ۽ مشڪل سان گرفتاري کان بچيا۔ پوءِ سمال ووڊ ٽورانٽو ۾ وڃي رهيو، جڏهن ته ٽوري بالٽيمور هليو ويو، جتي هن غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ جو ڪم جاري رکيو۔ آخرڪار، جون 1844ع ۾، ٽوري گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ جيل ۾ وڌو ويو۔ چيو وڃي ٿو ته گرفتاري وقت هو ٻه پستول کڻي رهيو هو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> ==جيل ۽ وفات== [[File:Torrey monument.jpg|thumb|[[جوزف ڪيريو]] پاران چارلس ٽرنر ٽوري جي يادگار، مائونٽ آبرن قبرستان ۾]] ٽوري تي غلام چوري جا ٽي الزام لڳايا ويا۔ شروعات ۾ هن پنهنجي گرفتاري کي عام طور غلامي جي آئيني قانوني حيثيت کي چيلينج ڪرڻ جو موقعو سمجهيو؛ جيڪڏهن غلامي جائز نه هئي، ته پوءِ غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ جرم نه هو۔ سيپٽمبر 1844ع تائين واضح ٿي ويو ته هي حڪمت عملي ڪامياب نه ٿيندي، تنهنڪري هن جيل مان ڀڄڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ تقريباً ڪامياب ٿي ويو۔ هن پنهنجي زال کي لکيو ته ڀڄڻ جي رٿ ساٿي قيدي ڊرائر جي غداري سبب ناڪام ٿي، جيڪو اتفاق سان جيل ۾ جعلي ڪرنسي ٺاهڻ جي الزام هيٺ قيد هڪ “نيگرو واپاري” هو۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=1844-09-27 |title=TORREY, the abolitionist in Baltimore jail... |pages=2 |work=Alexandria Gazette |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/alexandria-gazette-torrey-the-abolition/131987626/ |access-date=2023-09-18}}</ref> ڊسمبر ۾، ٽوري تي مقدمو هليو، کيس ڏوهاري قرار ڏنو ويو، ۽ ڇهه سال رياستي قيد جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي۔ جيل جون حالتون ٽوري جي تپ دق جي واپسي جو سبب بڻيون۔ سڄي نيو انگلينڊ ۾، جنهن ۾ [[لوئل، ميساچوسٽس]] به شامل هو، ماڻهن ٽوري ڪميٽيون قائم ڪيون ته جيئن سندس قانوني بچاءَ لاءِ رقم گڏ ڪري سگهجي۔ [[لينس چائلڊ]] ([[بوٽ ڪاٽن ملز]] جو ايجنٽ/CEO) پاران [[فرانسس ٿامس]]، ميري لينڊ جي گورنر، کي رحم جي درخواستون موڪليون ويون، جيڪي شروعات ۾ رد ڪيون ويون؛ پر جڏهن گورنر آخرڪار راضي ٿيو ۽ معافي نامو موڪليو، اهو خط ساڳئي ڏينهن جيل پهتو جنهن ڏينهن ٽوري فوت ٿيو (9 مئي 1846ع)۔<ref>{{cite web |title=SECRETARY OF STATE (Pardon Record) MSA S1108, Rev. Charles T. Torrey, May 9, 1846, p 6, MSA S 1108-2, MdHR 7931. |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5400/sc5496/003300/003363/html/003363sources.html |website=Maryland State Archive |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803194135/https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5400/sc5496/003300/003363/html/003363sources.html |url-status=live }}</ref> سندس لاش بوسٽن آندو ويو، جتي [[ٽريمونٽ ٽيمپل]] ۾ سندس جنازي ۾ ڪيترائي ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> کيس [[مائونٽ آبرن قبرستان]]، [[ڪيمبرج، ميساچوسٽس]] ۾ دفنايو ويو، جتي سندس قبر تي هڪ عورت غلام جي مجسمي واري يادگار تعمير ڪئي وئي۔<ref>Nelson T. Strobert, Daniel Alexander Payne: The Venerable Preceptor of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (University Press of America, 2012) pp. 55-56</ref> غلامي مخالف سوسائٽي ۽ غلامي مخالف ڪارڪن [[فوٽيوس فسڪ]] هن يادگار جي مالي مدد ڪئي۔<ref>{{cite book |last= Hodge |first= Lyman F. |date= 1891 |title= Photius Fisk A Biography |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=X-l_AdfbROMC&dq=Photius+Fisk+A+Biography+anti-slave+Torrey&pg=PA136 |location= Boston, Mass |publisher= Lyman F. Hodge |page= 136 |access-date= 2022-08-03 |archive-date= 2022-08-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220803194135/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Photius_Fisk/X-l_AdfbROMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Photius+Fisk+A+Biography+anti-slave+Torrey&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover |url-status= live }}</ref> “ٽوري جو رت پڪار ڪري ٿو” غلامي مخالف نعرو بڻجي ويو، ۽ سندس تڪليفن ۽ موت جي ڪهاڻي آمريڪا ۽ يورپ ٻنهي ۾ گهري دلچسپي پيدا ڪئي، جنهن غلامي مخالف مقصد کي نئين طاقت بخشي۔ واشنگٽن زيرزميني ريلوي جي سربراهه طور سندس جاءِ [[وليم ايل. چيپلن]] ورتي۔<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skelcher |first=Bradley |date=April 2004 |title=Skelcher on Harrold, 'Subversives: Antislavery Community in Washington, D.C., 1828-1865' {{!}} H-DC |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/28441/reviews/32955/skelcher-harrold-subversives-antislavery-community-washington-dc-1828 |access-date=2021-03-25 |website=networks.h-net.org |archive-date=2022-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803194137/https://networks.h-net.org/node/28441/reviews/32955/skelcher-harrold-subversives-antislavery-community-washington-dc-1828 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[جوزف ڪيمٽ لَوجواءِ]]، جنهن جو ڀاءُ [[ايليجا لَوجواءِ]] غلامي مخالف اخبار شايع ڪرڻ سبب هجوم هٿان قتل ڪيو ويو هو، ''Memoir of Rev. Charles T. Torrey: Who Died in the Penitentiary of Maryland, where He was Confined for Showing Mercy to the Poor'' نالي ڪتاب لکيو، جيڪو 1847ع ۾ شايع ٿيو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DE5gEAhfHvAC&q=J.c.+lovejoy+torrey|title = Memoir of Rev. Charles T. Torrey: Who Died in the Penitentiary of Maryland, where He was Confined for Showing Mercy to the Poor. By J. C. Lovejoy|last1 = Lovejoy|first1 = Joseph Cammet|year = 1847|access-date = 2022-08-03|archive-date = 2022-08-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220803194137/https://books.google.com/books?id=DE5gEAhfHvAC&q=J.c.+lovejoy+torrey|url-status = live}}</ref> ==جائزو== آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه جي پڄاڻي کان پوءِ، چارلس ٽوري تقريباً تاريخ مان وسري ويو۔ ان جو مکيه سبب اهو هو ته غلامي مخالف تحريڪ جي تاريخ گهڻو ڪري گيريسن ۽ سندس حامين طرفان لکي وئي، جن مان اڪثر ان وقت تائين زنده هئا۔ ان جي ابتڙ، ٽوري جا گهڻا حامي فوت ٿي چڪا هئا۔ جيتوڻيڪ سندس غلامي مخالف جدوجهد نسبتاً مختصر رهي، ٽوري غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ وڏو ڪردار ادا ڪيو۔<ref name="torrey2013"/> * هن 1839ع ۾ وليم لائيڊ گيريسن جي قيادت خلاف چئلينج جي گڏيل اڳواڻي ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ گيريسن جي “پراڻي” ۽ ٽوري جي “نئين” غلامي مخالف ڌڙن ۾ مستقل اختلاف پيدا ٿيو۔ نئون گروهه پنهنجي حڪمت عملين ۾ گهڻو وڌيڪ جارحاڻو هو۔ گيريسن ۽ ٽوري هڪ ٻئي جا سخت مخالف بڻجي ويا۔ * هن 1840ع ۾ [[لبرٽي پارٽي (آمريڪا، 1840)|لبرٽي پارٽي]] جي گڏيل بنياد رکي، جنهن جو واحد مقصد غلامي جو خاتمو هو۔ * هن 1842ع ۾ پهريون انتهائي منظم زيرزميني ريلوي رستو قائم ڪيو، جيڪو واشنگٽن، ڊي.سي. کان الباني، نيو يارڪ تائين هلندو هو۔ ان وقت ڪجهه ماڻهن کيس زيرزميني ريلوي جو “پيءُ” به سڏيو۔ * هن ذاتي طور تقريباً 400 غلام آزاد ڪرايا، جيڪو گهڻن ٻين غلامي مخالف ڪارڪنن کان وڌيڪ هو۔ ٽوري واشنگٽن ۽ بالٽيمور واري علائقي مان غلامن کي آزاد ڪرائيندو هو ۽ خاص طور ڏاکڻي ڪانگريس ميمبرن ۽ ٻين اعليٰ سرڪاري عملدارن جي غلامن کي ڀرتي ڪندو هو۔ * هو پهرين اڇن غلامي مخالفن مان هڪ هو جنهن ڪارن ساٿين سان ويجهو گڏجي ڪم ڪيو، انهن جي گهرن ۾ رهيو ۽ سندن خطرن کي ورهايو۔ * هن پنهنجي کان پوءِ ايندڙ جارحاڻن غلامي مخالفن تي گهرو اثر ڇڏيو۔ مثال طور، [[جان برائون (غلامي مخالف)|جان برائون]] ٽوري کي انهن ٽن غلامي مخالفن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو جن کي هن پنهنجي جدوجهد لاءِ نمونو بڻايو۔<ref name="boyer436"/>{{failed verification|date=March 2022}} ==تصنيفون== * ''Home, or the Pilgrim's Faith Revived''، ميساچوسٽس جي زندگي بابت خاڪن جو مجموعو، جيڪو ٽوري جيل ۾ تيار ڪيو (1846ع) ==حوالا== {{reflist}} ==ماخذ== *{{Appletons'|wstitle=Torrey, Charles Turner|year=1889}} هيءُ ڪم وري هن ماخذ جو حوالو ڏئي ٿو: ** ''Memoir of the Martyr Torrey'' (1847ع) ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== * {{commons category-inline}} * {{cite book |title=Memoir of Rev. Charles T. Torrey : who died in the penitentiary of Maryland, where he was confined for showing mercy to the poor |last=Lovejoy |first=Joseph C. |date=1847 |publisher=[[جان پي. جيوئٽ]] |location=Boston |url=https://archive.org/details/ASPC0005166000/page/n1}} * {{ cite book |title=Home!, or, The pilgrim's faith revived / written during his incarceration in Baltimore Jail, after his conviction and while awaiting--his sentence [four lines of poetry] ; published for the benefit of his family |first=Charles T. |last=Torrey |year=1845 |authorlink=Charles Turner Torrey |location=[[سالم، ميساچوسٽس]] and Cincinnati |publisher=[[جان پي. جيوئٽ]] and George L. Weed |url=https://archive.org/details/home00torr/page/n6}} {{Underground Railroad}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Torrey, Charles Turner}} [[زمرو:1813ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:1846ع جون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪانگريگيشنلسٽ پادري]] [[زمرو:اسڪچوئيٽ، ميساچوسٽس جا ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:ييل يونيورسٽي جا سابق شاگرد]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ماڻهو جيڪي جيل جي حراست ۾ فوت ٿيا]] [[زمرو:19هين صديءَ ۾ تپ دق سبب فوتگيون]] [[زمرو:زيرزميني ريلوي سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:بوسٽن جا غلامي مخالف]] [[زمرو:ميري لينڊ جي قيد ۾ فوت ٿيندڙ قيدي]] [[زمرو:ميري لينڊ ۾ تپ دق سبب فوتگيون]] [[زمرو:مائونٽ آبرن قبرستان ۾ دفن ٿيل ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:فلپس ايڪسٽر اڪيڊمي جا سابق شاگرد]] [[زمرو:ميري لينڊ ۾ گورنري معافي حاصل ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:19هين صديءَ جا آمريڪي عيسائي مذهبي اڳواڻ]] bh39b8zdi7p0zms5syi3dw1g28l6l7p 10 96672 377747 2026-05-16T02:46:27Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Navbox | name = Underground Railroad | title = [[انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي]] | state = {{{state|{{{1|autocollapse}}}}}} | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Ursa major icon.svg|110px]] | group1 = [[:زمرو:انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهو|ماڻهو]] | list1 = * [[وليم برنڪلي (انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي)|وليم برنڪلي]] * [[جان برائون (غلامي مخالف)|جان برائون]] * [... 377747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Underground Railroad | title = [[انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي]] | state = {{{state|{{{1|autocollapse}}}}}} | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Ursa major icon.svg|110px]] | group1 = [[:زمرو:انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهو|ماڻهو]] | list1 = * [[وليم برنڪلي (انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي)|وليم برنڪلي]] * [[جان برائون (غلامي مخالف)|جان برائون]] * [[اوون برائون (غلامي مخالف، پيدائش 1771ع)|اوون برائون]] * [[سيميوئل بُرس]] * [[ليوائي ڪوفن]] * [[رچرڊ ڊلنگهم]] * [[فريڊرڪ ڊگلس]] * [[ڪيلون فيئربئنڪ]] * [[آئزڪ ايس. فلنٽ]] * [[ٿامس گيريٽ]] * [[فرانسس هارپر]] * [[لورا سمٿ هيولئنڊ]] * [[ڊيوڊ هڊسن (اڳواڻ)|ڊيوڊ هڊسن]] * [[ڊينيئل هيوز (انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي)|ڊينيئل هيوز]] * [[پيگ ليگ جو]] * [[وليم ڪوپر نيل]] * [[هيريئٽ فورٽن پرواس]] * [[رابرٽ پرواس]] * [[جان رينڪن (غلامي مخالف)|جان رينڪن]] * [[هيٽي ريڪليس]] * [[گيرٽ سمٿ]] * [[وليم اسٽل]] * [[ڪيلون ايلس اسٽو]] * [[هيريئٽ بيچر اسٽو]] * [[چارلس ٽرنر ٽوري]] * [[هيريئٽ ٽبمين]] * [[ڊيليا ويبِسٽر]] | group2 = [[:زمرو:انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي جا هنڌ|هنڌ]] | list2 = * [[انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي ماڳن جي فهرست]] ** [[:زمرو:انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي جا گهر|گهر]] ** [[:زمرو:انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي جون گرجائون|گرجائون]] * [[انڊيانا ۾ انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي]] * [[برٽش ميٿوڊسٽ ايپسڪوپل چرچ، سيلم چيپل]] | group3 = واقعا | list3 = * [[ايميلين ۽ سيميوئل هاڪنس]] جي ڀڄڻ واري ڪارروائي (1845ع) * [[پرل واقعو|''پرل'' واقعو]] (1848ع) * [[ڪيس ڪائونٽي ۾ ڪينٽڪي ڇاپو (1847ع)|ڪيس ڪائونٽي ۾ ڪينٽڪي ڇاپو]] (1847ع) * [[رائيٽ موڊلن#ڏکڻ بينڊ ڀڳوڙي غلام ڪيس|ڏکڻ بينڊ ڀڳوڙي غلام ڪيس]] (1849ع) * [[ڪرسٽيانا فساد]] (1851ع) * [[جيري ريسڪيو]] (1851ع) * ''[[انڪل ٽامز ڪيبن]]'' (1852ع ڪتاب) * [[جوشوا گلوور|جوشوا گلوور بچاءُ]] (1854ع) * ''[[ڊريڊ: اي ٽيل آف دي گريٽ ڊسمَل سوئمپ]]'' (1856ع ڪتاب) * [[ڊوور ايٽ]] (1857ع) * [[اوبرلن–ويلنگٽن بچاءُ]] (1858ع) * [[ٽيلي فرار]] (1856ع) * [[اين ماريا جيڪسن|اين ماريا جيڪسن ۽ سندس ست ٻار]] (1859ع) * [[آمريڪا جي آئين ۾ تيرهون ترميم|تيرهون ترميم]] (1865ع) | group4 = موضوع | list4 = * [[آمريڪا ۾ غلامي مخالف تحريڪ]] ** [[غلامي مخالف تحريڪ]] ** [[غلامي مخالفن جي فهرست|غلامي جا مخالف]] ** [[آفريقي-آمريڪي غلامي مخالفن جي فهرست|آفريقي-آمريڪي مخالف]] ** [[غلامي مخالف تحريڪ#غلامي مخالف اشاعتون|اشاعتون]] * [[آمريڪا ۾ ڀڳوڙا غلام|ڀڳوڙا غلام]] * [[ڀڳوڙي غلامن جا قانون]] ** [[1850ع وارو ڀڳوڙو غلام قانون|1850ع]] * [[انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي جون رضايون|رضايون]] * [[ريورس انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي]] * اشارا **[[لان جوڪي]] * [[غلام شڪاري]] * [[انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي جا گيت]] * [[دي انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي (اسٽل)|''دي انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي ريڪارڊز'']] (1872ع ڪتاب) | group5 = لاڳاپيل | list5 = * [[نيشنل انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي فريڊم سينٽر]] * [[هيريئٽ ٽبمين يادگار (بوسٽن)|''هيريئٽ ٽبمين يادگار'' (بوسٽن)]] * [[هيريئٽ ٽبمين انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي نيشنل هسٽاريڪل پارڪ]] * [[هيريئٽ ٽبمين انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي اسٽيٽ پارڪ]] **[[هيريئٽ ٽبمين انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي وزيٽر سينٽر|وزيٽر سينٽر]] * [[نياگرا فالس انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي هيريٽيج سينٽر]] * [[انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي سائيڪل رستو]] * ''[[دي ريلوي ٽو فريڊم: اي اسٽوري آف دي سول وار]]'' (1932ع ڪتاب) * ''[[اي وومين ڪالڊ موسيز]]'' (1978ع منِي سيريز) * ''[[روٽس آف ريزسٽنس: دي اسٽوري آف دي انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي|روٽس آف ريزسٽنس]]'' (1989ع دستاويزي فلم) * ''[[دي ڪوئسٽ فار فريڊم]]'' (1992ع فلم) * ''[[فريڊم: دي انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي]]'' (2013ع بورڊ راند) * ''[[دي نارٿ اسٽار (2016ع فلم)|دي نارٿ اسٽار]]'' (2016ع فلم) * ''[[انڊرگرائونڊ (ٽي وي سيريز)|انڊرگرائونڊ]]'' (2016ع ٽي وي سيريز) * ''[[هيريئٽ (فلم)|هيريئٽ]]'' (2019ع فلم) * ''[[دي انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي (منِي سيريز)|دي انڊرگرائونڊ ريلوي]]'' (2021ع منِي سيريز) | below = {{see also|آمريڪا ۾ غلامي|ڪينيڊا ۾ غلامي}} }}<noinclude> {{navbox documentation}} [[زمرو:آمريڪا جي تاريخ جا نيويگيشنل سانچا]] </noinclude> qt8tss0juidhw2nho95tv8btj428oht 10 96673 377748 2026-05-16T02:51:00Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude>{{{cat|[[Category:All pages needing cleanup]]}}}{{#if:{{{cat-date|}}} |[[{{{cat-date}}} 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{{{date}}} }}]]{{#if:{{{date|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{cat-date3}}} from {{{date}}}| |[[Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template]] }} }} }} gpikm5p2yggfosi6w5maxtx5my3u9im 0 96674 377750 2026-05-16T02:57:13Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Infobox settlement |name = بائو لام |settlement_type = [[ويٽنام جي ڪميون-سطحي شھر|ڪميون]] |official_name = بائو لام ڪميون |other_name = |native_name = ''Xã Bảo Lâm'' |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal... 377750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = بائو لام |settlement_type = [[ويٽنام جي ڪميون-سطحي شھر|ڪميون]] |official_name = بائو لام ڪميون |other_name = |native_name = ''Xã Bảo Lâm'' |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map = Vietnam |pushpin_label_position = |subdivision_type = ملڪ |subdivision_name = {{flag|Vietnam}} |subdivision_type1 = [[ويٽنام جا علائقا|علائقو]] |subdivision_name1 = [[اتر اوڀر (ويٽنام)|اتر اوڀر]] |subdivision_type2 = [[ويٽنام جا صوبا|صوبو]] |subdivision_name2 = [[ڪائو بانگ صوبو|ڪائو بانگ]] |subdivision_type3 = [[ويٽنام جا ضلعا|ضلعو]] |subdivision_name3 = |seat_type = |seat = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_mi2 = |timezone = UTC + 7 |utc_offset = +7 |coordinates = {{coord|22|49|49|N|105|29|40|E|display=inline, title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }} '''بائو لام''' [[ويٽنام جي ڪميون-سطحي شھر|ڪميون]] ({{lang|vi|xã}}) آھي، جيڪا [[ڪائو بانگ صوبو|ڪائو بانگ صوبي]]، [[ويٽنام]] ۾ واقع آھي.<ref>[http://gis.chinhphu.vn/ ويٽنام جي وزارتِ عوامي معلومات] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820161058/http://gis.chinhphu.vn/ |date=2012-08-20 }}</ref> 16 جون 2025ع تي قومي اسيمبلي جي اسٽينڊنگ ڪاميٽي ڪائو بانگ صوبي ۾ 2025ع دوران ڪميون-سطحي انتظامي يونٽن جي ٻيھر تنظيم بابت قرارداد نمبر 1657/NQ-UBTVQH15 جاري ڪئي. ان موجب پاڪ ميئو ٽائون شپ، مونگ اَن ڪميون ۽ ونه فونگ ڪميون جي سموري قدرتي ايراضي ۽ آبادي کي ٻيھر منظم ڪري نئين ڪميون “بائو لام” قائم ڪئي وئي. ==حوالا== {{reflist}} {{Cao Bang Province}} [[زمرو:ڪائو بانگ صوبي ۾ آبادي وارا هنڌ]] {{CaoBang-geo-stub}} 52glqrfc3d3m80gmszkag0uf213vqpo 828 96675 377751 2026-05-16T02:59:16Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: return { name = 'ويٽنام', top = 24, bottom = 8, left = 101.8, right = 110.3, image = 'Vietnam location map.svg', image1 = 'Vietnam relief location map.jpg' } 377751 Scribunto text/plain return { name = 'ويٽنام', top = 24, bottom = 8, left = 101.8, right = 110.3, image = 'Vietnam location map.svg', image1 = 'Vietnam relief location map.jpg' } hvbavlzz5gah0lurxxuvzo8ghjb0ebh 828 96676 377752 2026-05-16T03:01:41Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <!-- زمرا هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ وڃن ۽ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ وڃن. --> {{Module:Location map/data/doc |image=[[File:Vietnam-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|200px|ويٽنام جو نقشو]] |examples= === مقام جو نقشو، ڊفالٽ نقشو (image) استعمال ڪندي === {{Location map | Vietnam | width = 130 | lat_deg = 21.03 | lon_deg = 105.85 | label = Hanoi }} <pre style="width:30em;"> {{Location map | Vietnam | width = 130... 377752 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- زمرا هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ وڃن ۽ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ وڃن. --> {{Module:Location map/data/doc |image=[[File:Vietnam-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|200px|ويٽنام جو نقشو]] |examples= === مقام جو نقشو، ڊفالٽ نقشو (image) استعمال ڪندي === {{Location map | Vietnam | width = 130 | lat_deg = 21.03 | lon_deg = 105.85 | label = Hanoi }} <pre style="width:30em;"> {{Location map | Vietnam | width = 130 | lat_deg = 21.03 | lon_deg = 105.85 | label = Hanoi }} </pre> {{clear}} === گھڻن جڳهن وارو مقام جو نقشو، رليف نقشو (image1) استعمال ڪندي === {{Location map many | Vietnam | relief = yes | width = 130 | caption = ويٽنام ۾ ٻه جڳهيون | lat1_deg = 21.03 | lon1_deg = 105.85 | label1 = Hanoi | lat2_deg = 10.77 | lon2_deg = 106.68 | label2 = Ho Chi Minh City | pos2 = bottom }} <pre style="width:30em;"> {{Location map many | Vietnam | relief = yes | width = 130 | caption = ويٽنام ۾ ٻه جڳهيون | lat1_deg = 21.03 | lon1_deg = 105.85 | label1 = Hanoi | lat2_deg = 10.77 | lon2_deg = 106.68 | label2 = Ho Chi Minh City | pos2 = bottom }} </pre> {{clear}} === Location map+، AlternativeMap استعمال ڪندي === {{Location map+ | Vietnam | AlternativeMap = Vietnam relief location map.jpg | width = 130 | caption = ويٽنام ۾ ٻه جڳهيون | places = {{Location map~ | Vietnam | lat_deg = 21.03 | lon_deg = 105.85 | label = Hanoi }} {{Location map~ | Vietnam | lat_deg = 10.77 | lon_deg = 106.68 | label = Ho Chi Minh City | position = bottom }} }} <pre style="width:35em;"> {{Location map+ | Vietnam | AlternativeMap = Vietnam relief location map.jpg | width = 130 | caption = ويٽنام ۾ ٻه جڳهيون | places = {{Location map~ | Vietnam | lat_deg = 21.03 | lon_deg = 105.85 | label = Hanoi }} {{Location map~ | Vietnam | lat_deg = 10.77 | lon_deg = 106.68 | label = Ho Chi Minh City | position = bottom }} }} </pre> |see also= }} <includeonly> <!-- زمرا هتي وڃن، ۽ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ وڃن --> [[زمرو:ويٽنام مقام-نقشي ماڊيول| ]] </includeonly> 31xb69c51kv2035xp7v85k1e3wt7vxx 10 96677 377753 2026-05-16T03:03:20Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Wikipedia how-to}} This guides explains how to create map definitions for the {{tlf|Location map}} family of templates. __TOC__ 377753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia how-to}} This guides explains how to create map definitions for the {{tlf|Location map}} family of templates. __TOC__ jth0bhb78ppndoxg05477i71gcxxph7 377754 377753 2026-05-16T03:04:58Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia how-to}} {{Documentation}} This guides explains how to create map definitions for the {{tlf|Location map}} family of templates. __TOC__ syscqy2s4zrx58zps237nmh7vquxgkv 377755 377754 2026-05-16T03:07:08Z Intisar Ali 8681 377755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia how-to}} هي رهنمائي وضاحت ڪري ٿي ته {{tlf|Location map}} سانچن جي خاندان لاءِ نقشي جون وصفون ڪيئن ٺاهجن. __TOC__ == نقشي جي وصف وارو ڊيٽا == {{expand section|date=August 2011}} هي سانچا نقشي جي وصفن جي هڪ مجموعي مان ڪنهن هڪ کي استعمال ڪن ٿا۔ اهي الڳ فورڪ نه آهن، بلڪه مددگار صفحا آهن ۽ انهن جا نالا "Module:Location map/data/''location''" يا "Template:Location map ''location''" واري نموني مطابق هجڻ گهرجن، جتي ''location'' ان علائقي جو نالو آهي جيڪو نقشو ڍڪي ٿو۔ سانچي واري جڳهه صرف پٺتي مطابقت لاءِ سهائتا ڪئي وڃي ٿي؛ سڀئي نيون نقشي جون وصفون ماڊيول طور ٺاهڻ گهرجن۔ '''اهم:''' جيڪڏهن نئون نقشو پراڻي نقشي جهڙي ئي پروجيڪشن ۽ حدون رکي ٿو (جهڙوڪ [[:File:Iraq location map.svg]] ۽ [[:File:Iraq location map2.svg]])، ته نئين وصف نه ٺاهي وڃي؛ ان جي بدران، پراڻي وصف کي AlternativeMap پيراميٽر سان استعمال ڪيو وڃي۔ هڪ سادي نقشي جي وصف وارو ماڊيول ٺاهڻ لاءِ جيڪو [[equirectangular projection]] استعمال ڪندڙ نقشي جي تصوير تي ٻڌل هجي ۽ جنهن ۾ خط استوا معياري متوازي طور هجي (جنهن کي plate carrée، “unprojected”، lat/lon projection پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو): # نئين نقشي جي تصوير ٺاهيو ۽ ان کي [[commons:Main Page|وڪيميڊيا العام]] تي اپلوڊ ڪريو يا ساڳئي سائيٽ تي موجود نقشو ڳوليو۔ # Module:Location map/data/''location'' نالي ماڊيول ٺاهيو، هيٺ ڏنل مواد ان ۾ نقل ڪريو ۽ مناسب قدرن سان مٽايو۔ # Module:Location map/data/''location''/doc نالي صفحو ٺاهيو ۽ [[#Documentation]] هيٺ ڏنل هدايتن تي عمل ڪريو۔ هڪ اهڙي نقشي جي مثال طور جيڪو equirectangular projection استعمال ڪري ٿو، اسان [[Module:Location map/data/Belgium]] استعمال ڪريون ٿا۔ مهرباني ڪري فعال سانچن تي تجربا نه ڪريو۔ <syntaxhighlight lang="lua">return { name = 'Belgium', top = 51.8, bottom = 49.2, left = 2.2, right = 6.9, image = 'Belgium location map.svg', image1 = 'Belgium relief location map.jpg' }</syntaxhighlight> {| class="wikitable" style="width: 50%;" ! پيراميٽر ! وضاحت |- | <code>name</code> | ڍڪيل علائقي جو نالو |- | <code>top</code> | تصوير جي مٿئين ڪناري جو ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ([[decimal degrees]] استعمال ڪندي) |- | <code>bottom</code> | تصوير جي هيٺئين ڪناري جو ويڪرائي ڦاڪ |- | <code>left</code> | تصوير جي کاٻي ڪناري جو ڊگھائي ڦاڪ |- | <code>right</code> | تصوير جي ساڄي ڪناري جو ڊگھائي ڦاڪ |- | <code>image</code> | العام تي تصويري فائل جو نالو |- | <code>image1</code> | متبادل تصوير جو نالو، عام طور رليف نقشو، جنهن تائين <code>relief</code> پيراميٽر ذريعي رسائي ٿي سگهي ٿي۔ |} هن قسم جا نقشا ننڍن کان وچولي علائقن لاءِ ڪم ڪندا۔ [[Module:Location map/data/USA Alabama]] اهڙي نقشي جي وضاحت جو ٻيو مثال آهي جيڪو equirectangular projection استعمال ڪري ٿو۔ ڌيان ڏيو ته ملڪ جي تصوير اها نه آهي جيڪا گهڻا ماڻهو توقع ڪن ٿا۔ === ترقي يافته پروجيڪشنون === اهي نقشا جيڪي ٻيون پروجيڪشنون استعمال ڪن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[Module:Location map/data/USA]]، جيڪو equidistant [[conic projection]] استعمال ڪري ٿو، انهن لاءِ فارمولن جي ضرورت هوندي آهي جيڪي مقام واري نشان لاءِ <code>x</code> ۽ <code>y</code> همراهون ڳڻپ ڪن ٿا۔ انهن فارمولن کي سمجهڻ لاءِ موضوع سان واقفيت ضروري آهي، تنهنڪري توهان ڀلي هن حصي کي ڇڏي سگهو ٿا۔ ان پُٽ $1 ويڪرائي ڦاڪ آهي ۽ $2 ڊگھائي ڦاڪ، ٻئي decimal صورت ۾۔ اظهار [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##expr|ParserFunction "#expr"]] جي نحو تي عمل ڪري ٿو۔ ٻه آئوٽ پُٽ همراهون اهڙي طرح بيان ڪيل آهن جو <code>x</code> جو فارمولو تصوير جي کاٻي ڪناري لاءِ 0 ۽ ساڄي ڪناري لاءِ 100 ڏئي؛ جڏهن ته <code>y</code> جو فارمولو مٿئين ڪناري لاءِ 0 ۽ هيٺئين ڪناري لاءِ 100 ڏئي ٿو۔ == دستاويزڪاري == دستاويزي صفحو ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[Template:Location map data documentation]] تي موجود ''de facto'' سانچو استعمال ڪرڻ آسان ترين طريقو آهي۔ هتي هڪ ٻيو مثال ڏنو ويو آهي ته دستاويزڪاري ڪيئن نظر اچي سگهي ٿي: {{#tag:pre|<nowiki> <!-- زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي هن صفحي جي آخر ۾ وڃن ٿا۔ --> {{Location map data documentation|image=[[File:Belgium-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|250px|بيلجيم جو نقشو]] |examples= === مقام جو نقشو، ڊفالٽ نقشو (image) استعمال ڪندي === {{Location map | Belgium | width = 200 | lat_deg = 50.85 | lon_deg = 4.35 | label = Brussels }} <pre style="width:30em"> {{Location map | Belgium | width = 200 | lat_deg = 50.85 | lon_deg = 4.35 | label = Brussels }} </pre> {{clear}} === گھڻن جڳهن وارو مقام جو نقشو، رليف نقشو (image1) استعمال ڪندي === {{Location map many | Belgium | relief = yes | width = 200 | caption = بيلجيم ۾ ٻه جڳهيون | lat1_deg = 50.85 | lon1_deg = 4.35 | label1 = Brussels | lat2_deg = 51.22 | lon2_deg = 4.40 | label2 = Antwerp }} <pre style="width:30em"> {{Location map many | Belgium | relief = yes | width = 200 | caption = بيلجيم ۾ ٻه جڳهيون | lat1_deg = 50.85 | lon1_deg = 4.35 | label1 = Brussels | lat2_deg = 51.22 | lon2_deg = 4.40 | label2 = Antwerp }} </pre> {{clear}} === Location map+، AlternativeMap استعمال ڪندي === {{Location map+ | Belgium | AlternativeMap = Belgium relief location map.jpg | width = 200 | caption = بيلجيم ۾ ٻه جڳهيون | places = {{Location map~ | Belgium | lat_deg = 50.85 | lon_deg = 4.35 | label = Brussels }} {{Location map~ | Belgium | lat_deg = 51.22 | lon_deg = 4.40 | label = Antwerp }} }} <pre style="width:35em"> {{Location map+ | Belgium | AlternativeMap = Belgium relief location map.jpg | width = 200 | caption = بيلجيم ۾ ٻه جڳهيون | places = {{Location map~ | Belgium | lat_deg = 50.85 | lon_deg = 4.35 | label = Brussels }} {{Location map~ | Belgium | lat_deg = 51.22 | lon_deg = 4.40 | label = Antwerp }} }} </pre> }} <includeonly> <!-- زمرا هتي وڃن، ۽ بين الويڪي وڪي ڊيٽا تي وڃن: --> [[زمرو:بيلجيم مقام-نقشي سانچا|بيلجيم مقام-نقشي سانچا]] </includeonly> </nowiki>}} === پيراميٽر === {{#section-h:Template:Location map data documentation/doc|TemplateData}} aavaop7s79go7ytsjutino31ordhu95 0 96678 377756 2026-05-16T03:42:07Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Short description|هڪ مخصوص مرحلي تي شاگردن کي ڪهڙي ڄاڻ هئڻ گهرجي، ان جا معيار}} [[File:Einstein diploma.jpg|thumb|right|[[البرٽ آئنسٽائن|آئنسٽائن]] جو [[هاءِ اسڪول ڊپلوما|اسڪولي سرٽيفڪيٽ]]، جيڪو [[آرگائو]] جي تعليمي ڪميٽي طرفان منظور ٿيل هو]] '''سکيا جا معيار''' (جن کي '''علمي معيار'''، '''مواد جا معي... 377756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|هڪ مخصوص مرحلي تي شاگردن کي ڪهڙي ڄاڻ هئڻ گهرجي، ان جا معيار}} [[File:Einstein diploma.jpg|thumb|right|[[البرٽ آئنسٽائن|آئنسٽائن]] جو [[هاءِ اسڪول ڊپلوما|اسڪولي سرٽيفڪيٽ]]، جيڪو [[آرگائو]] جي تعليمي ڪميٽي طرفان منظور ٿيل هو]] '''سکيا جا معيار''' (جن کي '''علمي معيار'''، '''مواد جا معيار''' ۽ '''نصاب''' پڻ چيو ويندو آهي) بياني، طريقيڪار، خاڪي ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري ڄاڻ جا عنصر آهن، جيڪي گڏيل صورت ۾ هڪ تعليمي پروگرام جي مخصوص مواد کي بيان ڪن ٿا۔ معيار عام طور اهڙن بيانن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن جيڪي ظاهر ڪن ٿا ته شاگرد پنهنجي “سکيا جي ترقي” جي ڪنهن مخصوص مرحلي تي ڇا ڄاڻي ٿو، ڇا ڪري سگهي ٿو، يا ڪهڙي ڪارڪردگي ڏيکارڻ جي قابل آهي (جيڪو اڪثر “گريڊ”، “درجي”، يا ان جي هم معنيٰ سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي)۔ جديد تعليمي نظام ۾ سکيا جي معيارن جا ڪيترائي استعمال آهن۔ اهي مواد سان ڳنڍڻ جو ذريعو ٿي سگهن ٿا،<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Browder|first1=Diane|last2=Spooner|first2=Fred|last3=Wakeman|first3=Shawnee|title=Aligning Instruction with Academic Content Standards: Finding the Link|journal=Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities|date=1 December 2006|volume=31|issue=4|pages=309–321|doi=10.1177/154079690603100404|s2cid=141361460 }}</ref> ۽ سکيا جي رستي يا ترقيءَ جو حصو پڻ ٿي سگهن ٿا۔<ref>{{cite web|title=Learning Pathway|url=http://edglossary.org/learning-pathway/|website=Glossary of Education Reform|publisher=Great Schools Partnership|accessdate=31 January 2018|date=2013-05-15}}</ref> علمي معيار [[تعليم]] ۾ [[Benchmarking|معيار ۽ اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي جا معيار]] آهن، جيئن [[نصاب|نصابن]] جي سختي ۽ [[Test (assessment)|امتحانن]] جي مشڪلات۔<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGopGkTxmLkC&pg=PA1 |title=Really raising standards |author=Philip Adey, Michael Shayer |isbn=9780415101455 |year=1994 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref> گڏيل علمي معيار ٺاهڻ لاءِ Rubrics، معيارن يا علمي ڪاميابي کي ڪوڊ ڪرڻ جي ٻين نظامن تي اتفاق ضروري هوندو آهي۔<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sadler|first=D. Royce|date=2014|title=The futility of attempting to codify academic achievement standards|journal=Higher Education|volume=67|issue=3|pages=273–288|doi=10.1007/s10734-013-9649-1|doi-access=free}}</ref> ڪاليجن ۽ يونيورسٽين ۾، تدريسي عملي تي انتظاميه طرفان وڌندڙ دٻاءُ هوندو آهي ته شاگردن کي سندن حقيقي قابليتن کان سواءِ [[Grade inflation|سٺا نمبر ۽ گريڊ]] ڏنا وڃن، جيئن اهي شاگرد فيس ادا ڪندي اداري ۾ برقرار رهن ۽ ادارن جي گريجوئيشن شرح وڌي سگهي۔ شاگرد اڪثر [[course evaluation]]s ذريعي انهن استادن تي تنقيد ڪندا آهن جن بابت هو محسوس ڪن ٿا ته انهن ڪورس کي تمام ڏکيو بڻايو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ معروضي جائزو ڏيکاري سگهي ته ڪورس اصل ۾ تمام آسان هو۔<ref>{{cite news| last =Alderman| first =Geoffrey| title =Why university standards have fallen| newspaper =Guardian| date =10 March 2010| url =https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/mar/10/universities-standards-blair-target| access-date = 30 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last =Brandon| first =Craig| title =The Five-Year Party: How Colleges Have Given Up on Educating Your Child and What You Can Do About It| url =https://archive.org/details/fiveyearpartyhow00bran_053| url-access =limited| publisher =BenBella Books| date =2010| pages =[https://archive.org/details/fiveyearpartyhow00bran_053/page/n282 236]| isbn =978-1935251804}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last =Paton| first =Graeme| title =Education standards 'in decline' at overcrowded universities| newspaper =Telegraph| date =23 October 2014| url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/11182639/Education-standards-in-decline-at-overcrowded-universities.html| access-date = 30 June 2015}}</ref> ڪورس جي معيار ۽ ڪورس جائزي جي نتيجن وچ ۾ سڌو لاڳاپو ڳولڻ تمام ڏکيو آهي۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/students-dont-always-recognize-good-teaching-study-finds/118274|title=The Chronicle of Higher Education|last=Berrett|first=Dan|date=May 9, 2017|website=chronicle.com }}</ref> ==جائزو== شاگردن جا جائزا علمي ڪاميابي کي ماپڻ جو هڪ تڪراري طريقو آهن۔ تازين مطالعي مان معلوم ٿيو آهي ته استادن جي شاگردن طرفان اعليٰ درجي جي تعريف جو تعلق مواد تي عبور بدران اعليٰ نمبرن سان هوندو آهي۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/students-dont-always-recognize-good-teaching-study-finds/118274|title=Students Don't Always Recognize Good Teaching, Study Finds – The Ticker - Blogs - The Chronicle of Higher Education|website=www.chronicle.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-16|date=2017-05-09}}</ref> مطالعي اهو به نوٽ ڪيو آهي ته جائزي جي معيار بابت شاگردن جي سمجهه سکيا جي تجربي کي وڌيڪ بهتر بڻائي سگهي ٿي۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srhe.tandfonline.com/|title=Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education|last=Sadler|website=srhe.tandfonline.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref> == گلوبلائيزيشن ۽ علمي معيار == 2009ع ۾ [[يونيسڪو]] جي هڪ رپورٽ موجب، 20هين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ 21هين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ يونيورسٽين جي ڍانچي ۾ تبديليون اعليٰ تعليم تائين وڌندڙ رسائي يا “massification” جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ شاگردن جي آبادي ۾ تنوع آيو، پر گڏوگڏ عالمي سطح تي علمي معيارن ۾ عام گهٽتائي به آئي۔<ref>Altbach, Phillip G., Liz Reisberg, and Laura E. Rumbley, "Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution. A Report Prepared for the UNESCO 2009 World Conference on Higher Education" (France, UNESCO, 2009). http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/30910755/Altbach__Reisberg__Rumbley_Tracking_an_Academic_Revolution__UNESCO_2009.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1494895733&Signature=8P%2F9h78kTqQbTaKmy9VKiHaIwoc%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DTrends_in_global_higher_education_Tracki.pdf </ref> ==مثال== [[File:Project2061.jpg|thumb|right|''سائنس لاء بينچ مارڪ لٽريسيئ''، 1993ع، جيڪو آمريڪي ايسوسيئيشن فار ايڊوانسمنٽ آف سائنس (AAAS) پاران شايع ڪيو ويو]] سکيا جي معيارن جو هڪ مثال رياستي سطح تي تيار ڪيل معيار آهن جيئن هيٺ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي يا [[عام بنيادي رياستي معيار]] (CCSS)، جيڪي [[نيشنل گورنرس ايسوسيئيشن]] ۽ [[ڪائونسل آف چيف اسٽيٽ اسڪول]] پاران تيار ڪيا ويا۔ رياستي سکيا جا معيار [[رياستي تعليمي بورڊ|تعليمي بورڊن]] طرفان تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ آمريڪا ۾ [[رياستي تعليمي ادارا|رياستي تعليمي ادارن]] طرفان لاڳو ڪيا ويندا آهن۔<ref>[http://www.teach-nology.com/teachers/standards/ Aggregator Site for Standards]</ref> سکيا جا معيار مقامي سطح تي به موجود هوندا آهن، جتي ضلعي اسڪولن پاران شايع ٿيل نصاب ۾ اهي گهڻو ڪري اهڙين هدايتن جي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن جيڪي هر درجي لاءِ اهو بيان ڪن ٿا ته شاگرد ڇا ڪرڻ جي قابل هجي يا ڇا ڪري سگهي۔ اهي اڪثر رياستي معيارن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، پر وڌيڪ تفصيلي سطح تي۔ سکيا جا معيار ۽ مواد سان لاڳاپيل معيارن ۽ [[معياري اصطلاح|معياري اصطلاحن]] جي صورت ۾ به ٿي سگهن ٿا،<ref>[http://www.thegateway.org/asn GEM]</ref> ۽ گڏوگڏ مواد بابت [[ميٽا ڊيٽا]] جي صورت ۾ به۔<ref>[[Learning object metadata|LOM]]</ref> انهن معيارن کي ڪوڊ ڪرڻ لاءِ فني معيار موجود آهن جيڪي K-12 سکيا واري ماحول سان لاڳاپيل آهن،<ref>[[Schools Interoperability Framework|The SIF standard]]</ref> جيڪي [[اعلا تعليم]] ۽ نجي ڪاروبار ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ معيارن کان مختلف آهن۔<ref>[http://www.imsglobal.org/competencies/index.html Higher Ed Competency standards]</ref><ref>[[SCORM|SCORM - Shared Content Object Reference Model]]</ref> ==علمي معيارن جا قسم== ڪامن ڪور علمي معيارن جو هڪ مجموعو آهي جيڪو ٻن مکيه مضمونن تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿو: رياضي ۽ انگريزي ٻوليءَ جا فنون (ELA)۔ انهن معيارن جو مقصد ڄاڻ تي عبور کي يقيني بڻائڻ ۽ شاگردن کي ايندڙ درجي ۽ ان کان اڳتي لاءِ تيار ڪرڻ آهي۔ ڪامن ڪور جي شروعات رياست کان رياست تائين شاگردن کي سيکارڻ جي طريقي ۽ کين ڏنل معلومات جي معيار کي معياري بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪئي وئي۔ هاڻي آمريڪا جون 42 رياستون ڪامن ڪور اختيار ڪري چڪيون آهن۔ ڪامن ڪور جا معيار: * تحقيق ۽ ثبوتن تي ٻڌل * واضح، سمجهڻ لائق، ۽ هڪجهڙا * ڪاليج ۽ ڪيريئر جي اميدن سان هم آهنگ * سخت معيارن ۽ اعليٰ درجي جي سوچ واري صلاحيتن ذريعي ڄاڻ جي عملي استعمال تي ٻڌل * موجوده رياستي معيارن جي قوتن ۽ سبقن تي ٻڌل * ٻين اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاريندڙ ملڪن کان متاثر ٿيل، جيئن سڀني شاگردن کي عالمي معيشت ۽ سماج ۾ ڪاميابي لاءِ تيار ڪري سگهجي<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.corestandards.org/about-the-standards/|title=About the Standards {{!}} Common Core State Standards Initiative|website=www.corestandards.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-16|archive-date=2019-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115174848/http://www.corestandards.org/about-the-standards/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==آمريڪا== {{See also|آمريڪا ۾ معيارن تي ٻڌل تعليمي سڌارا}} آمريڪا ۾، [[نوح ويبِسٽر|نوح ويبِسٽر]] جي [[آمريڪا ۾ تعليم جي تاريخ|اسپيلر]] جهڙن درسي ڪتابن ماڻهن کي مخصوص عمرن ۾ سيکارڻ لاءِ خاص ڄاڻ کي عام ڪيو۔ شڪاگو جي سپرنٽنڊنٽ وليم هاروي ويلز هن طريقي کي اڳتي وڌايو ۽ شڪاگو پبلڪ اسڪولن لاءِ تدريسي ڪورس تيار ڪيو،<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kliebard|first=Herbert M.|title=Education at the Turn of the Century: A Crucible of Curriculum Change|journal=Educational Researcher|year=1982|volume=11|issue=1|pages=16–24|doi=10.3102/0013189x011001016|s2cid=144479188 }}</ref> جنهن کي هن ''A Graded Course of Instruction for Public Schools'' ۾ ضابطه بندي ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=William Harvey|title=The Graded School: A Graded Course of Instruction for Public Schools|year=1862|publisher=G. Sherwood|location=Chicago|url=https://archive.org/details/gradedschoolagr01wellgoog}}</ref> اهڙيءَ طرح، پهريان سکيا جا معيار نصابي ڪتابن جي مواد جي نتيجي طور پيدا ٿيا، نه ڪي ڪنهن منظم، جمهوري طريقي سان۔ 1892ع ۾، [[نيشنل ايجوڪيشن ايسوسيئيشن]] [[ڏھن جي ڪاميٽي]] کي گڏ ڪيو، جنهن قومي هاءِ اسڪول شاگردن لاءِ پهريان سکيا جا معيار ضابطه بندي ڪيا۔ هڪ سال پوءِ، 1893ع ۾، ابتدائي تعليم بابت پندرهن جي ڪاميٽي م ٺاهي وئي ته جيئن ابتدائي تعليم لاءِ سالن جو معياري تعداد طئي ڪيو وڃي، ابتدائي درجن جي مواد ۽ ترتيب کي مقرر ڪيو وڃي، ۽ ابتدائي اسڪول استادن لاءِ معياري تربيتي ڪورس واضح ڪيو وڃي۔<ref>{{cite journal|last=Button|first=Henry Warren|title=Committee of Fifteen|journal=History of Education Quarterly|date=December 1965|volume=5|issue=4|pages=253–263|doi=10.2307/367584|jstor=367584|s2cid=147435120 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Committee of Fifteen on Elementary Education, [[National Education Association]] of the United States|date=1895|title=Report of the Committee of Fifteen on elementary education: With the reports of the sub-committees; on the training of teachers; on the correlation of studies in elementary education; on the organization of city school systems|publisher=Pub. for the National Educational Association by the American Book Company|edition=1|oclc=2304784|url=https://archive.org/details/committelemedu00natirich}}</ref> بهرحال، Committee of Fifteen جو ڪم گهڻو ڪري شهري اسڪولن لاءِ وقت، مواد ۽ استادن جي تربيت جي وضاحت تي مرڪوز هو۔ نتيجي طور، ٻھراڙيءَ جي اسڪولن جي مسئلن لاء نيشنل ايجوڪيشن ايجنسي وڌيڪ ٻارھن جي ڪميٽي ٺاهي ۽ 1897ع ۾ هڪ رپورٽ جاري ڪئي جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪي ڳوٺاڻن اسڪولن جي “…وڏي پيماني تي گڏيل تنظيم…” کي ملڪ جي شهري علائقن جي نموني سان هم آهنگ بڻائڻ هو۔<ref>{{cite journal|last=Feldmann|first=Doug|title=Twenty-Five Years of Erosion in the Curriculum: The Committee of Ten to the Cardinal Principles, 1893-1918|journal=Research for Education Reform|year=2005|volume=10|issue=2|pages=41–50}}</ref> 20هين صديءَ جي پوئين دور ۾، [[اي. ڊي. هرش]] پاران تيار ڪيل بنيادي ڄاڻ واري ترتيب سان انهن ثقافتي قدرن ۾ حصو وڌو جيڪي سکيا جي معيارن ۽ رهنمائن طور پيش ڪيا ويا۔ ڄاڻ جي ترتيب “…مخصوص مواد (۽ صلاحيتون)…” لاءِ ترتيب فراهم ڪري ٿو، جيڪي انگريزي/ٻولي فنون، تاريخ، جاگرافي، رياضي، سائنس، ۽ فنونِ لطيفه ۾ سيکاريا وڃن۔<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the Core Knowledge Sequence|url=http://www.coreknowledge.org/download-the-sequence|work=Core Knowledge Foundation|accessdate=3 April 2013}}</ref> ۽ ڪجهه وڏن اسڪول ضلعن ان کي اختيار ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite journal|last=Goldman|first=S. R.|title=Designing for Scaleable Educational Improvement: Processes of Inquiry in Practice|journal=In Scaling up for Success: Lessons Learned from Technology-based Educational Improvement, ed. C. Dede, J.P Honan, L.C. Peters|pages=67–96}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾، ضابطابندي رياستي سطح تي ادارن جهڙوڪ [[ايروزونا رياست جو تعليمي شعبو]] جي اسٽينڊرڊ اينڌڊ اسيسمنٽ ڊويزن طرفان ڪئي ويندي آهي۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.azed.gov/|title=The Official Website of the Arizona Department of Education {{!}}|website=www.azed.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> هن وقت، سکيا جا معيار [معيارن تي ٻڌل تعليمي سڌارا|معيارن تي ٻڌل تعليمي سڌارن]] واري تحريڪ جو اهم حصو بڻجي چڪا آهن، جنهن ۾ سکيا جا معيار ڪيترن ئي اسڪولن ۾ سڌو سنئون [[روبرڪ (تعليمي)|روبرڪس]] ۽ [[معياري بنيادن تي علمي جائزو]] سان ڳنڍيل آهن؛ [[آمريڪا ۾ معياري امتحان معياري امتحان]] اڪثر ضلعن ۽ رياستن اندر، ۽ رياستن جي وچ ۾ درجي جي جائزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن؛ جڏهن ته [[ھاء اسڪول واري تعليم سان معياري امتحان ڪيترن آمريڪي اسڪولن ۾ شاگردن جي گريجوئيشن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن۔ ==برطانيا== برطانيا ۾، ڊگريون ڏيڻ وارا ادارا پاڻ [[اعلا تعليم]] ۾ معيارن جا ذميوار هوندا آهن، پر انهن کي [[ڪوالٽي اشوئرنس ايجنسي]] (QAA) ۽ [[Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation]] (Ofqual) طرفان معائني دوران جانچيو ويندو آهي۔ پنهنجي ويب سائيٽ تي QAA علمي معيارن جي وضاحت هن طرح ڪري ٿو: “اهي معيار جيڪي ادارا پنهنجن ڪورسن (پروگرامن ۽ ماڊيولن) لاءِ مقرر ۽ برقرار رکن ٿا ۽ پنهنجن ايوارڊن لاءِ متوقع آهن.”<ref>{{citation |last=QAA Glossary |url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/AboutUs/glossary/Pages/glossary-a.aspx#a3 |title=Academic standards |access-date=2014-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224648/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/AboutUs/glossary/Pages/glossary-a.aspx#a3 |archive-date=2014-03-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[ڊيئرنگ رپورٽ]] 1997ع ۾ سفارش ڪئي ته بينچ مارڪنگ کي علمي معيارن جي ماپ ۽ بهتري لاءِ استعمال ڪيو وڃي۔<ref>{{citation |title=Benchmarking Academic Standards in the UK |author=Mantz Yorke |journal=Tertiary Education and Management |volume=5 |number=1 |pages=79–94 |doi=10.1023/A:1018753222965|year=1999 |s2cid=195292214 }}</ref> 1997ع کان 2011ع تائين اهو ڪم سکيا واري ڪوڊ ۽ ٻين رهنمائن ذريعي ڪيو ويو، جن کي ''تعليمي انفراسٽرڪچر'' چيو ويندو هو۔ 2012ع–13ع دوران، ان کي ''ھائر ايجوڪيشن جو ڪوالٽي ڪوڊ '' سان مٽايو ويو، جنهن ۾ سکيا جي تجربي بابت معلومات جي دستيابي تي زور ڏنو ويو ته جيئن شاگرد جي حيثيت کي هڪ فيس ادا ڪندڙ گراهڪ طور اجاگر ڪيو وڃي۔<ref>{{citation |pages=227–228 |title=Reshaping the University |author=David Palfreyman, Ted Tapper |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0199659821}}</ref> ==جرمني== [[جرمني]] ۾ [[Kultusministerkonferenz]] (تعليم جي وزيرن جي ڪانفرنس) مختلف اسڪولي گريجوئيشن شڪلين لاءِ معيارن جي وضاحت، اشاعت ۽ جائزو وٺي ٿي۔<ref>{{cite web|title=Qualitätssicherung in Schulen|url=http://www.kmk.org/dokumentation/veroeffentlichungen-beschluesse/bildung-schule/qualitaetssicherung-in-schulen.html#c7035|publisher=KMK|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> ==جاپان== [[جاپان]] جي تعليم، سائنس، راندين ۽ ثقافت واري وزارت قومي نصابي معيارن کي منظم ڪري ٿي۔ اهي معيار ڪنڊرگارٽن، ابتدائي، هيٺين ۽ مٿين ثانوي سطحن تي رياضي، سائنس، جاپاني ٻولي، سماجي اڀياس، ماحولياتي زندگيءَ جي اڀياس، موسيقي، ڊرائنگ ۽ دستڪاري، جسماني تعليم ۽ گهر سنڀال لاءِ درسن جي مواد جي وضاحت ڪن ٿا۔ ==سنگاپور== [[سنگاپور]] نصابن کي استعمال ڪري ٿو ته جيئن “[هر سطح لاءِ بنيادي مواد جون اميدون] موضوعن جي فهرستن ذريعي بيان ڪيون وڃن، جيڪي معيارن جهڙيون آهن۔ مختلف علمي رستن ۾ شاگردن لاءِ تفصيل مختلف ڪيا ويندا آهن۔ سڀئي شاگرد مواد کي او-ليول سڏجندڙ مرحلي ذريعي پڙهندا آهن.”<ref>{{cite web|title=Comparing the Common Core State Standards and Singapore's Mathematics Syllabus|url=http://www.achieve.org/files/CCSSandSingapore.pdf|publisher=Achieve, Inc|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref> == پڻ ڏسو == * [[علمي ڪاميابي]] * [[تعليمي منظوري]] * [[تعليمي مقصد ۽ مقاصد]] * [[سکيا جو رستو]] * [[نتيجن تي ٻڌل تعليم]] * [[معياري امتحان]] * آمريڪا جو [[No Child Left Behind Act]] ** [[Adequate Yearly Progress]] == حوالا == {{reflist}} {{Standards-based Education Reform}} {{Education}} [[زمرو:نصاب]] [[زمرو:معيارن تي ٻڌل تعليم]] tf54t57dhgmdqavnrr3ct13904y2gl6 14 96679 377757 2026-05-16T08:48:47Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڀارت جا يونين علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] 377757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت جا يونين علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] i697pmqid4o77tc2x3ep7wx0xgebga0 0 96680 377759 2026-05-16T08:51:54Z Ibne maryam 17680 Ibne maryam صفحي [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا]] کي [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] ڏانھن چوريو 377759 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ يونين علائقا]] ejg0shibcgw7rcsy1smnzrry7yvf5iw 0 96681 377760 2026-05-16T09:21:24Z Ibne maryam 17680 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354406182|Srinagar]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 377760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=سرينگر|settlement_type=[[راجڌاني شهر]]|native_name=سرينگر|native_name_lang=ks|named_for=[[Lakshmi]] or [[Surya]]|image_skyline={{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg |caption6 = Houseboats on [[Dal Lake]] |image3 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg |caption3 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]] |image2 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG |caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg |caption4 = [[Pari Mahal]] |image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg |caption5 = [[Hazratbal Shrine]] |image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg }}|image_map1=Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg|map_alt=Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China|map_caption1=Srinagar lies in the [[Kashmir division]] (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> =|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=250px|image_map=|coordinates={{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=Administering country|subdivision_name=[[India]]|subdivision_type1=Region of administration|subdivision_name1=[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|subdivision_type2=Division|subdivision_name2=[[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]|subdivision_name3=[[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]|leader_title1=Municipal Commissioner|leader_name1=Owais Ahmed Rana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=<ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|area_total_km2=294|area_metro_km2=766|area_metro_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1585|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_total=1180570|population_as_of=2011|population_rank=[[List of cities in India by population|31st]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_metro=1273312|population_blank1_title=Metro Rank|population_blank1=[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|37th]]|population_demonym=Srinagari, Sirinagari, Sirinagaruk, Shaharuk, Srinagarite|demographics_type1=Languages|demographics1_title1=Official|demographics1_info1=[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demographics1_title2=|timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]|utc_offset1=+5:30|postal_code_type=[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]|postal_code=190001-190020<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir PIN Code List - Page 1 - India PIN Code |url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/ |website=www.indiapincode.info |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>|area_code_type=Telephone code|area_code=0194|registration_plate=JK 01|blank1_name_sec1=[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]|blank1_info_sec1=888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]|blank2_name_sec1=Literacy|blank2_info_sec1=69.15%|blank3_name_sec1=Distance from Delhi|blank3_info_sec1={{convert|876|km|mi}} NW|blank4_name_sec1=Distance from Mumbai|blank4_info_sec1={{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])|blank1_name_sec2=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank1_info_sec2=[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]|blank2_name_sec2=[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]|blank2_info_sec2={{convert|710|mm|in}}|blank3_name_sec2=Avg. summer temperature|blank3_info_sec2={{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}|blank4_name_sec2=Avg. winter temperature|blank4_info_sec2={{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}|website={{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}|official_name=Srinagar|government_type=[[Municipal corporation]]|governing_body=[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]|leader_title=[[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]|leader_name=Vacant}} <references /> '''سرينگر''' (Srinagar) [[ڪشمير|تڪراري ڪشمير]] علائقي ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي انتظام هيٺ [[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)|جمو ۽ ڪشمير]] جو گادي جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اهو ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ اونهاري جو گرمين جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو ڀارت جي انتظام هيٺ هڪ يونين علائقو آهي. اهو ڪشمير جي وادي ۾ [[جھلم ندي|جهلم نديءَ]] جي ڪناري، ۽ ڊل ۽ انچار ڍنڍن جي ڪنارن تي، هري پربت ۽ شنڪراچاريا ٽڪرين جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر پنهنجي قدرتي ماحول، مختلف باغن، دريا جي ڪنارن ۽ ٻيڙين تي ٺهيل گهرن ([[هائوس بوٽ|هائوس بوٽس]] جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اهو روايتي ڪشميري دستڪاري جهڙوڪ ڪشميري شال (پشمينا ۽ ڪشميري اون مان ٺهيل)، آرائشي سامان (پيپيئر-ماچي)، ڪاٺ جي نقاشي، قالين جي بُنائي، ۽ زيور ٺاهڻ، انهي سان گڏ خشڪ ميون لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=5 January 2018|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=30 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=4 February 2006}}</ref> هي [[هماليا|هماليه]] ۾، [[نيپال]] جي راڄڌاني [[کٽمنڊو]] کان پوءِ، ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو آهي. راجاترنگيني جي مطابق، گونندا خاندان جي حڪمراني دوران ڇهين صدي ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر هڪ اڳوڻي راڄڌاني جو نالو ورتو جيڪو سوچيو ويندو آهي ته [[موريا سلطنت|موريا]] انهن جي آس پاس ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ڪيا هئا. هي شهر هندو حڪمران خاندانن جي دور ۾ ڪشمير وادي جو سڀ کان اهم گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سکيا جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز رهيو. 14هين کان 16هين صدي دوران، خاص طور تي [[شاهمير خاندان|شاهه مير خاندان جي]] دور ۾، جن جي بادشاهن ان جي مختلف حصن کي پنهنجي گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور استعمال ڪيو، شهر جي پراڻي حصي ۾ وڏي پئماني تي واڌ ڏٺي وئي. اهو ڪشمير جو روحاني مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي اولياء ۽ [[تصوف|صوفي]] مبلغن کي راغب ڪيو. اهو ڪشميري شال ٺاهڻ ۽ ٻين ڪشميري دستڪاري جي مرڪز طور پڻ اڀرڻ لڳو. 16هين صدي جي آخر ۾، هي شهر [[مغل سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو، جنهن جي ڪيترن ئي شهنشاهه ان کي پنهنجي اونهاري جي تفريح گاهه طور استعمال ڪندا هئا. انهيءَ دور ۾ شهر ۽ ڊال ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي مغل باغ تعمير ڪيا ويا، جن مان شاليمار باغ ۽ نشاط باغ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهن. 18هين صدي جي آخر ۽ 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ افغان [[دراني سلطنت|دراني]] سلطنت ۽ [[سک سلطنت|سکن]] جي هٿن مان گذرڻ کان پوءِ، اهو آخرڪار سال 1846ع ۾ ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي ڊوگرا بادشاهت جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ان دوران هي شهر يورپين ۽ هندستاني اشرافيه ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي مقام بڻجي ويو، جتي ڪيترائي هوٽل ۽ ان جا مشهور ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر، هائوس بوٽ ٺاهيا ويا. سال 1952ع ۾، هي شهر ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير، هڪ علائقو جيڪو ڀارت جي هڪ رياست جي طور تي انتظام هيٺ هو، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جڏهن ته ڄمون شهر ان جو سياري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. اهو 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعات ۾ علائقي ۾ آزادي جي تحريڪ جو مرڪز هو. سال 2019ع ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙي علائقي، جيڪو ڀارت پاران، اڳوڻي رياست جي ٻيهر تنظيم کان پوءِ، هڪ يونين علائقي جي طور تي منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. 97fmiphx4yxgdvuz8vvr4sceec7fd92 377761 377760 2026-05-16T09:22:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ڪشمير]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=سرينگر|settlement_type=[[راجڌاني شهر]]|native_name=سرينگر|native_name_lang=ks|named_for=[[Lakshmi]] or [[Surya]]|image_skyline={{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg |caption6 = Houseboats on [[Dal Lake]] |image3 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg |caption3 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]] |image2 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG |caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg |caption4 = [[Pari Mahal]] |image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg |caption5 = [[Hazratbal Shrine]] |image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg }}|image_map1=Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg|map_alt=Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China|map_caption1=Srinagar lies in the [[Kashmir division]] (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> =|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=250px|image_map=|coordinates={{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=Administering country|subdivision_name=[[India]]|subdivision_type1=Region of administration|subdivision_name1=[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|subdivision_type2=Division|subdivision_name2=[[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]|subdivision_name3=[[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]|leader_title1=Municipal Commissioner|leader_name1=Owais Ahmed Rana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=<ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|area_total_km2=294|area_metro_km2=766|area_metro_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1585|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_total=1180570|population_as_of=2011|population_rank=[[List of cities in India by population|31st]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_metro=1273312|population_blank1_title=Metro Rank|population_blank1=[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|37th]]|population_demonym=Srinagari, Sirinagari, Sirinagaruk, Shaharuk, Srinagarite|demographics_type1=Languages|demographics1_title1=Official|demographics1_info1=[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demographics1_title2=|timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]|utc_offset1=+5:30|postal_code_type=[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]|postal_code=190001-190020<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir PIN Code List - Page 1 - India PIN Code |url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/ |website=www.indiapincode.info |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>|area_code_type=Telephone code|area_code=0194|registration_plate=JK 01|blank1_name_sec1=[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]|blank1_info_sec1=888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]|blank2_name_sec1=Literacy|blank2_info_sec1=69.15%|blank3_name_sec1=Distance from Delhi|blank3_info_sec1={{convert|876|km|mi}} NW|blank4_name_sec1=Distance from Mumbai|blank4_info_sec1={{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])|blank1_name_sec2=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank1_info_sec2=[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]|blank2_name_sec2=[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]|blank2_info_sec2={{convert|710|mm|in}}|blank3_name_sec2=Avg. summer temperature|blank3_info_sec2={{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}|blank4_name_sec2=Avg. winter temperature|blank4_info_sec2={{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}|website={{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}|official_name=Srinagar|government_type=[[Municipal corporation]]|governing_body=[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]|leader_title=[[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]|leader_name=Vacant}} <references /> '''سرينگر''' (Srinagar) [[ڪشمير|تڪراري ڪشمير]] علائقي ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي انتظام هيٺ [[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)|جمو ۽ ڪشمير]] جو گادي جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اهو ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ اونهاري جو گرمين جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو ڀارت جي انتظام هيٺ هڪ يونين علائقو آهي. اهو ڪشمير جي وادي ۾ [[جھلم ندي|جهلم نديءَ]] جي ڪناري، ۽ ڊل ۽ انچار ڍنڍن جي ڪنارن تي، هري پربت ۽ شنڪراچاريا ٽڪرين جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر پنهنجي قدرتي ماحول، مختلف باغن، دريا جي ڪنارن ۽ ٻيڙين تي ٺهيل گهرن ([[هائوس بوٽ|هائوس بوٽس]] جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اهو روايتي ڪشميري دستڪاري جهڙوڪ ڪشميري شال (پشمينا ۽ ڪشميري اون مان ٺهيل)، آرائشي سامان (پيپيئر-ماچي)، ڪاٺ جي نقاشي، قالين جي بُنائي، ۽ زيور ٺاهڻ، انهي سان گڏ خشڪ ميون لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=5 January 2018|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=30 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=4 February 2006}}</ref> هي [[هماليا|هماليه]] ۾، [[نيپال]] جي راڄڌاني [[کٽمنڊو]] کان پوءِ، ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو آهي. راجاترنگيني جي مطابق، گونندا خاندان جي حڪمراني دوران ڇهين صدي ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر هڪ اڳوڻي راڄڌاني جو نالو ورتو جيڪو سوچيو ويندو آهي ته [[موريا سلطنت|موريا]] انهن جي آس پاس ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ڪيا هئا. هي شهر هندو حڪمران خاندانن جي دور ۾ ڪشمير وادي جو سڀ کان اهم گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سکيا جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز رهيو. 14هين کان 16هين صدي دوران، خاص طور تي [[شاهمير خاندان|شاهه مير خاندان جي]] دور ۾، جن جي بادشاهن ان جي مختلف حصن کي پنهنجي گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور استعمال ڪيو، شهر جي پراڻي حصي ۾ وڏي پئماني تي واڌ ڏٺي وئي. اهو ڪشمير جو روحاني مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي اولياء ۽ [[تصوف|صوفي]] مبلغن کي راغب ڪيو. اهو ڪشميري شال ٺاهڻ ۽ ٻين ڪشميري دستڪاري جي مرڪز طور پڻ اڀرڻ لڳو. 16هين صدي جي آخر ۾، هي شهر [[مغل سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو، جنهن جي ڪيترن ئي شهنشاهه ان کي پنهنجي اونهاري جي تفريح گاهه طور استعمال ڪندا هئا. انهيءَ دور ۾ شهر ۽ ڊال ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي مغل باغ تعمير ڪيا ويا، جن مان شاليمار باغ ۽ نشاط باغ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهن. 18هين صدي جي آخر ۽ 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ افغان [[دراني سلطنت|دراني]] سلطنت ۽ [[سک سلطنت|سکن]] جي هٿن مان گذرڻ کان پوءِ، اهو آخرڪار سال 1846ع ۾ ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي ڊوگرا بادشاهت جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ان دوران هي شهر يورپين ۽ هندستاني اشرافيه ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي مقام بڻجي ويو، جتي ڪيترائي هوٽل ۽ ان جا مشهور ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر، هائوس بوٽ ٺاهيا ويا. سال 1952ع ۾، هي شهر ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير، هڪ علائقو جيڪو ڀارت جي هڪ رياست جي طور تي انتظام هيٺ هو، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جڏهن ته ڄمون شهر ان جو سياري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. اهو 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعات ۾ علائقي ۾ آزادي جي تحريڪ جو مرڪز هو. سال 2019ع ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙي علائقي، جيڪو ڀارت پاران، اڳوڻي رياست جي ٻيهر تنظيم کان پوءِ، هڪ يونين علائقي جي طور تي منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] t7dmrctli3pg3hz95su667jt334eajc 377762 377761 2026-05-16T09:22:48Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:جمو]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=سرينگر|settlement_type=[[راجڌاني شهر]]|native_name=سرينگر|native_name_lang=ks|named_for=[[Lakshmi]] or [[Surya]]|image_skyline={{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg |caption6 = Houseboats on [[Dal Lake]] |image3 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg |caption3 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]] |image2 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG |caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg |caption4 = [[Pari Mahal]] |image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg |caption5 = [[Hazratbal Shrine]] |image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg }}|image_map1=Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg|map_alt=Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China|map_caption1=Srinagar lies in the [[Kashmir division]] (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> =|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=250px|image_map=|coordinates={{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=Administering country|subdivision_name=[[India]]|subdivision_type1=Region of administration|subdivision_name1=[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|subdivision_type2=Division|subdivision_name2=[[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]|subdivision_name3=[[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]|leader_title1=Municipal Commissioner|leader_name1=Owais Ahmed Rana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=<ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|area_total_km2=294|area_metro_km2=766|area_metro_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1585|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_total=1180570|population_as_of=2011|population_rank=[[List of cities in India by population|31st]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_metro=1273312|population_blank1_title=Metro Rank|population_blank1=[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|37th]]|population_demonym=Srinagari, Sirinagari, Sirinagaruk, Shaharuk, Srinagarite|demographics_type1=Languages|demographics1_title1=Official|demographics1_info1=[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demographics1_title2=|timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]|utc_offset1=+5:30|postal_code_type=[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]|postal_code=190001-190020<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir PIN Code List - Page 1 - India PIN Code |url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/ |website=www.indiapincode.info |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>|area_code_type=Telephone code|area_code=0194|registration_plate=JK 01|blank1_name_sec1=[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]|blank1_info_sec1=888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]|blank2_name_sec1=Literacy|blank2_info_sec1=69.15%|blank3_name_sec1=Distance from Delhi|blank3_info_sec1={{convert|876|km|mi}} NW|blank4_name_sec1=Distance from Mumbai|blank4_info_sec1={{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])|blank1_name_sec2=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank1_info_sec2=[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]|blank2_name_sec2=[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]|blank2_info_sec2={{convert|710|mm|in}}|blank3_name_sec2=Avg. summer temperature|blank3_info_sec2={{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}|blank4_name_sec2=Avg. winter temperature|blank4_info_sec2={{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}|website={{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}|official_name=Srinagar|government_type=[[Municipal corporation]]|governing_body=[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]|leader_title=[[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]|leader_name=Vacant}} <references /> '''سرينگر''' (Srinagar) [[ڪشمير|تڪراري ڪشمير]] علائقي ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي انتظام هيٺ [[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)|جمو ۽ ڪشمير]] جو گادي جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اهو ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ اونهاري جو گرمين جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو ڀارت جي انتظام هيٺ هڪ يونين علائقو آهي. اهو ڪشمير جي وادي ۾ [[جھلم ندي|جهلم نديءَ]] جي ڪناري، ۽ ڊل ۽ انچار ڍنڍن جي ڪنارن تي، هري پربت ۽ شنڪراچاريا ٽڪرين جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر پنهنجي قدرتي ماحول، مختلف باغن، دريا جي ڪنارن ۽ ٻيڙين تي ٺهيل گهرن ([[هائوس بوٽ|هائوس بوٽس]] جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اهو روايتي ڪشميري دستڪاري جهڙوڪ ڪشميري شال (پشمينا ۽ ڪشميري اون مان ٺهيل)، آرائشي سامان (پيپيئر-ماچي)، ڪاٺ جي نقاشي، قالين جي بُنائي، ۽ زيور ٺاهڻ، انهي سان گڏ خشڪ ميون لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=5 January 2018|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=30 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=4 February 2006}}</ref> هي [[هماليا|هماليه]] ۾، [[نيپال]] جي راڄڌاني [[کٽمنڊو]] کان پوءِ، ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو آهي. راجاترنگيني جي مطابق، گونندا خاندان جي حڪمراني دوران ڇهين صدي ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر هڪ اڳوڻي راڄڌاني جو نالو ورتو جيڪو سوچيو ويندو آهي ته [[موريا سلطنت|موريا]] انهن جي آس پاس ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ڪيا هئا. هي شهر هندو حڪمران خاندانن جي دور ۾ ڪشمير وادي جو سڀ کان اهم گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سکيا جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز رهيو. 14هين کان 16هين صدي دوران، خاص طور تي [[شاهمير خاندان|شاهه مير خاندان جي]] دور ۾، جن جي بادشاهن ان جي مختلف حصن کي پنهنجي گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور استعمال ڪيو، شهر جي پراڻي حصي ۾ وڏي پئماني تي واڌ ڏٺي وئي. اهو ڪشمير جو روحاني مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي اولياء ۽ [[تصوف|صوفي]] مبلغن کي راغب ڪيو. اهو ڪشميري شال ٺاهڻ ۽ ٻين ڪشميري دستڪاري جي مرڪز طور پڻ اڀرڻ لڳو. 16هين صدي جي آخر ۾، هي شهر [[مغل سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو، جنهن جي ڪيترن ئي شهنشاهه ان کي پنهنجي اونهاري جي تفريح گاهه طور استعمال ڪندا هئا. انهيءَ دور ۾ شهر ۽ ڊال ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي مغل باغ تعمير ڪيا ويا، جن مان شاليمار باغ ۽ نشاط باغ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهن. 18هين صدي جي آخر ۽ 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ افغان [[دراني سلطنت|دراني]] سلطنت ۽ [[سک سلطنت|سکن]] جي هٿن مان گذرڻ کان پوءِ، اهو آخرڪار سال 1846ع ۾ ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي ڊوگرا بادشاهت جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ان دوران هي شهر يورپين ۽ هندستاني اشرافيه ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي مقام بڻجي ويو، جتي ڪيترائي هوٽل ۽ ان جا مشهور ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر، هائوس بوٽ ٺاهيا ويا. سال 1952ع ۾، هي شهر ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير، هڪ علائقو جيڪو ڀارت جي هڪ رياست جي طور تي انتظام هيٺ هو، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جڏهن ته ڄمون شهر ان جو سياري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. اهو 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعات ۾ علائقي ۾ آزادي جي تحريڪ جو مرڪز هو. سال 2019ع ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙي علائقي، جيڪو ڀارت پاران، اڳوڻي رياست جي ٻيهر تنظيم کان پوءِ، هڪ يونين علائقي جي طور تي منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] [[زمرو:جمو]] sanx4ss0nk7er94pr9xvikpcok1hqva 377763 377762 2026-05-16T09:23:15Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:جمو]]; added [[Category:جمون ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=سرينگر|settlement_type=[[راجڌاني شهر]]|native_name=سرينگر|native_name_lang=ks|named_for=[[Lakshmi]] or [[Surya]]|image_skyline={{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg |caption6 = Houseboats on [[Dal Lake]] |image3 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg |caption3 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]] |image2 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG |caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg |caption4 = [[Pari Mahal]] |image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg |caption5 = [[Hazratbal Shrine]] |image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg }}|image_map1=Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg|map_alt=Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China|map_caption1=Srinagar lies in the [[Kashmir division]] (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> =|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=250px|image_map=|coordinates={{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=Administering country|subdivision_name=[[India]]|subdivision_type1=Region of administration|subdivision_name1=[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|subdivision_type2=Division|subdivision_name2=[[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]|subdivision_name3=[[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]|leader_title1=Municipal Commissioner|leader_name1=Owais Ahmed Rana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=<ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|area_total_km2=294|area_metro_km2=766|area_metro_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1585|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_total=1180570|population_as_of=2011|population_rank=[[List of cities in India by population|31st]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_metro=1273312|population_blank1_title=Metro Rank|population_blank1=[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|37th]]|population_demonym=Srinagari, Sirinagari, Sirinagaruk, Shaharuk, Srinagarite|demographics_type1=Languages|demographics1_title1=Official|demographics1_info1=[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demographics1_title2=|timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]|utc_offset1=+5:30|postal_code_type=[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]|postal_code=190001-190020<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir PIN Code List - Page 1 - India PIN Code |url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/ |website=www.indiapincode.info |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>|area_code_type=Telephone code|area_code=0194|registration_plate=JK 01|blank1_name_sec1=[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]|blank1_info_sec1=888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]|blank2_name_sec1=Literacy|blank2_info_sec1=69.15%|blank3_name_sec1=Distance from Delhi|blank3_info_sec1={{convert|876|km|mi}} NW|blank4_name_sec1=Distance from Mumbai|blank4_info_sec1={{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])|blank1_name_sec2=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank1_info_sec2=[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]|blank2_name_sec2=[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]|blank2_info_sec2={{convert|710|mm|in}}|blank3_name_sec2=Avg. summer temperature|blank3_info_sec2={{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}|blank4_name_sec2=Avg. winter temperature|blank4_info_sec2={{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}|website={{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}|official_name=Srinagar|government_type=[[Municipal corporation]]|governing_body=[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]|leader_title=[[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]|leader_name=Vacant}} <references /> '''سرينگر''' (Srinagar) [[ڪشمير|تڪراري ڪشمير]] علائقي ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي انتظام هيٺ [[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)|جمو ۽ ڪشمير]] جو گادي جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اهو ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ اونهاري جو گرمين جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو ڀارت جي انتظام هيٺ هڪ يونين علائقو آهي. اهو ڪشمير جي وادي ۾ [[جھلم ندي|جهلم نديءَ]] جي ڪناري، ۽ ڊل ۽ انچار ڍنڍن جي ڪنارن تي، هري پربت ۽ شنڪراچاريا ٽڪرين جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر پنهنجي قدرتي ماحول، مختلف باغن، دريا جي ڪنارن ۽ ٻيڙين تي ٺهيل گهرن ([[هائوس بوٽ|هائوس بوٽس]] جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اهو روايتي ڪشميري دستڪاري جهڙوڪ ڪشميري شال (پشمينا ۽ ڪشميري اون مان ٺهيل)، آرائشي سامان (پيپيئر-ماچي)، ڪاٺ جي نقاشي، قالين جي بُنائي، ۽ زيور ٺاهڻ، انهي سان گڏ خشڪ ميون لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=5 January 2018|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=30 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=4 February 2006}}</ref> هي [[هماليا|هماليه]] ۾، [[نيپال]] جي راڄڌاني [[کٽمنڊو]] کان پوءِ، ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو آهي. راجاترنگيني جي مطابق، گونندا خاندان جي حڪمراني دوران ڇهين صدي ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر هڪ اڳوڻي راڄڌاني جو نالو ورتو جيڪو سوچيو ويندو آهي ته [[موريا سلطنت|موريا]] انهن جي آس پاس ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ڪيا هئا. هي شهر هندو حڪمران خاندانن جي دور ۾ ڪشمير وادي جو سڀ کان اهم گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سکيا جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز رهيو. 14هين کان 16هين صدي دوران، خاص طور تي [[شاهمير خاندان|شاهه مير خاندان جي]] دور ۾، جن جي بادشاهن ان جي مختلف حصن کي پنهنجي گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور استعمال ڪيو، شهر جي پراڻي حصي ۾ وڏي پئماني تي واڌ ڏٺي وئي. اهو ڪشمير جو روحاني مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي اولياء ۽ [[تصوف|صوفي]] مبلغن کي راغب ڪيو. اهو ڪشميري شال ٺاهڻ ۽ ٻين ڪشميري دستڪاري جي مرڪز طور پڻ اڀرڻ لڳو. 16هين صدي جي آخر ۾، هي شهر [[مغل سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو، جنهن جي ڪيترن ئي شهنشاهه ان کي پنهنجي اونهاري جي تفريح گاهه طور استعمال ڪندا هئا. انهيءَ دور ۾ شهر ۽ ڊال ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي مغل باغ تعمير ڪيا ويا، جن مان شاليمار باغ ۽ نشاط باغ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهن. 18هين صدي جي آخر ۽ 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ افغان [[دراني سلطنت|دراني]] سلطنت ۽ [[سک سلطنت|سکن]] جي هٿن مان گذرڻ کان پوءِ، اهو آخرڪار سال 1846ع ۾ ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي ڊوگرا بادشاهت جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ان دوران هي شهر يورپين ۽ هندستاني اشرافيه ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي مقام بڻجي ويو، جتي ڪيترائي هوٽل ۽ ان جا مشهور ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر، هائوس بوٽ ٺاهيا ويا. سال 1952ع ۾، هي شهر ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير، هڪ علائقو جيڪو ڀارت جي هڪ رياست جي طور تي انتظام هيٺ هو، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جڏهن ته ڄمون شهر ان جو سياري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. اهو 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعات ۾ علائقي ۾ آزادي جي تحريڪ جو مرڪز هو. سال 2019ع ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙي علائقي، جيڪو ڀارت پاران، اڳوڻي رياست جي ٻيهر تنظيم کان پوءِ، هڪ يونين علائقي جي طور تي منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] [[زمرو:جمون ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]] 4n0pjx11tb0bfidof2jzk7nkcfdgvc5 377764 377763 2026-05-16T09:24:12Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=سرينگر|settlement_type=[[راجڌاني شهر]]|native_name=سرينگر|native_name_lang=ks|named_for=[[Lakshmi]] or [[Surya]]|image_skyline={{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg |caption6 = Houseboats on [[Dal Lake]] |image3 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg |caption3 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]] |image2 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG |caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg |caption4 = [[Pari Mahal]] |image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg |caption5 = [[Hazratbal Shrine]] |image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg }}|image_map1=Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg|map_alt=Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China|map_caption1=Srinagar lies in the [[Kashmir division]] (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> =|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=250px|image_map=|coordinates={{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=Administering country|subdivision_name=[[India]]|subdivision_type1=Region of administration|subdivision_name1=[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|subdivision_type2=Division|subdivision_name2=[[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]|subdivision_name3=[[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]|leader_title1=Municipal Commissioner|leader_name1=Owais Ahmed Rana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=<ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|area_total_km2=294|area_metro_km2=766|area_metro_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1585|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_total=1180570|population_as_of=2011|population_rank=[[List of cities in India by population|31st]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_metro=1273312|population_blank1_title=Metro Rank|population_blank1=[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|37th]]|population_demonym=Srinagari, Sirinagari, Sirinagaruk, Shaharuk, Srinagarite|demographics_type1=Languages|demographics1_title1=Official|demographics1_info1=[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demographics1_title2=|timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]|utc_offset1=+5:30|postal_code_type=[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]|postal_code=190001-190020<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir PIN Code List - Page 1 - India PIN Code |url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/ |website=www.indiapincode.info |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>|area_code_type=Telephone code|area_code=0194|registration_plate=JK 01|blank1_name_sec1=[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]|blank1_info_sec1=888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]|blank2_name_sec1=Literacy|blank2_info_sec1=69.15%|blank3_name_sec1=Distance from Delhi|blank3_info_sec1={{convert|876|km|mi}} NW|blank4_name_sec1=Distance from Mumbai|blank4_info_sec1={{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])|blank1_name_sec2=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank1_info_sec2=[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]|blank2_name_sec2=[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]|blank2_info_sec2={{convert|710|mm|in}}|blank3_name_sec2=Avg. summer temperature|blank3_info_sec2={{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}|blank4_name_sec2=Avg. winter temperature|blank4_info_sec2={{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}|website={{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}|official_name=Srinagar|government_type=[[Municipal corporation]]|governing_body=[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]|leader_title=[[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]|leader_name=Vacant}} <references /> '''سرينگر''' (Srinagar) [[ڪشمير|تڪراري ڪشمير]] علائقي ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي انتظام هيٺ [[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)|جمو ۽ ڪشمير]] جو گادي جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اهو ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ اونهاري جو گرمين جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو ڀارت جي انتظام هيٺ هڪ يونين علائقو آهي. اهو ڪشمير جي وادي ۾ [[جھلم ندي|جهلم نديءَ]] جي ڪناري، ۽ ڊل ۽ انچار ڍنڍن جي ڪنارن تي، هري پربت ۽ شنڪراچاريا ٽڪرين جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر پنهنجي قدرتي ماحول، مختلف باغن، دريا جي ڪنارن ۽ ٻيڙين تي ٺهيل گهرن ([[هائوس بوٽ|هائوس بوٽس]] جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اهو روايتي ڪشميري دستڪاري جهڙوڪ ڪشميري شال (پشمينا ۽ ڪشميري اون مان ٺهيل)، آرائشي سامان (پيپيئر-ماچي)، ڪاٺ جي نقاشي، قالين جي بُنائي، ۽ زيور ٺاهڻ، انهي سان گڏ خشڪ ميون لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=5 January 2018|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=30 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=4 February 2006}}</ref> هي [[هماليا|هماليه]] ۾، [[نيپال]] جي راڄڌاني [[کٽمنڊو]] کان پوءِ، ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو آهي. راجاترنگيني جي مطابق، گونندا خاندان جي حڪمراني دوران ڇهين صدي ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر هڪ اڳوڻي راڄڌاني جو نالو ورتو جيڪو سوچيو ويندو آهي ته [[موريا سلطنت|موريا]] انهن جي آس پاس ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ڪيا هئا. هي شهر هندو حڪمران خاندانن جي دور ۾ ڪشمير وادي جو سڀ کان اهم گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سکيا جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز رهيو. 14هين کان 16هين صدي دوران، خاص طور تي [[شاهمير خاندان|شاهه مير خاندان جي]] دور ۾، جن جي بادشاهن ان جي مختلف حصن کي پنهنجي گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور استعمال ڪيو، شهر جي پراڻي حصي ۾ وڏي پئماني تي واڌ ڏٺي وئي. اهو ڪشمير جو روحاني مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي اولياء ۽ [[تصوف|صوفي]] مبلغن کي راغب ڪيو. اهو ڪشميري شال ٺاهڻ ۽ ٻين ڪشميري دستڪاري جي مرڪز طور پڻ اڀرڻ لڳو. 16هين صدي جي آخر ۾، هي شهر [[مغل سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو، جنهن جي ڪيترن ئي شهنشاهه ان کي پنهنجي اونهاري جي تفريح گاهه طور استعمال ڪندا هئا. انهيءَ دور ۾ شهر ۽ ڊال ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي مغل باغ تعمير ڪيا ويا، جن مان شاليمار باغ ۽ نشاط باغ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهن. 18هين صدي جي آخر ۽ 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ افغان [[دراني سلطنت|دراني]] سلطنت ۽ [[سک سلطنت|سکن]] جي هٿن مان گذرڻ کان پوءِ، اهو آخرڪار سال 1846ع ۾ ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي ڊوگرا بادشاهت جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ان دوران هي شهر يورپين ۽ هندستاني اشرافيه ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي مقام بڻجي ويو، جتي ڪيترائي هوٽل ۽ ان جا مشهور ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر، هائوس بوٽ ٺاهيا ويا. سال 1952ع ۾، هي شهر ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير، هڪ علائقو جيڪو ڀارت جي هڪ رياست جي طور تي انتظام هيٺ هو، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جڏهن ته ڄمون شهر ان جو سياري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. اهو 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعات ۾ علائقي ۾ آزادي جي تحريڪ جو مرڪز هو. سال 2019ع ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙي علائقي، جيڪو ڀارت پاران، اڳوڻي رياست جي ٻيهر تنظيم کان پوءِ، هڪ يونين علائقي جي طور تي منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] [[زمرو:جمون ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] 1g8xem8oqb73uftijthh2coyddimt6n 377765 377764 2026-05-16T09:24:48Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 377765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=سرينگر|settlement_type=[[راجڌاني شهر]]|native_name=سرينگر|native_name_lang=ks|named_for=[[Lakshmi]] or [[Surya]]|image_skyline={{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg |caption6 = Houseboats on [[Dal Lake]] |image3 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg |caption3 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]] |image2 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG |caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg |caption4 = [[Pari Mahal]] |image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg |caption5 = [[Hazratbal Shrine]] |image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg }}|image_map1=Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg|map_alt=Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China|map_caption1=Srinagar lies in the [[Kashmir division]] (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> =|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=250px|image_map=|coordinates={{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=Administering country|subdivision_name=[[India]]|subdivision_type1=Region of administration|subdivision_name1=[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|subdivision_type2=Division|subdivision_name2=[[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]|subdivision_name3=[[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]|leader_title1=Municipal Commissioner|leader_name1=Owais Ahmed Rana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=<ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|area_total_km2=294|area_metro_km2=766|area_metro_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1585|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_total=1180570|population_as_of=2011|population_rank=[[List of cities in India by population|31st]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_metro=1273312|population_blank1_title=Metro Rank|population_blank1=[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|37th]]|population_demonym=Srinagari, Sirinagari, Sirinagaruk, Shaharuk, Srinagarite|demographics_type1=Languages|demographics1_title1=Official|demographics1_info1=[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demographics1_title2=|timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]|utc_offset1=+5:30|postal_code_type=[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]|postal_code=190001-190020<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir PIN Code List - Page 1 - India PIN Code |url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/ |website=www.indiapincode.info |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>|area_code_type=Telephone code|area_code=0194|registration_plate=JK 01|blank1_name_sec1=[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]|blank1_info_sec1=888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]|blank2_name_sec1=Literacy|blank2_info_sec1=69.15%|blank3_name_sec1=Distance from Delhi|blank3_info_sec1={{convert|876|km|mi}} NW|blank4_name_sec1=Distance from Mumbai|blank4_info_sec1={{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])|blank1_name_sec2=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank1_info_sec2=[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]|blank2_name_sec2=[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]|blank2_info_sec2={{convert|710|mm|in}}|blank3_name_sec2=Avg. summer temperature|blank3_info_sec2={{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}|blank4_name_sec2=Avg. winter temperature|blank4_info_sec2={{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}|website={{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}|official_name=Srinagar|government_type=[[Municipal corporation]]|governing_body=[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]|leader_title=[[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]|leader_name=Vacant}} <references /> '''سرينگر''' (Srinagar) [[ڪشمير|تڪراري ڪشمير]] علائقي ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي انتظام هيٺ [[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)|جمو ۽ ڪشمير]] جو گادي جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اهو ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ اونهاري جو گرمين جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو ڀارت جي انتظام هيٺ هڪ يونين علائقو آهي. اهو ڪشمير جي وادي ۾ [[جھلم ندي|جهلم نديءَ]] جي ڪناري، ۽ ڊل ۽ انچار ڍنڍن جي ڪنارن تي، هري پربت ۽ شنڪراچاريا ٽڪرين جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر پنهنجي قدرتي ماحول، مختلف باغن، دريا جي ڪنارن ۽ ٻيڙين تي ٺهيل گهرن ([[هائوس بوٽ|هائوس بوٽس]] جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اهو روايتي ڪشميري دستڪاري جهڙوڪ ڪشميري شال (پشمينا ۽ ڪشميري اون مان ٺهيل)، آرائشي سامان (پيپيئر-ماچي)، ڪاٺ جي نقاشي، قالين جي بُنائي، ۽ زيور ٺاهڻ، انهي سان گڏ خشڪ ميون لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=5 January 2018|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=30 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=4 February 2006}}</ref> هي [[هماليا|هماليه]] ۾، [[نيپال]] جي راڄڌاني [[کٽمنڊو]] کان پوءِ، ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو آهي. راجاترنگيني جي مطابق، گونندا خاندان جي حڪمراني دوران ڇهين صدي ۾ قائم ٿيو، شهر هڪ اڳوڻي راڄڌاني جو نالو ورتو جيڪو سوچيو ويندو آهي ته [[موريا سلطنت|موريا]] انهن جي آس پاس ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ڪيا هئا. هي شهر هندو حڪمران خاندانن جي دور ۾ ڪشمير وادي جو سڀ کان اهم گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سکيا جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز رهيو. 14هين کان 16هين صدي دوران، خاص طور تي [[شاهمير خاندان|شاهه مير خاندان جي]] دور ۾، جن جي بادشاهن ان جي مختلف حصن کي پنهنجي گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور استعمال ڪيو، شهر جي پراڻي حصي ۾ وڏي پئماني تي واڌ ڏٺي وئي. اهو ڪشمير جو روحاني مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي اولياء ۽ [[تصوف|صوفي]] مبلغن کي راغب ڪيو. اهو ڪشميري شال ٺاهڻ ۽ ٻين ڪشميري دستڪاري جي مرڪز طور پڻ اڀرڻ لڳو. 16هين صدي جي آخر ۾، هي شهر [[مغل سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو، جنهن جي ڪيترن ئي شهنشاهه ان کي پنهنجي اونهاري جي تفريح گاهه طور استعمال ڪندا هئا. انهيءَ دور ۾ شهر ۽ ڊال ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي مغل باغ تعمير ڪيا ويا، جن مان شاليمار باغ ۽ نشاط باغ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهن. 18هين صدي جي آخر ۽ 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ افغان [[دراني سلطنت|دراني]] سلطنت ۽ [[سک سلطنت|سکن]] جي هٿن مان گذرڻ کان پوءِ، اهو آخرڪار سال 1846ع ۾ ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي ڊوگرا بادشاهت جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ان دوران هي شهر يورپين ۽ هندستاني اشرافيه ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي مقام بڻجي ويو، جتي ڪيترائي هوٽل ۽ ان جا مشهور ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر، هائوس بوٽ ٺاهيا ويا. سال 1952ع ۾، هي شهر ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير، هڪ علائقو جيڪو ڀارت جي هڪ رياست جي طور تي انتظام هيٺ هو، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جڏهن ته ڄمون شهر ان جو سياري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. اهو 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعات ۾ علائقي ۾ آزادي جي تحريڪ جو مرڪز هو. سال 2019ع ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙي علائقي، جيڪو ڀارت پاران، اڳوڻي رياست جي ٻيهر تنظيم کان پوءِ، هڪ يونين علائقي جي طور تي منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] [[زمرو:جمون ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] 3vv3sn1oth20w0i6g8szk7d4lhv5kas 377766 377765 2026-05-16T09:35:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 377766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=سرينگر|settlement_type=[[راجڌاني شهر]]|native_name=سرينگر|native_name_lang=ks|named_for=[[Lakshmi]] or [[Surya]]|image_skyline={{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg |caption6 = Houseboats on [[Dal Lake]] |image3 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg |caption3 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]] |image2 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG |caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg |caption4 = [[Pari Mahal]] |image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg |caption5 = [[Hazratbal Shrine]] |image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg }}|image_map1=Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg|map_alt=Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China|map_caption1=Srinagar lies in the [[Kashmir division]] (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> =|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=250px|image_map=|coordinates={{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=Administering country|subdivision_name=[[India]]|subdivision_type1=Region of administration|subdivision_name1=[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|subdivision_type2=Division|subdivision_name2=[[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]|subdivision_name3=[[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]|leader_title1=Municipal Commissioner|leader_name1=Owais Ahmed Rana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=<ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|area_total_km2=294|area_metro_km2=766|area_metro_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1585|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_total=1180570|population_as_of=2011|population_rank=[[List of cities in India by population|31st]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_metro=1273312|population_blank1_title=Metro Rank|population_blank1=[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|37th]]|population_demonym=Srinagari, Sirinagari, Sirinagaruk, Shaharuk, Srinagarite|demographics_type1=Languages|demographics1_title1=Official|demographics1_info1=[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demographics1_title2=|timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]|utc_offset1=+5:30|postal_code_type=[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]|postal_code=190001-190020<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir PIN Code List - Page 1 - India PIN Code |url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/ |website=www.indiapincode.info |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>|area_code_type=Telephone code|area_code=0194|registration_plate=JK 01|blank1_name_sec1=[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]|blank1_info_sec1=888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]|blank2_name_sec1=Literacy|blank2_info_sec1=69.15%|blank3_name_sec1=Distance from Delhi|blank3_info_sec1={{convert|876|km|mi}} NW|blank4_name_sec1=Distance from Mumbai|blank4_info_sec1={{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])|blank1_name_sec2=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank1_info_sec2=[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]|blank2_name_sec2=[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]|blank2_info_sec2={{convert|710|mm|in}}|blank3_name_sec2=Avg. summer temperature|blank3_info_sec2={{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}|blank4_name_sec2=Avg. winter temperature|blank4_info_sec2={{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}|website={{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}|official_name=Srinagar|government_type=[[Municipal corporation]]|governing_body=[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]|leader_title=[[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]|leader_name=Vacant}} '''سرينگر''' (Srinagar) [[ڪشمير|تڪراري ڪشمير]] علائقي ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي انتظام هيٺ [[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)|جمو ۽ ڪشمير]] جو گادي جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اهو ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ اونهاري جو گرمين جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو ڀارت جي انتظام هيٺ هڪ يونين علائقو آهي. اهو ڪشمير جي وادي ۾ [[جھلم ندي|جهلم نديءَ]] جي ڪناري ۽ ڊل ۽ انچار ڍنڍن جي ڪنارن تي، هري پربت ۽ شنڪر اچاريا ٽڪرين جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر پنهنجي قدرتي ماحول، مختلف باغن، دريا جي ڪنارن ۽ ٻيڙين تي ٺهيل گهرن (Houseboat) جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اهو روايتي ڪشميري دستڪاري جهڙوڪ ڪشميري شال (پشمينا ۽ ڪشميري اون مان ٺهيل)، آرائشي سامان (پيپيئر-ماچي)، ڪاٺ جي نقاشي، قالين جي بُنائي ۽ زيور ٺاهڻ، ۽ انهي سان گڏ خشڪ ميون لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=5 January 2018|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=30 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=4 February 2006}}</ref> هي [[هماليا|هماليه علائقي]] ۾، [[نيپال]] جي راڄڌاني [[کٽمنڊو]] کان پوءِ، ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو آهي. راجا ترنگيني جي مطابق، گونندا خاندان جي حڪمراني دوران ڇهين صدي ۾ قائم ٿيل شهر هڪ اڳوڻي راڄڌاني جو نالو ورتو جيڪو سوچيو ويندو آهي ته [[موريا سلطنت]] انهن جي آس پاس ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ڪئي هئي. هي شهر هندو حڪمران خاندانن جي دور ۾ ڪشمير وادي جو سڀ کان اهم گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سکيا جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز رهيو. 14هين کان 16هين صدي دوران، خاص طور تي [[شاهمير خاندان]] جي دور ۾، جن جا بادشاهه ان جي مختلف حصن کي پنهنجي گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور استعمال ڪيو، شهر جي پراڻي حصي ۾ وڏي پئماني تي واڌ ڏٺي وئي. اهو ڪشمير جو روحاني مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي اولياء ۽ [[صوفي]] مبلغن کي راغب ڪيو. اهو ڪشميري شال ٺاهڻ ۽ ٻين ڪشميري دستڪاري جي مرڪز طور پڻ اڀرڻ لڳو. 16هين صدي جي آخر ۾، هي شهر [[مغل سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو، جن جا ڪيترا ئي شهنشاهه ان کي پنهنجي اونهاري جي تفريح گاهه طور استعمال ڪندا هئا. انهيءَ دور ۾ شهر ۽ ڊل ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي مغل باغ تعمير ڪيا ويا، جن مان شاليمار ۽ نشاط باغ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهن. 18هين صدي جي آخر ۽ 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ افغان [[دراني سلطنت]] ۽ [[سک سلطنت]] جي هٿن مان گذرڻ کان پوءِ، اهو آخرڪار سال 1846ع ۾ ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي ڊوگرا بادشاهت جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ان دوران هي شهر يورپين ۽ هندستاني اشرافيه ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي مقام بڻجي ويو، جتي ڪيترائي هوٽل ۽ ان جا مشهور ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر ٺاهيا ويا. سال 1952ع ۾، هي شهر ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير، هڪ علائقو جيڪو ڀارت جي هڪ رياست جي طور تي انتظام هيٺ هو، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جڏهن ته ڄمو شهر ان جو سياري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. اهو 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعات ۾ علائقي ۾ آزادي جي تحريڪ جو مرڪز هو. سال 2019ع ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙي علائقي، جيڪو ڀارت پاران، اڳوڻي رياست جي ٻيهر تنظيم کان پوءِ، هڪ يونين علائقي جي طور تي منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{Wikivoyage inline}} * [http://srinagar.nic.in/ Srinagar district administration] * [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ Official website of Jammu and Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915154945/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ |date=15 September 2017 }} * [https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train Delhi to Srinagar train] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408115408/https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train |date=8 April 2019 }} {{Kashmir Valley}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} {{Jammu and Kashmir topics}} {{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:سرينگر]] [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] [[زمرو:جمون ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ راجڌانيون]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] g7wy8oq8jxgtz62gyhi9a4cmuuphqrr 377767 377766 2026-05-16T09:41:34Z Ibne maryam 17680 377767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=سرينگر|settlement_type=[[راجڌاني شهر]]|native_name=سرينگر|native_name_lang=ks|named_for=[[Lakshmi]] or [[Surya]]|image_skyline={{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg |caption6 = Houseboats on [[Dal Lake]] |image3 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg |caption3 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]] |image2 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG |caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg |caption4 = [[Pari Mahal]] |image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg |caption5 = [[Hazratbal Shrine]] |image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg }}|image_map1=Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg|map_alt=Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China|map_caption1=Srinagar lies in the [[Kashmir division]] (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> =|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=250px|image_map=|coordinates={{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=Administering country|subdivision_name=[[India]]|subdivision_type1=Region of administration|subdivision_name1=[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|subdivision_type2=Division|subdivision_name2=[[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]|subdivision_name3=[[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]|leader_title1=Municipal Commissioner|leader_name1=Owais Ahmed Rana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=<ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|area_total_km2=294|area_metro_km2=766|area_metro_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1585|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_total=1180570|population_as_of=2011|population_rank=[[List of cities in India by population|31st]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_metro=1273312|population_blank1_title=Metro Rank|population_blank1=[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|37th]]|population_demonym=Srinagari, Sirinagari, Sirinagaruk, Shaharuk, Srinagarite|demographics_type1=Languages|demographics1_title1=Official|demographics1_info1=[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demographics1_title2=|timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]|utc_offset1=+5:30|postal_code_type=[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]|postal_code=190001-190020<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir PIN Code List - Page 1 - India PIN Code |url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/ |website=www.indiapincode.info |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>|area_code_type=Telephone code|area_code=0194|registration_plate=JK 01|blank1_name_sec1=[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]|blank1_info_sec1=888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]|blank2_name_sec1=Literacy|blank2_info_sec1=69.15%|blank3_name_sec1=Distance from Delhi|blank3_info_sec1={{convert|876|km|mi}} NW|blank4_name_sec1=Distance from Mumbai|blank4_info_sec1={{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])|blank1_name_sec2=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank1_info_sec2=[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]|blank2_name_sec2=[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]|blank2_info_sec2={{convert|710|mm|in}}|blank3_name_sec2=Avg. summer temperature|blank3_info_sec2={{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}|blank4_name_sec2=Avg. winter temperature|blank4_info_sec2={{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}|website={{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}|official_name=Srinagar|government_type=[[Municipal corporation]]|governing_body=[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]|leader_title=[[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]|leader_name=Vacant}} '''سرينگر''' (Srinagar) [[ڪشمير|تڪراري ڪشمير]] علائقي ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي انتظام هيٺ [[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)|جمو ۽ ڪشمير]] جو گادي جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اهو ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ اونهاري جو گرمين جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو ڀارت جي انتظام هيٺ هڪ يونين علائقو آهي. اهو ڪشمير جي وادي ۾ [[جھلم ندي|جهلم نديءَ]] جي ڪناري ۽ ڊل ۽ انچار ڍنڍن جي ڪنارن تي، هري پربت ۽ شنڪر اچاريا ٽڪرين جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر پنهنجي قدرتي ماحول، مختلف باغن، دريا جي ڪنارن ۽ ٻيڙين تي ٺهيل گهرن (Houseboat) جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اهو روايتي ڪشميري دستڪاري جهڙوڪ ڪشميري شال (پشمينا ۽ ڪشميري اون مان ٺهيل)، آرائشي سامان (پيپيئر-ماچي)، ڪاٺ جي نقاشي، قالين جي بُنائي ۽ زيور ٺاهڻ، ۽ انهي سان گڏ خشڪ ميون لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=5 January 2018|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=30 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=4 February 2006}}</ref> هي [[هماليا|هماليه علائقي]] ۾، [[نيپال]] جي راڄڌاني [[کٽمنڊو]] کان پوءِ، ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو آهي. راجا ترنگيني جي مطابق، گونندا خاندان جي حڪمراني دوران ڇهين صدي ۾ قائم ٿيل شهر هڪ اڳوڻي راڄڌاني جو نالو ورتو جيڪو سوچيو ويندو آهي ته [[موريا سلطنت]] انهن جي آس پاس ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ڪئي هئي. هي شهر هندو حڪمران خاندانن جي دور ۾ ڪشمير وادي جو سڀ کان اهم گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سکيا جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز رهيو. 14هين کان 16هين صدي دوران، خاص طور تي [[شاهمير خاندان]] جي دور ۾، جن جا بادشاهه ان جي مختلف حصن کي پنهنجي گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور استعمال ڪيو، شهر جي پراڻي حصي ۾ وڏي پئماني تي واڌ ڏٺي وئي. اهو ڪشمير جو روحاني مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي اولياء ۽ [[صوفي]] مبلغن کي راغب ڪيو. اهو ڪشميري شال ٺاهڻ ۽ ٻين ڪشميري دستڪاري جي مرڪز طور پڻ اڀرڻ لڳو. 16هين صدي جي آخر ۾، هي شهر [[مغل سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو، جن جا ڪيترا ئي شهنشاهه ان کي پنهنجي اونهاري جي تفريح گاهه طور استعمال ڪندا هئا. انهيءَ دور ۾ شهر ۽ ڊل ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي مغل باغ تعمير ڪيا ويا، جن مان شاليمار ۽ نشاط باغ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهن. 18هين صدي جي آخر ۽ 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ افغان [[دراني سلطنت]] ۽ [[سک سلطنت]] جي هٿن مان گذرڻ کان پوءِ، اهو آخرڪار سال 1846ع ۾ ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي ڊوگرا بادشاهت جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ان دوران هي شهر يورپين ۽ هندستاني اشرافيه ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي مقام بڻجي ويو، جتي ڪيترائي هوٽل ۽ ان جا مشهور ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر ٺاهيا ويا. سال 1952ع ۾، هي شهر ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير، هڪ علائقو جيڪو ڀارت جي هڪ رياست جي طور تي انتظام هيٺ هو، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جڏهن ته ڄمو شهر ان جو سياري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. اهو 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعات ۾ علائقي ۾ آزادي جي تحريڪ جو مرڪز هو. سال 2019ع ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙي علائقي، جيڪو ڀارت پاران، اڳوڻي رياست جي ٻيهر تنظيم کان پوءِ، هڪ يونين علائقي جي طور تي منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{Wikivoyage inline}} * [http://srinagar.nic.in/ Srinagar district administration] * [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ Official website of Jammu and Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915154945/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ |date=15 September 2017 }} * [https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train Delhi to Srinagar train] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408115408/https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train |date=8 April 2019 }} {{Kashmir Valley}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} {{Jammu and Kashmir topics}} {{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:سرينگر| ]] [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] [[زمرو:جمو ۽ ڪشمير ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن شهر]] [[زمرو:اونهاري جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:سرينگر ضلعي ۾ شهر ۽ قصبا]] [[زمرو:جمون ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] nvg1mlggttzhy316qx4aubic39i47ix 377772 377767 2026-05-16T09:45:49Z Ibne maryam 17680 377772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=سرينگر|settlement_type=[[راجڌاني شهر]]|native_name=سرينگر|native_name_lang=ks|named_for=[[Lakshmi]] or [[Surya]]|image_skyline={{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg |caption6 = Houseboats on [[Dal Lake]] |image3 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg |caption3 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]] |image2 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG |caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg |caption4 = [[Pari Mahal]] |image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg |caption5 = [[Hazratbal Shrine]] |image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg }}|image_map1=Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg|map_alt=Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China|map_caption1=Srinagar lies in the [[Kashmir division]] (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> =|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=250px|image_map=|coordinates={{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=Administering country|subdivision_name=[[India]]|subdivision_type1=Region of administration|subdivision_name1=[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|subdivision_type2=Division|subdivision_name2=[[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]|subdivision_name3=[[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]|leader_title1=Municipal Commissioner|leader_name1=Owais Ahmed Rana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=<ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|area_total_km2=294|area_metro_km2=766|area_metro_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1585|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_total=1180570|population_as_of=2011|population_rank=[[List of cities in India by population|31st]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_metro=1273312|population_blank1_title=Metro Rank|population_blank1=[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|37th]]|population_demonym=Srinagari, Sirinagari, Sirinagaruk, Shaharuk, Srinagarite|demographics_type1=Languages|demographics1_title1=Official|demographics1_info1=[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demographics1_title2=|timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]|utc_offset1=+5:30|postal_code_type=[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]|postal_code=190001-190020<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir PIN Code List - Page 1 - India PIN Code |url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/ |website=www.indiapincode.info |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>|area_code_type=Telephone code|area_code=0194|registration_plate=JK 01|blank1_name_sec1=[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]|blank1_info_sec1=888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]|blank2_name_sec1=Literacy|blank2_info_sec1=69.15%|blank3_name_sec1=Distance from Delhi|blank3_info_sec1={{convert|876|km|mi}} NW|blank4_name_sec1=Distance from Mumbai|blank4_info_sec1={{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])|blank1_name_sec2=[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]|blank1_info_sec2=[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]|blank2_name_sec2=[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]|blank2_info_sec2={{convert|710|mm|in}}|blank3_name_sec2=Avg. summer temperature|blank3_info_sec2={{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}|blank4_name_sec2=Avg. winter temperature|blank4_info_sec2={{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}|website={{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}|official_name=Srinagar|government_type=[[Municipal corporation]]|governing_body=[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]|leader_title=[[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]|leader_name=Vacant}} '''سرينگر''' (Srinagar) [[ڪشمير|تڪراري ڪشمير]] علائقي ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي انتظام هيٺ [[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)|جمو ۽ ڪشمير]] جو گادي جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اهو ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ اونهاري جو گرمين جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو ڀارت جي انتظام هيٺ هڪ يونين علائقو آهي. اهو ڪشمير جي وادي ۾ [[جھلم ندي|جهلم نديءَ]] جي ڪناري ۽ ڊل ۽ انچار ڍنڍن جي ڪنارن تي، هري پربت ۽ شنڪر اچاريا ٽڪرين جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر پنهنجي قدرتي ماحول، مختلف باغن، دريا جي ڪنارن ۽ ٻيڙين تي ٺهيل گهرن (Houseboat) جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اهو روايتي ڪشميري دستڪاري جهڙوڪ ڪشميري شال (پشمينا ۽ ڪشميري اون مان ٺهيل)، آرائشي سامان (پيپيئر-ماچي)، ڪاٺ جي نقاشي، قالين جي بُنائي ۽ زيور ٺاهڻ، ۽ انهي سان گڏ خشڪ ميون لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=5 January 2018|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=30 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=4 February 2006}}</ref> هي [[هماليا|هماليه علائقي]] ۾، [[نيپال]] جي راڄڌاني [[کٽمنڊو]] کان پوءِ، ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو آهي. راجا ترنگيني جي مطابق، گونندا خاندان جي حڪمراني دوران ڇهين صدي ۾ قائم ٿيل شهر هڪ اڳوڻي راڄڌاني جو نالو ورتو جيڪو سوچيو ويندو آهي ته [[موريا سلطنت]] انهن جي آس پاس ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ڪئي هئي. هي شهر هندو حڪمران خاندانن جي دور ۾ ڪشمير وادي جو سڀ کان اهم گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سکيا جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز رهيو. 14هين کان 16هين صدي دوران، خاص طور تي [[شاهمير خاندان]] جي دور ۾، جن جا بادشاهه ان جي مختلف حصن کي پنهنجي گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور استعمال ڪيو، شهر جي پراڻي حصي ۾ وڏي پئماني تي واڌ ڏٺي وئي. اهو ڪشمير جو روحاني مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي اولياء ۽ [[صوفي]] مبلغن کي راغب ڪيو. اهو ڪشميري شال ٺاهڻ ۽ ٻين ڪشميري دستڪاري جي مرڪز طور پڻ اڀرڻ لڳو. 16هين صدي جي آخر ۾، هي شهر [[مغل سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو، جن جا ڪيترا ئي شهنشاهه ان کي پنهنجي اونهاري جي تفريح گاهه طور استعمال ڪندا هئا. انهيءَ دور ۾ شهر ۽ ڊل ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي مغل باغ تعمير ڪيا ويا، جن مان شاليمار ۽ نشاط باغ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهن. 18هين صدي جي آخر ۽ 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ افغان [[دراني سلطنت]] ۽ [[سک سلطنت]] جي هٿن مان گذرڻ کان پوءِ، اهو آخرڪار سال 1846ع ۾ ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي ڊوگرا بادشاهت جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ان دوران هي شهر يورپين ۽ هندستاني اشرافيه ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي مقام بڻجي ويو، جتي ڪيترائي هوٽل ۽ ان جا مشهور ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر ٺاهيا ويا. سال 1952ع ۾، هي شهر ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير، هڪ علائقو جيڪو ڀارت جي هڪ رياست جي طور تي انتظام هيٺ هو، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جڏهن ته ڄمو شهر ان جو سياري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. اهو 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعات ۾ علائقي ۾ آزادي جي تحريڪ جو مرڪز هو. سال 2019ع ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙي علائقي، جيڪو ڀارت پاران، اڳوڻي رياست جي ٻيهر تنظيم کان پوءِ، هڪ يونين علائقي جي طور تي منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{Wikivoyage inline}} * [http://srinagar.nic.in/ Srinagar district administration] * [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ Official website of Jammu and Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915154945/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ |date=15 September 2017 }} * [https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train Delhi to Srinagar train] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408115408/https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train |date=8 April 2019 }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:سرينگر| ]] [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] [[زمرو:جمو ۽ ڪشمير ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن شهر]] [[زمرو:اونهاري جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:سرينگر ضلعي ۾ شهر ۽ قصبا]] [[زمرو:جمون ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] cc0mzdn37x88ncay62er5kui1hkn8ga 377774 377772 2026-05-16T10:21:47Z Ibne maryam 17680 377774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=سرينگر|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|native_name=سرينگر|native_name_lang=ks|named_for=|image_skyline={{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg |caption6 = Houseboats on [[Dal Lake]] |image3 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg |caption3 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]] |image2 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG |caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]] |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg |caption4 = [[Pari Mahal]] |image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg |caption5 = [[Hazratbal Shrine]] |image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg }}|image_map1=Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg|map_alt=Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China|map_caption1=سرينگر تڪراري ڪشمير علائقي ۾ هندستان جي انتظام هيٺ جمو ۽ ڪشمير (ڀورو شيڊ ٿيل) جي ڪشمير ڊويزن (نيري لڪير سان گھريل) ۾ واقع آهي.|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=250px|image_map=|coordinates={{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]] (جن جي انتظام هيٺ آهي)|subdivision_name=[[ڀارت]]|subdivision_type1=انتظامي علائقو|subdivision_name1=[[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]]|subdivision_type2=ڊويزن|subdivision_name2=ڪشمير ڊويزن|subdivision_type3=ضلعو|subdivision_name3=سرينگر ضلعو|leader_title1=ميونسپل ڪمشنر|leader_name1=اويس احمد رانا|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=<ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|area_total_km2=294|area_metro_km2=766|area_metro_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1585|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_total=11,80,570|population_as_of=2011ع|population_rank=31هون|population_density_km2=auto|population_metro=12,73,312|population_blank1_title=ميٽرو درجو|population_blank1=37هون|population_demonym=سرينگري، شهري|demographics_type1=ٻوليون|demographics1_title1=سرڪاري|demographics1_info1=[[اردو]]، [[هندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[ڪشميري ٻولي|ڪشميري]]، [[ڊوگري ٻولي|ڊوگري]]|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demographics1_title2=|timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]|utc_offset1=+5:30|postal_code_type=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|postal_code=190001-190020<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir PIN Code List - Page 1 - India PIN Code |url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/ |website=www.indiapincode.info |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>|area_code_type=ٽيليفون ڪوڊ|area_code=0194|registration_plate=JK 01|blank1_name_sec1=جنس تناسب|blank1_info_sec1=888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]|blank2_name_sec1=خواندگي جي شرح|blank2_info_sec1=69.15%|blank3_name_sec1=[[دهلي]] کان فاصلو|blank3_info_sec1={{convert|876|km|mi}} اتر اولھه|blank4_name_sec1=[[ممبئي]] کان فاصلو|blank4_info_sec1={{convert|2275|km|mi}} اتر اوڀر (زميني)|blank1_name_sec2=موسم ([[ڪوپن آبهوا درجي بندي]])|blank1_info_sec2=[[ٽراپڪ|ذيلي ٽراپيڪل]] نم آبهوا ([[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]])|blank2_name_sec2=سراسري سالياني ورسات|blank2_info_sec2={{convert|710|mm|in}}|blank3_name_sec2=اونهاري ۾ سراسري گرمي پد|blank3_info_sec2={{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}|blank4_name_sec2=سياري جو سراسري گرمي پد|blank4_info_sec2={{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}|website={{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}|official_name=Srinagar|government_type=ميونسپل ڪارپوريشن|governing_body=سرينگر ميونسپل ڪارپوريشن|leader_title=ميئر|leader_name=خالي}} '''سرينگر''' (Srinagar) [[ڪشمير|تڪراري ڪشمير]] علائقي ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي انتظام هيٺ [[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)|جمو ۽ ڪشمير]] جو گادي جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اهو ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ اونهاري جو گرمين جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو ڀارت جي انتظام هيٺ هڪ يونين علائقو آهي. اهو ڪشمير جي وادي ۾ [[جھلم ندي|جهلم نديءَ]] جي ڪناري ۽ ڊل ۽ انچار ڍنڍن جي ڪنارن تي، هري پربت ۽ شنڪر اچاريا ٽڪرين جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر پنهنجي قدرتي ماحول، مختلف باغن، دريا جي ڪنارن ۽ ٻيڙين تي ٺهيل گهرن (Houseboat) جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اهو روايتي ڪشميري دستڪاري جهڙوڪ ڪشميري شال (پشمينا ۽ ڪشميري اون مان ٺهيل)، آرائشي سامان (پيپيئر-ماچي)، ڪاٺ جي نقاشي، قالين جي بُنائي ۽ زيور ٺاهڻ، ۽ انهي سان گڏ خشڪ ميون لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=5 January 2018|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=30 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=4 February 2006}}</ref> هي [[هماليا|هماليه علائقي]] ۾، [[نيپال]] جي راڄڌاني [[کٽمنڊو]] کان پوءِ، ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو آهي. راجا ترنگيني جي مطابق، گونندا خاندان جي حڪمراني دوران ڇهين صدي ۾ قائم ٿيل شهر هڪ اڳوڻي راڄڌاني جو نالو ورتو جيڪو سوچيو ويندو آهي ته [[موريا سلطنت]] انهن جي آس پاس ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ڪئي هئي. هي شهر هندو حڪمران خاندانن جي دور ۾ ڪشمير وادي جو سڀ کان اهم گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سکيا جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز رهيو. 14هين کان 16هين صدي دوران، خاص طور تي [[شاهمير خاندان]] جي دور ۾، جن جا بادشاهه ان جي مختلف حصن کي پنهنجي گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور استعمال ڪيو، شهر جي پراڻي حصي ۾ وڏي پئماني تي واڌ ڏٺي وئي. اهو ڪشمير جو روحاني مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي اولياء ۽ [[صوفي]] مبلغن کي راغب ڪيو. اهو ڪشميري شال ٺاهڻ ۽ ٻين ڪشميري دستڪاري جي مرڪز طور پڻ اڀرڻ لڳو. 16هين صدي جي آخر ۾، هي شهر [[مغل سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو، جن جا ڪيترا ئي شهنشاهه ان کي پنهنجي اونهاري جي تفريح گاهه طور استعمال ڪندا هئا. انهيءَ دور ۾ شهر ۽ ڊل ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي مغل باغ تعمير ڪيا ويا، جن مان شاليمار ۽ نشاط باغ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهن. 18هين صدي جي آخر ۽ 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ افغان [[دراني سلطنت]] ۽ [[سک سلطنت]] جي هٿن مان گذرڻ کان پوءِ، اهو آخرڪار سال 1846ع ۾ ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي ڊوگرا بادشاهت جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ان دوران هي شهر يورپين ۽ هندستاني اشرافيه ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي مقام بڻجي ويو، جتي ڪيترائي هوٽل ۽ ان جا مشهور ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر ٺاهيا ويا. سال 1952ع ۾، هي شهر ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير، هڪ علائقو جيڪو ڀارت جي هڪ رياست جي طور تي انتظام هيٺ هو، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جڏهن ته ڄمو شهر ان جو سياري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. اهو 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعات ۾ علائقي ۾ آزادي جي تحريڪ جو مرڪز هو. سال 2019ع ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙي علائقي، جيڪو ڀارت پاران، اڳوڻي رياست جي ٻيهر تنظيم کان پوءِ، هڪ يونين علائقي جي طور تي منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{Wikivoyage inline}} * [http://srinagar.nic.in/ Srinagar district administration] * [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ Official website of Jammu and Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915154945/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ |date=15 September 2017 }} * [https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train Delhi to Srinagar train] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408115408/https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train |date=8 April 2019 }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:سرينگر| ]] [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] [[زمرو:جمو ۽ ڪشمير ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن شهر]] [[زمرو:اونهاري جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:سرينگر ضلعي ۾ شهر ۽ قصبا]] [[زمرو:جمون ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] sdlos53yzdhw8p4is70xjwx2mukn5ka 377775 377774 2026-05-16T10:28:20Z Ibne maryam 17680 377775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=سرينگر|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|native_name=Srinagar|native_name_lang=ks|named_for=|image_skyline={{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg |caption6 = ڊل ڍنڍ تي ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر |image3 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg |caption3 = شنڪر اچاريه مندر |image2 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG |caption2 = اندرا گانڌي يادگاري تيولپ گارڊن |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg |caption4 = "پري محل" جو ڏيک |image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg |caption5 = درگاهه حضرت بل |image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg }}|image_map1=Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg|map_alt=Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China|map_caption1=سرينگر تڪراري ڪشمير علائقي ۾ هندستان جي انتظام هيٺ جمو ۽ ڪشمير (ڀورو شيڊ ٿيل) جي ڪشمير ڊويزن (نيري لڪير سان گھريل) ۾ واقع آهي.|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=250px|image_map=|coordinates={{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]] (جن جي انتظام هيٺ آهي)|subdivision_name=[[ڀارت]]|subdivision_type1=انتظامي علائقو|subdivision_name1=[[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]]|subdivision_type2=ڊويزن|subdivision_name2=ڪشمير ڊويزن|subdivision_type3=ضلعو|subdivision_name3=سرينگر ضلعو|leader_title1=ميونسپل ڪمشنر|leader_name1=اويس احمد رانا|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=<ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|area_total_km2=294|area_metro_km2=766|area_metro_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1585|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_total=11,80,570|population_as_of=2011ع|population_rank=31هون|population_density_km2=auto|population_metro=12,73,312|population_blank1_title=ميٽرو درجو|population_blank1=37هون|population_demonym=سرينگري، شهري|demographics_type1=ٻوليون|demographics1_title1=سرڪاري|demographics1_info1=[[اردو]]، [[هندي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]]، [[ڪشميري ٻولي|ڪشميري]]، [[ڊوگري ٻولي|ڊوگري]]|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demographics1_title2=|timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]|utc_offset1=+5:30|postal_code_type=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|postal_code=190001-190020<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir PIN Code List - Page 1 - India PIN Code |url=https://www.indiapincode.info/location/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/ |website=www.indiapincode.info |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>|area_code_type=ٽيليفون ڪوڊ|area_code=0194|registration_plate=JK 01|blank1_name_sec1=جنس تناسب|blank1_info_sec1=888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]|blank2_name_sec1=خواندگي جي شرح|blank2_info_sec1=69.15%|blank3_name_sec1=[[دهلي]] کان فاصلو|blank3_info_sec1={{convert|876|km|mi}} اتر اولھه|blank4_name_sec1=[[ممبئي]] کان فاصلو|blank4_info_sec1={{convert|2275|km|mi}} اتر اوڀر (زميني)|blank1_name_sec2=موسم ([[ڪوپن آبهوا درجي بندي]])|blank1_info_sec2=[[ٽراپڪ|ذيلي ٽراپيڪل]] نم آبهوا ([[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]])|blank2_name_sec2=سراسري سالياني ورسات|blank2_info_sec2={{convert|710|mm|in}}|blank3_name_sec2=اونهاري ۾ سراسري گرمي پد|blank3_info_sec2={{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}|blank4_name_sec2=سياري جو سراسري گرمي پد|blank4_info_sec2={{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}|website={{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}|official_name=سرينگر|government_type=ميونسپل ڪارپوريشن|governing_body=سرينگر ميونسپل ڪارپوريشن|leader_title=ميئر|leader_name=خالي}} '''سرينگر''' (Srinagar) [[ڪشمير|تڪراري ڪشمير]] علائقي ۾ [[ڀارت]] جي انتظام هيٺ [[جمو ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)|جمو ۽ ڪشمير]] جو گادي جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اهو ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ اونهاري جو گرمين جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو ڀارت جي انتظام هيٺ هڪ يونين علائقو آهي. اهو ڪشمير جي وادي ۾ [[جھلم ندي|جهلم نديءَ]] جي ڪناري ۽ ڊل ۽ انچار ڍنڍن جي ڪنارن تي، هري پربت ۽ شنڪر اچاريا ٽڪرين جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. هي شهر پنهنجي قدرتي ماحول، مختلف باغن، دريا جي ڪنارن ۽ ٻيڙين تي ٺهيل گهرن (Houseboat) جي ڪري مشهور آهي. اهو روايتي ڪشميري دستڪاري جهڙوڪ ڪشميري شال (پشمينا ۽ ڪشميري اون مان ٺهيل)، آرائشي سامان (پيپيئر-ماچي)، ڪاٺ جي نقاشي، قالين جي بُنائي ۽ زيور ٺاهڻ، ۽ انهي سان گڏ خشڪ ميون لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=5 January 2018|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=30 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=30 January 2018|archivedate=4 February 2006}}</ref> هي [[هماليا|هماليه علائقي]] ۾، [[نيپال]] جي راڄڌاني [[کٽمنڊو]] کان پوءِ، ٻيو نمبر وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو آهي. راجا ترنگيني جي مطابق، گونندا خاندان جي حڪمراني دوران ڇهين صدي ۾ قائم ٿيل شهر هڪ اڳوڻي راڄڌاني جو نالو ورتو جيڪو سوچيو ويندو آهي ته [[موريا سلطنت]] انهن جي آس پاس ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ڪئي هئي. هي شهر هندو حڪمران خاندانن جي دور ۾ ڪشمير وادي جو سڀ کان اهم گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سکيا جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز رهيو. 14هين کان 16هين صدي دوران، خاص طور تي [[شاهمير خاندان]] جي دور ۾، جن جا بادشاهه ان جي مختلف حصن کي پنهنجي گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور استعمال ڪيو، شهر جي پراڻي حصي ۾ وڏي پئماني تي واڌ ڏٺي وئي. اهو ڪشمير جو روحاني مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ ڪيترن ئي اولياء ۽ [[صوفي]] مبلغن کي راغب ڪيو. اهو ڪشميري شال ٺاهڻ ۽ ٻين ڪشميري دستڪاري جي مرڪز طور پڻ اڀرڻ لڳو. 16هين صدي جي آخر ۾، هي شهر [[مغل سلطنت]] جو حصو بڻجي ويو، جن جا ڪيترا ئي شهنشاهه ان کي پنهنجي اونهاري جي تفريح گاهه طور استعمال ڪندا هئا. انهيءَ دور ۾ شهر ۽ ڊل ڍنڍ جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي مغل باغ تعمير ڪيا ويا، جن مان شاليمار ۽ نشاط باغ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهن. 18هين صدي جي آخر ۽ 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ افغان [[دراني سلطنت]] ۽ [[سک سلطنت]] جي هٿن مان گذرڻ کان پوءِ، اهو آخرڪار سال 1846ع ۾ ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي ڊوگرا بادشاهت جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ان دوران هي شهر يورپين ۽ هندستاني اشرافيه ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي مقام بڻجي ويو، جتي ڪيترائي هوٽل ۽ ان جا مشهور ڪشتين تي ٺهيل گهر ٺاهيا ويا. سال 1952ع ۾، هي شهر ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير، هڪ علائقو جيڪو ڀارت جي هڪ رياست جي طور تي انتظام هيٺ هو، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻيو، جڏهن ته ڄمو شهر ان جو سياري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. اهو 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعات ۾ علائقي ۾ آزادي جي تحريڪ جو مرڪز هو. سال 2019ع ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙي علائقي، جيڪو ڀارت پاران، اڳوڻي رياست جي ٻيهر تنظيم کان پوءِ، هڪ يونين علائقي جي طور تي منظم ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اونهاري جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{Wikivoyage inline}} * [http://srinagar.nic.in/ Srinagar district administration] * [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ Official website of Jammu and Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915154945/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ |date=15 September 2017 }} * [https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train Delhi to Srinagar train] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408115408/https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train |date=8 April 2019 }} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:سرينگر| ]] [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] [[زمرو:جمو ۽ ڪشمير ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن شهر]] [[زمرو:اونهاري جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:سرينگر ضلعي ۾ شهر ۽ قصبا]] [[زمرو:جمون ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] 3ejd66lin2mxm42hh85t44zs30c1u8p 14 96682 377768 2026-05-16T09:42:36Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] [[زمرو:جمو ۽ ڪشمير ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اونهاري جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:سرينگر ضلعي ۾ شهر ۽ قصبا]] [[زمرو:جمون ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] 377768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪشمير]] [[زمرو:جمو ۽ ڪشمير ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اونهاري جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:سرينگر ضلعي ۾ شهر ۽ قصبا]] [[زمرو:جمون ۽ ڪشمير (يونين علائقو)]] [[زمرو:ڀارت جي يونين علائقن جون راجڌانيون]] 3p5oho2tb3qaxevgjfaaukz5inue9jd 14 96683 377769 2026-05-16T09:43:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن شهر]] 377769 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڀارت جا شهر]] [[زمرو:ڀارت ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن شهر]] akfoeyhvi2zwwbf9hsd70hn0bf5iy0t 14 96684 377770 2026-05-16T09:43:47Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:جمو ۽ ڪشمير ۾ شهر]] 377770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:جمو ۽ ڪشمير ۾ شهر]] f9cf8bsu26yapluv3trpzhiajij25sv 14 96685 377771 2026-05-16T09:44:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:گادي جا هنڌ]] 377771 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:گادي جا هنڌ]] 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